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Determining the proper sequence of interrelated activities in the design of a complex product is an irrefutable challenge for project management. The presence of components with different levels of technology in a complex product can disrupt project planning and cause cost overruns or schedule delays. This article presents a multiobjective model for organizing interrelated activities by taking into account the impact of technological capability and financial aspect of the project with a periodic perspective. First, a multidomain matrix is devised based on design structure matrix and technology readiness level to demonstrate the impact of components technology maturity level. Second, a mathematical model is developed according to rework caused by information dependence (minimizing total feedback value), project financial aspect (minimizing the difference between the budget and project costs), and technology maturity level of components (minimizing technology risk). Finally, a possibilistic programming approach is applied to cope with the uncertainty of input data; in addition, to deal with multiple objective functions, an interactive fuzzy solution approach is implemented. To validate the model and solution approach, a numerical experiment and a case study are conducted. Testing results illustrate the importance of technology maturity level in sequencing activities and indicate that the model can be introduced as a management tool for the financial feasibility study of the project due to the balanced use of budget.

Based on the transmission characteristics of networks and the systematization of technical risks in national major science and technology projects, the risk transmission mechanism of national major science and technology projects is deeply discussed herein. Firstly, the system of systems (SoS) engineering process model of national major science and technology projects is constructed, including two levels and three stages. Secondly, the hierarchical structure of national major science and technology projects is analyzed, and the risks are divided into different levels, such as SoS, system, subsystem, equipment, module, and components. Finally, we describe the risk transfer mechanism using the forest-fire model and outline a risk control strategy. The results show that the findings are helpful for recognizing the essence and transmission mechanism of technical risks of national major science and technology projects and for reducing the risk from the source. The research results can be applied to project management in the transportation field.

PurposeBased on the importance of E-accounting, the purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants influencing information technology and E-accounting among small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).Design/methodology/approachA survey method was used to select the sample among SMEs in Oman. Using descriptive statistics, the impact of the determinants on E-accounting practices in SMEs in Oman were tested.FindingsThe findings reveal that except information technology (IT) cost, all other possible determinants (IT risk, employee IT skills and employee theoretical knowledge) has a significant influence on E-accounting practice among SMEs.Research limitations/implicationsThe link between variables of this study was not analyzed in Oman. Moreover, this study only concentrated on the impact of the fourth determinants, while in reality, there must be other determinants that should also be investigated by other researchers.Practical implicationsThis study has added to the literature by examining the E-accounting practices while evaluating the effect of IT determinants on the relationship. Besides, this might add benefits to many SMEs relating to their current accounting practice that might lead to adopting E-accounting practice to ensure application of applicable accounting standards to show fair financial statements to its stakeholders.Originality/valueThis current study is one of the first works in the context of Oman. It has added a new discussion to the body of knowledge in light of the IT determinants and their relationship with E-accounting practices; hence, an approach that is not widely discussed in the literature. Furthermore, conducting such research in the field of accounting provides new insight into the literature among both emerging and developed economies including Oman.

PurposeThis study identifies the facilitators and inhibitors for the adoption of e-learning for the undergraduate students of architecture. Nine constructs are identified as facilitators and five constructs are identified as inhibitors to the adoption of online learning systems in the context of the study. These constructs were used to propose a research model.Design/methodology/approach596 architecture undergraduates responded to a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was finalized after a pilot study and included standard scale items drawn from previous studies. An exploratory factor analysis was followed by structural equation modeling (SEM) to test the proposed model.FindingsAll the identified facilitators emerged significant except social influence and price value. Furthermore, technology risk emerged insignificant while all other inhibitors had significant impact on Behavioral Intention to adopt e-learning.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has strong implications in academia as HEIs in developing countries need to make their students computer proficient, boost the implications of e-learning services by mitigating risks and motivating students to acquire knowledge through flexible e-learning modules.Originality/valueThe COVID-19 pandemic forced educational institutions to switch to online modes of learning. For students of architectural programs in a developing country like India, this has been unprecedented and has brought in a new set of challenges and opportunities. With the extension of the pandemic induced lockdown in educational institutions, students – and other stakeholders – have no choice but to adapt to this new normal of dependence on remote learning.

