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Potato virus Y (PVY) is among the most destructive potato viruses and a solemn threat to efficient seed production worldwide. Almost 70% potato yield losses are due to early PVY infection. Coat protein (CP) gene has a significant function in host adaptation in most of the plant viruses. CP has become more frequent and extensively studied in PVY and other potyviruses to generate resistance against the potyviruses in different crops. In this study, we also targeted the CP gene and evaluate the in vitro potential of Iberis gibraltarica total protein extract against the CP gene expression. Total protein of Iberis gibraltarica, was isolated and quantified. The full length CP gene was amplified from PVY infected potato plant leaves and cloned into mammalian expression vector. It was later transfected into mammalian cell line to obtain the transient expression and mRNA expression of the CP gene against the total protein of Iberis gibraltarica was analyzed through the real-time PCR. Results show that total protein of Iberis gibraltarica down regulates the mRNA expression more than 90% in vitro studies.

The present study was designed to analyse the anatomy of the vegetative and reproductive parts of Turkish Iberis species from a systematic point of view. Samples of leaves, stems, roots, fruits, and seeds of each species were collected, fixed, and processed according to the paraffin method for light microscopy. The numerical analysis derived from 11 anatomical characteristics showed that the number and dimensions of vessels in the root, presence of aerenchyma in the leaf, number and dimensions of palisade parenchyma, and mesophyll type were useful for grouping the Iberis taxa. The testa was composed of four layers: the epidermis, subepidermis, compact tissue, and parenchyma. The testa thickness was a significant character to distinguish the investigated Iberis species. In this study, the traditional classification of Turkish Iberis species was mostly congruent with the dendrogram generated vegetative anatomical properties. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 27(2): 213-224, 2020 (December)

In this contribution, new data concerning the distribution of native vascular flora in Italy are presented. It includes new records, confirmations, exclusions, and status changes to the Italian administrative regions for taxa in the genera Artemisia, Chaetonychia, Cirsium, Cynanchum, Genista, Hieracium, Iberis, Melica, Misopates, Myosotis, Thalictrum, Trifolium, Utricularia, Veronica, and Vicia. Nomenclatural and distribution updates, published elsewhere, and corrigenda are provided as supplementary material.

Species in the genera Hyaloperonospora and Peronospora (Oomycota, Peronosporaceae) are obligate biotrophic pathogens responsible for destructive downy mildew diseases of ornamental horticulture plants worldwide. Throughout the past decade, newly emergent downy mildew diseases have become increasingly prevalent, but often the identity of the pathogen is unknown or poorly defined. In this study we set out to identify the downy mildew pathogens infecting three widely grown ornamental plants: Agastache spp. (hyssops), Tarenaya hassleriana (syn. = Cleome hassleriana; spider-flower) and Monarda didyma (bee balm or bergamot). Phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer rDNA and cox2 revealed two new species, which are described here as Peronospora monardae infecting both Monarda didyma and A. mexicana, and Hyaloperonospora daughtreyae infecting T. hassleriana. One sample of Peronospora collected from Agastache sp. ‘Bolero’ did not cluster with P. monardae, but its relationship to other species in the clade was not sufficiently resolved for taxonomic determination. Phylogenetic analysis also supported the combination of Peronospora iberidis, a pathogen of Iberis spp. (candytuft), into Hyaloperonospora. To assess intrasample ITS sequence variation from P. monardae, data were generated using high-throughput amplicon sequencing (HTAS). Multiple haplotypes were identified from the P. monardae samples, with less than 1% intrasample variation observed. From a core set of haplotypes shared across the HTAS the variant frequencies could not be completely explained by heterozygosity alone.

