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Copyright of Plastic Surgery is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Odeere is the property of Edicoes UESB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

En 2010, une de mes sœurs vivant en Belgique nous a envoyé un livre rédigé par Günther Anders Hiroshima est partout et introduit par une préface très élogieuse de Jean-Pierre Dupuy. Ancien étudiant de Martin Heidegger et de Edmund Husserl, Günther Anders avait compris, longtemps avant ses contemporains, à quel point les humains s’étaient trompés sur l’impact que les rapports entre les humains et les machines avait eu sur la déshumanisation. Les machines se sont solidement imposées sur les humains.

Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

L'armée française emploie des plongeurs pour l'exercice de missions opérationnelles. Celles-ci peuvent entraîner des accidents respiratoires. En dehors de la noyade et du barotraumatisme pulmonaire, l'étude se focalise sur l'œdème pulmonaire d'immersion (OPI). Sa survenue s'expliquerait par une mécanique ventilatoire perturbée du fait des modifications hémodynamiques en lien avec l'immersion, de l'agression de la paroi alvéolo-capillaire par l'oxygène hyperbare ou encore des appareils de plongée spécialisés. L'objectif principal de notre étude a été de caractériser l'épidémiologie de l'OPI parmi les accidents respiratoires en plongée militaire et secondairement de mettre en évidence les paramètres de plongée et groupes de symptômes en faveur de cette pathologie. Notre étude rétrospective porte sur l'ensemble des accidents de plongée militaires à manifestation respiratoire déclarés à la Cellule Plongée Humaine et Intervention Sous la Mer depuis 1988. Les symptômes ont été analysés afin de répartir les individus en différents groupes. Les groupes et les paramètres de plongée ont fait l'objet d'une analyse multivariée. Sur les 112 accidents, 60 % sont des OPI. Les plongeurs d'arme sont associés à un risque de survenue 10 fois supérieures aux plongeurs de bord, de même qu'une plongée opérationnelle, 70 fois supérieur à une plongée d'instruction. L'association toux, dyspnée et hémoptysie sont la plus en faveur d'un OPI, les autres associations, statistiquement différentes, apparaissant comme des facteurs protecteurs. The French army employs divers for operational missions. These can lead to respiratory accidents. Apart from drowning and lung barotrauma, the study focuses on immersion pulmonary edema (IPO). Its occurrence is explained by a disturbed ventilatory mechanics due to hemodynamic modifications related to immersion, aggression of the alveolar-capillary wall by hyperbaric oxygen or specialized diving equipment. The main objective of our study was to study the proportions of OPI among respiratory accidents in military diving. The secondary objective was to study the diving parameters and symptom groups in favour of this pathology. Our retrospective study covers all military diving accidents with respiratory manifestations reported to the Human Diving and Underwater Response Unit since 1988. The symptoms were analysed in order to divide the individuals into different groups. The dive groups and parameters were analyzed in a multivariate analysis. Of the 112 accidents, 60% are IPOs. Weapon divers are associated with a risk of occurrence 10 times higher than on-board divers, as is an operational dive, 70 times higher than a training dive. The combination of cough, dyspnea and hemoptysis is the most favourable to an IPO, with the other associations, which are statistically different, appearing as protective factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Orthodontie Française is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of the demographic and adaptive history of Homo sapiens has entered its golden age with the advent of genome-wide approaches. The analyses of genome diversity across different human populations have allowed us to better understand the ways in which our species rapidly dispersed around the world, how our ancestors admixed with archaic, now-extinct hominins, and the effects of natural selection on the diversity of the human genome. This work has, in turn, made it possible to increase our understanding of the genetic mechanisms by which humans have adapted to the wide range of environments they have encountered. These studies, combined with functional genomics approaches, have helped to identify genes and biological functions of key importance for host survival against pathogens and involved in the phenotypic variability of our species, including the risk to develop infectious, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prevailing theories suggest that view-invariant object recognition is accomplished via spatiotemporal correlations of multiple views that bind different views to the same object. However, it is unknown how the exposure to multiple views without association affects view-invariant recognition generating. Behavioural studies have shown that monkeys acquired view-invariant object recognition capability in a range of the viewing angles of 30° to 60° after experiencing discrimination of similar objects