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Despite institutional injunctions, people with disabilities remain little involved in inclusive processes at the heart of the city. In this sense, how can we facilitate the evolution of the living context of young adults with autism residing in institutions towards an inclusive shared habitat in an urban environment; a societal and ethical issue of full citizen participation? In collaborative research, we present here a specific support system, via innovative virtual reality systems, aiming at the development of interactions, autonomy and the power to act of dyscommunicating autistic people. Indeed, if the literature shows that digital tools can promote the cognitive availability and stimulate the engagement of autistic individuals, how can we allow their effective participation and support their learning via virtual reality capsules? The results, in anthropological evidence, fall within the framework of activity theory.

Nursing education, like education in higher education, has made a gradual digital turn, combining face-to-face and distance learning phases, “supported” by an increasingly efficient technical and pedagogical environment. Our study aims to shed light on how trainers of six nursing schools in the same university area implemented this blended approach. Professional development is approached through the prism of trainers' experience and through the characterization of blended courses. This study reveals the profound meaning that trainers attribute to their profession. It underlines through the expression of their experience several obstacles and potentialities in this process.

The most part of teachers' knowledge updating takes place through self-study. This article questions the role of information skills in the professional development of teachers confronted with situations of unprecedented change. Based on the documentational approach to didactics and professional didactics, we propose to analyze the activity of three teachers, through a model of documentational expertise. We found the driving role of the activity of designing a new lesson in the development of new knowledge, an activity that relies on the information and digital culture of the teachers monitored.

This article considers the pandemic-related containment as a 'key event' that simultaneously shows what is being done by the school and parents of a priority education school in the outskirts of Paris to maintain educational continuity and what used to be the case before the pandemic. Its constructivist approach aims to understand the way in which these two groups of actors face a triple maladjustment : the transport of the core of learning from the classroom to the home ; the disconnection of teaching time from learning time ; the weakening of the distances between the public and private lives of these same actors. The methodology adopted consists of semi-structured telephone interviews with 9 teachers and 29 families. The results reveal changes, at least momentary, which highlight a fragile previous continuity as well as phenomena of inter-recognition and outline avenues for the professionalization of teachers.

The distance learning implemented during the spring 2020 lockdown resulted in an increase in educational ine-qualities in French primary schools. A sociologically oriented ethnographic research conducted before, during and since the confinement with primary school teachers in Seine-Saint-Denis allows us to grasp the forced transfor-mations of teachers’ practices that could explain, at least to some degree, such an increase. The difficulty of main-taining the construction of shared meanings, the transformation of the systems of signs used for interactions with pupils, the fragility of the 'autonomy' required of pupils and the inequality of their parents in terms of supervision of personal work, and the difficulties in maintaining learning assistance are all phenomena that have sometimes ac-cumulated, making the benefit of work situations uncertain for some students.

The lockdown has drastically changed the work conditions of all those involved in education, and in particular those of the managers (school principals, directors and principals) in charge of implementing national regulations on the ground and ensuring the governance of schools during this period of unprecedented change. The closure of schools and the introduction of the “pedagogical continuity” have joined the tendencies that already affect the management professions and their activities in their ordinary working life, in particular the difficulty of managing a heavy workload and the gap between the prescriptions and the reality. This period helped to redefine their relations within the teaching community, revealing a deterioration in relations with a “hierarchy” deemed too “top-down”. This period was also a source of satisfying professional transformation, with a perceived improvement in “horizontal” relations (peers, families), and an organisational shift marked by greater control over working time.

Lockdown paradoxically reveals the characteristics and usual functioning of the educational system: the despatialization and detemporalization of education sheds a new light on practices, identities and regulations that are otherwise too ordinary and routine to be conceptualized. "Educational continuity" has come to signify both a moral injunction (teaching must not be interrupted) and a technical imperative (teaching must be adapted to not only prevent learning loss but to advance learning). The dossier in this issue of Recherches en éducation focuses on how this injunction has been seized upon and shows a complex and nuanced reality featuring practices that precede lockdown but which have become more prominent. Articles focus both on the institutional side or professional groups and the side of pupils, students and families and cover different levels, ranging from kindergarten to university.

