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ABSTRACT The worldwide main peach-producing are adopting peach training systems with canopy size-controlling clonal rootstocks. However, most peach seedlings commercialised in Brazil are still on seed-propagated rootstocks, which are vigorous and heterogeneous. This study aimed to select rootstocks which induce desirable characteristics of fruit quality, yield efficiency, size control, adaptability and stability in the ‘BRS-Kampai’ grown in subtropical regions with mild winters. We used adaptability and stability methodology and multivariate selection index to determine yield components and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in five cycles. The treatments consisted of ‘BRS-Kampai’ grafted onto 17 clonal rootstocks of Prunus spp. and own-rooted trees. The evaluated variables were yield per tree, yield per area, fruit mass, fruit diameter, fruit firmness, soluble solids content, titratable acidity, canopy volume and yield efficiency. The rootstocks ‘Ishtara®’, ‘Genovesa’, ‘Santa Rosa’ and ‘Cadaman’ always induced low yield and low fruit quality when used as clonal rootstocks for the ‘BRS-Kampai’ and showed no potential for use as rootstocks in subtropical humid regions with mild winters. The ‘BRS-Kampai’ own-rooted peach trees or those grafted onto ‘Flordaguard’, ‘Okinawa’ are alternatives for peach cultivation under the edaphoclimatic conditions of Pato Branco-PR, although the training and pruning systems must be adjusted due to high vigour. The clonal rootstocks ‘Tsukuba-3’ and ‘Tsukuba-2’ induced the highest production performance in the canopy cultivar BRS-Kampai, combining fruit quality, yield with higher stability, and yield efficiency making them the most suitable ones among the studied rootstocks.

Downy mildew is a major problem for grape growers, as this disease is difficult to control. Synthetic fungicides are used to treat downy mildew with handheld backpack and tractor sprayer applications, with high chemical exposure by operators. As important tools for maximising yield, application technologies must be studied to optimise control efficiency. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of fungicide spray application using Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) for the control of downy mildew in grapevine, with different spray volumes. The study was divided into two experiments using 4 vine lines, 10 blocks and 5 treatments with different mixture volumes: Experiment 1 with RPA application of 5 mixture volumes - 0, 22, 44, 66, and 88 L ha−1; Experiment 2 with RPA application of 3 mixture volumes - 44, 66, and 88 L ha−1 and a backpack application of one mixture volume - 800 L ha−1. Coverage percentage, droplet density and volume median diameter (VMD) were evaluated. Downy mildew severity on grapevine leaves was assessed using visual analysis and a diagrammatic scale. The application of 44 L ha−1 provided the greatest coverage and droplet density in the upper and middle strata; however, the backpack application had a better droplet distribution than the RPA application. Treatments of 44 L ha−1 with RPA and backpack application (800 L ha−1) provided the best disease control. In the trellis system, RPA application must be improved because of the low coverage in the lower parts of the plant, and further studies with different spray nozzles and application heights are needed.

ABSTRACT ‘BRS Magna’ was released with the aim of improving the colour, sweetness, and flavour of Brazilian grape juice. Therefore, it is necessary to test this cultivar on different rootstocks in order to identify the canopy/rootstock combinations that best contribute to the purpose of the enterprise under cultivation conditions. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different rootstocks on the yield components and physical characteristics of the bunch and berry of the ‘BRS Magna’ grapevine. The research was conducted in the vineyard established in the experimental area of the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), located in the municipality of Pato Branco, Paraná. The ‘BRS Magna’ was grafted onto 10 rootstocks: ‘Kober 5BB’, ‘SO4’, ‘IAC 766 Campinas’, ‘Harmony’, ‘Paulsen 1103’, ‘420A’, ‘IAC 572 Jales’, ‘Freedom’, ‘IAC 313 Tropical’, and ‘101-14 MGT’. For three agricultural years, production, productivity, vegetative vigor, number of bunches, and average bunch weight per plant, length and width of bunch and berry, as well as average berry weight were evaluated. Analysis of variance showed a interaction between rootstocks and production years for all variables. ‘BRS Magna’ showed alternation in yield components, vegetative vigor and physical characteristics of bunch and berry between the evaluated crops. Under the cultivation conditions studied, the recommended rootstock for the ‘BRS Magna’ cultivar is ‘IAC 572 Jales’. On the other hand, ‘101-14 MGT’ and ‘420 A’ are not recommended as rootstock for this cultivar.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the occurrence, duration, and intensity of the flushes of vegetative growth in two peach cultivars of Prunus persica L. Batsch, grown as a pioneer endeavor at a high-altitude tropical climate site in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The observational experiment was carried out in 2017/18 and 2018/19 on the ‘Tropic Beauty’ and ‘BRS Kampai’ cultivars by an evaluation of the number and duration of flushes of vegetative growth during the year over two cycles. The number of fruit-bearing shoots, total number of leaves and shoot length were also assessed. At harvest, fruit load and diameter were determined and grouped into diameter ranges. The number of hours recorded at different temperature ranges, < 10.0 °C; 10.1-15.0 °C; 15.1-20.0 °C; 20.1-25.0 °C; > 25.1 °C, were summed separately and divided into daily and nightly periods. The peach tree has an unusual vegetative growth pattern when cultivated in a tropical area, which occurs in two flushes, with the first flush occurring from budbreak to fruit harvest between June and Sept, forming short shoots (less than 10 cm), with early shoot growth cessation, with a limited leaf number that can potentially diminish the supply of carbohydrates to the fruit, leading to smaller growth. The second flush occurs after harvest, between Oct and Dec, when there is an increase in daily temperature and precipitation, and no competition with fruits. Notabily, these second flush shoots grow with greater vigor and regularization of the growth cycle, forming fruit-bearing shoots with abundant leaf and flower buds for the next production cycle.

Abstract The aims of this work were to characterize the damage caused by Paraulaca dives in feijoa (Acca sellowiana) and develop a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the severity of herbivory. The evaluations were carried out in a feijoa progenies orchard with eight-year-old. The beetles caused damage mainly on leaves, from October to December (spring season). The distribution of beetles in the orchard occurred randomly, not following a defined pattern of incidence. The diagrammatic scale of herbivory severity was represented by seven levels (1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 15%, 32%, and 55% of the leaf area consumed). The use of this diagrammatic scale significantly increased the precision and accuracy of severity estimates by inexperienced evaluators. This can help in strategies to control this pest to expand the cultivation of feijoa in Brazil.

ABSTRACT: We verified the spatial and temporal distribution of the olive leaf moth (Palpita forficifera Munroe, 1959) in a new potential region for olive cultivation and evaluated the bioinsecticides effectiveness to control this pest. The experimental orchard composed by Koroneiki and Arbequina cultivars was planted in Pato Branco, Southwest region of Paraná, Brazil. In the field, larvae counts were performed weekly on 25 plants of each cultivar, for 12 months, to verify the spatial and temporal distribution. Furthermore, in laboratory conditions, second instar larvae of P. forficifera were fed with olive leaves treated with Azadirachta indica oil, Bacillus thuringiensis, Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, and the effectiveness in the larvae mortality was used to compare four bioinsecticides and control. The P. forficifera larvae occurred mainly during the three summer months, had a host preference for the ‘Arbequina’ (68.9% of total larvae) and occurred at random distribution patterns throughout the orchard. The A. indica oil and B. thuringiensis both caused almost 100% larvae mortality under laboratory conditions.