XYZ Bank provides several digital banking services for various segments, including the D-Bank mobile banking application, XYZ Online Banking, D-Card Mobile for credit card management, D-Financial for SMEs, D-BisMart. for the supply chain, as well as XYZ Trade Connect and Cash Connect for various customer businesses. It is known that 1) IT risk on the D-Bank application is still high. This can be seen from the number of risk events for IT system failure in its application. 2) The handling of IT problems is still not optimal, this can be seen from customer complaints that often reappear in the D-Bank application, such as failed logins, failed transactions and slow performance. 3) Lack of handling of IT Security services. This can be seen from the number of cyber-attacks that have successfully entered the D-Bank application. The final result shows that there are several domains and principles that need to be considered by management in order to improve the performance of information technology.

Raja Computer Balikpapan Branch is a store that is engaged in selling computers, the store already uses IS/IT in supporting every business activity it carries out. The store uses the Ipost application which is used to support computer sales, record stock of goods, and can be used to record daily contests needed by the store. However, in the world of management, there is always the possibility of risks that may occur and can interfere with business activities in using the system. Thus, an analysis is needed of the IS/IT resources contained in the computer shop. Therefore, it is hoped that using ISO 31000 can help minimize every risk contained in the Ipost application. The results of this risk analysis are in the form of an analysis of possible risks, can group possible risks based on applications that can generate offers and risks that exist in Ipost, so the computer shop can treat existing risks according to the priority level of risk and be able to prevent and minimize disrupting business activities at Raja Computer store Balikpapan branch.

Purpose This study aims to investigate the influence of various risk factors, specifically investment risk, legal risk and technology risk, on the decision of investors to invest in equity crowdfunding ventures in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach A total of 169 valid responses out of a total of 195 questionnaires were distributed to individuals with prior knowledge of equity crowdfunding. The data from the responses are used to test the relationships using structural equation modeling partial least squares (SEM-PLS). Findings Investigation into the influence of risk factors on the willingness to support equity crowdfunding shows that investment risk and legal risk significantly influence the decision to support equity crowdfunding ventures, but technology risk does not. However, while the influence of investment risk is negative, legal risk is found to have a positive influence. Originality/value This study is important as, to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to empirically test the relationship between the various risks inherent in equity crowdfunding investments and the decision to invest. The study is also important to entrepreneurs and start-ups as it provides evidence that while the equity crowdfunding investment community follows the norms of investment, i.e. lower risk is preferred, stricter laws and regulations governing equity crowdfunding may not be needed or may only be relevant in countries where there are more retail, unsophisticated investors.

Purpose The principles of value investing present an alternative way to strategically approach the challenges and opportunities generated from the global risk landscape. Design/methodology/approach The principles of value investing – based on the lessons learned from highly successful practitioners – can be distilled into six core managerial considerations. Findings In theory, the prescriptions of value investing appear straightforward, but executives need to augment their skillsets with those of both an astute investor and discerning banker, balance their attention between conventional and non-traditional sources of information, and exhibit the patience and grit to go against the herd and focus on longer-term compounded returns. Practical implications The concept of “rationality” is a way of monitoring executive behavior to ensure that stated goals, objectives and strategies reconcile to business actions over time. Originality/value Insights for corporate leaders, investors, M&A teams and activists. These six principles will likely be increasingly valuable during the challenging times ahead: Adding cost-effective resource allocation to the strategy tool kit. Conservative financing. Balancing non-traditional and traditional information. Clarity about the complexity of risk. Humility in times of uncertainty. Focusing on compounded returns.

Technology risk arises when the effectiveness of self‐insurance and self‐protection activities depends on exogenous factors or is only imperfectly known. It affects optimal behavior via a preference channel and a technology channel. In this paper, we identify conditions for unambiguous comparative statics with respect to the presence of, as well as various stochastic changes in technology risk. These conditions involve prudence, relative risk aversion, relative prudence, and several new measures of mitigation efficacy. We highlight cases where technology risk raises the optimal level of effort, consistent with the precautionary principle. We discuss several applications of our results.

