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Subject matter: means of information support for the negotiation process on the organization of cooperative production of aircraft. Goal: an outline of the process of developing effective means of information support for negotiations on cooperative production, which will provide financial savings, firstly, by reducing the negotiation time, and secondly, is reducing the likelihood of making irrational decisions that can lead to additional costs during project implementation. Tasks: Increase the efficiency of the negotiation process on the organization of cooperative production by creating a problem-oriented methodological basis, and on this basis - software tools for the development, deployment and operation of the appropriate decision support system. Methods: system analysis and set theory, for the formal presentation of relevant information about the subject area "Negotiations on cooperative aircraft production"; ontological engineering, in particular the IDEF5 standard, as well as elements of expert systems technology, for building an ontological decision support system. Results: an aggregate of methodological tools for the synthesis of ontological decision support systems was developed during negotiations on the organization of cooperative production of aircraft, a scenario example of organizing an ontological dialogue in the environment of an ontological decision support system for defining an aircraft model as an object of cooperative production was given. Conclusions: the need to supplement the mathematical support of traditional negotiation support systems with special methodological means is shown to increase the efficiency of information support for the negotiation process on organizing cooperative production in aircraft construction; it is substantiated that for the program implementation of the system of information support for negotiations on the organization, it is advisable to use the ontological approach; the architecture of the intellectual core of the ontological decision support system for organizing the negotiation process for organizing the cooperative production of aircraft in the form of a hierarchy of frames, with the organization of knowledge-based inference by means of attached procedures is proposed; a scenario example of the formation of a decision on the choice of an aircraft model for the organization of cooperative production in the environment of an ontological decision support system is given., Предмет: средства информационной поддержки процесса проведения переговоров по организации кооперационного производства (ПОКП) воздушных судов (ВС). Цель: изложение процесса разработки эффективных средств информационной поддержки переговоров о кооперационном производстве, которые обеспечат экономию финансов, во-первых, за счет сокращения сроков переговоров, а во-вторых - снижения вероятности принятия нерациональных решений, которые могут привести к дополнительным затратам при реализации проекта. Задача: Повышение эффективности процесса проведения переговоров по организации кооперационного производства, за счет создания проблемно-ориентированного методического базиса, а на этой основе – программных средств разработки, развертывания и эксплуатации соответствующей системы поддержки принятия решений. Методы: системный анализ и теория множеств, для формального представления релевантной информации о предметной области "Переговоры о кооперационном производстве воздушных судов"; онтологический инжиниринг, в частности стандарт IDEF5, а также элементы технологии экспертных систем, для построения онтологической системы поддержки принятия решений (ОСППР). Результаты: разработан комплекс методических средств синтеза онтологических систем поддержки принятия решений в ходе проведения ПОКП ВС, приведен сценарный пример организации онтологического диалога в среде ОСППР по определению модели ВС как объекта кооперационного производства. Выводы: показана необходимость дополнения математического обеспечения традиционных систем поддержки переговоров специальными методическими средствами, для повышения эффективности информационной поддержки процесса переговоров по организации кооперативного производства в самолетостроении; обосновано, что для программной реализации системы информационной поддержки ПОКП целесообразно использование онтологического подхода; предложена архитектура интеллектуального ядра ОСППР по организации процесса ПОКП ВС в форме иерархии фреймов, с организацией вывода на знаниях с помощью присоединенных процедур; приведен сценарный пример формирования решения по выбору модели ВС для организации кооперационного производства в среде ОСППР., Предмет: засоби інформаційної підтримки процесу проведення переговорів по організації коопераційного виробництва (ПОКВ) повітряних суден (ПС). Мета: викладення процесу розробки ефективних засобів інформаційної підтримки переговорів про коопераційне виробництво, які забезпечать економію фінансів, по-перше, за рахунок скорочення термінів переговорів, а по-друге – зниження ймовірності прийняття нераціональних рішень, що призведуть до додаткових витрат при реалізації проекту. Завдання: Підвищення ефективності процесу проведення переговорів щодо організації коопераційного виробництва, за рахунок створення проблемно-орієнтованого методичного базису, а на цій основі - програмних засобів розробки, розгортання і експлуатації відповідної системи підтримки прийняття рішень. Методи: системний аналіз та теорія множин, для формального представлення релевантної інформації щодо предметної галузі "Переговори про коопераційне виробництво повітряних суден"; онтологічний інжиніринг, зокрема стандарт IDEF5, а також елементи технології експертних систем для побудови онтологічної системи підтримки прийняття рішень (ОСППР). Результати: розроблено комплекс методичних засобів розроблення онтологічних систем підтримки прийняття рішень в ході проведення переговорів про організацію кооперативного виробництва (КВ) повітряних суден (ПС); наведено сценарний приклад організації онтологічного діалогу у середовищі ОСППР щодо визначення моделі ПС як об’єкту КВ. Висновки: показана необхідність доповнення математичного забезпечення традиційних систем підтримки переговорів спеціальними методичними засобами для підвищення ефективності інформаційної підтримки процесу переговорів щодо організації кооперативного виробництва в літакобудуванні; обґрунтовано, що для програмної реалізації системи інформаційної підтримки ПОКВ) доцільне використання онтологічного підходу; запропоновано інтелектуальне ядро онтологічної системи підтримки прийняття рішень щодо процесу ПОКВ) ПС побудувати у формі ієрархії фреймів з організацією виведення на знаннях за допомогою приєднаних процедур; наведено сценарний приклад формування рішення щодо вибору моделі ПС для організації КВ у середовищі ОСППР.