Feijoa (Acca sellowiana) is a native Brazilian fruit with a peculiar flavour, a considerable amount of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Even though this fruit tree is currently cultivated in several countries around the world, in Brazil, the process of domestication is underway, and the selection and breeding of new genotypes that are more productive and with better fruit quality is necessary. The objective of this work was to evaluate phenotypic diversity among and within progeny and to study the correlations among the quality variables of Feijoa fruit, seeking to select individuals with superior characteristics using principal component analysis. The parents who formed the progeny (families) were selected from a participatory breeding programme. We observed that individuals 47 and 93 had a combination of desirable fruit characteristics for selection, and individuals 15, 910, 98 and 410 should be selected for future crossings, as they had a high total fruit mass and soluble solid content or the highest percentage of pulp and rounded fruit shape. Larger fruit, in general, had a lower percentage of pulp. Principal component analysis is a viable tool in the pre-selection of new genotypes and potential progenitors for Feijoa breeding programmes.

ABSTRACT Several grafting methods have been developed, and bench grafting with stratification is the most widely used technique, except in Brazil, which is still in adaptation. The objective of this study was to evaluate for how long plant material can be stored before the grafting and the optimum temperature for stratification. Cultivar 'Paulsen 1103' was used as rootstock and 'Niagara Rosada' as scion cultivar. The storage period treatments were 0, 30, 60 and 90 days at the temperature of 3 ℃ and 95% of relative humidity. After the storage period, the branches were removed from the cold chamber, taken to grafting, and then placed at 19 °C and 24 °C for stratification. After 21 days of stratification, the vine grafts were planted in commercial substrate and left to grow for 160 days. The vine cuttings of cultivars Niagara and Paulsen 1103 can be stored in cold chamber at 3 °C for 90 days and, during this period, bench grafting can be performed at any time. However, the vines from cuttings stored in cold chamber for more than 30 days have better growth. It is recommended to stratify the vine grafts at 19 °C.

A podridão parda, causada pelo fungo Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey, é a principal doença das fruteiras de caroço. Ataca flores, ramos e frutos das plantas hospedeiras, causando severas perdas. Assim, é importante identificar genótipos com alguma resistência à podridão parda, uma vez que podem ser recomendados para uso em programas de melhoramento como futuros genitores em hibridações controladas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a reação dos frutos em genótipos de pessegueiro à podridão parda. Foram avaliados 26 e 29 genótipos de pessegueiro no ciclo produtivo 2009/2010 e 2010/2011, respectivamente. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Fitossanidade da UTFPR – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, considerando-se cada genótipo de pessegueiro como tratamento, utilizando-se três repetições com nove frutos cada. A inoculação foi realizada sobre a epiderme dos frutos com aspersão de suspensão conidial (1,0 x 105 esporosmL-1) de aproximadamente 0,15 mL de M. fructicola. Os frutos foram observados 72 e 120 horas após a inoculação, sendo avaliada a incidência e severidade da doença. Os genótipos de pessegueiro diferiram para todas as variáveis analisadas (incidência e severidade) nos dois ciclos produtivos. Frutos dos genótipos ‘TropicBeauty’, ‘Bonão’, ‘Cascata 962’, ‘Conserva 1187’, ‘Kampai’, ‘Cascata 1063’, ‘TropicSnow’ e ‘Rubimel’ foram os que apresentaram menor incidência a podridão parda nos ciclos produtivos 2009/2010 e 2010/2011.

Plant nutrition is one of the factors that can influence fruit yield and quality. Brazilian soils are generally highly weathered, acidic and have low natural fertility with generalized nutrient deficits, especially of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). The use of alternative sources of nutrients such as rock powder and mining co-products, when applied together, can increase the efficiency of soluble sources of P and K, and could reduce the need for soluble fertilizer imports that are often expensive and have low residual effect in the soil. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate MBR matrix fertilizer rates on fruit quality and plum cultivation, cv. Irati. This study was conducted at the UTFPR Campus Pato Branco, from 2009 to 2014. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications and three plants per plot. Treatments (Tn) were: recommended chemical fertilizer replacement (T5); 2/3 of the recommended fertilization plus: 0 (T1), 500 (T2), 1000 (T3) and 2000 (T4) kg ha−1 yr−1 of MBR matrix; and without replacement (T6). Characteristics of plant quality, productivity and development, as well as leaf and soil contents of P and K were evaluated. The annual application of 1,000 kg ha−1 of the shale-based fertilizer matrix can be used as a complement to 1/3 of the P and K fertilization, in ‘Irati’ plum cultivation, by increasing accumulated production by 21.4%, maintaining the quality of the fruits, and maintaining adequate soil levels of P and K. The results demonstrate that the use of mining co-products of the Irati Formation has the potential for being used in agriculture as a source of nutrients, contributing to an increase in the efficiency of soluble sources of P and K, reducing the dependence on imported nutrient inputs and increasing local sustainable development..

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether seeds from six fruit trees native of the South Brazilian region had any type of dormancy, as well as, to verify the existence or not of photoblastism in them. The work was carried out at the Plant Physiology Laboratory, at the Federal Technological University of Paraná - Dois Vizinhos câmpus. The influence of photoperiod factors and techniques for overcoming dormancy were tested on the germination of Eugenia uniflora L. (Surinan cherry tree), Plinia trunciflora (steamed jabuticaba tree), Plinia cauliflora (hybrid jabuticaba tree), Eugenia involucrata DC. (Rio Grande cherry tree), Myrcianthes pungens (“guabijú” tree) and Campomanesia guazumifolia (“sete capoteiro”). The treatments were the interactions of these two factors levels. The seeds were exposed in a condition of total darkness or photoperiod of 24 hours. Techniques of immersion in gibberellic acid solution (200 mg L-1) were also submitted; stratification at 5ºC for 30 days; immersion in water at room temperature for 24 hours; immersion in hot water (80 ºC) for five minutes; immersion in sulfuric acid solution (96%) for five minutes; and manual physical scarification with 120 grit sandpaper. The seeds were also tested without using any technique, making up the control treatment. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 2 x 7 factorial scheme (luminosity x treatment for breaking dormancy), with four replications of 100 seeds. After 60 days, germination (%), percentage of accumulated germination, germination speed index and average germination time were analyzed. The seeds of most of the studied native species do not present dormancy or the effect of photoblastism, except for “sete capoteiro” who are supposed to have morphophysiological dormancy, with negative photoblastism. The use of hot water or sulfuric acid in the seeds of native fruit trees is not recommended.

ABSTRACT: Rootstocks are widely used in viticulture due to their resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Additionally, rootstocks can affect vine growth and fruit quality. This study evaluated the compatibility and initial developmental of the ‘BRS Magna’ grafted on different rootstocks The wedge graft technique on woody cuttings was utilized. The percentage of survival ranged from 0% (‘VR043-43’) to 98.33% (‘101-14 MGT’), and the rootstock were grouped into three distinct groups. ‘IAC 313 Tropical’ and ‘SO4’ rootstocks were those ones with the highest vigor in relation to initial shoot growth. However, ‘IAC 572 Jales’, ‘Harmony’, ‘3309 Couderc’ and ‘Gravesac’ had the best balance between initial shoot growth and root development. The ‘BRS Magna’ when grafted on rootstocks ‘IAC 313 Tropical’, ‘SO4’ and ‘101-14 MGT’ showed the highest initial development rates, while when grafted on ‘R99’, ‘R110’ and ‘420A’, it showed the lowest initial development.