Recent regulatory proposals tie the systemic importance of a financial institution to its complexity. However, we know little about how complexity affects a bank's behavior, including its risk management. Using the gradual deregulation of banks' nonbank activities during 1996-1999 as a natural experiment, we show that the frequency and magnitude of operational risk events in U.S. bank holding companies have increased significantly with their business complexity. This trend is particularly strong for banks that were bound by regulations beforehand, especially for those with an existing Section 20 subsidiary, and weaker for the other banks that were not bound and for nonbank financial institutions that were not subject to the same regulations to begin with. These results reveal the darker side of post-deregulation diversification, which in earlier studies has been shown to lead to improved stock and earnings performance. We use operational risk events as a risk management measure because (i) the timing of the origin of each event is well identified, and can be years before it is materialized into a loss in the balance sheet, and (ii) the risk events can serve as a direct measure of materialized failures in risk management without being influenced by the confounding factors that drive asset prices, such as implicit government guarantees. Our findings have important implications for the regulation of financial institutions deemed 'systemically important,' a designation tied closely to their complexity by the Bank for International Settlements and the Federal Reserve.

This study proposed a technology risk model for assessing environmentally-friendly vehicles. It analyzes risk factors to explore what may hinder vehicle purchases and subsequent market diffusion. A preliminary study has been conducted to test the model’s validity and future research is suggested to examine the factors for encouraging environmentally-friendly vehicle purchases such as hydrogen-based automobiles.

Evaluar y administrar los riesgos asociados con los activos de TI es una de las tareas más desafiantes que enfrenta una organización en la actualidad. Existe un entorno marcado por presiones diarias sobre el tiempo y los recursos, las cuales a menudo no reciben toda su atención. Sin embargo, una actividad esencial debe comprender la presentación de informes frecuentes de nuevas vulnerabilidades, ataques de piratería y filtraciones de datos. Se requiere entonces, la gestión de activos como un proceso que permite alcanzar un manejo adecuado de los activos de TI con miras a mejorar la eficiencia y el rendimiento de la organización y con ello minimizar costos, entre otras cosas. Este trabajo presenta una revisión teórica que permita dar respuesta a ¿cómo la gestión de activo de TI es pertinente e indispensable en los procesos de gestión de riesgos de tecnologías? Para ello, se articularon las metodologías de investigación de tipo exploratoria y descriptiva. Se siguió la metodología de revisión de literatura propuesta en la Declaración de PRISMA, consultados en las bases de datos SCOPUS y IEEE Xplore Digital con descriptores en español e inglés, cuya fecha están entre el año 2018 a 2020. Se plantea finalmente, que a partir de la revisión a modo general el hecho de que existe pocas investigaciones en la cuales se relaciona los activos de TI y la gestión de riesgos. Al hacer referencia a activos TI eran vinculados a los riesgos financieros, lo cual no están vinculados a los fines de la investigación.

Due to its rich and diverse biodiversity of flora and fauna, Tasik Chini, a UNESCO Bisosphere Reserve, is a national heritage that must be preserved and protected. Ensuring healthy water quality here is vital for the survival of the ecosystem. Water quality was constantly being monitored through the use of a network of sensors and telemetry system that collect parameters to determine Water Quality Index since 2004. However, two events have rendered the setup to be inadequate: the economic activities around the lake and the big flood of 2014. Both events has proven that the IoT infrastructure at Tasik Chini is inadequate to mitigate major disaster. The risk of both natural and man-made disasters happening always increased yearly and has a huge impact on water quality monitoring as well as the dissemination and sharing of data and results. A proper management plan to mitigate these risks is needed. The purpose of this paper is to highlight a successful research methodology that has been proposed and done in monitoring and improving Tasik Chini water quality. First, needs analysis were carried out through face-to-face interaction with researchers and the indigenous community living within the vicinity of the lake. Historical water quality data were also compiled and analyzed to validate the degradation of water quality over the years. Second, a proper risk registers and risk respond plan was developed. The current telemetry and network of sensors were reengineered by introducing new online tools for sharing and disseminating of water quality data to more diverse stakeholders. Cloud and 4G services are now the integral part of monitoring. Third, an early warning system has been developed to complete the setup.