IDEF5, as a semantic information modeling method, plays an important role in solving the problem of knowledge sharing and reuse. Aiming at the characteristics of the army equipment maintenance support business process under the new system, the IDEF5 graphical ontology development method and OWL semantic description language were used to establish the army equipment maintenance support business process ontology under the new system. This study provides a new idea and method for the establishment of the military conceptual model of the army equipment maintenance support business process under the new system, and has theoretical significance and application value for improving the semantic consistency of the military conceptual model of the army equipment maintenance support business process under the new system and the degree of development automation.

Geospatial information is collected from different sources thus making spatial ontologies, built for the same geographic domain, heterogeneous; therefore, different and heterogeneous conceptualizations may coexist. Ontology integrating helps creating a common repository of the geospatial ontology and allows removing the heterogeneities between the existing ontologies. Ontology mapping is a process used in ontologies integrating and consists in finding correspondences between the source ontologies. This paper deals with the “mapping” process of geospatial ontologies which consist in applying an automated algorithm in finding the correspondences between concepts referring to the definitions of matching relationships. The proposed algorithm called “geographic ontologies mapping algorithm” defines three types of mapping: semantic, topological and spatial.

Model-driven engineering provides abstractions and notations for improving the understanding and for supporting the modelling, coding, and verification of applications for specific domains. Ontologies, on the other hand, provide formal and explicit definitions of shared conceptualisations and enable the use of semantic reasoning. Although these areas have been developed by different communities, important synergies can be achieved when both are combined. These advantages can be explored in the development of multi-agent systems, given their complexity and the need for integrating several components that are often addressed from different angles. This work investigates how to apply ontologies for agentoriented software engineering. Initially, we present a new modelling approach where multiagent systems are designed using the proposed OntoMAS ontology. Then, we describe techniques, implemented in a tool, to help programmers bring their concepts into code and also generate code automatically from instantiated ontology models. Several advantages can be obtained from these new approaches to model and code multi-agent systems, such as semantic reasoning to carry out inferences and verification mechanisms. But the main advantage is the unified high (knowledge) level specification language that allows modelling the three dimensions that are united in the JaCaMo framework so that systems specifications can be better communicated across developing teams. The evaluations of these proposals indicate that they contribute with the different aspects of agent-oriented software engineering, such as the specification, verification, and programming of these systems.

PurposeWith the increasing spread of ontologies in various domains, units have gradually become an essential part of ontologies and units ontologies have been developed to offer a better expression ability for the practical usage. From the perspectives of architecture, comparison and reuse, the purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive survey on four mainstream units ontologies: quantity-unit-dimension-type, quantities, units, dimensions and values, ontology of units of measure and units ontology (UO) of the open biomedical ontologies, in order to address well the state of the art and the reuse strategies of the UO.Design/methodology/approachAn architecture of units ontologies is presented, in which the relations between key factors (i.e. units of measure, quantity and dimension) are discussed. The criteria for comparing units ontologies are developed from the perspectives of organizational structure, pattern design and application scenario. Then, the authors compare four typical units ontologies based on the proposed comparison criteria. Furthermore, how to reuse these units ontologies is discussed in materials science domain by utilizing two reuse strategies of partial reference and complete reference.FindingsUnits ontologies have attracted high attention in the scientific domain. Based on the comparison of four popular units ontologies, this paper finds that different units ontologies have different design features from the perspectives of basis structure, units conversion and axioms design; a UO is better to be applied to the application areas that satisfy its design features; and many challenges remain to be done in the future research of the UO.Originality/valueThis paper makes an extensive review on units ontologies, by defining the comparison criteria and discussing the reuse strategies in the materials domain. Based on this investigation, guidelines are summarized for the selection and reuse of units ontologies.

Abstract. The development of information and communication technologies has stimulated a variety of data and informational resources about human behavior. This is contributing toward collaborative efforts in the formalization and systematization of an overwhelming volume of scientific information. Several tools are helpful for this endeavor, among which the ontology is growing in popularity. Most of the available informational resources adopt the ontology to organize a shared conceptualization of a given body of knowledge. In the present study, we reviewed ontology resources (n = 17) that can be of interest to researchers and scholars involved in human behavior and psychological research. The selected ontologies were contrasted on the three main components of ontologies, classes, individuals, and properties, and on scheme and knowledge metrics. Moreover, we recorded the associations of the terms within a given ontology with terms of other ontologies (mappings), the number of projects using a particular ontology, and whether an ontology was available within the Bioportal, an extensive repository about biomedical ontologies. A few working examples were also provided to clarify how these resources might contribute to improve the analysis, understanding, and research cooperation about human behavior and psychological research.