ABSTRACT: A diagrammatic scale of anthracnose in feijoa fruit was elaborated and validated in order to standardize disease severity assessments. The proposed scale showed six disease severity levels: 2, 10, 20, 40, 70 and 100% of the injured fruit surface. The scale took into account the minimum and maximum limits of disease severity observed in the field and the intermediate values followed logarithmic increments according to the Weber-Fechner stimulus-response law. Eight inexperienced raters validated the scale by quantifying the disease severity (using/not using the scale) of 50 feijoas with anthracnose symptoms. In conclusion, the scale improved the assessment of anthracnose in feijoa. Eight genotypes from different crosses were tolerant to anthracnose.

Abstract Early-ripening peach cultivars present difficulties in the process of natural germination of seeds. In order to solve this problem, the culture of embryos in vitro can be considered an alternative, in which seeds find conditions to complete germination and development in a satisfactory way. Different protocols and culture media have been tested to meet the nutritional needs of the embryo, but they still have problems and need to be optimized. The objective of this work was to test culture media and BAP concentrations in order to increase the germination percentage of embryos and viable ‘BRS Kampai’ peach seedlings, avoiding possible anomalies in the process. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratory of Tissue Culture – “Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná”, Campus of Pato Branco. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in 2x5 factorial, with four replicates, with plot being represented by 15 embryos. The culture media tested were MS and WPM with five BAP concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg L-1). In the in vitro period, seed germination was evaluated through the attribution of scores, and embryo development, measuring the length of stem and main root. During the acclimatization period, seedlings were evaluated for survival, stem length, viable seedlings and rosette formation. Considering the conditions under which the experiment was conducted, it was concluded that MS culture medium with the addition of 1 mg L-1 of BAP allowed higher germination percentage and viable ‘BRS Kampai’ peach seedlings.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da atmosfera modificada e temperatura de armazenamento na conservação pós-colheita de ameixa da mata. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos, ambos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado ambos com 4 repetições de 20 frutos. O primeiro em fatorial 2x3 (embalagem x temperatura), onde os frutos foram acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno revestidas ou não por filme de PVC, em condições de temperatura ambiente, 5±1 °C ou 15±1 °C. No segundo, em fatorial 2x3x2 (pedúnculo x embalagem x temperatura). Para o fator pedúnculo foi considerada a presença ou ausência nos frutos, sendo estes acondicionados em bandejas de poliestireno com e sem filme de PVC ou com biofilme (fécula de mandioca) e armazenados em duas temperaturas (ambiente e 5±1 °C). Foram avaliados a perda de massa de matéria fresca, murchamento, podridão, teor de sólidos solúveis, açúcares totais e redutores, teores de antocianinas e flavonoides. O uso de atmosfera modificada associada a temperatura de 5 ºC, permitiu armazenar frutos de ameixeira da mata por período de até 34 dias. Sugere-se manter o pedúnculo aderido ao fruto, pois estes mantiveram a qualidade e a aparência por mais tempo, além de conservarem as características bioquímicas dos mesmos.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the broad-sense heritability reaction to bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni), in peach tree populations obtained from directed crosses. Disease severity and defoliation of the genotypes were evaluated in field conditions, with posterior measurement of the healthy leaf area duration (HAD). The observed average heritability (0.51) indicates that the use of the evaluated genitors can be effective for the development of cultivars with higher resistance to the disease.

RESUMO Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar as influências da época, da concentração de AIB e da presença de folhas na propagação por estaquia da oliveira 'Koroneiki'. Estacas de 10 cm de comprimento foram retiradas da porção mediana de ramos de plantas de três anos de idade, na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, entre junho de 2013 e março de 2014. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro repetições de dez estacas, sendo um fatorial triplo [épocas (junho, setembro, dezembro, março); número de pares de folhas (0, 1 e 2) e concentração de AIB (0, 1.000, 2.000 e 3.000 mg L-1)]. O tratamento com AIB consistiu na imersão rápida da base da estaca, por cinco segundos, seguida do plantio em tubetes com substrato comercial. Após, as estacas permaneceram em câmara úmida, sob nebulização, por 60 dias. Decorrido este período, mensuraram-se a sobrevivência (%), a formação de calos (%), o número de brotos por estaca e o enraizamento (%). Para maiores sobrevivência, formação de calo e enraizamento é necessária a manutenção de, pelo menos, um par de folhas nas estacas. A estaquia em dezembro não é recomendada, independentemente das técnicas auxiliares utilizadas. Sem a utilização de AIB, recomenda-se realizar a estaquia em junho e setembro, desde que mantido um par de folhas. Para a estaquia realizada em março, deve-se manter pelo menos um par de folhas, em combinação com doses de 2.000 ou 3.000 mg L-1 de AIB.

Abstract Studies on the interaction of genetic and environmental effects on floral morphogenesis in peach trees grown in humid subtropical climate provide important information related to adaptation and for assisting in the selection of new cultivars. This study aimed to verify the genetic and environmental effects and to identify peach tree genotypes with greater shoot length, vegetative bud, flower bud density adaptability and stability under humid subtropical climate conditions. Twelve peach tree genotypes were evaluated over a period of eight years, during the growing season (2006/07 to 2013/14) in Pato Branco-PR, Brazil. Data were collected for shoot length (SL), flower bud density (FBD) and vegetative bud density (VBD), as well as temperature, humidity and precipitation. For the analysis of adaptability and stability we used GEE Biplot methodology. SL was influenced by the temperature and relative humidity. Increased exposure time to temperatures below 20 °C and above 30 °C, high thermal amplitude and relative humidity of less than 50% reduced shoot growth. VBD and FBD were predominantly controlled by the genetic factor. For VBD, the genotypes ‘Cascata 1055’ and ‘Conserva 681’ were the most adapted. For FBD, the genotypes ‘Cascata 1055’, ‘BRS Bonão’, ‘Conserva 681’, ‘Cascata 967’ and ‘BRS Kampai’ presented better adaptability. The genotypes more adapted to the FBD can be recommended for cultivation in the humid subtropical climate, since they also present greater stability in the production of fruits, independently of the meteorological conditions that occur during the vegetative and reproductive season.

Abstract The aim of this study was to estimate the coefficients of repeatability and determination and the minimum number of evaluations able to provide certainty levels of prediction of the real value of these individuals through stem length and the length of primary shoots in 29 jabuticabeira genotypes. The stem length and the primary shoots were evaluated between July 2012 and June 2015, representing three growth cycles. The determination of the repeatability coefficients, determination coefficients and the number of measurements required to predict the genotypes true value were performed by multivariate principal component methods based on the variance and phenotype covariance matrix. The repeatability and determination coefficients obtained are relevant for the growth traits of jabuticabeira tree genotypes evaluated. With the three evaluations carried out, it is possible to select the jabuticabeira tree genotypes with 95% accuracy for a variable stem length and with 85% for the variable shoots length, but for the same level of significance would still require 5 more evaluations.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of reflective materials on the soil surface and management practices on the physicochemical and biochemical quality of the Merlot grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). The experimental design was of randomized blocks, in factorial 3 x 2 (“material type” x “management practice”), with 4 replications, using 4 plants by plot. The “management practice” factor was divided into two levels, with and without its realization. For “material type”, two reflective films were tested in the soil surface, it being white raffia plastics of polypropylene (reflective film 1), metallic raffia plastic (reflective film 2) and without the use of any reflective material. When they reach the harvesting point in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 production cycles, the physicochemical and biochemical evaluations of fruit quality were submitted; physiological characteristics of the plant and microbiological properties of soil were also evaluated. The use of reflective material on the soil surface improved the quality of the grape in some aspects, especially determining the reduction of the berry dropping and, consequently, an increase in the productivity. Furthermore, it provided greater microbial activity in the soil, which may be important for grapevine. The cultural practices had no influence on the physicochemical and biochemical quality of the vine fruits, providing only a greater number of berries per bunch.