On 30 October 2020, in the context of a pandemic and a second period of confinement, French stu-dents were forced to follow distance learning. This article focuses on the effects of this new distance learning organization on the work and educational activity of French first-year university students from different disciplinary sectors and aims to contribute to a better understanding of their practices based on what students say they did to carry out their work. Moreover, by focusing on the analysis of the students' experiences through a comprehensive and critical look at distance learning, this research intends to contribute to a better understanding of the students' study conditions and therefore of their success regarding their profile as much in terms of their material learning conditions as in terms of their disciplinary sector of study.

Interactions between educational systems and the white working class have been a rising issue for anglo-saxon social scientists as well as public actors. This subject is still, by contrast, less studied by French education science scholars. The article is based on the results and materials gathered by a collective and interdisciplinary research on education (named “Preuve”) in the French deprived region of Picardie. It studies how local educational policies have perceived white working class pupils. Without explicitly naming them, they have gradually, from the 1960s to the 2010s, tended to present them as being ‘culturally backward’. Such a perception has deeply reshaped the educational choices followed in the region (school offer, funding, strategic decisions). These public policies were repeatedly justified by the supposed hostility displayed by this social group towards education.

The Jean-Claude Carle and Françoise Férat report on French school education indicates a "worrying increase in the phenomenon [of resignation] among trainee teachers, particularly in primary education". These dropouts, which go against the idea of the attractiveness of the profession, occur when teachers are faced with the organization of their training and entering the profession. After consulting the international literature which identifies several types of factors related to the teaching task, the teacher and the social environment, we conducted exploratory research in order to understand the possible specificities of this phenomenon in France. We carried out “comprehensive interviews” with two training managers and eight teachers, half of whom gave up the benefit of the competition. The analysis reveals a first obstacle stemming from the administrative rigidity of the system, a second created by assignments imposed by the management of absences, a third residing in the paradox of a training more focused on didactic knowledge than on pedagogical competence, a fourth determined by an absurd inversion between practice and training, a fifth confirming the weakness of guidance education and the absence of work on a professional project and a sixth on the reception in the profession left to chance placements. From these concrete situations we can generalize the emergence of avenues for the development of training and the organization of the system. They are aimed at social utility insofar as part of the dropouts could be avoided, which would have the effect of not increasing the current recruitment crisis.

We are interested in the schooling of a student with autism spectrum disorder in year 5 (CM1) class, supported by a localized unit for school inclusion (ULIS). The study concerns more precisely the presence of this student in the creation and realization of a collective work in dance. We are looking for the conditions under which the joint attention of the teacher and the students to the movement danced together allows to increase the quality of his presence in dance. Our didactic research is part of a cooperative engineering between teachers and researcher. The collective thus conceives a co-teaching in situ in order to create didactic situations favorable to schooling. We describe the concrete of the classroom from episodes selected from study films. The observational data are worked on from the notions of contract and environment within the framework of the theory of joint action in didactics (TACD).

The article shows how two cohorts of students in a Master's degree in Education and Training at a College of Education problematize an intercultural situation when viewing the video called What kind of Asian are you? For students, problematization is difficult to achieve when it comes to questioning their own value judgments. We question their ways of identifying observables to establish the problem that arises in a staged intercultural situation. After presenting the theoretical framework of our study and the methodological protocol, we discuss the results of our analyses. These results provide a fresh thinking on new practices for intercultural training based on a device that focuses on problematization.

The flipped classroom, which appeared in the Chinese schools and universities in 2011, was well received there. This paper presents, based on a bibliometric study, the main trends in English-speaking and Chinese-speaking research on the issue, between 2010 and 2020. In this scientific work, the first step is to describe the innovative elements: for as regards tools, use of digital technologies, multimedia supports ; in terms of pedagogy, focus on learners, activity-based learning, cooperation, distinction between low-level tasks, carried out before school time, and high-level tasks, in particular problem-solving, carried out during school time. Some of the research reviewed assesses, using various methods, the effects on learning and academic performance, the building of autonomy, critical thinking skills and teamwork. The paper also shows how scientific work on the question crosses different research disciplines, what are the specificities according to the fields covered, and the main trends of recent developments, especially in China. It pays attention to local characteristics and to the diversification of forms of inversion; it shows the limits of these pedagogies and puts their innovative character into perspective.