Building proper reference ontologies is a hard task. There are a number of methods and tools that traditionally have been used to support this task. These include the use of foundational theories, the reuse of domain and core ontologies, the adoption of development methods, as well as the support of proper software tools. In this context, an approach that has gained increasing attention in recent years is the systematic application of ontology patterns . However, a pattern-based approach to ontology engineering requires: the existence of a set of suitable patterns that can be reused in the construction of new ontologies; a proper methodological support for eliciting these patterns, as well as for applying them in the construction of these new models. The goal of this paper is twofold: (i) firstly, we present an approach for deriving conceptual ontology patterns from ontologies. These patterns are derived from ontologies of different generality levels, ranging from foundational to domain ontologies; (ii) secondly, we present guidelines that describe how these patterns can be applied in combination for building reference domain ontologies in a reuse-oriented process. In summary, this paper is about the construction of ontology patterns from ontologies, as well as the construction of ontologies from ontology patterns.

During the past years, ontologies are widely used for representing knowledge of complex domains. Despite that the ontologies (classical ontologies) have become standard for representing knowledge; however, they are not able to represent and reason with uncertainty which is one of the characteristics of the world that must be handled. Probabilistic Ontologies have come to remedy this defect. This paper is part of this framework in which the authors have proposed a new method of probabilistic ontology construction, named Prob-Ont, by integrating uncertainty to elements of OWL ontology (especially to instances and/or relations). As a case study, the authors have constructed a probabilistic ontology for the domain of scientific documentation system (dblp).

The object of research is the sustainable development of IT enterprises. One of the most problematic places is the specification of the subject area, taking into account the specific activity of the IT enterprise. Today, there is a certain amount of research in the field of sustainable development, however, given the specific nature of the IT enterprise, namely that its main asset is software development, there are no researches related to the analysis of the sustainable development of IT enterprises. That is why, above all, the question arises in the representation of knowledge about the subject area. As a result, it is important to develop a model that displays the domain objects and the links between them. Such a tool is ontologies, which are a formalized representation of domain knowledge. The paper discusses the problem of building an ontology for a subject area of sustainable development of an IT enterprise, which includes the following steps: –justification of the use of ontologies for domain modelling; –a brief description of the basic steps of building an ontology in accordance with the IDEF5 standard. The collection and source analysis for the formation of verbal subject domain specifications. It should be noted that the developed ontology includes three types of representation: verbal, graphic and analytical. Within this paper, only two representations (graphical and analytical) are given. The IDEF5 Schematic Language (SL) was used to graphically represent the ontology, which includes several types of ontology diagrams. In the framework of our study, we used the Composition Schematics, which is a mechanism for graphically representing the composition of ontology classes. For analytic representation, predicate calculations were used, because with increasing and refining the ontology of the subject area, this mathematical apparatus ensures the reliability of the results. The developed ontology involves refinement and expansion in accordance with the requirements of projects where this ontology will be used, for example, to develop an expert system for solving problems of the subject area.

As more and more ontologies are defined with different terms, ontology matching plays a crucial role in addressing the semantic heterogeneity problem in many different disciplines. Many efforts have been made to discover correspondences among terms in different ontologies. Most studies directly match two ontologies by utilizing terminological and structural methods that rely on ontologies themselves only. However, the decentralized characteristic of ontologies raises the uncertainty in ontology matching. To address this problem, we propose a four-stage ontology matching framework (FOMF) to enhance ontology matching performance. It is built upon the commonly accepted claim that an external comprehensive knowledge base can be used as a semantic bridge between domain ontologies for ontology matching . First, FOMF semantically maps domain ontologies to a knowledge base and then produces different types of alignments, including equivalence , subclass , sameas , and instance alignments . Similarities between two domain ontologies are next employed to enhance the equivalence and sameas alignments discovery. Finally, based on acquired alignments, inferred alignments are deduced to guarantee the completeness of matching results. Our experimental results show the superiority of the proposed method over the existing ones.

One of the most important aspects for the development of information systems is that they were interoperable, so many initiatives consider that ontologies as useful tools for their development, especially when the application is in complex and dynamic domains as the case of health. In this article, a systematic review (SR) of the existing literature related to ontologies used in the health sector is carried out, not only to interpret and synthesize the available studies but also to provide a framework as a basis for conducting new researches. Recent publications (2010- 2016) in which topics such as the use and impact of ontologies in the development of information systems are discussed, taking into account the organizational objectives and the involved stakeholders were considered. The number of published studies shows a growing interest by researchers because they consider ontologies artifacts that facilitate interoperability, understanding of information and communication structures.

We introduce new OWL ontologies for observations and sampling features, based on the O&M conceptual model from OGC and ISO 19156. Previous efforts, (a) through the W3C SSN project, and (b) following ISO rules for conversion from UML, had dependencies on elaborate pre-existing ontologies and frameworks. The new ontologies, known as om-lite and sam- lite, remove such dependencies, and can therefore be used with minimal ontological commitment beyond the O&M conceptual model. Time and space concepts, for which there are multiple existing solutions, are implemented as stub-classes, and patterns for linking to the existing ontologies are described. PROV is used to support certain requirements for the description of specimens. A more general alignment of both observation and sampling feature ontologies with PROV is described, as well as mappings to some other observation models and ontologies.