In the conditions of rapid development of infrastructure and deepening of informatization of economic processes efficiency of enterprises’ activity, establishments and the organizations more and more depends on the information technologies used in control systems. Today, the environment of information technology as a structural component of the organization is a complex system that combines a variety of information, software, technical, human and other resources to achieve the goals of the organization, enterprise or institution. This, in turn, leads to a growth in the need to increase the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of information technology, increase the advantages and eliminate the disadvantages of their use, as well as justification of information technology costs. To meet this need, the regular use of information technology audit in the enterprise management system is becoming increasingly important. The analysis of works of domestic and foreign scientists and researchers in the field of IT audit and projects management of IT audit is executed. Features of IT audit projects are revealed. Based on the results of the analysis of the features of IT audit projects, their classification is carried out. Models, methods and mechanisms of IT audit project management are analyzed. Based on the analysis, their weaknesses are identified, the main problems and factors influencing their management are identified. It is determined that IT audit projects have unique IT risk factors, quality aspects, criteria and basis of evaluation, as well as dependence on major stakeholders. Tasks and goals of IT audit project management are formulated. Stages of implementation of IT audit projects, criteria of their formation, mechanisms and tools of their management are allocated. Features of products of IT audit projects, its characteristics and value criteria are considered. The main stakeholders of the IT audit project have been identified. The categories of IT risks inherent in IT audit projects are identified.

Business in times of conflict, caused by hybrid warfare, has a significant impact on peace. This is based on the interest of business units in continuing business activities and making profits, developing companies, introducing innovations and investment opportunities. An integral part of such a business in a hybrid war is its social responsibility, including the ability to carry out charitable activities. The article examines the identification of risks that cause the phenomenon of hybrid warfare (risk of hostilities, political, informational, social, budgetary, inflationary, economic, religious and humanitarian risks), as well as the identification of business risks in times of conflict (reputational, strategic, informational, territorial, temporal, property, inflationary, investment, moral, legal, social, risk of reduced profitability, insolvency, deterioration of financial stability, political, risk of hostilities, climate, personnel, production, logistics, IT risk, technical, world price volatility, changes in gas prices, fuel, energy, credit, liquidity, changes in interest rates, currency, environmental, the risk of failure to expand business, public risk (municipal), the risk of corruption). Their influence on the enterprise is established. In the context of charitable activities of companies in a hybrid war, a model of risk optimization is proposed, which is based on the model of factor analysis. It is established how the risks of socially responsible business through changes in the budget of charitable activities affect the amount of financial support for such activities and the possibility of its implementation as a whole.

PurposeInformation technology is associated with psychological and physical risks such as high stress levels and antisocial behavior. The purpose of this paper is to understand why people engage in technology risk behavior, despite the negative consequences that might follow. Focusing on online games, this study identifies factors that affect individuals' intention to play online games and investigate whether the effects of these factors differ across different risk levels.Design/methodology/approachExperimental design was used as the research methodology. Subjects were randomly assigned to a single treatment with two conditions: high and low risk scenarios. A total of 597 responses were analyzed to test the research hypotheses.FindingsThe research findings reveal that subjective norms, curiosity and playfulness have a positive effect on the intention to play online games, while critical mass has no effect on the intention decisions. Further, among the three significant constructs, playfulness turned out to be the only factor that is affected by risk levels.Research limitations/implicationsThis study extends prior literature on technology adoption by examining the effect of different risk levels on adoption intention decisions. It further extends prior literature on online games by identifying the factors that drive individuals to play games while accounting for the risks associated with playing these games.Practical implicationsThe research study identifies factors that should be taken into consideration when promoting the adoption of technologies, including online games.Originality/valueThis study offers a new understanding of technology adoption decisions that takes into account the different levels of risk associated with technology use. It shows that an individual's curiosity and the pressure emanating from one's social network are powerful behavior drivers that persist regardless of the level of risk. Further, this research study is among the first to apply categorical least squares methodology combined with a procedure for a moderated structural equation model to test a structural equation model with categorical multiplicative terms in LISREL.