O objetivo do trabalho foi investigar o nível de sensibilidade quanto à dessecação em sementes de seis fruteiras nativas. O trabalho foi conduzido no Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal da UTFPR – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos – Paraná, Brasil. Foram utilizadas sementes de cerejeira-da-mata (Eugenia involucrata DC), guabijuzeiro (Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand), sete capoteiro (Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O.Berg), pitangueira (Eugenia uniflora L.), jabuticabeira híbrida (Plinia cauliflora Mart.) e jabuticabeira de cabinho (Plinia trunciflora O.Berg). Os frutos foram coletados, retirando-se e secando-se as sementes à sombra por 24 horas. As sementes foram embebidas em água destilada, permanecendo nestas condições até peso constante. Em seguida, as sementes foram colocadas em Placas de Petri® e submetidas à desidratação lenta em câmara B.O.D. à 25°C por períodos de 0 (T1), 6 (T2), 24 (T3), 48 (T4), 72 (T5), 96 (T6), 120 (T7), 144 (T8), 168 (T9), 192 (T10), 216 (T11) e 240 (T12) horas. Após cada período, as sementes foram semeadas em bandejas de plástico, contendo como substrato areia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com 12 tratamentos e quatro repetições de 100 sementes. Após 60 dias da primeira semente germinada, avaliou-se a germinação (%), o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE), tempo médio de germinação (TMG) e germinação acumulada (%). A maior e mais rápida redução do teor de umidade diminuiu a capacidade germinativa das sementes de guabijuzeiro, jabuticabeiras híbrida e de cabinho. Novos estudos são necessários para avaliar a viabilidade destas sementes em condição de menor teor de água.

Abstract In Brazil, there are few studies and information available on consumer preferences for peaches and nectarines. This lack of information, has hindered some aspects of the production chain, as the choice and exploitation of more appropriate cultivars, offer periods, adoption of marketing and marketing strategies, consequently affecting the availability and commercialization of fruits. This study aimed to analyze the consumer preference of peaches and nectarines, evaluate the traits observed for their acquisition, and the marketplace where they are preferably purchased. The research was carried out from November 2016 to February 2017, using the descriptive research methodology, by Survey method and Web 2.0. A structured questionnaire was applied with closed questions. An online form questionnaire was prepared using the Google docs application and also distributed online, through the internet social Medias. 610 people participated in the survey, with predominance of consumers living in the South and Southeast regions of the country, in the age groups of 21 to 30 years old, with a predominance of female participants. Consumption is mainly in the in natura form, and often predominates certain times a year. Consumers buy these fruits mainly in the supermarkets/hypermarkets. The consumers of peaches and nectarines in Brazil have a higher preference for fruits with yellow flesh and red epidermis, followed by fruits with white flesh and intense red epidermis, both preferably with free stone. The main criteria for the acquisition of peaches and nectarines in Brazil are fruit appearance (presence and/or absence of defects, bruises, etc.); followed by price, color of epidermis and fruit size.

The identification of brown rot control derivatives has been the focus of intense research owing to the negative effects of the unrelenting usage of fungicides. Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is an important post-harvest disease of peaches. The goal of this study was to estimate the optimum sample size of peaches in order to assess the average lesion size and the influence of different plant extracts on the fruits. Three preparation forms (FPE) were evaluated, as well as another seven forms of application (FAE) of canola and mustard extracts on peaches, with applications of the pathogen’s inoculum. Five fruits were utilized in five repetitions per treatment. Evaluation involved measurement of the fruits’ lesioned areas. The necessary sampling size was determined for estimation of the averages for each treatment and experiment. For measurement of the lesion size, 99 fruits in FPE and 23 fruits in FAE were sufficient for estimating the average with an estimation error of 10%. Based on the same estimation error, the sampling size is contingent on the extracts (canola, and mustard), batches of fruits, forms of extraction, and extract application on the fruits.

Calcium increases postharvest conservation of apples. Consequently, several calcium foliar sprays are generally applied to apple trees. Due to the low mobility of calcium in the phloem, foliar sprays may have low efficiency to supply calcium in the fruits. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of different sources of calcium applied to the soil, compared to the foliar application, on the content of calcium in the soil, leaves and fruits, on yield and fruit quality of ‘Fuji’ apple trees. The following treatments were tested: control, soil application of calcium chloride, gypsum, Nitrabor®, hydrated lime and pulp sludge, and foliar application of calcium chloride. For all sources in the soil, 80 kg of calcium ha-1 year-1 were applied. For the foliar treatment, ten sprays with 0.4 % of calcium chloride were performed. The experiment was conducted in two seasons (2008/2009 and 2009/2010), in a complete randomized blocks design, with four replicates and two apple trees per plot. Even in a soil with high calcium content, the sources of calcium increase the calcium content in the soil and leaves, as well as the firmness of apples stored for 90 days. The use of gypsum and pulp sludge increase the calcium content in the flesh of ‘Fuji’ apples after two successive applications (2009/2010). The sources of calcium applied to the soil can replace the leaf application commonly used in apple orchards, in order to reduce production costs, provided there is no water restriction in the orchard.

A alporquia tem-se mostrado o método mais promissor para a propagação assexuada da jabuticabeira. Porém, alguns detalhes da técnica devem ser aprimorados paraaumentar os resultados positivos. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a melhor época, concentração de ácido indolbutírico (AIB) e tipo de embalagem para a propagação da jabuticabeira-Açu [Plinia cauliflora (DC.)KAUSEL] por alporquia. O trabalho foi realizado na UTFPR – Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. Os experimentos foraminstalados em dezembro de 2011 e em abril, junho e setembro de 2012. Foi aplicado na região cambialAIB, nas concentrações de 0; 2.000 e 4.000 mg L-1. Após a aplicação do AIB, a área exposta foi envolvidacom substrato Plantmax® revestido com embalagem plástica transparente, embalagem plástica transparenterevestida por papel-alumínio ou embalagem plástica preta. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocosao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 3 x 3 (época x concentração de AIB x tipo de embalagem), com 4repetições, considerando-se o uso de 5 alporques por parcela. Aos 180 dias após a implantação do experimento, em cada época de sua realização, foram avaliados a percentagem de calos nos ramos alporcados, onúmero e o comprimento médio das 3 maiores raízes (cm) e a percentagem de enraizamento. O enraizamento dejabuticabeiras utilizando a alporquia foi de 20,04% para a época de abril. A embalagem plásticatransparente revestida com papel-alumínio para a cobertura do substrato foi superior às demais, atingindo 8,69% deenraizamento. As concentrações de AIB testadas não influenciaram na rizogênese adventícia dos ramos.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os efeitos diretos e indiretos de caracteres dos frutos de jabuticabeira (Plinia cauliflora) sobre o rendimento de polpa e o teor de antocianinas na casca. Foram coletados frutos de 36 jabuticabeiras, em cinco locais de ocorrência, na região Sudoeste do Paraná. Diferentes estratégias de análise de trilha foram utilizadas na avaliação dos seguintes caracteres dos frutos: peso e diâmetro; rendimento de polpa; percentual de sementes e casca; teores de sólidos solúveis totais, acidez titulável, antocianinas e flavonoides; e número de sementes por fruto. A estratégia de análise de trilha com regressão em crista teve melhor desempenho que a de análise com exclusão de caracteres, principalmente sob presença de multicolinearidade severa no conjunto de dados. O percentual de polpa e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais podem servir de critérios de seleção indireta no aumento do teor de antocianinas na casca da jabuticaba. O percentual de casca é a principal característica com efeito determinante no percentual de polpa de jabuticabas, e a seleção indireta para frutos com menor quantidade de casca pode ser eficaz para aumentar o rendimento de polpa.