A plethora of Multi Agent Systems (MAS) development methodologies exists and all compete for prominence. This paper advocates unification of best of breed activities from these methodologies and examines two existing approaches for unifying access to them. It proposes an alternative approach that focusses on the use of domain knowledge through ontologies as offering the best potential for unifying access to them. The reliance on ontologies will provide flexibility in the process and workproducts use within the methodology. The focus on domain knowledge will reduce the number of mandatory methodological tasks and at the same time create scope for reuse with respect to both system designs and components. The paper will further sketch and argue for a full software development lifecycle for MAS where ontologies expressing domain knowledge are the central artifacts.

HighlightsThe requirements that the languages for the semantic and ontological modelling of the manufacturing domain should present are collected.A review of the manufacturing domain semantic modelling is performed.A possible role of ontologies in the manufacturing domain is envisioned, that is to be used as knowledge bases that support Service oriented Control Architectures based on Web Services within the open automation paradigm.An industrial case is presented that shows the possible use in a real context of the ontology for manufacturing domain. In the last years, attention has been devoted to the development of ontologies, which are ICT conceptual models allowing a formal and shared representation of a particular domain of discourse, and to the use of these representations in a variety of contexts, among which also the industrial engineering can be counted. Within the industrial engineering field, the manufacturing domain has not yet seen a wide application of ontologies. This paper firstly shows the use of ontologies for the semantic annotation of a Web Service-based architecture for the control of manufacturing systems; and then contributes to the research field of manufacturing domain ontologies by proposing a thorough literature review and analysis of the available languages supporting such objective. The paper collects the main requirements that semantic languages must meet to be used in the manufacturing domain with the outlined purpose. In fact, the available semantic languages are several and characterized by different features: the paper identifies the most proper ones for the manufacturing domain representation thanks to their analysis against the main requirements. Lastly, the paper shows how the discussed topics are deployed in a real industrial example.

Subject Ontologies represent conceptualizations of disciplinary domains in which concepts symbolize topics that are relevant for the considered domain and are associated each other by means of specific relations. Usually, these kind of lightweight ontologies are adopted in knowledge-based educational environments to enable semantic organization and search of resources and, in other cases, to support personalization and adaptation features for learning and teaching experiences. For this reason, applying effective management methodologies for Subject Ontologies is a crucial aspect in engineering the environments. In particular, this paper proposes an approach to use SKOS (a Semantic Web-based vocabulary providing a standard way to represent knowledge organization systems) for modelling subject ontologies. Moreover, the paper underlines the main benefits of SKOS. It focuses on alternative strategies for storing and accessing ontologies in order to support the knowledge sharing, knowledge reusing, planning, assessment, customization and adaptation processes related to learning scenarios. The results of an early experimentation allowed the authors defining a framework able to support, from both methodological and technological viewpoints, the use of Subject Ontologies in the context of a Semantic Web-based Educational System. The defined framework has high performances in terms of response and this may really improve the user experience. We defined a framework to use Subject Ontologies in Educational Systems.Subject Ontologies support learning scenarios by representing themes to treat.SKOS is a good technical approach to improve the learning experience of users.We identified a good strategy to treat Subject Ontologies and support SWBESs.The described approach may improve the performance of the learning processes.

предметом исследования в данной статье является процесс получения нового научного знания в Российской Федерации. Объектом исследования выступает фактор влияния институтов наукометрии на эффективность научно-технического прогресса. Основными результатами проведенного исследования являются предложения по сохранению уровня мотивации всех категорий исследователей, заключающиеся в реализации полной индексации контента научной электронной библиотеки eLIBRARY.RU с учетом имеющейся стратификации, но, как минимум, с сохранением полной статистики цитирований для нижней страты, в настоящее время исключенной., An area of research in the present article is process of obtaining new scientific knowledge in the Russian Federation. The factor of influence of institutes of a citation index on efficiency of scientific and technical progress acts as an object of a research. The main results of the conducted research are the sentences on saving of level of motivation of all categories of researchers consisting in implementation of full indexation of content of a scientific digital library of eLIBRARY.RU taking into account the available stratification, but, at least, with saving of full statistics of citings for the lower stratum now excluded.

Context. Nowadays there is a constantly increasing interest to the application of the intelligent systems (IS) in different areas such as information technologies (IT), engineering, medicine, biology, ecology, geography, jurisprudence etc. At the heart of architecture of modern IS’s knowledge bases (KB) are used, which are formed due to the subject area (SA), where the given IS is used. The main part of KB is ontology as clearly structured SA’s model, systematic set of terms, which explain the connections between objects of this SA. Ontologies are generally accepted and widely used in different branches of science such as knowledge engineering, presentation of knowledge, information search, knowledge management, database design, information modeling and object-oriented analysis. In particular, Gather company in their researches of IT-market attributed the use of taxonomy/ontology in his area. Consequently, research of syntactic ontological structures of KB, construction and research of optimal algorithm for syntactic analysis of Ukrainian language texts and the development of software-algorithmic means of content, automatic referencing of texts, gathering knowledge, translation etc. are relevant. Objective. The goal of the work develop a software system for formalizing the rules of syntax of the Ukrainian language in the form of an ontological basis of knowledge for the purpose of its use for working out natural language texts in the Ukrainian language. Method. Methods of solving the problem of creating a consolidated resource based on ontological KB were chosen decision trees, IDEF5 methodology and ontology construction methodology. The results of syntactic analysis work are taken into account by associative-semantic context analysis to optimize the process of constructing associative context relationships between words and sentence combinations within the hierarchical network of ontological BB. Results. A consolidated information resource is created – an ontological KB of parsing analysis of Ukrainian-language text documents with the help of Protege 3.4.7. Conclusions. The method of data extraction based on ontological BZ and FPGA language is developed for the further development of a consolidated information resource for the syntactic elaboration of text documents. As a result, an ontological type of KB with FPSM was created. The syntactic structure of the input sentence is the foundation and frame for the next, not less important step – semantic analysis. This ontological KB of the consolidated LR of syntactic elaboration of Ukrainian-language text documents serves as a powerful basis for further development of an automated IS for parsing Ukrainian-language texts

