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[Display omitted] Novel two-dimensional MXene with unique optical and electrical properties has become a new focus in the field of sensing. In particular, their metallic conductivity, good biocompatibility and high anchoring ability to biomaterials make them attractive candidates. Despite such remarkable properties, there are certain limitations, such as low oxidative stability. MXene-Metal interactions are an effective strategy to maintain the long-term stability of MXene, while also improving the electrochemical activity and optical properties. Herein, a series of MXene/Ag nanocomposites including Ti 3 C 2 /Ag, Nb 2 C/Ag and V 2 C/Ag were designed based on the surface chemistry characteristics of MXene, where MXene served as the substrate for in-situ growth of silver nanoparticles via self-reduction of Ag(NH 3) 2 +. The results showed that V 2 C MXene has the strongest self-reducing ability due to its multiple variable valence states, larger interlayer space and more reactive groups. Moreover, V 2 C/Ag exhibited unexpected oxygen reduction reaction catalytic activity and photothermal performance. In view of which, an electrochemiluminescence-photothermal (ECL-photothermal) immunosensor was developed using V 2 C/Ag as ECL anchor and photothermal reagent for ultrasensitive detection of Lipolysis stimulated lipoprotein receptor. This work not only provides a simple and effective synthesis method of MXene supported metal nanocomposites, but also provides more inspirations for exploring the efficient biosensing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the highly specific interaction between concanavalin A (Con A) and glucose (Glu), a competitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensor was constructed for ultrasensitive detection of Con A. Nanocomposites with excellent electrocatalytic and photothermal properties were obtained by covalently bonding zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnO QDs) to vanadium carbide MXene (V2C MXene) surfaces. The modification of ZnO QDs hinders the aggregation of V2C MXene and increases the catalytic activity of oxygen reduction reaction, thus amplifying the luminol cathodic emission. In addition, the excellent photothermal performance of the V2C MXene-ZnO QDs can convert light energy into heat energy under the irradiation of 808 nm near infrared laser, thus increasing the temperature of the reaction system and accelerating the electron transfer process to realize the synergistic amplified homogeneous ECL system. This innovative work not only enriches the fundamental research on multifunctional MXene nanomaterials for biosensing, but also provides an effective strategy for ECL signal amplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the photochemical (PEC) method induced by low-energy light source makes great significance to achieve high stability and accurate analysis. A sensing platform driven by near-infrared (NIR) light was designed by making the biochemically encoded carbon rich plasmonic hybrid (CPH) probe, the peptide@C–Mo 2 C. The inherent plasmonic effect of C–Mo 2 C CPH can directly absorb NIR light, thus starting effective electronic-hole pairs separation. Moreover, the photothermal effect of C–Mo 2 C CPH also promoted the reaction yield of photothermal catalyst reaction on sensing interface to assist the PEC signal amplification. In the presence of target trypsin, it cleaves the peptides, resulting in the release of peptide@C–Mo 2 C probe from interface, which leads to a relative decrease in PEC signal. More importantly, a self-calibration system consisting of two independent PEC test channels attempted to eliminate the influence of background signal and baseline drift. The test channel was used to specify the recognition target, while the blank channel was used as a reference. Therefore, the signal difference between two channels was recorded, so as to obtain results with less error and higher stability. In this NIR driven PEC sensor, the carbon rich probe with direct and efficient NIR light conversion promoted the sensitivity and a self-calibration system guaranteed the stability which provided innovative thoughts for developing ingenious PEC sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, π-conjugated polypyrene network (CPN) was synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura polycondensation that exhibited high electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emission. The cross-linked network structure eliminates the aggregation-induced quenching effect of pyrene through steric hindrance. On the one hand, the extended π-conjugated backbone facilitated the acceleration of charge transfer and improved the stability of free radicals in the redox process, and on the other hand, by virtue of the porous structure, the coreactant and electrolyte could diffuse rapidly and fully penetrate