This article studies a flipped classroom system in French in a secondary school, in the context of a study on the interpretation of poetry texts. A session was filmed, the students' productions and work materials were collected, the interactions between the students, who work in groups, were recorded and transcribed, and then semi-directive self-confrontation interviews were conducted with the teacher and the students. The analysis of this corpus is based by theoretical supports borrowed from the sociology of the teaching profession, from the analysis of activity and from didactics, particularly the didactics of literature. It shows that being professionally and pedagogically innovative is not always enough to ensure the learning of demanding disciplinary knowledge by all students. Flipped classroom seems to commit the teacher to three contracts that can prevent each other: the first, which can be described as "social", links her both to the school institution, whose prescriptions she wants to follow as closely as possible, and to a group of innovative professionals, which she wants to join. The second, more pedagogical in nature, leads it to train pupils who are more autonomous and capable of working in teams. The third, didactic, wants to enable students to appropriate literary texts by making a personal interpretative reading of them

This contribution is part of a multidisciplinary collective research project on the transformation of the activity of teachers and students in the context of the "flipped classroom". Based on semi-directive interviews and self-confrontations conducted with teachers and their students, data from student interviews were analyzed using the learning registers proposed by Elisabeth Bautier and Patrick Rayou crossed with Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotics. The first results show differences between the registers that the students mobilize according to the nature of the interview, as well as in the articulation of the registers. The combination of semi-directive interviews and self-confrontations opens up promising methodological perspectives, allowing both students to express their activity in a richer way and researchers to better apprehend the experience lived by the students.

This dossier investigates the so-called flipped classroom, which a growing number of teachers are claiming to be their own. In its best-known or recognised forms, the flipped classroom consists of an interpolation of the traditional division of school work between the inside and outside of the classroom. In practice, teachers who declare to practice this innovation implement it in a wide variety of ways. The authors of the articles consider this variety not as a limitation but as an opportunity for research. This is why they chose not to start from an a priori definition of this polymorphous innovation, but from what teachers say about it, in different disciplines and contexts. The aim is to understand what different elements of the traditional school form teachers choose to shake, why and how they do so. And to analyse, on the one hand, the feedback effects for the students in terms of their learning and the scaffoldings that makes it possible; on the other hand, the feedback effects for the teachers themselves, in terms of their professional development.

The practice known as the "flipped classroom" was developed around 2006. Less than ten years later, this practice is enjoying a certain craze. This craze is shown in France by the creation in 2014 of the collective Inversons la classe! which is devoted to training in the practices of the flipped classroom approach. The phenomenon of online communities and the interest of research for professional development in these spaces is not new. However, it is renewed with the rise of the social web and its uses by teachers and teachers' collectives. Many studies question the interest of professional interactions on digital social networks for professional development. Our data consist of activity traces from digital social networks and an interview. They allow us to describe an individual trajectory of participation in relation to the selected professional development indicators. Our results indicate that reported changes in practice were not socially constructed during discussions with other participants. They rather reveal a progressive engagement in a process of identity negotiation. Therefore, the teacher gradually finds the recognition of the collective, thanks of the relationship built with a main figure of the Network.

Connected networks born from teacher initiatives have developed considerably in French-speaking countries in recent years. In particular they claim a dimension of co-training by peers. Based on interviews with teachers at the end of primary school and the beginning of secondary school practicing either the flipped classroom (n= 11) or the “twictée” (n= 19), we seek to know how, according to them, participation in a network of innovators contributes to their professional development. The study describes different types of participation in the network. It further indicates that reference knowledge is rarely at the center of discussions, rather centered on the educational organization, teaching tools and supports and the absence of professional controversies. We can thus see the incompleteness of the professional development process, if we stick to participation in the connected network, but also the need to consider this participation in a larger set of interactions and in development paths and personal networks where participation in a network can nevertheless play a decisive role at one point.