Realizing the full potential of the semantic web requires the large-scale adoption and use of ontology based approaches to sharing of information and resources. In such a setting, instead of a single, centralized ontology, it is much more natural to have multiple distributed ontologies that cover different, perhaps partially overlapping, domains. Such ontologies represent the local knowledge of the ontology designers, that is, knowledge that is applicable within a specific context. Hence, many application scenarios, such as collaborative construction and management of complex ontologies, distributed databases, and large knowledge base applications, present an urgent need for ontology languages that support localized and contextualized semantics, partial and selective reuse of ontology modules, flexible ways to limit the scope and visibility of knowledge (as needed for selective knowledge sharing), federated approaches to reasoning with distributed ontologies, and structured approaches to collaborative construction of large ontologies. Against this background, this dissertation develops a family of description logics based modular ontology languages, namely Package-based Description Logics (P-DL), to address the needs of such applications. The main contributions of this dissertation include: (1) The identification and theoretical characterization of the desiderata of modular ontology languages that can support selective sharing and reuse of knowledge across independently developed knowledge bases; (2) The development of a family of ontology languages called P-DL, which extend the classical description logics (DL) to support selective knowledge sharing through a novel semantic importing mechanism and the establishment of a minimal set of restrictions on the use of imported concepts and roles to support localized semantics, transitive propagation of imported knowledge, and different interpretations from the point of view of different ontology modules; (3) The development of a family of sound and complete tableau-based federated reasoning algorithms for distributed, autonomous, P-DL ontologies including ALCP and SHIQP , i.e., P-DL onologies where the individual modules are expressed in the P-DL counterpart of DL ALC and SHIQ respectively, that can be used to efficiently reason over a set of distributed, autonomous, ontology modules from the point of view of any specific module, that avoid the need to integrate ontologies using message exchanges between modules as needed; (4) The formulation of criteria for answering queries against a knowledge base using hidden or private knowledge, whenever it is feasible to do so without compromising hidden knowledge, and the development of privacy-preserving reasoning strategies for the case of the commonly used hierarchical ontologies and SHIQ ontologies, along with a theoretical characterization of the conditions under which they are guaranteed to be privacy-preserving; (5) The development of some prototype tools for collaborative development of large ontologies, including support for concurrent editing and partial loading of ontologies into memory.

в статье исследован феномен возникновения более чем 15-летнего тренда снижения ассортимента компьютерной техники и комплектующих на розничном рынке в Российской Федерации. Предложены направления институциональных трансформаций, способных переломить негативный тренд и оказать положительное влияние на научно-технический прогресс в стране., The phenomenon of origin of more than 15-year trend of lowering of the assortment of the computer equipment and accessories in the retail market in the Russian Federation is probed. The directions of the institutional transformations capable to break a negative trend are offered and to exert the positive impact on scientific and technical progress in the country.

в данной статье идентифицирована институциональная ловушка, связанная с особенностями мотивации труда на предприятиях естественных монополий современной России. Рассмотрены пути элиминации обнаруженной институциональной ловушкой в контексте мирового опыта., In paper the institutional trap connected to features of employee’s engagement at the enterprises of natural monopolies of the modern Russia is identified. Ways of elimination by the found institutional trap in the context of international experience are considered.

в данной статье представлено исследование институциональной ловушки, связанной с текущей моделью финансирования высших учебных заведений Российской Федерации. Предложены пути если не элиминации выявленной ловушки, то, по крайней мере, снижения ее влияния на науку в высшей школе., The institutional trap connected to the current model of financing of universities of the Russian Federation is probed. Ways of lowering of influence of the revealed institutional trap on science at the higher school are offered.