Fruteiras como Eugenia involucrata ainda continuam inexploradas, necessitando-se de informações técnicas que incentivem o agricultor a utilizá-las. O método de propagação por sementes é o normalmente adotado; porém, elas devem ser imediatamente semeadas, pois corre-se o risco de perda de sua viabilidade com o armazenamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o hidrocondicionamento e as técnicas de conservação (vácuo e biofilme), durante armazenamento, aos cinco e aos 30 dias, de sementes de cerejeira-do-mato. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, em fatorial 2 × 4 × 2 (pré-hidrocondicionamento x técnica de armazenamento x tempo de armazenamento), com quatro repetições, de 50 sementes por unidade experimental. As sementes extraídas foram separadas em dois lotes, sendo um submetido ao pré-hidrocondicionamento, em água destilada, durante 24 horas, e, outro, não. Sementes hidrocondicionadas, ou não, foram submetidas a quatro técnicas de armazenamento, sendo, estas, a embalagem plástica a vácuo, o revestimento com biofilme de fécula de mandioca (3% m/v), a embalagem plástica a vácuo + biofilme de fécula de mandioca e sem tratamento (controle). Posteriormente, as sementes foram mantidas em câmara fria, em temperatura de 5 ºC e UR 85%, durante cinco e 30 dias. Aos 110 dias após a semeadura, avaliou-se a percentagem de germinação, o índice de velocidade de emergência e a massa da matéria seca total das plântulas. Para o armazenamento das sementes de cerejeira-do-mato, devem-se utilizar técnicas a vácuo, isoladamente, ou com revestimento de biofilme.

Here, we reviewed both endogenous and exogenous factors involved in the processes of flower bud formation and flower development in peach, analyzing how they can be affected by climatic change in temperate zones, explored the expansion of peach to tropical or subtropical zones. The process of flower bud formation in peach differs between low winter chilling and temperate conditions. Although the main steps of flower development are maintained, the timing in which each one occurs is different, and some processes can be altered under low winter chilling conditions, with a great impact on fruit production and crop management. Further studies on flower bud induction and differentiation under warmer conditions are fundamental for addressing the alterations in flower bud development that negatively impact on next season’s harvest. In the future, horticulturalists and scientists will face several challenges, mainly how high temperatures affect the expression of the main genes regulating flower formation and how to improve crop management in these conditions.

The edaphoclimatic conditions in Southwest Parana differ from those in traditional wine-growing regions and have a major influence on the organoleptic characteristics of the grapes. Studies of grape maturation under these conditions may enable us to time the supply of raw materials for the elaboration of differentiated wines. This study aimed to quantify the ripening components of the grape cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, and Sangiovese grapes grown in Dois Vizinhos, PR, during the harvest seasons of 2008/2009 and 2011/2012. The grapevines were performed according to the espalier system and grafted on rootstock R110 (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’) and Paulsen 1103 (‘Tempranillo’ and ‘Sangiovese’). The ripening of the grapes was monitored every ten days from the beginning of ripening (verasion) until harvest. The following variables were evaluated: mass and diameter of berries, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TTA), total sugars, estimated alcohol content, anthocyanins, and flavanols. Sangiovese berries showed the greatest weight and diameter in the two years. The TSS was higher in the second year of evaluation for Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo grapes. The pH decreased from the first year to the second for all cultivars. There were no significant differences in ATT among the cultivars. A higher content of flavanols was observed during the first growing season of study than during the second. Tempranillo grapes showed the highest concentration of anthocyanins during both growing seasons. Not all cultivars had enough acidity to permit wine stability and guard time. None of the cultivars required the chaptalization of must, presenting good potential of alcohol production.

Com o intuito de se avaliar o efeito da poda de raízes no transplantio de mudas de jabuticabeira, cerejeira-da-mata e uvaieira, realizou-se o presente trabalho por meio do manejo da poda do sistema radicular em diferentes proporções. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos-PR. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em fatorial duplo 3 x 4 (fruteira nativa x percentual de poda de raiz), contendo quatro repetições, utilizandose de 10 mudas por unidade experimental. Após 180 dias de implantação do experimento, avaliaram-se o percentual de sobrevivência, o comprimento da parte aérea (cm) e o número de folhas, sendo para estas duas últimas variáveis considerada somente a diferença de valores obtidos do transplantio até esta análise. A realização da poda radicular em mudas de jabuticabeira, cerejeira-da-mata e uvaieira interfere de forma negativa para a sobrevivência e o desenvolvimento destas, não sendo aconselhada sua aplicação.

O emprego de práticas adequadas na implantação do vinhedo, principalmente o uso de mudas enxertadas com boa sanidade, é fator essencial para o sucesso da viticultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi testar temperatura de estratificação, uso do ácido indolbutírico (AIB), tipo e época de enxertia para produção de mudas da cultivar Bôrdo/Paulsen 1103 por enxertia de mesa com estratificação. No primeiro e no segundo experimentos, as estacas do porta-enxerto foram tratadas com AIB antes e após a estratificação, respectivamente. Ambos os experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial de 3 x 2 (temperaturas de estratificação: 19º; 24º e 29ºC x tipo enxertia: garfagem de topo e tipo Ômega), com quatro repetições, constituída por 10 unidades de observação cada. O terceiro experimento foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (época de enxertia: maio, junho, julho e agosto x temperatura de estratificação: 19ºC e 24ºC), com quatro repetições de 20 unidades de observação cada. A técnica de enxertia empregada foi de garfagem de topo, com aplicação de AIB 2.000 mg L-1 após a saída da estratificação. Concluiu-se que a enxertia tipo garfagem de topo apresentou melhores resultados que o tipo Ômega. Recomenda-se a aplicação de AIB após estratificação. As temperaturas de 19ºC e 24ºC no período de estratificação favorecem a sobrevivência em relação a 29ºC. Com a realização da enxertia em meados de julho, e a utilização da temperatura de 19ºC na estratificação, pode-se obter elevada sobrevivência (86%), acompanhada de melhor desenvolvimento vegetativo e radicial.

Brazilian peach breeding programs have been established to improve peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] production, yield consistency, quality, and disease resistance. Every year several genotypes are selected and their traits must be assessed. This study aimed to evaluate adaptability and stability of fruit set and production of peach genotypes in a subtropical climate, using the GGE biplot methodology. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replicates (trees) in a factorial arrangement of 29 × 3 for genotype and growing season, respectively. The genotypes 'Conserva 1129', 'Rubimel', 'Kampai', 'Tropic Beauty', and 'Cascata 967' had the greatest adaptability and stability for fruit set. The genotypes 'Conserva 681', 'Santa Áurea', 'Atenas', 'Kampai', 'Cascata 962', 'Tropic Beauty' and 'Cascata 967' had the greatest production adaptability and stability. The GGE-biplot methodology classified the peach tree genotypes with regard to adaptability and stability of fruit set and production.