In this contribution, we focus on the performance of the enrollees in a hybrid MOOC developed in French-speaking Belgium. We analyse the learning traces of the learners collected in the MOOC. We evaluate their progress between a pre-test and a post-test and analyse the different variables (viewing videos, exchanges on communication tools, participation in quizzes, etc.) linked to the learning process that may influence it. Although the learners made overall progress, our results did not allow us to identify specific factors explaining their level of mastery. Finally, we identified three learner profiles according to their autonomous use of the resources proposed in the hybrid MOOC and their performance: the "non-engaged", the "moderately engaged" and the "not very engaged communicators".

Following the development of information technologies, higher education is evolving towards hybrid devices with the flipped classroom. This article reports on research that attempts to perceive differentiated repositioning of space-time and actors in the flipped classroom. We interviewed nine higher education teachers in Belgium (French-speaking part) who call themselves “inverters". The study of the reasons that led these teachers to opt for the flipped classroom system highlights the importance of personal experiences as well as the existence of differences in interactions with students. These results, coupled with the analysis of the implementation of the system through the didactic triplet (Sensevy, 2011), have brought to light two ideal-types. The first is characterized by the teacher's control over the entire system or the devolution of the advancement of knowledge to the students. The second alternates control and devolution.

This article presents the implementation of a flipped classroom by a teacher in the context of teaching about the chemical digestion of food in humans in a French class with pupils 12-13 years old. A session was filmed, the pupils' productions and work support collected, the interactions between the pupils, who work in groups, were recorded and transcribed, and then semi-directive self-confrontation interviews were conducted with the teacher and the pupils, following the traces of their activity. The analysis of this corpus is framed by theoretical supports borrowed from the sociology of the teaching profession, from the analysis of the activity and from didactics, in particular the didactics of life and earth sciences. It shows that the reverse class system does not in itself resolve some of the obstacles that traditional teaching also faces. The choice of the capsule and its articulation with the other elements of the course raise questions about the teaching aids, the effects of which (possibly disruptive) on pupils' learning should be studied. In addition, the use of group work, which is fairly systematic in flipped classroom system, provides an opportunity to question the difficulties that this teaching method may pose for pupils and teachers, in particular the way in which it may lead to misunderstandings about the aims of the work requested.

The peer tutoring is a help device between students that is find in different cursus. This research is focused on the physiotherapist’s peer tutoring. It is a voluntary based program; the goal of this study is to better understand what the tutoring’s representation of the physiotherapist’s student tutor are. To answer this research question, I use a methodology of phenomenology approach by triangulation. This one covers the data of three different collections of information: semi structured student tutors interviews, semi structured tutored students interviews, and cover letters written by student tutors who were candidate of the tutoring. The results of this research allow us to see that the physiotherapist student tutors consider the peer tutoring like a program with multiple functions: help device, teaching device, revision device, privileged relation device, and exchange of service de-vice. These representations lead to distinguish peer tutoring from other assistance or support devices: monitoring, mentoring, companionship and sponsorship. This study of tutoring allows to emphasize its essential characteristics and primary educational intentions.

In mathematics, in secondary and university education, some teachers can be considered as "inverters" in the sense of the five criteria retained in the presentation of the dossier, even if in this discipline there is a great diversity of inversion practices. To advance on the questioning of this type of device, which involves the exposure of knowledge differently from what is done in classical sessions, we make a methodological detour. In keeping with the theory of activity, we present specific ways of analyzing the moments of knowledge exposure, whatever the process, in class or not. From some studies carried out in didactics of mathematics on this subject, we draw out the first common results. A discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the two types of knowledge exposure modalities, with or without inversion, concludes this work. This leads us to hypothesize about inversion and opens perspectives for further work.

In view of the widespread use of digital technology in all human activities, it seems essential to examine the changes in activity, particularly in the working environments that concern human development. Since the Ministry of National Education (MEN) has been promoting hybrid training (M@gistère) since 2013 - alternating classroom and distance learning for school teachers (PE) – it seemed appropriate to investigate the actual use and conditions under which this training offer produces learning and possibly changes classroom practices. The performed survey shows that if PE do not connect much to the platform, some imposed courses are consulted by those who then declare that they are changing their classroom practice. The objective was to document the activity of the PE on the remote platform. It was a question of identifying what, in the training environment, makes a device, to understand what instruments the construction of the experience and the way it occurs in training.