at each of several viewing angles without associating different views, but the monkeys could not discriminate novel objects from similar distractors when the viewing angle changed. In the present study the development of the view invariance was tested in the human subjects and compared with the results of the monkeys previously reported. The view-invariant object recognition capability of human subjects was tested using either familiar objects that the subjects experienced in a preparatory object discrimination task at the same viewpoints or novel objects that the subjects had never experienced. In the viewing angle range of 30°, human subjects showed significant object discrimination capability across views, with no need for prior experience of the objects. Prior discrimination experience within the same viewpoints endowed the human subjects with broadening of the viewing angle tuning, because an object discrimination test immediately after the prior discrimination experience at a single view showed wider viewing angle tuning than a test without prior experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli with reduced susceptibilities to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs) and quinolones in humans on Prince Edward Island, Canada. Convenience fecal samples from individuals on Prince Edward Island were screened phenotypically using selective culture and genotypically using multiplex polymerase chain reactions to detect E. coli and Enterococcus spp. resistant to critically important antimicrobials. Twenty-six (5.3%) of 489 individuals had E. coli with reduced susceptibility to ESCs. Twenty-five (96.2%) of the 26 isolates harbored blaTEM, 18 (69.2%) harbored blaCMY-2, 16 (61.5%) harbored blaCTX-M groups, 2 (7.7%) harbored blaSHV genes. None of the ESC-resistant E. coli was positive for carbapenem resistance. Twenty-one (8.3%) of 253 individuals had E. coli isolates with reduced quinolone susceptibility. All 21 isolates were positive for at least 1 qnr gene, with 3 (14.3%) isolates positive for qnrB, 5 (23.8%) positive for qnrS, and 13 (61.9%) positive for both qnrB and qnrS genes. All the enterococci isolates were vancomycin-susceptible. Higher susceptibility to the critically important antimicrobials was found in this study. This study can serve as a baseline for future antimicrobial resistance surveillance within this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dehydration is a common event associated with exercise. However, few studies have examined the effects of dehydration on plasma redox status in humans. Eighty-two athletes were recruited and baseline anthropometrics and blood samples were obtained. Athletes then engaged in a dehydration protocol, training until 3% of preweight body mass was lost. Athletes returned to the lab and had postdehydration blood collected. Athletes then consumed an isotonic drink until pre-exercise body weight was reestablished. Blood was then recollected (1 h post full rehydration (PFR)). Samples were centrifuged and the plasma snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. Lipid and protein oxidative stress was determined by measuring F2-isoprostanes and protein carbonyls (PC), respectively. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assays. Plasma osmolality was determined using an osmometer. Statistical analysis utilized a 1-way ANOVA with posthoc testing. Values are reported as mean ± SD. Plasma osmolality was significantly elevated immediately postdehydration ( p ≤ 0.001) but decreased to baseline at PFR. Plasma TEAC increased immediately postdehydration and at PFR ( p ≤ 0.001). FRAP increased immediately postdehydration ( p ≤ 0.001) and decreased to below baseline at PFR ( p ≤ 0.05). Conversely, F2-isoprostanes declined significantly from baseline to immediately postdehydration and then significantly rose at PFR ( p ≤ 0.001), whereas PC declined at PFR ( p ≤ 0.01). This study indicates that dehydration and exercise cause a significant increase in plasma osmolality and antioxidant potential immediately postexercise. We propose dehydration significantly elevates antioxidant concentration which suppresses F2-isoprostanes and PC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est d’identifier, chez les mammifères et l’être humain, les processus neurobiologiques de l’orientation sexuelle et de la formation des préférences sexuelles, puis d’évaluer leur importance respective. Les données ont été recueillies à partir d’une revue de la littérature qui concerne la neurobiologie de l’orientation et des préférences sexuelles. Chez les mammifères non primates (rongeurs, canidés, félidés, bovidés, équidés…), il existe différents types de processus et de situations à l’origine de la formation de préférences pour certains partenaires. Il existe également des processus neurobiologiques qui sont spécifiquement organisés pour l’orientation hétérosexuelle, et qui seraient, principalement, les circuits olfactifs qui détectent et traitent les phéromones sexuelles. Mais chez les hominidés (orangs-outans, gorilles, chimpanzés, bonobos, humains), les gènes des récepteurs aux phéromones sont altérés, diminuant ainsi l’importance fonctionnelle de ces