Information technology (IT) risk management plays an important role in controlling security and building confidence in using IT system services. Many organizations have focused on risk management for IT security. In this study the committee of sponsoring organizations of the treadway commission (COSO) enterprise risk management (ERM) was used in risk management by identifying risk factors in accordance with the requirements of COBIT 5 areas that need to be controlled. In addition, 2 experiments were conducted with 3 government organizations and 3 private organizations in order to evaluate the performance of IT security control. The first experiment identified the risk levels with risk assessment, which provided the risk levels that need risk response in accordance with COBIT 5 framework implementation life cycle. From the second experiment, it was found that the risk management using all 7 phases of the COBIT 5 implementation life cycle decreased the risk levels for both government and private organizations. However, moderate and low risk levels were still observed which need to be managed in order to keep them at a very low level. In addition, it was found that the risks of government and private organizations were different, which was a result of differences in obstacles and the context of the problems encountered in risk management. The findings of this study provide the guidelines for developing a framework for IT risk management in the future.

Purpose In the Indian manufacturing SMEs context, supply chains have a complex structure having multiple echelons, multiple partners and multiple locations. Due to these complexities, most of the Indian manufacturing SMEs face several types of supply chain risks. This paper aims to identify the dominant risk variables and to develop the interrelationship among these risk variables. Design/methodology/approach Based on the literature review and experts’ opinion, nine dominant risk variables faced by an Indian manufacturing SMEs have been identified. An interpretive structural modelling (ISM) approach has been adopted to establish the interrelationship among the risk variables. These risk variables have been classified by using MICMAC analysis. Based on ISM-MICMAC approach, a case study on three Indian manufacturing SMEs has been carried out. Findings This study would help the supply chain managers to understand and prioritize the significant risk variables. Nine significant risks variables of Indian manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have been studied. External risk, information technology risk and financial risk have identified as most influencing risk variables, while delay risk and market risk have emerged as the most dependent risk variables. These results will provide a guideline to supply chain managers for implementation of supply chain risk management (SCRM). Research limitations/implications In this study, an ISM-based model is developed based on the opinion of experts from a group of Indian manufacturing SMEs; as such, this model may be biased and limited to a selected company. This framework can be extended further by adding more risk variables and sub-risk variables from the other sectors/organizations. Originality/value Many SCRM models are available in past literature, but no model has been proposed for the Indian Manufacturing SMEs. This research finding can be useful for managers to understand the characteristics and interrelationships among the risk variables for building a robust supply chain. These results will also help the supply chain managers in making proactive plans for SCRM, especially in the Indian SMEs context.

Purpose Risk management is an under-explored topic in information systems (IS) research that involves complex and interrelated activities. Consequently, the authors explore the importance of interrelated activities by examining how the maturity of one type of information technology risk management (ITRM) practice is influenced by the maturity of other types of ITRM practices. The purpose of this paper is to explore these relationships, the authors develop a model based on organizational strategy implementation theory and the COBIT framework. The model identifies four types of ITRM practices, namely, IT governance (ITG); communications; operations; and monitoring. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a survey methodology to collect data on senior information technology (IT) executives' perceptions on ITRM practices. The authors use an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify four dimensions of ITR M practices and conduct a structural equation model to observe the associations. Findings The survey of senior IT executives' perceptions suggests that the maturity of ITRM practices related to ITG, communications and monitoring positively influence the maturity of operations-related ITRM practices. Further, the maturity of communications-related ITRM practices mediates the relationship between ITG and operations-related ITRM practices. The aggregate results demonstrate the inter-relatedness of ITRM practices and highlight the importance of taking a holistic view of ITRM. Research limitations/implications Given the content and complexity of the study, it is difficult to obtain senior executives’ responses in large firms. Therefore, this study did not use a separate sample to conduct the EFA to obtain the underlying four constructs. Also, the ITRM practices identified are perceptions. Even though the authors consider this to be a limitation, it also communicates the pressing areas that senior IT professionals are expected to focus given various external and internal pressures. This study focuses on large firms, hence, small to midsize firms are not well represented. Practical implications Given the demanding regulatory and financial reporting requirements and the complexity of IT, there is an increasing possibility that the accounting profession will require IT professionals to focus on operations-related ITRM practices, such as security, availability and confidentially of data and IS are closely related to internal controls. However, as this study demonstrates, the maturity of operations-related ITRM practices cannot be achieved by focusing solely on operations-related IT risks. Therefore, IT practitioners can use this study to raise awareness of the complex interrelationships among ITRM practices among managers to improve the overall ITRM practices in a firm. Social implications The study also shows the importance of establishing proper communication channels among various business functions with regard to ITRM. Extant IT research identifies the importance of the firm’s communication structure on various firm performance measures. For example, Krotov (2015) mentions the importance of communication in improving trust between the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Firms with established communication channels have the necessary medium to educate and involve other departments with regard to the security of data. Thus, such firms are more likely to have mature risk management practices because of increased awareness of risks and preventive techniques. Originality/value The study contributes to ITG and risk management literature by identifying the role of monitoring-related ITRM practices on improving other areas of risk management. The study also extends the existing ITRM literature by providing an organizational strategy perspective to ITRM practices and showing how ITRM practices follow organizational strategy implementation. Further, the authors identify four underlying ITRM categories. Consequently, researchers could choose between two factors (Vincent et al., 2017) or four factors based on the level of detail required for the particular study.