The use of the Internet in the classroom is a topical issue within the school. Through a case study, we analyze a device that allows students to tap into available online resources to study literary texts. This is based both on the use of digital technology in the classroom and on a practice of text analysis based on students' research and proposals rather than on the teacher's choices. We analyse how the implementation of this system accentuates some of the teacher's concerns and, by studying two interviews conducted at the beginning and end of the experiment, we seek to identify some signs of appropriation. The analysis establishes that the process is based in particular on the way in which the teacher manages to relate his habits to the technical and didactic constraints induced by the system but also to the actual heterogeneous digital media practices of the pupils. This case tends to illustrate that the introduction of a digital learning system requires a long period of appropriation and highlights the need for explicit instruction in digital media literacy skills based on taking into account students' informal practices in the classroom.

In the pedagogical scenario Twictée, created by teachers, primary and secondary school classes exchange short dictations (called « twictées ») and corrections of the dictations received (called « twoutils »). The latter are the heart and specificity of the scenario. Their intended goal is to help students normalize and automatize their orthographic knowledge through the explanation and categorization of the corrections in a set written format. This study enquires into this goal, through the analysis of verbal interactions of grade 4-6 students in five classes, during the process of making the « twoutils », with a particular attention to students with spelling difficulties. Results show that students’ verbal interactions are, overall, repetitive rather than reflexive and identify variations among steps (ie. explanation vs categorisation of the correction of the spelling mistake), classes and levels of spelling performance. Based on these results, we discuss the learning processes fostered by the « twoutils » and make some proposals in order to improve their efficiency for all students.

Teacher communities have existed since the widespread use of the Internet, but three phenomena are now combined. These communities are developing strongly; they are explicitly claiming effects on the professional development of teachers and positioning themselves as a new actor in training; finally, they benefit from strong support from the Institution. To understand the effects of community participation on teachers’ pedagogical and didactic conceptions, we interviewed, by means of a questionnaire, members of the Twictée association, which aims to improve teaching and learning of spelling. Our results confirm other work. Participation in the Twictée network plays an important role in the emotional dimension; participation builds teachers’ confidence and enjoyment of teaching. On the other hand, they show more contrasting effects in the cognitive domain. Network members report more realistic conceptions of the benefits and barriers attributed to digital. On those of spelling and its teaching, we show that the Twictée network favours the circulation of notions borrowed from the field of spelling didactics, sometimes at the cost of a profound transformation of these notions.

The work we present is part of the e-FRAN IDEE (Digital Interactions for Education and Teaching) research project. Part of this study focuses on the effects of collective work between teachers and researchers during cooperative didactic engineering. Our research focuses on observing a collective conception of a digital resource in English. We use the theory of the documentational approach to didactics to uncover the impact of this work on the dynamics of individual and collective resource systems.

The object of this contribution is to report on how the stakeholders involved in employment access programmes - professionals and young adults - take possession of and give meaning to the concept of transferable skills. After defining the aim of this paper, by presenting the research (Ludo Ergo Sum) and its object i.e. the sociotechnical videogaming training programme (Skillpass) experimented in different social and professional integration programmes in the Hauts-de-France region, the authors develop the design’s main impacts identified on the support practices implemented, the practitioners’ representations, and their educational and professional uses of this notion. The authors then focus on the view taken on transferable skills by poorly qualified/educated young adults, whom the training programme addresses: what meaning do they give to the work accomplished? What benefits do they gain in terms of reflexivity and integration? All the elements presented in this paper, resulting from the enquiry carried out as part of this research, aim at shedding light on how the stakeholders take possession of, resist or make the best of the requirement for transferable skills, prerequisites to employment access.

The French school system is being experienced in a time-space, bearing material or symbolic boundaries. The so-called ‘behind the walls’ school can be defined, with reference to the religious language, as a sanctuary and an enclosure which separate, protect, regulate. It thus conveys three conceptions: the school as a sanctuary, the school as an academic enclosure, the educational form. The evolutions of society, school education, teaching and learning methodologies continue to question these notions. In a cognitive and neo-liberal society, school education needn’t have any walls: distance education, virtual classrooms, MOOC, etc. These developments question the future of the school in its form, methods and above all its current and future purposes.