processus de l’orientation sexuelle. Par contre, les processus à l’origine des préférences sexuelles deviennent plus importants. Pour ces raisons, chez l’être humain, les processus olfactifs altérés et les phéromones sexuelles n’auraient plus qu’une influence secondaire, et seraient combinés avec plusieurs autres facteurs (gènes, hormones, conditionnements, préférences sexuelles, émotions, processus cognitifs, contexte culturel). L’importance relative de chacun de ces facteurs dépendrait à la fois de caractéristiques physiologiques individuelles, du vécu singulier et des caractéristiques du contexte socioculturel. Cette combinaison complexe de plusieurs facteurs en interactions (incluant l’activité résiduelle des processus olfactifs de l’orientation sexuelle) serait à l’origine du développement de préférences sexuelles, propres à chaque personne. Summary The objective of this article is to identify in humans and mammals in general the neurobiological processes for sexual orientation and the development of sexual preferences, and to assess the importance of each. The data was collected from a review of the literature concerning the neurobiology of sexual orientation and preferences. In non-primate mammals (rodents, caninae, felidae, bovidae, equidae, etc.), there are several different types of process and situation involved in the development of preferences for certain partners over others. There are also neurobiological processes that are specifically arranged for heterosexual orientation; mainly the olfactory circuits that detect and process sexual pheromones. But in hominids (orang-utans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, humans), the pheromone receptor genes are impaired, thus reducing the functional importance of these sexual orientation processes. However, the processes underpinning sexual preferences are more important. This is why, in human beings, the impaired olfactory processes and sexual pheromones only have a secondary influence, and are combined with several other factors (genes, hormones, conditioning, sexual preferences, emotions, cognitive processes, cultural context). The relative importance of each of these factors is dependent both on individual physiological characteristics, personal experience and aspects of the sociocultural environment. This complex combination of several interacting factors (including the residual activity of the olfactory processes for sexual orientation) is thought to be the at the origin of development of sexual preferences, different for each individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est d’identifier précisément les facteurs à l’origine de l’évolution de la sexualité humaine. Les analyses présentées concernent principalement l’évolution des facteurs, proximaux, qui contrôlent la copulation hétérosexuelle prototypique des mammifères. Les données ont été recueillies à partir d’une revue de la littérature qui concerne l’évolution des facteurs neurobiologiques du comportement sexuel mammalien. Plusieurs études, en biologie, en génétique et en neurosciences, ont mis en évidence que certains de ces facteurs sont modifiés ou altérés au cours de l’évolution. Chez les primates, les circuits olfactifs sont altérés, les activités sexuelles se dissocient des cycles hormonaux (la reproduction et le comportement sexuel deviennent indépendants), le réflexe copulatoire de la lordose n’est plus fonctionnel, et le développement du cortex est majeur chez l’être humain. Pour ces raisons, l’analyse des données disponibles suggère que : (1) la dynamique du comportement sexuel a significativement évolué à partir des primates anthropoïdes ; (2) la dynamique fonctionnelle de la copulation hétérosexuelle est très probablement désorganisée ; (3) la dynamique comportementale qui émerge chez les hominidés – à partir des facteurs encore existants de la copulation hétérosexuelle – correspond vraisemblablement à une dynamique de recherche des récompenses érotiques, au moyen de la stimulation des zones érogènes ; et (4) chez l’être humain, en raison du développement majeur de la cognition, la sexualité est structurée par les représentations culturelles. Summary The aim of this article is to make a precise identification of the factors involved in the evolution of human sexuality. The analyses presented concern mainly the evolution of proximal factors that govern prototypical heterosexual copulation in mammals. The data was collected from a review of the literature concerning the evolution of neurobiological factors of sexual behaviour in mammals. Several studies, in biology, genetics and neurosciences, have shown that some of these factors have changed over the course of evolution. In primates, the olfactory circuits are impaired, sexual activities are dissociated from hormone cycles (reproduction and sexual behavior have become independent one from the other), the lordotic mating reflex is no longer functional and the cortex is highly developed in human beings. For these reasons, the analysis of available data suggests that: (1) the dynamics of sexual behaviour has significantly evolved from the anthropoid primates; (2) the functional dynamic of heterosexual copulation is very