RESUMO: A predição de valores de área foliar (AF) sem a destruição de plantas é de grande interesse nas pesquisas agronômicas. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos e testados três modelos de predição de AF, utilizando-se a largura (L), o comprimento (C) ou em ambas as dimensões da folha de pessegueiro 'BRS Kampai'. Testou-se também um modelo genérico de DEMIRSOY et al. (2004), proposto para determinar AF em pessegueiro e desenvolvido nas condições de cultivo da Turquia. O uso de apenas uma dimensão, visando a reduzir a onerosidade nas avaliações, não permite predições adequadas e podem levar a erros estatísticos por alterar a variabilidade dos dados em relação às AF reais. O modelo não destrutivo proposto neste trabalho foi "AF=6,852+0,823L*C-0,691L2-1,614C/L", que pode ser indicado para estimar satisfatoriamente a AF em substituição à análise destrutiva e apresentou ganhos de estimação, quando comparado ao modelo genérico de DEMIRSOY et al. (2004).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic performance and physical-chemical changes of strawberry in organic cropping system according to the application of different concentrations of bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur and fertilizer supermagro. The first experiment was conducted in 2007, with cultivar Camarosa, with a 3 x 5 mixed factorial, been: the factor A constituted of Bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur and fertilizer supermagro; the factor B represented by concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0% and the control. In the second experiment, in 2008, the treatments were a 5 x 3 factorial design, been: the first factor represented by mixture (Bordeaux mixture at 1%; lime sulfur at 1%; biofertilizer supermagro 4%; alternating application of this mixtures at the same concentrations; and control); and the factor B by cultivars (Camarosa, Camino Real, and Albion). The bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur and fertilizer supermagro interferes positively in the number of fruits, average weight and yield of strawberry. Concentrations above 1.0% of Bordeaux mixture and lime sulfur cause staining of the fruit, limiting its use. The supermagro show no restriction being that the best agronomic responses were observed at higher concentrations tested. The application of Bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur and supermagro interfere with disease control with reduced severity of the stain micosferela in the cultivar Camarosa.

Um protótipo de máquina coletora de anteras foi projetado e construído, e seu desempenho foi avaliado, comparando - se com o método de coleta manual, em flores rosáceas e campanuladas de pessegueiro (Prunus persica). O trabalho foi conduzido utilizando-se do delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, arranjado em um esquema bifatorial (2 métodos de remoção x 2 formas florais), com 12 repetições de 30 balões florais. O protótipo apresentou maior velocidade de processamento, sem diminuir a qualidade do pólen, mesmo sendo armazenadas anteras com maior quantidade de filetes e descartado maior número de anteras do que o método manual.An anther collector prototype machine was projected and built. Its performance was evaluated by comparisons between the use of the prototype and the traditional manual method, both for showy and non-showy peach-tree flowers (Prunus persica). The study was accomplished in August 2011 using a completely randomized experimental design, arranged in a bi-factorial scheme (2 collection methods x 2 flower forms), with 12 repetitions, each consisted by 30 flowers. The prototype proved to be faster in the anther extraction time without losses in the pollen quality, even harvesting anthers with higher fillet amounts and discarding a higher quantity of anthers than the manual method.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar embalagem a vácuo e biofilme sobre a viabilidade de sementes de jabuticabeira [Plinia trunciflora (O. Berg) Kausel], bem como verificar a aplicabilidade do teste de tetrazólio em sementes dessa espécie. O experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal e na Unidade de Ensino e Pesquisa Viveiro de Produção de Mudas Hortícolas, da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos. O experimento foi em blocos ao acaso, em fatorial 2 (utilização de vácuo) x 3 (tipo de revestimento) x 5 (tempo de armazenamento), com quatro repetições de 50 sementes por unidade experimental. As sementes, após extraídas, foram separadas em dois lotes, sendo um para uso de embalagem a vácuo e outro não. A partir de cada lote, houve a divisão em três sublotes de acordo com o tipo de revestimento, quais sejam: fécula de mandioca (3% m v-1), quitosana (3% m v-1) e sem biofilme. Posteriormente, as sementes foram armazenadas em câmara fria, utilizando temperatura de 5± 1°C, por 7; 14;21; 28 e 35 dias. Foram analisadas as porcentagens de emergência, de viabilidade das sementes pelo teste de tetrazólio e o índice de velocidade de emergência. Recomenda-se armazenar as sementes de jabuticabeira em embalagem a vácuo. Na impossibilidade de utilizar embalagem a vácuo, as sementes desta fruteira devem ser revestidas com biofilme à base de quitosana ou fécula de mandioca. O teste de tetrazólio demonstrou-se viável e mais rápido para avaliar a viabilidade das sementes de jabuticabeira.The aim of this study was to evaluate the vacuum packing and biofilms in the viability seeds of jabuticaba tree [Plinia trunciflora (O. Berg) Kausel], as well as, verify if the tetrazolium "test" can be applied in these seeds. The experiment was carried out at the Plant Physiology Laboratory and in the Nursery at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Câmpus Dois Vizinhos, State of Paraná, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in factorial 2 (vacuum use) x 3 (coating type) x 5 (storage time), with four replication of fifty seed by plot. The seeds were extracted and it was separate in two lots, one to use for the vacuum packing and the other not. Each lot was separated in three sub-lots according to the coating type [ cassava starch (3% m v-1), chitosan (3% m v-1) and without biofilm]. Then, the seeds were stored in cold chamber using constant temperature of 5 ± 1°C for 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days. The emergence percentage, seed viability by the tetrazolium "test" and emergence speed index were evaluated. It was recommended to store the jabuticaba seeds in vacuum packing. If it is not possible to use de vacuum packing, the jabuticaba seeds should be coated with biofilm-based chitosan or cassava starch. The tetrazolium "test" proved to be feasible and faster to evaluate the jabuticaba seeds viability.

A rosa constitui a principal flor de corte exportada pelo Brasil e também a mais procurada no mercado interno. Usualmente, a roseira pode ser propagada por meio da enxertia ou estaquia. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o tamanho de estacas e a concentração de AIB no enraizamento de mini estacas de roseira da variedade Mary Rose. As estacas foram coletadas de plantas matrizes cultivadas em jardins nos tamanhos 3, 5 e 7 cm de comprimento, com 1,0 cm de diâmetro, e tratadas com AIB, nas concentrações de 0; 500 e 1000 mg L-1. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em fatorial 3 x 3 (tamanho de mini estacas x concentração de AIB) com 4 repetições e 10 estacas por parcela. Após 60 dias, avaliaram-se as estacas enraizadas (%), estacas com calo (%), número de brotações primárias, número de raízes primárias, número de folhas, comprimento das três maiores raízes (cm) e estacas mortas (%). Recomenda-se a utilização de mini estacas com 7 cm, e tratamento com 500 mg L-1 de AIB para propagação de mini roseira.

O cultivar de pessegueiro 'Granada' produz frutos para dupla finalidade, firmes, resistentes, de bom tamanho e aparência. Entretanto, esse cultivar tem apresentado baixa frutificação, principalmente quando ocorrem temperaturas acima de 25ºC durante a pré-floração e floração. Por isso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes práticas de manejo sobre a fenologia e frutificação desse cultivar. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, duas plantas por parcelas e dez ramos por planta. Foram testados os seguintes tratamentos: T1 - Testemunha (práticas de manejo adotadas pelo produtor); T2 - Anelamento de tronco; T3 - Poda curta de ramos; T4 - Aplicação de Caolin (95 % i.a.) na concentração de 3,5 % do i.a.; T5 -Aplicação de Cianamida Hidrogenada ( 0,75 %) mais óleo mineral (1 %); T6 - Anelamento mais poda curta; T7 - Anelamento mais Cianamida Hidrogenada (0,75 %) mais óleo mineral (1 %); T8 - Poda curta mais Cianamida Hidrogenada (0,75 %) mais óleo mineral (1 %); T9 -Anelamento mais poda curta mais Cianamida Hidrogenada (0,75 %) mais óleo mineral (1 %); T10 - Anelamento mais Caolin (3,5 % i.a.). O cultivar 'Granada' apresenta naturalmente baixa frutificação e produção; o anelamento, conjugado com a aplicação de Caolin, antecipa em uma semana a plena floração das plantas de 'Granada'; a aplicação de Cianamida Hidrogenada (0,75 %) e óleo mineral (1 %), isolada ou combinada com poda curta, proporciona maior percentual de floração, frutificação efetiva e produção das plantas; o anelamento reduz a produção de frutos do cv. 'Granada'.