Ontologies have been less successful than they could be in large-scale business applications due to a wide variety of interpretations. This leads to confusion, and consequently, people from various research communities use the term with different – sometimes incompatible – meanings. This research work analyzes and clarifies the term ontology and points out its difference from taxonomy. By way of two business case studies, both their potential in ontological engineering and the perceived requirements for ontologies are highlighted, and their misuse in research and business is discussed. In order to examine the case for applying ontologies in a specific domain or use case, the main benefits of using ontologies are defined and categorized as technical-centered or user-centered. Key factors that influence the use of ontologies in business applications are derived and discussed. Finally, the paper offers a recommendation for efficiently applying ontologies, including adequate representation languages and an ontological engineering process supported by reference ontologies. To answer the questions of when ontologies should be used, how they can be used efficiently, and when they should not be used, we propose guidelines for selecting an appropriate model, methodology, and tool set to meet customer requirements while making most efficient use of resources.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the three evergetical strategies in sciences searches and management of the community development. The study develops regulations based on postnonclassical scientific rationality evergetics from V.A. Vittikh, discusses evergetical strategies, it’s differences in managing theory and practice. The complexity of communities and the process of their development, the proliferation of diversity management issues these communities and their development suggest the need for developing approaches that integrate a variety of these practical problems and develop a single, theoretical model and meta-model. These models allow not only to optimize the control method, but to answer the question about what management is and what management is necessary for the development of communities as examples of complex, developed systems. Evergetics, proposed by V.A. The Vittikh, becomes one of such approaches It is an example of transdisciplinary and transdiscursive approach to comprehend the essence and technologies of management. It allows to select the strategy, harmoniously implementing the values and management objectives as a component of community development. Comparative analysis of management strategies allows to select evergetical, pseudoevergetical and unevergetical strategies, their characteristics and capabilities in managing the development of their communities. Selected strategies phenomenologically similar to various under-moves to the study of management, reflect certain aspects of it. Practical significance of the research connected with the development of a new perspective on the nature, components and processes that involves the possibility of optimizing the management and training management of social development. Theoretical significance of the research is connected with the development of the evergetics theory by V.A. Vittikh as an innovative metatheoretic, transdimensional approach to understanding the control of complex systems aimed at understanding the essence of society and its development.

A foundational ontology contributes to ontology-driven conceptual data modelling and is used to solve interoperability issues among domain ontologies. Multiple foundational ontologies have been developed in recent years, and most of them are available in several versions. This has re-introduced the interoperability problem, increased the need for a coordinated and structured comparison and elucidation of modelling decisions, and raised the requirement for software infrastructure to address this. We present here a basic step in that direction with the Repository of Ontologies for MULtiple USes, ROMULUS, which is the first online library of machine-processable, modularised, aligned, and logic-based merged foundational ontologies. In addition to the typical features of a model repository, it has a foundational ontology recommender covering features of six foundational ontologies, tailor-made modules for easier reuse, and a catalogue of mappable and non-mappable elements among the BFO, GFO and DOLCE foundational ontologies.

euzenat2015a; International audience; Networks of ontologies are made of a collection of logic theories, called ontologies, related by alignments. They arise naturally in distributed contexts in which theories are developed and maintained independently, such as the semantic web. In networks of ontologies, inconsistency can come from two different sources: local inconsistency in a particular ontology or alignment, and global inconsistency between them. Belief revision is well-defined for dealing with ontologies; we investigate how it can apply to networks of ontologies. We formulate revision postulates for alignments and networks of ontologies based on an abstraction of existing semantics of networks of ontologies. We show that revision operators cannot be simply based on local revision operators on both ontologies and alignments. We adapt the partial meet revision framework to networks of ontologies and show that it indeed satisfies the revision postulates. Finally, we consider strategies based on network characteristics for designing concrete revision operators.

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to explore the main ontologies related to eMaintenance solutions and to study their application area. The advantages of using these ontologies to improve and control data quality will be investigated.Design/methodology/approach– A literature study has been done to explore the eMaintenance ontologies in the different areas. These ontologies are mainly related to content structure and communication interface. Then, ontologies will be linked to each step of the data production process in maintenance.Findings– The findings suggest that eMaintenance ontologies can help to produce a high-quality data in maintenance. The suggested maintenance data production process may help to control data quality. Using these ontologies in every step of the process may help to provide management tools to provide high-quality data.Research limitations/implications– Based on this study, it can be concluded that further research could broaden the investigation to identify more eMaintenance ontologies. Moreover, studying these ontologies in more technical details may help to increase the understandability and the use of these standards.Practical implications– It has been concluded in this study that applying eMaintenance ontologies by companies needs additional cost and time. Also the lack or the ineffective use of eMaintenance tools in many enterprises is one of the limitations for using these ontologies.Originality/value– Investigating eMaintenance ontologies and connecting them to maintenance data production is important to control and manage the data quality in maintenance.

Information on the web and web services that are revised by stakeholders is growing incredibly. The presentation of this information has shifted from a representational model of web information with loosely clustered terminology to semi-formal terminology and even to formal ontology. Mediation (i.e., mapping) is required for systems and services to share information. Mappings are established between ontologies in order to resolve terminological and conceptual incompatibilities. Due to new discoveries in the field of information sharing, the body of knowledge has become more structured and refined. The domain ontologies that represent bodies of knowledge need to be able to accommodate new information. This allows for the ontology to evolve from one consistent state to another. Changes in resources cause existing mappings between ontologies to be unreliable and stale. This highlights the need for mapping evolution (regeneration) as it would eliminate the discrepancies from the existing mappings. In order to re-establish the mappings between dynamic ontologies, the existing systems require a complete mapping process to be restructured, and this process is time consuming. This paper proposes a mapping reconciliation approach between the updated ontologies that has been found to take less time to process compared to the time of existing systems when only the changed resources are considered and also eliminates the staleness of the existing mappings. The proposed approach employs the change history of ontology in order to store the ontology change information, which helps to drastically reduce the reconciliation time of the mappings between dynamic ontologies. A comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the proposed system on standard data sets has been conducted. The experimental results of the proposed system in comparison with six existing mapping systems are provided in this paper using 13 different data sets, which support our claims.