into the polymer interior, thus effectively improving the ECL efficiency of the CPN. In view of the excellent ECL performance, an ECL biosensor for the ultrasensitive detection of the lung cancer biomarker microRNA let-7a was constructed by using CPN as a novel ECL probe in combination with a target-triggered rolling circle amplification strategy that exhibited a linear range from 1 aM to 10 pM with a low detection limit of 0.33 aM. In a word, this work provides an effective method to improve the ECL strength of polymers and opens up new prospects for developing new ECL emitters. • The high emission properties of conjugated polypyrene network were explored to construct an ECL biosensor. • Combination with RCA improved the sensitivity and specificity of miRNA let-7a detection. • This work presented a novel strategy to overcome the ACQ effect of PAHs. • This work provided a promising ECL platform for bioanalysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A burgeoning diversified closed bipolar electrochemiluminescent (d-BPE-ECL) based on photothermal amplification biosensor via the thermophysical and photochemical properties of niobium carbide Mxene quantum dots (Nb 2 C MQDs) has been proposed. The device consists of three components: separated intermediate recognition, cathodic catalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and anodic ECL response channel. Wherein, the recognition compartment was innovatively designed as a temperature-sensitive conductivity modulated interface, and the introduction of photothermal material PDA@Nb 2 C MQDs through target mediated rolling circle amplification strategy increases the interface temperature under near-infrared light radiation, thereby enhancing the BPE current and leading to the amplification of the anode ECL signal of Nb 2 C MQDs. In addition, MoS 2 @Ni–Cu–P features excellent electrocatalytic activity, which can promote HER and thus accelerate electron transfer, further amplifying the ECL signal. Therefore, a highly sensitive d-BPE-ECL biosensor for hepatitis C virus envelope protein E2 detection with a linear range from 10−4 to 10 ng/mL and detection limit of 3.3 × 10−5 ng/mL was obtained. This work is expected to provide a new direction for exploring BPE multiple signal amplification strategy and broaden the application of BPE-ECL in bioassays. [Display omitted] • A bipolar electrode electrochemiluminescence noncontact detection platform based on Nb 2 C MQDs was established. • Nb 2 C MQDs performed dual functions as ECL emitters and photothermal modulation. • Ionic liquid as conductivity modulator amplify interface temperature sensitivity of bipolar electrode. • The MoS 2 @Ni–Cu–P as cathode accelerated the hydrogen evolution reaction to realize the enhancement of the anode ECL signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heavy-metal pollution of the consumer-electronics industry has been a serious environmental problem in China. Since 2010, Chinese ENGOs have taken a few measures to address this challenge. Under the influence of other stakeholders, Chinese ENGOs have only played a limited role. To further explore the potential of domestic ENGOs, it would be necessary to understand how they have approached the heavy-metal challenge and why their contribution has been moderate. By using the method of "process tracing," this paper presents a preliminary attempt to trace and generate localized knowledge of Chinese ENGOs' approach and the influence of other stakeholders. Specifically, this paper divides the actions of Chinese ENGOs into the following three phases: initial participation, progressive involvement of MNCs, and collaborative tracking and online disclosure. Then, it traces the participation of Chinese mass media, domestic suppliers, local governments, and communities. It argues that the following six constraining factors have contributed to shaping the limited role of those Chinese ENGOs: (1) the complexity of the consumer-electronics supplier network; (2) Chinese ENGOs' lack of leverage on MNCs; (3) Chinese ENGOs' shortage of financial and human resources under a broad agenda; (4) domestic mass media's lack of long-term interest; (5) reluctant participation of Chinese suppliers and local governments; and (6) conflicting interests within local communities. Three policy options for further exploring the potential of Chinese ENGOs are discussed, including financial and technical support, further engagement of international ENGOs, and supportive policy-making and interregional coordination by local governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing the photothermal effect to activate enzyme activity, realize signal conversion and amplification show promising prospects in biosensing. Herein, a pressure-colorimetric multi-mode bio-sensor was proposed through the multiple rolling signal amplification strategy of photothermal control. Under NIR light radiation, the