probably disorganized; (3) the behavioural dynamics that emerge with the hominidae – from factors that still exist in heterosexual copulation – would seem to be based on a quest for erotic reward, by stimulation of the erogenous zones; and (4) in humans, due to the extensive cognitive development, sexuality is structured by cultural representations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les primates non humains étant phylogénétiquement nos plus proches voisins, ils constituent un modèle idéal pour étudier les précurseurs de la spécialisation hémisphérique cérébrale du langage humain. Ainsi, la majorité des études conduites sur différentes espèces de primates non humains a montré que les préférences manuelles sont sensibles au type de tâche. Par ailleurs, des travaux menés sur des babouins olive et chimpanzés, ont montré que les gestes communicatifs induisent des biais en faveur de la main droite plus prononcés que pour les tâches motrices, suggérant une dominance de l'hémisphère gauche associée à la communication. Cependant, ces facteurs sont relativement peu évalués chez l'homme, rendant difficile toute approche comparative pour évaluer les différences de patterns de latéralité manuelle entre primates humains et non humains. Dans cette étude, nous proposons un cadre comparatif homme/singe solide en adaptant pour la première fois aux humains trois tâches habituellement testées sur des primates non humains comme le babouin : (1) une tâche de saisie unimanuelle, (2) une tâche de coordination bimanuelle dite « du tube » et (3) une tâche de communication gestuelle. Ces tâches nous ont permis d'observer à la fois l'effet de la complexité de la tâche et des gestes communicatifs, sur un échantillon de 188 humains (dont 97 adultes et 91 enfants) comparé à un échantillon de 112 babouins (dont 65 adultes et 37 jeunes). Un effet du contexte social a été observé, la compétition induisant un changement de stratégie d'utilisation manuelle pour la tâche de saisie. Et une remarquable continuité dans la distribution des biais manuels des humains et des babouins est mise en avant dans cette étude, soit un biais en faveur de l'utilisation de la main droite plus prononcé pour les tâches de communication que pour celles de manipulation ainsi qu'une latéralité et un effet de la tâche plus marqués chez les adultes que chez les jeunes. Ces résultats soutiennent la théorie selon laquelle les précurseurs du langage humain pourraient se trouver dans la communication gestuelle de notre ancêtre commun.

La main humaine est considérée comme unique au travers certaines spécificités fonctionnelles comme l’individualisation des doigts et la capacité de saisir avec puissance un outil entre le pouce et le côté latéral de l'index. Cependant, les primates non-humains présentent de grandes capacités de manipulations. Ainsi, peut-on réellement affirmer que ces caractéristiques fonctionnelles humaines ne sont pas partagées par d'autres primates ? L'étude préliminaire menée ici a pour objectif d'analyser les stratégies de manipulation chez des humains, adultes (N = 10 hommes, âge = 28 ± 5,92 ans) comme enfants (N = 10 garçons, âge = 5,3 ± 0,48) et des bonobos ("Pan paniscus") captifs (N = 6 dont 4 femelles et 2 mâles, âge = 20,33 ± 5,31) au cours d’une même tâche nécessitant la manipulation d'un outil. Cette nouvelle tâche consiste à récupérer une noix placée dans un labyrinthe en bois et ceci à travers un grillage. Les deux espèces disposaient d'un choix varié de branches (divers tailles et diamètres). Trois sessions par individu, une session correspondant à 1 noix récupérée, ont été menées chez les bonobos comme les humains. Différents paramètres ont été quantifiés comme le type de saisie (uni-manuelle versus bi-manuelle), de postures manuelles (e.g. puissance, précision) et la performance (basée sur les nombres de mouvements et d'obstacles touchés). Les résultats montrent des différences inter et intra-spécifiques et un effet de l'âge chez les humains pour certains paramètres. Tout d'abord, les bonobos ont utilisé un seul outil avec une seule main alors que les humains (adultes et enfants) ont employé en majorité des stratégies bi-manuelles (65 %) et les adultes se sont parfois servis de deux outils (30 %). Concernant les saisies uni-manuelles, les bonobos ont utilisé 32 formes de postures manuelles contre 26 pour les humains adultes et 125 pour les enfants. Au cours des saisies bi-manuelles, 4 fois plus de postures ont été quantifiées. Par ailleurs, les enfants ont davantage utilisé des saisies de puissance que les adultes qui ont principalement employé une saisie de précision à 3 doigts (e.g. tenue du stylo) pendant que les bonobos ont présenté des préférences différenciées au niveau individuel. Pour finir, les adultes humains se sont montrés plus performants que les bonobos, eux-mêmes plus performants que les enfants. L'utilisation des deux mains chez les humains pourrait s'expliquer par une saisie plus stable et puissante de l'outil pendant que l'utilisation de deux outils chez les adultes, plus complexe sur le plan de la coordination, pourrait apporter à certains individus une optimisation du trajet de la noix par dissociation des actions de la main droite versus de la main gauche (pousser vs contrôler). La plus grande variabilité des types de saisies chez les enfants pourrait s'expliquer par le manque d'expérience et d'apprentissage dans les stratégies de manipulation. Les bonobos présentent quant à eux des spécificités individuelles pouvant traduire la spécialisation de leurs stratégies de manipulations. L'ensemble des résultats montre qu’il est nécessaire d'approfondir les manipulations d'objets afin de mieux comprendre les spécificités de chaque espèce, et pas seulement humaines, et les causes des convergences parfois partagées. Seule une approche détaillée et comparative (inter et intra-spécifique) nous permettra de discuter sous un nouvel angle l'émergence des éventuelles spécificités humaines.