Major efforts have been conducted on ontology learning, that is, semiautomatic processes for the construction of domain ontologies from diverse sources of information. In the past few years, a research trend has focused on the construction of educational ontologies, that is, ontologies to be used for educational purposes. The identification of the terminology is crucial to build ontologies. Term extraction techniques allow the identification of the domain-related terms from electronic resources. This paper presents LiTeWi, a novel method that combines current unsupervised term extraction approaches for creating educational ontologies for technology supported learning systems from electronic textbooks. LiTeWi uses Wikipedia as an additional information source. Wikipedia contains more than 30 million articles covering the terminology of nearly every domain in 288 languages, which makes it an appropriate generic corpus for term extraction. Furthermore, given that its content is available in several languages, it promotes both domain and language independence. LiTeWi is aimed at being used by teachers, who usually develop their didactic material from textbooks. To evaluate its performance, LiTeWi was tuned up using a textbook on object oriented programming and then tested with two textbooks of different domains-astronomy and molecular biology.

Ontologies have gained increasing usage to augment an application with domain knowledge, particularly in healthcare, where they represent knowledge ranging from: bioinformatics data such as protein, gene, etc. to biomedical informatics such as diseases, diagnosis, symptoms, etc. However, the current ontology development efforts and process are data intensive and construction based, creating ontologies for specific applications/requirements, rather than designing an abstract ontological solution(s) that can be reusable across the domain using a well-defined design process. To address this deficiency, the work presented herein positions ontologies as software engineering artifact that allows them to be placed into the position to share the captured domain conceptualization and its vocabulary involving disparate domain backgrounds, that can then be created, imported, exported and re-used using different frameworks, tools and techniques. Towards this end, the authors propose an agile software process for ontologies referred to as the Hybrid Ontology Design & Development Model with Lifecycle,HOD2MLC. To place HOD2MLC into a proper perspective, they explore, compare, and contrast it to existing ontology design and development alternatives with respect their various phases as related to the authors' work and phases in varied SDP models.

Nowadays semantic web languages play a vital role in representing ontologies. In order to deal with uncertainty in the semantic web languages, we need a concrete procedure to represent such information. We may tackle this problem by extending the current semantic web languages with uncertainty. In this article, we extend the current standard language OWL2 (version 2 of the Web Ontology Language), to deal with uncertainty features and also propose an appropriate methodology to represent type-2 fuzzy rough ontologies by the aid of OWL2 annotation properties. We also provide a plug-in, used to edit type-2 fuzzy rough ontologies using OWL2 annotation properties and parsers that translate the type-2 fuzzy rough ontologies into the languages supported by current description logic (DL) reasoners. Moreover, we conduct a large user group study to prove the effectiveness of the proposed work.

There is an increase use of ontology-driven approaches to support requirements engineering (RE) activities, such as elicitation, analysis, specification, validation and management of requirements. However, the RE community still lacks a comprehensive understanding of how ontologies are used in RE process. Thus, the main objective of this work is to investigate and better understand how ontologies support RE as well as identify to what extent they have been applied to this field. In order to meet our goal, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to identify the primary studies on the use of ontologies in RE, following a predefined review protocol. We then identified the main RE phases addressed, the requirements modelling styles that have been used in conjunction with ontologies, the types of requirements that have been supported by the use of ontologies and the ontology languages that have been adopted. We also examined the types of contributions reported and looked for evidences of the benefits of ontology-driven RE. In summary, the main findings of this work are: (1) there are empirical evidences of the benefits of using ontologies in RE activities both in industry and academy, specially for reducing ambiguity, inconsistency and incompleteness of requirements; (2) the majority of studies only partially address the RE process; (3) there is a great diversity of RE modelling styles supported by ontologies; (4) most studies addressed only functional requirements; (5) several studies describe the use/development of tools to support different types of ontology-driven RE approaches; (6) about half of the studies followed W3C recommendations on ontology-related languages; and (7) a great variety of RE ontologies were identified; nevertheless, none of them has been broadly adopted by the community. Finally, we conclude this work by showing several promising research opportunities that are quite important and interesting but underexplored in current research and practice.

Program understanding involves mapping domain concepts to the code elements that implement them. Such mapping is often implicit and undocumented. However, identifier names contain relevant clues to rediscover the mapping and make it available to programmers.In this paper, we present two approaches that exploit structural and linguistic aspects of the source code to extract ontologies. The extracted ontologies are then compared in terms of the concepts they contain and the support they give to program understanding, specifically concept location. Such ontologies are composed of domain and implementation concepts as they come from the source code. To filter domain concepts, we have applied Information Retrieval (IR) based filtering techniques. We have assessed the resulting ontologies against a reference, manually defined, domain ontology.The experimentation was carried out using six real world open source programs. Results show that the ontologies extracted using the structural and linguistic aspects of the source code are complementary. We also observed that their union gives a better support to concept location than the individual ontologies. Filtering the ontologies gives a concise representation of the domain knowledge captured in the source code. The filtered ontologies, however, have been found to be less effective in supporting concept location than the unfiltered ontologies. We exploit structural and linguistic aspects of the code to extract ontologies.To filter domain concepts, we apply information retrieval based filtering.The structural ontology is empirically compared with the linguistic ontology.Unfiltered and filtered ontologies are validated on concept location tasks.