Nb 2 C MXene labeled photothermal probe caused notable temperature elevation on a multi-functional signal conversion paper (MSCP), leading to decomposition of thermal responsive element and in-situ formation of Nb 2 C MXene/Ag-S x hybrid. The generation of Nb 2 C MXene/Ag-S x hybrid accompanied with valid color change from pale yellow to dark brown on MSCP. Moreover, the Ag-S x as a signal amplification element enhanced the NIR light absorption to further improve the photothermal effect of Nb 2 C MXene/Ag-S x thereby induce cyclic in situ production of Nb 2 C MXene/Ag-S x hybrid with rolling enhanced photothermal effect. Subsequently, the continuously enhanced photothermal effect rolling activated catalase-like activity of Nb 2 C MXene/Ag-S x , which accelerated the decomposition of H 2 O 2 and promoted the pressure elevation. Therefore, the rolling-enhanced photothermal effect and rolling activated catalase-like activity of Nb 2 C MXene/Ag-S x considerately amplified the pressure and color change. Making full use of multi-signal readout conversion and rolling signal amplification, accurate results can be obtained in a short time, whether in the laboratory or in the patient ' s homes. [Display omitted] • A pressure-colorimetric system relied on photothermal activated multiple rolling signal amplification was established. • The photothermal probe drove thermal responsive element decomposition and in-situ generation of Ag-S x on MSCP. • The Ag-S x induced cyclic production of Nb 2 C MXene/Ag-Sx hybrid with rolling enhanced photothermal effect. • The rolling-enhanced photothermal effect activated the catalase-like of Nb 2 C MXene/Ag-S x to amplify the pressure signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A multiple sensitization ECL system was constructed using a synergistic photothermal amplification strategy. • Tetraethylene pentamine was first reported as a coreactant reagent for Ru bpy 3 2 + . • Nanomaterial-anchored Ru bpy 3 2 + and TEPA as the self-enhanced signal probe. A synergistic amplified electrochemiluminescent (ECL) immunoassay was constructed by utilizing an efficiently self-enhanced signal tag and sensing substrate with satisfactory photothermal property for thyroglobulin ultrasensitive detection. Concretely, tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) was first attempted for the coreactant of Ru bpy 3 2 + , and mesoporous silica nanostars with large surface area and porous structure was designed as a support material to integrate Ru bpy 3 2 + and TEPA, forming a self-enhanced signal tag to improve ECL efficiency. Additionally, magnetic beads with excellent photothermal effect was used as ideal sensing substrate to obtain the further amplified ECL signal because of the accelerated electron diffusion and reaction process induced by increased electrode temperature under the near-infrared laser irradiation. With the self-enhanced and photothermal synergistic amplified strategy, the proposed ECL sensor showed a wide linear range from 10−5 to 10 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 3.3 × 10−6 ng/mL. This work will provide a promising avenue to simplify the synthesis of self-enhanced ECL emitter complexes, and pave the avenue for achieving synergistic enhancement of ECL signals by incorporating probe substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Portable, maneuverable and reliable versatile-integrated analytical devices are urgently demanded but still extremely challenging to meet the requirements of point-of-care testing in resource-limited areas. Herein, a multifunctional sensing platform with excellent photothermal performance was implanted into the miniature zone of a paper-based electrochemiluminescent (ECL) biosensor for accurate detection of interleukin-6, which could flexibly interconnect the visualized distance and temperature readout with ultrasensitive ECL response. Concretely, the multipurpose MBene and TaSe 2 composites (MBene@TaSe 2) prepared via self-assembly approach as target-associated photothermal element was introduced in the paper-based analytical device (PAD) and served as multi-signals trigger. Under the laser irradiation, MBene@TaSe 2 probe not only generated heat for rapid temperature output, but also triggered the phase transition behavior of thermoresponsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) hydrogel to release loaded malachite green (MG) dye for distance-based visual readout. Simultaneously, the released MG was also utilized as effective quencher to decrease the ECL signal of luminol. Benefitting from this dexterous architecture, the speedy preliminary screening and precise quantitative analysis could be subsequently obtained in single-drop sample through one-step sandwich immunoreaction, which avoids additional separation operations and greatly simplifies the analysis procedure. Undeniably, this work provides ingenious insights for advancing