Résumé L’objectif de cet article (en deux parties) est de présenter une modélisation du développement de la sexualité humaine, qui tienne compte à la fois de la biologie de la reproduction, de l’importance des affects et de la cognition, et de la diversité culturelle. Cette modélisation est réalisée à partir d’une synthèse transdisciplinaire de données provenant des neurosciences, de l’éthologie, l’ethnologie, l’histoire, et la psychologie. Au niveau biologique, le développement de la sexualité humaine se réaliserait à trois niveaux relativement indépendants : (1) le développement de la physiologie du système reproducteur (gamétogenèse, puberté, ménopause…), relativement indépendant des influences culturelles ; (2) le développement de l’érogénéisation du corps et des activités érotiques, dissocié des cycles hormonaux de la reproduction, mais fortement influencé par le contexte culturel ; et (3) le développement des représentations conceptuelles de la sexualité, non indispensables et parfois sans correspondance avec la réalité, mais qui peuvent exercer une influence majeure sur le développement sexuel. Spontanément, la sexualité se développerait dès les premières années de la vie, par observation, imitation, jeux sexuels, et apprentissages des activités tant autoérotiques qu’avec les pairs. Cette sexualité serait surtout centrée sur les zones érogènes primaires, et tendrait à devenir à l’âge adulte une caractéristique importante de la vie quotidienne. Mais les facteurs cognitifs et culturels seraient à l’origine d’une grande variabilité de ce développement, à la fois au niveau des comportements et des attitudes, mais surtout au niveau des représentations cognitives et des pratiques sociales. Summary The aim of this article (in two parts) is to present a way to model the development of human sexuality, taking account at the same time of the biological aspects of reproduction, the importance of affects and cognition, and cultural diversity. This model is based on a multidisciplinary synthesis of data from the neurosciences, ethology, ethnology, history and psychology. From a biological standpoint, the development of human sexuality takes place at three relatively independent levels: (1) physiological development of the reproductive system (gametogenesis, puberty, menopause…), relatively independently from cultural influences; (2) the development of erogeneity of the body and erotic activities, dissociated from the hormonal cycles of reproduction, but strongly influenced by the cultural context; and (3) the development of conceptual representations of sexuality, not indispensable and sometimes with no connection to reality, but which in some cases play a major role in sexual development. Sexuality is thought to develop spontaneously in the early years of a child's life, by observation, imitation, sexual games, and the learning of activities of self-arousal and with peers. This sexuality focuses on the primary erogenous zones, and tends to become an important characteristic of daily life on reaching adulthood. But cognitive and cultural factors can explain the huge variations in this development, both in terms of behaviors and attitudes, but also, and more importantly, in terms of cognitive representations and social practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synthesis Philosophica is the property of Croatian Philosophical Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé L’objectif de cet article (en deux parties) est de présenter une modélisation du développement de la sexualité humaine, qui tienne compte à la fois de la biologie de la reproduction et de son évolution vers un comportement érotique, de l’importance des affects et de la cognition, ainsi que de la diversité culturelle. Cette modélisation est réalisée à partir d’une synthèse transdisciplinaire de données provenant des neurosciences, de l’éthologie, l’ethnologie, l’histoire, et la psychologie. Le développement sexuel est un sujet sensible, limitant de ce fait le nombre des études réalisées. En fonction des rares données descriptives disponibles, il semblerait que le comportement sexuel se développerait généralement dès les premières années de la vie. Il serait acquis par observation, imitation, jeux sexuels, et apprentissages des activités érotiques (tant autoérotiques qu’avec les pairs). Ce développement progressif centré sur les zones érogènes primaires, tendrait à devenir à l’âge adulte