Trust is the foundation of business and it plays an increasingly important role in complex business ecosystems. Establishing and maintaining trust is time-consuming, expensive, and fraught with risk. Examining trust from the perspectives of people, process, and technology helps in understanding the characteristics of business ecosystems. Using the global private capital markets as an example, we describe the process of designing a blockchain architecture that enhances trust in a specific domain. Based on the process and results of implementation, we share lessons learned, pitfalls to avoid, and best practices. This helps practitioners reduce technology risk and employ blockchain to enhance trust in complex business ecosystems.

This perspective paper is based on several sessions by the members of the Round Table AI at FIRM , with input from a number of external and international speakers. Its particular focus lies on the management of the model risk of productive models in banks and other financial institutions. The models in view range from simple rules-based approaches to Artificial Intelligence (AI) or Machine learning (ML) models with a high level of sophistication. The typical applications of those models are related to predictions and decision making around the value chain of credit risk (including accounting side under IFRS9 or related national GAAP approaches), insurance risk or other financial risk types. We expect more models of higher complexity in the space of anti money laundering, fraud detection and transaction monitoring as well as a rise of AI/ML models as alternatives to current methods in solving some of the more intricate stochastic differential equations needed for the pricing and/or valuation of derivatives. The same type of model is also successful in areas unrelated to risk management, such as sales optimization, customer lifetime value considerations, robo-advisory and other fields of applications. The paper makes reference to recent related publications from central banks, financial supervisors and regulators as well as by other relevant sources and working groups. It aims to give practical advice for establishing a risk-based governance and test framework for the mentioned model types and also discusses the use of recent technologies, approaches and platforms to support the establishment of responsible, trustworthy, explainable, auditable and manageable AI/ML in production. In view of the recent EU publication on AI (see European Commission 2021), also referred to as the EU Artificial Intelligence Act (AIA), we also see a certain added value for this paper as an instigator of further thinking outside of the financial services sector, in particular where “High Risk” models according to the mentioned EU consultation are concerned. Our key takeaways are: 1. There need to be general principles, requirements and tests to control model risk and fitness-for-purpose for each model. Particularly because AI is not a fixed category, we are talking about a spectrum of mathematical models of varying complexity, of which gradually more and more complex ones are becoming feasible. With regards to this fact, the mentioned governance elements (principles, requirements, tests to control model risk etc.) should hinge upon models’ respective purposes, influence on human lives and business impact, rather than upon model design or complexity. To satisfy these requirements of course, special tests will be necessary for more complex or even dynamic models. This holds true especially for the implementation of those models and their utilization in a scaling enterprise production environment. 2. To this end, it will be necessary and useful to combine the expertise and approaches of classical risk management and governance with those of data science and AI knowledge. 3. Many aspects of AI governance, algorithmic auditing and risk management of AI systems can be addressed with technology and computing platforms. In fact, an entire industry is about to emerge in this area. Many of the necessary techniques essentially consist of the use of somewhat less complex and more transparent models in their own right, with associated cost for maintenance and operation, and with inherent (more indirect and smaller) risks to operate them. Hence, there will always be residual risk and consequentially a need for human oversight. The level of residual risk should be covered via OpRisk Management (IT risk, mal-decisioning risk, reputational risk) and by AI incident management or AI model insurance. 4. Explainability, interpretability and transparency of models, data and decision making will be key to even enable an appropriate possibility to manage remaining model risks (“Explaining Explainable AI”). All three need to be directed towards the internal stakeholders of financial institutions, but – depending on model purpose – also towards the outside world, particularly to clients/consumers and supervisors. Each stakeholder needs to be informed about the model aspects in a different and specific way. There are technologies and experts to support interfacing the different domains involved. 5. One particular aspect of the “Explainable AI” agenda is to enable the fairness of AI decision making or decision support from a societal perspective (linked to the ESG agenda). The associated fairness considerations, starting from the need to explicitly define a notion of fairness and enable its implementation and ongoing validation, are by no means exclusive to AI modelling techniques. They pertain to classical decision making to the same extent; however, due to their lack of innate transparency, the cost of fairness will be higher for AI models. This should be taken into account in the business decisions around the choice of model design.