the development of convenient and fast multifunction-integrated PAD in family surveillance and intelligent diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemiluminescence of lanthanide coordination polymers (LCPs) has drawn researchers' torrential interest attributed to their congenital standout optical properties. Herein, a novel electrochemiluminescent (ECL) emitter LCPs Tb-norfloxacin (Tb-NFX) was firstly reported, which originated from that NFX transferred excited state energy to Tb3+ by chelating antenna effect. Moreover, a creative ratiometric ECL biosensor was established based on an emerging pendant antenna effect mechanism between luminol and Tb-NFX. Specifically, Tb-NFX was immobilized on the electrode surface and SiO 2 nanostars@luminol was introduced onto the immunosensor by the sandwich-typed immunoassay. In view of this, the luminol transferred energy to the Tb-NFX and potential resolved ratiometric strategy was implemented for self-calibrated assay target. This work innovatively demonstrates that the development of new ECL luminophores through chelating antenna effect and the establishment of a dual-potential ECL ratio measurement strategy powered by pendant antenna effect are feasible, further extending the application of LCPs in ECL immunoassays and provides new directions for the construction of ECL ratio pairs. • A lanthanide coordination polymers ECL emission is ignited based on the chelating antenna effect. • An innovative approach to first constructing ratiometric ECL system derived from the pendant antenna effect. • This strategy offers perspectives in future design of highly accurate ratiometric ECL sensing platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iridium (Ir) complexes have gained remarkable development momentum as candidates for electrochemiluminescence, but their poor solubility in water media greatly limited their application in ECL area. Herein, a facile nanoprecipitation method by encapsulating tris(2-phenylpyridinato)iridium (Ir(ppy) 3) into pluronic block copolymers for preparing water-soluble Ir(III) complexes with high ECL emission efficiency was developed. Then, with F-127@Ir(ppy) 3 as the anode emitter and g-C 3 N 4 as the cathode emitter, a new ratiometric biosensor based on transition metal complexes was developed for the first time, which was used for ultra-sensitive detection of hepatitis C virus E2 protein. Notably, the ratiometric ECL signal could be mediated by using multifunctional Nb 2 C nanosheets (Nb 2 C NSs) with excellent electrocatalytic activity and superoxide dismutase activity, so as to enhance the ECL intensity of anode and quench the response of cathode ECL. Combining Nb 2 C NSs with the antibody and the specific recognition process, the proposed ECL ratio biosensor showed good performance for E2 with a linear range from 1 × 10−3 ng/mL to 1 × 102 ng/mL and a detection limit of 8.39 × 10−4 ng/mL. The work on designing water-soluble Ir (III) complexes with pluronic block copolymer provides an ingenious approach to broaden the application of poorly soluble complexes in bioassays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article uses a policy analogy approach to explore China's attitude toward the possibility of global carbon market integration, including the development of a common cap-and-trade market for the global civil aviation industry. Like in other foreign policy domains, in international cap-and-trade, China faces a ‘trilemma’ between carbon market integration, state sovereignty and policy flexibility. By referring to how China has approached a comparable trilemma in foreign exchange policy making, we analyse China's possible stance on international cap-and-trade. We argue that China will prefer to gradually establish and strengthen, to a limited extent, intergovernmental governance mechanisms, which allow nation-states to prioritize sovereignty and policy flexibility in carbon trading policy making. In the conclusion we use this argument to explain China's responses to the carbon-trading initiatives of Australia, the EU, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), and the World Bank. Policy relevance The international community has reached a consensus on the use of market mechanisms for mitigating climate change. While opposing the EU's plan to include Chinese airlines in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, China has started to co-explore with Australia the possibility of linking their carbon markets, and has adopted a supportive attitude toward the carbon trading initiatives led by the ICAO and the World Bank. Considering China's status as the largest emitting country of GHGs and its interdependence with major developed and developing countries, China's substantial participation would be crucial to the success of the global market-based efforts to reduce GHG emissions. This article presents an initial attempt to develop a better