une caractéristique importante de la vie quotidienne. Mais les facteurs cognitifs et culturels peuvent être à l’origine d’une grande variabilité de ce développement. Les caractéristiques de la sexualité adulte peuvent ainsi être très diverses, à la fois au niveau des comportements et des attitudes, mais surtout au niveau des représentations cognitives et des pratiques sociales. Dans quelques cas, en raison de croyances culturelles particulières, les attitudes sociales peuvent limiter le développement de la sexualité à la reproduction, et/ou le retarder de plusieurs années, voire le supprimer (virginité, chasteté…). En conclusion, en fonction du contexte culturel, qui peut être répressif, permissif, restrictif ou éducatif, le développement sexuel, tant comportemental que relationnel et cognitif peut être précoce ou tardif, et peut présenter d’importantes variations quantitatives et qualitatives. Il peut devenir agressif, compulsif, avec des caractéristiques exhibitionnistes ou brutales, être associé à des troubles, ou au contraire être socialement adapté. Le développement sexuel qui apparaît comme le plus adapté, tant au niveau social que de la santé sexuelle, serait celui qui est observé dans les sociétés de type éducatives. Summary The aim of this article (in two parts) is to present a modeling of human sexual development, taking account of reproductive biology and its evolution toward an erotic behavior, the importance of affects and cognition, and at the same time, of cultural diversity. This modeling is based on a cross-disciplinary summary of data from the neurosciences, ethology, ethnology, history and psychology. Sexual development is a sensitive matter, explaining why there have been so few studies conducted on the subject. According to the rare descriptive data available, it would seem that sexual behavior would develop generally from the first years of the child's life. It appears to be acquired by observation, imitation, sexual games and learning of erotic activities (both autoerotic and with peers). This progressive development seems to be focused mainly on the primary erogenous zones, and becomes an important characteristic of daily life at an adult age. But cognitive and cultural factors can bring about great variability in this development. The characteristics of adult sexuality may well be very diverse, both in terms of behaviors and attitudes, but also, and primarily in terms of cognitive representations and social practices. In a few cases, due to specific cultural beliefs, social attitudes can limit the development of sexuality to reproduction and/or delay it by several years, or even suppress it completely (virginity, chastity, etc.). By way of conclusion, depending on whether the cultural context is repressive, permissive, restrictive or educational, sexual development, both behavioral and relational and cognitive, can be either early or late, and can present many significant variations in both quantitative and qualitative terms. It can become aggressive, compulsive, with exhibitionist tendencies, or accompanied by brutality, it can be associated with disorders, or on the contrary be socially adapted. The most adapted type of sexual development, both at the social and the sexual health level, would appear to be that observed in societies with an educational focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beer is promoted by popular media as a good choice for rehydration, but there is limited support for the claim. To assess the effect of beer alcohol on rehydration and motor control, 11 young (24.4 ± 3.7 years old) males of legal drinking age were dehydrated to 2.12% ± 0.20% body mass (mean ± SD) by exercising in a climatic chamber (31.7 ± 1.6 °C, 55.0% ± 8.3% relative humidity) on 3 different days, 1 week apart, and rehydrated with 100% of their sweat loss using water (WATER), 4.6% alcohol beer (BEER), or low-alcohol beer (LAB), in random order. Urine output, blood alcohol content (BAC), reaction time (RT), and balance (as measured by center of pressure velocity (VCoP)) were measured every 30 min over 3 h and compared via 2-way, repeated-measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs). After consuming ≈1.6 L in 1 h, urine output was greater for BEER (1218 ± 279 mL) than for LAB (745 ± 313 mL, p = 0.007) and WATER (774 ± 304 mL, p = 0.043). BAC remained at 0 with WATER and LAB; with BEER, BAC reached 0.857 g/L (95% confidence intervals [0.752, 0.963]) immediately postrehydration. RT was longer for BEER (0.314 ± 0.039 s) than for LAB (0.294 ± 0.034 s, p = 0.009), but was no different from WATER (0.293 ± 0.049 s, p = 0.077). VCoPx was significantly higher for BEER (0.0284 ± 0.0020 m/s) compared with LAB (0.0233 ± 0.0010 m/s) or WATER (0.0238 ± 0.0010 m/s) ( p = 0.022), but VCoPy was not different among beverages. In conclusion, rehydration with BEER resulted in higher diuresis, slower RT, and impaired VCoP than rehydration with LAB or WATER. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A freeze-dried fruit and vegetable juice powder (JUICE) was investigated as a countermeasure nutritional strategy to exercise-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune perturbations in trained cyclists. Thirty-four cyclists (25 male, 9 female) were randomized to control (nonJUICE) or JUICE for 17 days. JUICE provided 230 mg·day−1 of flavonoids, doubling the typical adult daily intake. During a 3-d period of intensified exercise (days 15-17), subjects cycled at 70%-75% V̇O2max for 2.25 h per day, followed by a 15-min time trial. Blood samples were collected presupplementation, post supplementation (pre-exercise), and immediately and 14-h post exercise on the third day of exercise. Samples were analyzed for inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα); monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)), oxidative stress (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), reduced and oxidized glutathione, protein carbonyls), and innate immune function (granulocyte (G-PHAG) and monocyte (M-PHAG) phagocytosis and oxidative burst activity). A 2 (group) × 4 (time points) repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant time effects due to 3 days of exercise for IL-6 (396% increase), IL-8 (78% increase), TNFα (12% increase), MCP-1 (30% increase), G-PHAG (38% increase), M-PHAG (36% increase), FRAP (12.6% increase), ORAC (11% decrease at 14 h post exercise), and protein carbonyls (82% increase at 14 h post exercise) ( p < 0.01). No significant interaction effects were found for any of the physiological measures. Although providing 695 gallic acid equivalents of polyphenols per day, JUICE treatment for 17 days did not change exercise-induced alterations in inflammation and oxidative stress or immune function in trained cyclists after a 3-day period of overreaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of medical nutrition therapy and nutritional physiology affords the opportunity to link diet to specific cardiovascular mechanisms, suggesting novel treatments for cardiovascular disease. This study tests the hypothesis that beetroot juice increases the plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentration, which is associated with improvements in cardiorespiratory function at rest and during submaximal aerobic exercise. The subjects were 12 healthy, young adult, normotensive African-American females, with a body mass of 61 ± 2 kg, body fat of 28% ± 4%, and peak oxygen consumption of 26 ± 3 mL·kg−1·min−1. The subjects were studied at rest and during cycle ergometer exercise at 40%, 60%, and 80% of peak oxygen consumption. Plasma NO concentration, respiratory quotient (RQ), minute ventilation, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), heart rate, and oxygen consumption were compared between isocaloric, isovolumetric placebo control orange juice and experimental beetroot juice treatments on separate days. The beetroot juice treatment increased plasma NO concentration and decreased oxygen consumption, SBP, and the heart rate-SBP product at rest and at 40%, 60%, and 80% of peak oxygen consumption in the absence of significant effects on RQ, minute ventilation, heart rate, and DBP. These findings suggest that, in healthy subjects, beetroot juice treatments increase plasma NO concentration and decrease cardiac afterload and myocardial oxygen demand at rest and during 3 submaximal levels of aerobic exercise. Future studies should determine the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the improvement in cardiorespiratory function associated with dietary nitrate supplementation and whether they translate into better cardiovascular function and exercise tolerance in individuals with a compromised cardiovascular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective storage of excess energy in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue during periods of overeating may help attenuate weight-gain-related insulin resistance. The objective of this study was to assess changes in the expression of factors regulating abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue storage capacity in response to a brief exposure to overeating in nonobese adults. Because exercise can alter the expression of genes involved in regulating adipose tissue storage capacity, we compared the responses to overeating in regular exercisers (EX, n  = 11) and nonexercisers (nonEX, n  = 11). Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue samples and oral glucose tolerance tests were performed before and after participants ate 30% above their estimated daily energy requirements for 1 week. Both EX and nonEX gained ∼1 kg ( P  < 0.01), and Matsuda insulin sensitivity index was reduced ∼15% ( P  = 0.04) in both groups. Gene expression of factors involved in lipid metabolism ( HSL, ATGL, DGAT , and PPARγ ) and angiogenesis ( HIF1α and KDR ) were increased ( P  < 0.05), with no differences observed between EX and nonEX. In contrast, protein abundance of these factors did not change. The modest overeating stimulus did not increase markers of inflammation in the systemic circulation or adipose tissue. Overall, our findings indicate that a brief and modest overeating stimulus can impair insulin sensitivity and upregulate genes involved in abdominal adipose tissue storage capacity similarly in exercisers and nonexercisers. ClinicalTrials.gov ID#: NCT02701738.