We seek to identify standards able to inform professional practice with regard to technology-assisted learning by studying future teacher's conceptions of the matter. A case study shows that students teachers of the ESPE Créteil and teachers have similar perceptions. Both groups consider that digital technologies can promote learning and autonomy as it is fun and motivating, but is also an obstacle to the development of reading and writing proficiency. These conceptions, marked by doxas, reveal an attempt to compromise between new societal and institutional standards that are very favorable to digital technologies and traditional norms of the job. Thus, student teachers contrast the book with the screen and the pen with the keyboard. This study highlights the need to address these developing conceptions in order to create new standards for the use of digital educational technologies.

In this paper, we analyze the interactions between personal information management (PIM) and professional knowledge of teachers. PIM is studied through operations of classificatory documentarization, that is, the classification, naming and indexing of resources (Zacklad et al., 2011). Teachers' professional knowledge relates to the subject matter content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge and curricular content knowledge (Shulman, 2007). The interactions are analyzed in the context of optional course, called ‘Informatics and Digital Sciences’ and introduced at grade 12 (fall 2012). We conducted interviews with 5 teachers. We have complemented this collection of data with the observable products of the PIM: the files and bookmarks trees. The results show that the various operations of classificatory documentarization aim at first at a need for reinsurance of the knowledge. This need can concern the preparation of the courses or the activity in class. It is supported by one or several reference collections (Jones, 2007), by a classification allowing the reactivity in class and by always available personal media.

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) growth has been rich and worldwide in a few years. A real enthusiasm characterized that development perceived as a way to democratise higher education, to really open education and training. But first studies highlight that most of the enrolled students in MOOC belong to social privileged classes (Christensen & al, 2013; Ho & al, 2014; 2015). According to that results, could we still argue that MOOC contribute to a democratisation of higher education? This study examines French situation. Using data collection (n=5709) from an ad hoc questionnaire disseminated to 12 MOOC offered by the french government platform France Université Numérique (FUN), we found differences between American MOOC student profile and French MOOC student. But they both share privileged socioeconomic status, according to their level of education and nature of employment. These social characteristics influence MOOC access and use. If we could interpret these fundings as a « segregative democratisation » (Merle, 2000), it’s seems most appropriate to talk about massification. Indeed, despite MOOC openess, their use as educational leisure or training resources by a socially privileged audience seem to perpetuate inequalities of both cultural and educational field and reinforce disparities.

This article reports on a case study on teachers’ video-enhanced education. Considering the fact that video exemplification is a thriving practice in the field although there is little consensus in the literature regarding its instructional issues, it seems appropriate to focus on the activity carried out by teachers in video-enhanced devices in order to identify promising characteristics (nature of the examples, types of associations between them, documentation methods, organization and scenarization, etc.). This study involved six trainees who used, during two sessions of 45 minutes, a digital device based on a « pedagogy of typical professional paths » (Durand, 2014; Ria & Leblanc, 2011). The goal was to better understand their use of video exemplification and sense-making. The results indicate that student teachers (i) preferentially target resources about "economic rules"; (ii) plebiscite classroom situations, always consulted; (iii) are particularly interested (even if they are sometimes disappointed) in the experts’ testimonies; (iv) initially show a distrust toward resources assumed to be theoretical; (v) get gradually interested in these resources during the second session. We conclude with several empirical and technological prospects for the design of video-enhanced devices for teacher induction.

The problem of inequality in school brings us inevitably to the ethnic issue, a taboo and a phenomenon described as “invisible” in France. Hence, rather than dealing directly with this very delicate problem an approach based on the use of indirect indicators for the ethnic origin (such as the consonance of the name / first name), is required/preffered. Assuring the anonymity of students and thus operating as a screen to students’ identities, technologies constitute an element able to break the traditional teacher-student relationship. In this new work and learning environment provided by the use of technology some questions rise: Teachers representations on the cognitive potential of students are changing? They are any changes in representations with respect to cognitive performance of students due to the supposed ethnic origin of the student?