understanding of China's stance on international cap-and-trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fluorescence quenching enhanced immunoassay has been developed to achieve ultrasensitive recognition of human epididymal 4 (HE4) modifying the fluorescence quencher. The carboxymethyl cellulose sodium-functionalized Nb2C MXene nanocomposite (CMC@MXene) was firstly introduced to quench the fluorescence signal of the luminophore Tb-Norfloxacin coordination polymer nanoparticles (Tb-NFX CPNPs). The Nb2C MXene nanocomposite as fluorescent nanoquencher inhibits the electron transfer between Tb and NFX to quench the fluorescent signal by coordinating the strongly electronegative carboxyl group on CMC with Tb (III) of Tb-NFX complex. Simultaneously, due to the superior photothermal conversion capability of CMC@MXene, the fluorescence signal has been further weakened by the photothermal effect driven non-radiative decay of the excited state under near-infrared laser irradiation. The constructed fluorescent biosensor based on CMC@MXene probe finally realized the enhanced fluorescence quenching effect, and achieved ultra-high sensitivity and selective detection of HE4, exhibiting a wide linear relationship with HE4 concentration on the logarithmic axis in the range of 10−5 to 10 ng/mL and a low detection limit of 3.3 fg/mL (S/N = 3). This work not only provides an enhanced fluorescent signal quenching method for the detection of HE4, but also provides novel insights for the design of fluorescent sensor toward different biomolecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An ultrasensitive ratiometric ECL immunosensor was constructed to realize stratifin determination. • PFBT with anodic ECL signal and g-C 3 N 4 QDs with cathodic ECL signal were firstly used as a pair of luminophores to generate two ECL signals. • Two TiO 2 mesocrystals of the same type but with different structures were synthesized by controlling different calcination conditions. • Combining the ECL pair, TiO 2 mesocrystal pair and effective signal amplification tactics, an ratiometric ECL immunosensor was constructed. Stratifin (SFN) is considered to be a new biomarker of cancers. In clinical medicine, combining tissue chip technology and immunohistochemical methods qualitatively prove that the abnormal expression of SFN is related to cancer. However, the quantitative detection of SFN is rarely performed. Herein, an ultrasensitive ratiometric ECL immunosensor was constructed to realize SFN determination. A polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted synthesis of TiO 2 (PVP-TiO 2)@Poly[(9,9-dioctyfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-(benzo[2,1,3]thiadia-zol-4,8-diyl)] (PFBT) nanomaterial with anodic ECL signal and carbon-coated TiO 2 (C-TiO 2)-loaded graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (g-C 3 N 4 QDs) with cathodic ECL signal were firstly used as a pair of luminophores to generate two potential-resolved ECL signals. PVP-TiO 2 provided a substrate for the immobilization of biomolecules. C-TiO 2 due to the high specific surface area loaded a large amount of g-C 3 N 4 QDs, thereby increasing the ECL intensity. Not only that, the heterojunction formed by semiconductors could also further enhance ECL signal. Impressively, PFBT-C-TiO 2 conjugation possessed outstanding photothermal property, which could serve as photothermal convertor device and accelerate the electrochemical mass transfer on the electrode surface, further amplified ECL signal. The ratiometric biosensor showed good linear response for SFN from 10−6ng mL–1 to 0.1 ng mL–1 with a detection limit of 0.33 fg mL–1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China has become the largest greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter in terms of total annual emissions, to promote GHG emissions reduction in China turns out to be crucial to the success of the global efforts to address climate change. This paper explores the development of the Chinese Domestic Voluntary Carbon Market (DVCM) in order to understand how carbon trading institutions have emerged and developed in China. To do this, it traces and analyzes the roles of the Chinese government and other key actors. Through process tracing and literature review, it argues that the pre-legislation and territorially fragmented development pattern of the Chinese DVCM has resulted from the activities of Chinese local governments and non-state actors under the policy experimentation approach adopted by the Chinese central government. It concludes with brief comments on the Chinese policy experimentation approach, and suggests that some measures can be taken to promote voluntary emissions reduction and policy learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an ultrasensitive label-free electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor based on electrocatalytic and photothermal amplification was constructed and was applied to detect Thyroglobulin (Tg). Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNTs) with charming merits was used as supporter for porous NiCo 2 O 4 nanosheets (pNiCo 2 O 4 NSs), the formed pNiCo 2 O 4 NSs/SWCNTs hybrids was utilized as an effective matrix and realized multiple signal amplification. To be specific, pNiCo 2 O 4 NSs/SWCNTs hybrids on the one hand can facilitate the electron transfer and enhance ECL signal. On the other hand can catalyze the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to increase the concentration of dissolved O 2 for further strengthening ECL signal. What's more, the pNiCo 2 O 4 NSs/SWCNTs hybrids had a strong near-infrared harvesting capability, can convert laser energy into heat to increase the electrode surface temperature, resulting in the significant enhancement in ECL signal. Based on excellent properties of pNiCo 2 O 4 NSs/SWCNTs hybrids, a highly-efficient label-free ECL immunosensor was developed and exhibited a wide linear range (10−5 ng/mL to 100 ng/mL) and a low detection limit (3.3 × 10−6 ng/mL) for Tg determination, which was approximately 7.1 fold-lower than at room temperature. This work provided a new thought for high-performance ECL sensing platform construction. • A label-free ECL immunosenor based on electrocatalyticl and photothermal amplification was developed to detect Thyroglobulin. • The hybrids as sensing platform not only can catalyze OER process to generate more amounts of dissolved O 2 but increase the electrode surface temperature. • The constructed immunosensor exhibited high sensitivity and wider linear range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, an ingenious dual-readout sensing platform based on a proximity hybridization-regulated strategy is proposed for protein detection. For the first time, Ti3C2 MXene@thionine composites (MXene@Thi) with an excellent photothermal effect not only acted as an amplifier to enhance the electrochemical signal, but were also used as a converter to achieve the temperature readout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dual-readout immunosensor coupled with electrochemical impedance and temperature signal was successfully proposed to detect autoimmune hepatitis markers (ASGPR). Nb2C MXene with excellent conductivity, abundant surface functional groups, and extraordinary photothermal conversion efficiency, was designed to be a multifunctional biological probe, whose specific binding with antigen enhanced steric hindrance to generate electrochemical impedance signal, and at the same time, it had a strong optical response in the near-infrared band to achieve temperature output. In addition, poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) was a temperature-sensitive polymer, which was adopted as the sensing matrix. When the multifunctional probe was specifically bound to the antigen, under 808-nm laser irradiation, the captured Nb2C MXene achieved photothermal conversion to increase the electrode surface temperature, and the conformation of PNIPAM changed from a free spiral to a spherical shape, further realizing double amplification of the EIS signal. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the impedance values and the temperature changes increased proportionally with the increase of the ASGPR concentration from 10−5 to 1 ng/mL, and the detection limit of the immunosensor was 3.3 × 10−6 ng/mL. The established dual-readout immunosensor exhibited good selectivity and acceptable stability and provided an effective detection method for autoimmune hepatitis marker detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe and summarize the early diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly (OHVIRA).Methods: Data from patients with OHVIRA treated at the study centre over the last decade were analysed retrospectively, including demographic characteristics, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and outcomes. Relevant published literature was also reviewed in this study.Results: In total, 11 cases were diagnosed with OHVIRA over the study period, ranging in age from 3 to 14 years (median 11 years). Four cases were asymptomatic, four had abdominal pain and three had urinary symptoms. All 11 cases underwent vaginoplasty. Ureteral bladder re-implantation (n = 1), dysplastic nephrectomy (n = 1), separation of labia minora adhesions (n = 1), perineoplasty (n = 1) and urethroplasty (n = 1) were performed. Cases were followed up for 2 months to 8 years (median 5 years) with good follow-up outcomes.Conclusions: Based on the cases in this study and the relevant literature, ultrasound appears to be an effective method for the diagnosis of OHVIRA. Experienced ultrasonographers are able to achieve a high corrected diagnosis rate. The differential diagnosis of OHVIRA should be considered by paediatric surgeons, urologists, emergency physicians and gynaecologists