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It is thought that diets high in dietary fibre are associated with reduced risk for type 2 diabetes, at least in part because the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced during the colonic fermentation of fibre beneficially influence circulating concentrations of free-fatty acids (FFAs) and gut hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose and body mass. However, there is a paucity of data showing this sequence of events in humans. Thus, our objective was to determine the effect of the fermentable fibre inulin on postprandial glucose, insulin, SCFA, FFA, and gut hormone responses in healthy subjects. Overnight fasted healthy subjects (n = 12) were studied for 6 h after consuming 400 mL drinks, containing 80 g high-fructose corn syrup (80HFCS), 56 g HFCS (56HFCS), or 56 g HFCS plus 24 g inulin (Inulin), using a randomized, single-blind, crossover design. A standard lunch was served 4 h after the test drink. Glucose and insulin responses after Inulin did not differ significantly from those after 80HFCS or 56HFCS. Serum acetate, propionate, and butyrate were significantly higher after Inulin than after HFCS drinks from 4-6 h. FFAs fell at a similar rate after all 3 test drinks, but were lower after Inulin than after 56HFCS at 4 h (0.40 ± 0.06 vs. 0.51 ± 0.06 mmol·L-1; p < 0.05). Compared with 56HFCS, Inulin significantly increased plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 concentrations at 30 min, and reduced ghrelin at 4.5 h and 6 h. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that dietary fibre increases the production of colonic SCFAs, which may reduce type 2 diabetes risk by reducing postprandial FFAs and favorably affecting gut hormones, which regulate food intake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The caves of Périgord, decorated during the upper Paleolithic period, supplied more than a hundred human representations, often underestimated for the benefit of the rich group of animal figures: some are complete, realistic or simplistic, the others are fragmentary (sexes, male and feminine, heads and hands). They occupy gladly remarkable positions and are frequently regrouped among them. The simplistic feminine figures are numerous and they appear as well in panels consisted of animals as in groups specifically consisted of human representations. Male representations are characterized by the fact that they are represented in a single copy in every site and that they occupy there an important position, to the centre or to the bottom. These images could allow to make an idea of the artists who represented them. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Quercetin is a flavonoid compound that has been demonstrated to be a potent antioxidant in vitro. The objective of this study was to evaluate if quercetin ingestion would increase plasma antioxidant measures and attenuate increases in exercise-induced oxidative damage. Forty athletes were recruited and randomized to quercetin or placebo. Subjects consumed 1000 mg quercetin or placebo each day for 6 weeks before and during 3 d of cycling at 57% work maximum for 3 h. Blood was collected before and immediately after exercise each day, and analyzed for F2-isoprostanes, nitrite, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and C-reactive protein. Statistical analyses involved a 2 (treatment) × 6 (times) repeated measures analysis of variance to test main effects. F2-isoprostanes, nitrite, ferric-reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, and C-reactive protein were significantly elevated as a result of exercise, but no group effects were found. Despite previous data demonstrating potent antioxidant actions of quercetin in vitro, this study indicates that this effect is absent in vivo and that chronic quercetin ingestion does not exert protection from exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)