A embriocultura permite desenvolver embriões de sementes que não germinariam em condições convencionais de semeadura. Esta técnica é útil na obtenção de cultivares de pessegueiro com maturação precoce. O uso de genótipos diferentes faz com que sejam necessários ajustes ao protocolo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar quatro tipos de meio de cultura (WPM, SH, MS e SBH), em duas concentrações de sacarose (1,5 e 3%), a fim de avaliar qual a melhor combinação para o cultivo de embriões de pessegueiro in vitro. Os genótipos utilizados como modelo do estudo foram 'Conserva 1129', em 2009, e 'Conserva 844', em 2010. Avaliaram-se a germinação, o desenvolvimento na fase in vitro, o comprimento de caule, número de folhas, sobrevivência das plântulas e formação de rosetas, em casa de vegetação. Considerando as condições em que os experimentos foram conduzidos, pode-se concluir que a estratificação e a germinação de embriões imaturos de pessegueiro in vitro melhoram quando realizadas em meios com maior concentração salina e de sacarose.

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o pegamento e desenvolvimento dos enxertos de duas espécies de Jabuticaba (Plinia spp.), testando diferentes tipos de garfos. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dez repetições, no esquema fatorial 2x3 (espécie x tipo de garfo), com a unidade experimental composta por uma planta. Utilizaram-se as espécies Plinia trunciflora e Plinia cauliflora enxertadas sobre P. cauliflora por garfagem de topo em fenda cheia, utilizando-se garfos herbáceos (diâmetro menor de 3mm), semi-lenhosos de baixo calibre (diâmetro de 3-5mm) e semi-lenhosos de médio calibre (diâmetro de 5-7mm). A espécie P. trunciflora proporcionou um número de brotações superior e um comprimento de brotação 44% inferior à espécie P. cauliflora. Para percentual de brotação, não se observou diferença significativa entre as espécies testadas. Os garfos semi-lenhosos de baixo calibre favoreceram o aumento significativo do pegamento e do número de brotação em comparação aos garfos herbáceos, não diferindo significativamente, no entanto, dos garfos semi-lenhosos.This research aimed to evaluate craft success and development of two grafted species of Jabuticaba (Plinia spp.) using different methods of grafting. A Complete randomized experimental design was used with ten replicates, under a factorial scheme of 2x3 (species x diameter of stem cutting), and the experimental unit was composed by one plant. Plinia trunciflora and Plinia cauliflora were the scion species grafted on P. cauliflora by cleft grafting, using herbaceous cuttings (diameters smaller than 3mm), semi-woody cuttings of low caliber (diameter 3-5mm), and semi-woody cuttings of medium caliber (diameter 5-7mm). P. trunciflora presented the higher number of buddings but the length of buddings were 44% lower than P. cauliflora. Budding percentage was not significantly different among studied species. The semi-wood cuttings of low caliber increased significantly the number of buddings and graft success when compared to herbaceous cuttings, not presenting significant difference when compared to semi-woody cuttings of medium caliber herbaceous cuttings.

It was evaluated the genetic divergence in peach genotypes for brown rot reaction. It was evaluated 26 and 29 peach genotypes in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 production cycle, respectively. The experiment was carried out at the Laboratório de Fitossanidade, da UTFPR - Campus Dois Vizinhos. The experimental design was entirely randomized, considering each peach genotype a treatment, and it was use three replication of nine fruits. The treatment control use three replication of three peach. The fruit epidermis were inoculated individually with 0.15 mL of M. fructicola conidial suspension (1.0 x 10(5) spores mL-1). In the control treatment was sprayed with 0.15 mL of distilled water. The fruits were examined 72 and 120 hours after inoculation, and the incidence and severity disease were evaluated. These results allowed realized study for genetic divergence, used as dissimilarity measure the Generalized Mahalanobis distance. Cluster analysis using Tocher´s optimization method and distances in the plan were applied. There was smallest genetic divergence among peach trees evaluated for brown rot, what can difficult to obtain resistance in the genotypes.

The purpose of this study was to characterize cultivated genotypes of three jabuticaba species (Plinia cauliflora, P. trunciflora, and P. jaboticaba). Phenology and fruit growth, as well as leaf, flower and fruit traits were evaluated. Variability in all traits was observed among genotypes of the three jabuticaba species. The trait peduncle size is indicated for differentiation of the three species under study. The leaf and fruit sizes of the genotypes P. trunciflora 3, P. trunciflora 4, P. trunciflora 5 and P. jaboticaba 1 differ from those described in the literature for these species, indicating the formation of ecotypes. Jabuticaba fruit skin contains high anthocyanin and flavonoid concentrations, with potential use in food and pharmaceutical industries.

The flower bud abortion is one of the main problems that limit commercial pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) production in the southern region of Brazil. Insufficient chilling during the dormancy period is known as the main factor of this problem. One of the hypotheses to explain this problem is that the starch mobilization and carbohydrate fluxes to the buds are impeded when mild temperatures occurred during winter. This study compared the total soluble sugars (TSS) and reducing sugars (RS) concentrations, the cell wall acid invertase (CWAI - EC 3.2.1.26) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS - EC 2.4.1.14) activities in wood of branches and floral buds of Japanese pear trees cv. Housui, grafted on Pyrus calleryana and submitted to chilling conditions during the dormancy period. Treatments were: (i) natural conditions; (ii) continuous artificial chilling; (iii) alternating temperatures, and (iv) total chilling privation. TSS and RS contents, as well as CWAI and SPS activities in tissues of branches that received insufficient chilling were lower than those that received sufficient chilling during winter. The starch concentration was superior in wood tissues of branches kept under chilling privation. The chilling privation disturbs carbohydrate mobilization in pear trees, reducing the sucrose synthesis capacity in wood tissues (source) and sucrose importation by the floral buds (sink).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o modo de reprodução e as condições para testes de viabilidade in vitro de pólen de três espécies de jabuticabeira (Plinia cauliflora, P. trunciflora e P. jaboticaba). Avaliaram-se a frutificação efetiva em ramos ensacados e não ensacados, e aspectos da morfologia floral. A viabilidade de pólen foi avaliada em meio de cultura com e sem ácido bórico, com pólen coletado em diferentes períodos após antese. A germinação de pólen de seis genótipos foi quantificada antes e após armazenamento. P. trunciflora e P. jaboticaba são autocompatíveis, porém os polinizadores aumentam a frutificação. A espécie Plinia cauliflora necessita de agentes polinizadores para frutificar, pois apresenta flores com maior distância estigma-anteras que as outras duas espécies, o que impede a autofecundação passiva. A adição de ácido bórico no meio de cultura aumenta a germinação in vitro de pólen de jabuticabeira. A viabilidade do pólen é máxima após seis horas da antese. É possível a conservação do pólen por até 90 dias em congelador (-18ºC), desde que apresente alta germinação inicial (maior que 80%). Esses resultados auxiliam no planejamento de cruzamentos em jabuticabeira.