when they identify patients with didelphys uterus or renal agenesis. Early surgery can reduce the risk of potential genital tract infection and gynaecological complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a photothermal triggered multi-signal readout (MSR) system was innovatively established with great convenience for low-cost and sensitive point-of-care testing (POCT). In this sensing system, an intelligent multi-signal readout interface (MSRI) with multidimensional response-ability to thermal stimulus was developed and utilized as a sensing element. A bio-bar-code photothermal probe peptides@H 2 N-HCNTs acted as a target associated photothermal agent anchored on MSRI via competitive reaction. The multi-signal assay of target was realized under the driven of 808 nm laser, photo-to-thermal conversion effect of photothermal probe caused dramatically thermal energy increase on MSRI. As a result, the competitive recognition events were translated into several detectable signals on MSRI, including a local temperature elevation, a visual color change from blue to green as well as weight loss on MSRI, all of these signals were proportional to the target concentration. This assay has been successfully applied in field work for detecting zearalenone (ZEN), a common mycotoxin in grain food, with linear ranger from 10−7 ng/mL to 10−1 ng/mL and detection limits of 1.06 × 10−7 ng/mL. Combination of the different signal principles was expected to result in more reliable and precise results. Accordingly, this creatively designed MSR-system not only provided a platform for sensitive monitor of mycotoxin but also offered new method for reliable and affordable personal assays in daily life and low-resource setting. • A multi-signal readout system was proposed for sensitive point-of-care testing. • An interface with multidimensional response ability to thermal stimulus was utilized as a smart sensing element. • The bio-bar-code photothermal probe induced several detectable signal responses on MSRI. • The mutual calibration between different signals improved precision in positive judgments. • A common mycotoxins zearalenone was selected as a target analyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of convenient and sensitive multi-readout immunoassay is crucial but highly challenged for meeting the demand of exactness and diversity in early clinical diagnosis. Herein, a split-type multiple stimuli-responsive biosensor was outlined combined with the outstanding superiority of luminol probe-based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) strategy, mimicking enzyme-mediated colorimetric system and portable photothermal effect-induced temperature sensing. Especially, versatile MoS 2 nanosheets (MoS 2 NSs) with distinguished property not only acted as dual-promoter to improve the cathodic ECL of luminol because of its good electrocatalytic activity for dissolved O 2 and favorable photothermal effect for elevating electrode temperature, but also used as nanozyme to regulate subsequent split-type visual colorimetric sensing due to its peroxidase-like activity for the generation of oxidized 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) in ABTS-H 2 O 2 colorimetric system. More importantly, the green oxidized ABTS (ABTS•+) also exhibited strong near-infrared (NIR) laser-triggered photothermal performance, which can be innovatively employed as sensitive photothermal agent for converting biological signals into temperature under the irradiation of NIR laser, accomplishing more simpler temperature quantitative detection by a portable thermometer. Furthermore, on account of the affinity discrepancy of MoS 2 NSs to single-stranded and double-stranded nucleic acids, a label-free proximity hybridization-based multifunctional assay platform was proposed for target detection with human epididymis-specific protein 4 (HE4) as model protein, demonstrating good analytical performances. Significantly, this innovative work not only enriches the foundational study of multi-model biosensing based on the unitary material but also provides an unambiguous guideline for exploring more accurate and simpler point-of-care diagnosis. Image 1 • A split-type multiple stimuli-responsive biosensor was outlined. • The MoS 2 -regulated split-type multi-signal readout format can be an essential stepping stone in the pursuit of simpler point-of-care diagnostics. • MoS 2 nanosheets not only acted as dual-promoter to improve the cathodic ECL, but used as nanozyme to regulate subsequent split-type visual colorimetric sensing. • This biosensor meets the demands of exactness and diversity in early clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Photothermal enhanced ECL immunosensor was constructed for Thyroglobulin detection. • ZnO QDs acted as coreaction accelerator and the formed ternary system possessed high ECL efficiency. • Nb 2 CTx MXene not only be used as