Construction industry is mostly affected by risks. So, the people in the construction organizations need to manage the risks by using different techniques of construction management. In this study, the data is gathered through questionnaires from Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh State, India. SPSS software is used for evaluating results. The risk analysis methods in Vijayawada construction organizations results are about 45% using Direct Judgement Techniques, and in Visakhapatnam, Comparing Analysis Technique is used for about 42%. In Vijayawada, the risk response technique used is Risk Transfer resulting about 41.4%, and in Visakhapatnam, it is about 37.9%. Therefore, in Vijayawada the technology risk transferring method is used about 62.1% (often), and in Visakhapatnam, it is about 45% (often). Finally, in Vijayawada the financial risk transferring method is rarely about 69% and in Visakhapatnam it is rarely about 62%. Therefore, if all the above risk analysis techniques and risk response techniques are used properly in the construction organizations, then the project will be finished within the given time and budget.

This paper discusses the challenges that must be addressed to support the financing of novel technologies needed to achieve the United Kingdom's stated goal of achieving net zero emissions by 2050. It identifies practical steps that stakeholders providing investment funding, as well as technology developers can take to drive net zero outcomes. The paper represents the first time such a diverse group of independent industry professionals have come together to explore financing challenges associated with the Energy Transition. Apart from the diversity of the authors backgrounds and expertise, a survey was conducted of 121 respondents from across the energy landscape while preparing this paper. The survey was launched to an international audience, however, respondents were largely from the oil and gas and renewable industries from both the UK and Europe. The paper seeks to align investors in technological developments and will enable them to more accurately value the risks of novel technology deployment. This requires developers to present their solutions in a manner that investors can understand, and which enables financial risk to be more accurately aligned with the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) approach. Another critical element is making sure the rush to develop newer technologies to achieve Net Zero takes into account the right Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations. The ultimate goal of the paper is to begin a dialogue that will eventually lead to a shift in the way that private and public institutions think about financing nascent technologies.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the awareness, concern and practice on hazards of ionizing radiation and radiation protection among radiographers and technologists of Pokhara, Nepal and to evaluate the knowledge of radiation and its protection among them. Materials and Methods: A validated questionnaire was used to collect data from radiographers and Technologists. The survey included multiple choice questions (MCQs) related to demographic characteristics (age, gender), academic qualification, and knowledge of radiation and radiation protection. Obtained data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 25 software and shown in frequency, percentages. Results: Among 103 participants, only 73.8% were NHPC registered and 46.7% had attended classes/seminar on the topic of radiation protection. Only 8.7% used dosimeters to measure the radiation dose. Among participants, 77.7% knew that annual whole-body dose for a radiation worker is 20 mSv and 87.4% knew that there should be distance of more than six feet from the X-ray tube while taking X-ray in the case of non-barrier protection. This study shows that the knowledge and the perceptions regarding radiation and its protection among the radiographers/technologist is just satisfactory and needs to be improved. Conclusion: Overall awareness and knowledge of radiation protection and radiological procedures of radiologic technologist were satisfactory. However, there were some question that they needed mandatory training and knowledge. Therefore, we recommend that further workshops, seminars, symposium, training courses and Continuing Medical Education (CME) programs are recommended on a regular basis in collaboration with ISSRT and other national and international organizations to raise the level of radiation awareness.