Knowledge on the genetic diversity within and between genotype groups is of great importance for breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to estimate the genetic dissimilarity among 36 native jabuticaba trees (Plinia cauliflora) from five sites in the southwestern region of Paraná, Brazil. Sixteen fruit traits were analyzed, based on multivariate techniques (canonical variables, Tocher and UPGMA), using Mahalanobis' distance as dissimilarity measure. By the techniques of clustering and graphic dispersion, together with the comparison of means, the genetic diversity among native jabuticaba trees was efficiently identified, indicating a high potential of these genotypes for breeding programs. The traits of greatest importance for dissimilarity were percentage of pulp and of skin, which are easily measured. The clustering structure is related to the collection sites and for breeding programs, genotypes from different sites should be crossed to generate progenies to be tested. Genotypes 'CV5' and 'VT3' should be conserved in genebanks, due to its important agronomic traits.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo adaptar o protocolo descrito por Soto (2001), testar diferentes fontes (tecido vegetal) e estabelecer condições de coleta e pré-tratamento de amostras para extração de DNA de jabuticabeira (Plinia cauliflora (DC.) Berg, Myrtaceae). Utilizaram-se folhas em desenvolvimento, folhas completamente expandidas, câmbio do caule e pecíolo foliar. O protocolo testado pode ser utilizado para extração de DNA de jabuticabeira, pois proporcionou isolamento de DNA de boa qualidade e possibilitou amplificação por meio de PCR ("Reação de Polimerase em Cadeia"). Para evitar a oxidação de folhas é necessário realizar a maceração com nitrogênio líquido.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade de sementes de jabuticabeira (Plinia cauliflora) sob diferentes condições de armazenamento. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, testou-se a viabilidade de sementes armazenadas sob três diferentes temperaturas (temperatura ambiente, 12°C e 6°C) e períodos de armazenamento (5; 10; 20; 40 e 80 dias após a extração das sementes). No segundo experimento, testou-se a viabilidade de sementes armazenadas a vácuo sob três condições (com água esterilizada, com tampão fosfato pH 7,0 e a seco) e períodos de armazenamento (5; 20; 35; 50 e 65 dias após a extração das sementes). Sob atmosfera normal, as sementes de jabuticabeira conservam viabilidade por apenas cinco dias, com maior emergência sob temperatura ambiente (83,35%). As sementes de jabuticabeira perdem totalmente a viabilidade com teor de umidade próximo a 10%. As sementes de jabuticabeira armazenadas a vácuo com tampão fosfato mantêm razoável viabilidade (41,6%) até 65 dias de armazenamento.

Bacterial leaf spot (BLS), caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, is one of the most important diseases in Brazilian peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchards and all over the world. The main objective of this study was to evaluate for BLS sensitivity of peach genotypes. Evaluations of thirty genotypes were carried out during the onset of the disease, for incidence, severity and defoliation, in field conditions. Pearson's correlations between the percentage of defoliation and leaf severity rating were performed. Genotypes 'Conserva 985', 'Conserva 871', 'Conserva 1129', and 'Tropic Snow', as resistance sources, and 'Conserva 1153', 'Bonão', 'Conserva 1125', and 'Atenas', as susceptible to BLS, were submitted to detached-leaf bioassay and greenhouse evaluation. The peach genotypes showed different reactions to the BLS, and none was immune to the pathogen. 'Conserva 985' and 'Conserva 1129' confirmed resistance responsiveness while 'Conserva 1153', 'Conserva 1125' and 'Atenas' were found susceptible for the detached-leaf bioassay.A bacteriose foliar causada por Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni é uma das mais importantes doenças do pessegueiro [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] no Brasil e no mundo. Avaliou-se a sensibilidade de genótipos de pessegueiro a X. arboricola pv. pruni. Trinta genótipos foram avaliados em campo, quanto à incidência, severidade e desfolha causada pela bactéria. Calculou-se a correlação entre desfolha e severidade da doença. A partir dos resultados obtidos em campo, foram selecionados quatro genótipos resistentes ('Conserva 985', 'Conserva 871', 'Conserva 1129' e 'Tropic Snow') e quatro suscetíveis ('Conserva 1153', 'Bonão', 'Conserva 1125' e 'Atenas') para serem novamente avaliados pelo bioensáio com folhas destacadas e em casa de vegetação. Os genótipos diferiram quanto a reação ao patógeno, não sendo observada imunidade. Confirmou-se a resistência para 'Conserva 985' e 'Conserva 1129' e a suscetibilidade para 'Conserva 1153', 'Conserva 1125' e 'Atenas', pelo bioensáio com folhas destacadas.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as combinações entre o comprimento das nervuras secundárias e principal de folhas na estimativa da área foliar da videira cultivar BRS-Violeta. Realizou-se a coleta aleatória de 200 folhas intactas e completamente desenvolvidas, em uma área de cultivo experimental. Determinaram-se a área foliar real (AFR) e o comprimento das nervuras secundárias (esquerda - direita) e principal. Obtiveram-se três regressões com seus coeficientes de determinação para a identificação da relação mais precisa, considerando o comprimento da nervura principal (CNP), o somatório do comprimento das nervuras secundárias (SCNS) e o somatório entre o comprimento das nervuras secundárias e o comprimento da nervura principal (SCNSP), como variáveis independentes. A AFR foi considerada variável dependente nas três regressões. Observou-se que a relação entre AFR x SCNS proporcionou o maior coeficiente de determinação (0,87). A área foliar estimada pela equação obtida pela relação AFR x SCNS garantiu uma precisão de 87%, segundo a relação entre AFR x AFE (área foliar estimada). Portanto, conclui-se que a área foliar da videira cultivar BRS-Violeta pode ser estimada pela equação y = 0,2169 (SCNS)² + 5,3642 (SCNS) - 34,725, com precisão satisfatória.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a repetibilidade de carateres de fruto em araçazeiro e pitangueira. Foram avaliados, em quatro ciclos produtivos, os caracteres peso, diâmetro, sólidos solúveis totais e produção de frutos em 10 seleções de araçazeiro e peso, diâmetro e sólidos solúveis totais em nove seleções de pitangueira, do Banco de Germoplasma da Embrapa Clima Temperado, em Pelotas-RS. O coeficiente de repetibilidade, o número de medições necessárias e o coeficiente de determinação foram estimados pelos métodos de análise de variância, componentes principais e análise estrutural. O coeficiente de repetibilidade foi mais eficientemente estimado pelo método dos componentes principais, com base na matriz de covariâncias. O caractere peso de fruto é mais adequado para ser utilizado na seleção fenotípica em araçazeiro e pitangueira. É necessária apenas uma medição para predizer o valor de peso de fruto de genótipos de araçazeiro, com 90% de acurácia. Com quatro anos de avaliação, é possível inferir o valor real com confiabilidade acima de 80% para todos os caracteres. Isso facilita a seleção fenotípica para esses caracteres em programas de melhoramento de araçazeiro e pitangueira.The aim of this research was to estimate the repeatability traits of strawberry guava and surinam cherry fruits. It was evaluated in four productive cycles, the traits weight, diameter, total soluble solids and fruit production in ten selection of strawberry guava and weight, diameter and total soluble solids in nine selection of surinam cherry from the Germplasm Bank of the Embrapa Clima Temperado, in Pelotas-RS, Brazil. The repeatability coefficient, minimum observations number and determination coefficient were estimated by analysis of variance, principal components analysis and structural analysis. The repeatability coefficient was better estimated by the method of principal components analysis, based on covariance matrix. The fruit weight is adequate to phenotypic selection in strawberry guava and surinam cherry. It's only required a measurement to obtain the value of fruit weight value of strawberry guava selections, with 90% accuracy. With four years of evaluation, it's possible to infer the actual value with reliability above 80% for all characters. This facilitates phenotypic selection for these traits in strawberry guava and surinam cherry breeding programs.