scaffold but serve as photothermal convertor device to increase electrode surface temperature. • This work provides an effective signal amplification strategy for constructing immunosensor. Herein, an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor based on a high performance probe of Nb 2 CTx MXene immobilized ZnO quantum dots (QDs) was constructed for Thyroglobulin (Tg) detection. ZnO QDs with good biocompatibility and catalytic property was for the first time utilized as coreaction accelerator in Ru(bpy) 3 2+/S 2 O 8 2− system and enhanced ECL signal. Specifically, ZnO QDs can facilitate S 2 O 8 2− reduction to generate more SO 4 −, and then reacted with cathodic radical of Ru(bpy) 3 2+, realizing 2-fold enhancement in ECL intensity. Additionally, Nb 2 CTx MXene possesses excellent properties and was used as prominent supporter, improving the loading capacity of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ and ZnO QDs, and accelerating the electron transfer, resulting in ECL signal enhancement. Furthermore, Nb 2 CTx MXene acted as temperature controller and increased the electrode surface temperature by converting laser energy into heat, further amplified ECL signal. Because of the high sensitivity, good specificity and favorable stability, the proposed immunosensor realized sensitive detection of Thyroglobulin and had a great application prospect in bioanalysis and clinical diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• AgI nanohybrids was proposed as a photothermal agent. • Signal amplification was achieved by photothermal effect. • A multifunctional probe was performed by the precise controlling of NIR laser. Herein, a photothermal in-situ amplified electrochemical immunoassay based on multifunctional probe for detecting autoimmune hepatitis marker was constructed. The immunoassay followed a sandwich protocol, helical carbon nanotubes (HCNTs) and polyaniline (PANI) composite provided a desirable substrate for the immobilization of massive primary antibody (Ab 1). Subsequently, the multifunctional probe, by utilizing Chitosan (CS) modified AgI nanohybrids (AgI NHs) labeled secondary antibody (Ab 2), were simply designed for the first time. To be specific, AgI NHs were not only directly served as signal readout, but also as amplifier further enhanced electrochemical signal. Under the near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation, electrochemical reaction was significantly accelerated on electrode in situ due to the extraordinary photothermal conversion capability of AgI NHs. Therefore, the evidently improved sensitivity together with enhanced signal-to-noise ratio of immunoassay was achieved in the short time by precise-controlling of NIR laser irradiation. Under the optimal conditions, the developed electrochemical immunoassay realized sensitive and specific detection of autoimmune hepatitis marker from 10−4 ng/mL to 1 ng/mL with low detection limit of 3.3 × 10-5 ng/mL. Importantly, this work provided a promising prospect for the application of photothermal effect coupled with electrochemical immunoassay and opened up a new pathway for signal amplification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A biosensor was constructed for detection of exosomes by utilizing dual-modality probe of MXenes-BPQDs. • BPQDs as coreactant of Ru(dcbpy) 3 2+ was used to prepare self-enhanced BPQDs-Ru(dcbpy) 3 2+ composites with strong ECL signal. • MXenes-BPQDs with excellent photothermal properties were for the first time used as photothermal probe for bioanalysis. • This work used ECL/temperature dual signals to detect exosomes, making results more convincing. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles and have proven to be an effective biomarker for early cancer diagnosis. In this work, an ECL and photothermal dual-mode biosensor was fabricated for exosomes detection by utilizing emerging materials black phosphorous quantum dots (BPQDs) and MXenes as signal amplifier. To be specific, BPQDs can catalyze the oxidization of Ru(dcbpy) 3 2+ and was for the first time used as coreactant, the prepared self-enhanced Ru(dcbpy) 3 2+@BPQDs ECL system can produce a strong ECL signal by reducing energy loss and shortening electron transfer distance. MXenes possess large specific surface area and outstanding conductivity, which was employed as supporter to increase the immobilization amount of Ru(dcbpy) 3 2+ and BPQDs, further enhanced ECL signal. Furthermore, BPQDs and MXenes both have excellent photothermal effect, which were dexterously used as thermal convertor device to develop photothermal biosensor for exosomes analysis. This work innovatively employed a dual-modality probe of MXenes-BPQDs to establish biosensor, which not only enriched the application of MXenes and BPQDs in biodetection but also provided an effective and reliable method for exosomes detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]