This paper emphasizes on application of background knowledge in ontology matching problems. The main idea is to have a multi-level structure of ontologies (higher the level, more universal/general the ontology is) to be used as background knowledge for ontology matching. This requires next generation of new upper level ontologies, which are at higher level than current set of upper level ontologies. To create such higher level ontologies, usage of new/ alternative philosophical models is suggested.

The automatic construction of ontologies from texts is a topic of continued and open research, their construction requires both a study of human knowledge, methodologies and tools to retrieve the text content. As the content of these resources is dynamic, they can be thought of as finished products and refined, which remain stable when completed. The field of ontology construction needs to go towards more dynamic, more view of ontologies is to increase intelligence in many applications such as information retrieval, semantic indexing and semantic annotation. Ontologies are software modules whose development is based on the same principles as those applied in software engineering. There are several approaches for evaluating ontologies, some are based on learning methods from the corpus, using the networks head-Expansion or other semantic networks for identify concepts and relationships. But the automation of ontology construction, actually, is a scientific lock for many applications. In this paper, we propose an approach that combines these tools to improve the process of automatic co-construction of ontologies from a corporus. DEO (Dynamic Evaluation of Ontologies) is a system dedicated to ontology construction from texts using a cooperative learning based on a multi agents structure. It uses the mechanism of extraction of relations Dynamo and more it uses the terminology WordNet1.2 to identify concepts, relationships and a storage module to save the changes of the ontologist in order to be reused.

Article is devoted to a problem of development and use of the ontologies of information systems within integrated knowledge space. The main objective in that case to overcome the semantic heterogeneity of ontologies that as a result will ensure semantic interoperability of the information systems based on them. An application of ontology design patterns during “life cycle” of such ontologies is proposed as a solution. The concept of an ontology design pattern, and also different types of patterns and their examples is presented. The main advantages of patterns application in such ontology handling scenarios as development of ontologies, their visualization for transmission of ontological knowledge to users, execution of queries to ontologies are given. In addition, the main problems arising from the use of ontologies based on patterns are considered.

Current societies undergo a transformation into information societies. “Digitialization” is progressing in every aspect of life, including health care. Handling the increasing flow of biomedical data presents a serious challenge to researchers and clinicians. Ontologies – controlled vocabularies that allow describing the meaning of data (its semantics) in a human and machine readable way are used more and more often to aid processing of information in biomedical research and in healthcare systems. The aim of this work is to bring closer the field of ontologies to the medical society. The theoretical basics are presented and exemplified with a range of ontologies used for describing diseases, medications, proteins, experimental procedures, etc. Currently the multitude of ontologies is an obstacle in further data integration. Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) and OBO Foundry (Open Biomedical Ontologies) are projects started to counteract this problem. UMLS aims at merging existing vocabularies, while OBO initiative is based on coordinated, harmonic development of new ontologies and reformation of existing ones. The pros and cons of both philosophies are presented. The final section of the article features examples of ontology applications.

в данной статье исследована институциональная ловушка, возникающая вследствие действия механизмов саморегулирования на рынке антивирусного программного обеспечения. Автором представлена гипотеза формирования феномена расширенного воспроизводства технологий компьютерных вирусов как следствие оппортунистического поведения агентов на смежном рынке., Institutional trap arising owing to operation of mechanisms of self-regulation in the market of antivirus software is probed. The hypothesis of formation of a phenomenon of expanded reproduction of technologies of computer viruses as consequences of opportunistic behavior of agents in the adjacent market is provided.

Ontologies play a key role in semanticinteroperability projects, capturing the conceptualizationunderlying the various systems to be integrated. In the case oflarge information systems landscapes, a single monolithicontology often becomes hard to design and maintain. In thissetting, it is common to divide the ontological model inconsistently interlinked modular ontologies, forming anontology network. This paper explores the role of EnterpriseArchitecture (EA) models in defining the ontologies in anontology network. We report on an exploratory study in thescope of an e-Government interoperability project in the areaof public security. In the reported study, an EA model providesguidance in the modularization of the ontology network.

Ontologies are domain-specific constructs developed for many different purposes. But, they can be different even within the same domain. Ontology matching is a method for finding the same things in between existing ontologies by looking at semantic similarities. Especially, ontology matching algorithms are used for data integration, reuse of existing ontologies, and information discovery. However, the matching process is quite difficult to perform for large ontologies. For this reason, it is recommended that ontologies can be divided into small pieces and matched modularly. We aim to automatically separate ontologies into sub-segments in this scope of the study. Primarily, the ontology data sets have been converted into a graph structure. Then, We test two algorithms to partition graph. The first algorithm is Karger Algorithm, which finds min-cut edge set in the graph, and the second algorithm is based clique percolation. The test results for both algorithms are shown and the advantages and disadvantages of these two algorithms are explained. © 2017 IEEE.