The research was aimed to identify fruits morphological characteristics of 33 taxa belonging to the Lepidieae tribe from Brassicaceae. The characteristics of the fruit's general shape, apex shape, dimensions, colors, surface ornamentation, and beak were determined, the results indicated the importance of each of those characters in isolated species, In general, all the tribe's fruits were open capsule and short silicula. According to the dimensions of fruit, three species can be distinguished as a group with dimensions greater than 20mm, as in Brossardia, Coluteocarpus, and Didymophysa, and depending on the shape, it was possible to differentiate the species within this group, while the other species were less than 20 mm. in dimensions. They were distinguished by the general shapes, as the fruits of the Aethionema species were distinguished by their winged shaped, whereas the fruits of the genus Biscutella are bi-lobed, and the fruits have an inverted semi-triangular shape in the Capsella and peltate with prominent veins in the genus Horwoodia, or maybe peltate and longitudinally splintered with dark veins in Iberis, while the genus Sameraria fruit is circular to semi-circular characterized by intermediate appendages, while the individuals of the genus Isatis have linear-oblong fruits, and the species of both genus Lipidium and Hymenolobus were distinguished by their small and elliptic fruits and could be differentiated according to other fruits features. So could be conclude the importance of the characteristic of the general shape of the fruit firstly in species isolation then size, ornamentation, and some other traits.

Specimens of a thin longidorid species collected in Peñalba (Huesca), north-west Spain, were previously described as Paralongidorus iberis. However, we conclude, through scanning electron microscopy and molecular studies on a population from about 15 km from the type locality and on paratype specimens, that this species was originally placed in the wrong genus. Both populations have pore-like amphidial apertures, not slit-like as in Paralongidorus, and the species is therefore transferred to Longidorus. Longidorus iberis n. comb. is regarded as a valid species and is clearly different from closely related species such as L. tabernensis, L. iliturgiensis, L. alvegus and L. indalus in morphometrics and molecular markers. Molecular data are reported for the first time, including the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA, ITS1 rRNA, partial 18S rRNA and partial mitochondrial coxI regions. These molecular markers were used for inferring the phylogenetic relationships with other species within Longidorus and Paralongidorus, all clearly separating L. iberis n. comb. from other related taxa and placing the species in the Longidorus clade, rather than with Paralongidorus., The first author is a recipient of a contract from the Ministry of Science and Innovation for Predoctoral Researchers in Spain, PRE2019-090206.

Megacarpaea delavayi (Brassicaceae), a plant found the high mountains of southwest China at high altitudes (3000–4800 m), is used as a vegetable or medicine. Here, we report a draft genome for this species. The assembly genome of M. delavayi is 883 Mb, and 61.59% of the genome is composed of repeat sequences. Annotation of the genome identified a total of 41,114 protein-coding genes. We found that M. delavayi experienced an independent whole-genome duplication (WGD), paralleling those independent WGDs in Iberis, Biscutella, and Anastatica in the early Miocene. Phylogenetic analyses based on the single-copy genes confirmed the position of the genus Megacarpaea within the expanded lineage II of the family and resolved its basal divergence to a subclade consisting of Anastatica, Iberis, and Biscutella. Species-specific and fast-evolving genes in M. delavayi are mainly involved in “DNA repair” and “response to UV-B radiation.” These genetic changes may together help this species survive in high-altitude environments. The reference genome reported here provides a valuable resource for studying adaptation of this and other alpine plants to the high-altitude habitats.

Iberis L., Sp. Pl.: 648. 1753. Tribe: Iberideae Webb & Berthel. Note. – A genus of 27 species distributed primarily in C and S Europe, with fewer species in N Africa and SW Asia., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 138, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433

Iberis jordanii Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 1: 38. 1854 [nom. illeg.].  Iberis attica Jord., Observ. Pl. Nouv. 6: 42. 1847. = Iberis carnosa Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: 455. 1800. Note. – Iberis jordanii Boiss. is illegitimate because BOISSIER (1854) listed the earlier published I. attica Jord. in synonymy., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 138, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433, {"references":["BOISSIER, E. (1854). Diagnoses plantarum orientalium novarum ser. 2, 1. Como."]}

Iberis sempervirens var. rosea Boiss., Fl. Orient. 1: 333. 1867. Type: “Hab. in monte Cadmo Cariae supra Khonas (Boiss!), Tauro Cilicico (Ky! Bal!), ditione Kassan Oglu (Ky!)”. Lectotypus (designated here): TURKEY: “ Cadmus ad or. Denisleh. Caria ”, VI.1842, Boissier s.n. (G-BOIS [G00332526]). Syntypi: TURKEY: “Taurus”, 20.VII.1855, Balansa s.n. (G [G00446248], G-BOIS [G00332529], P [P05415699]); “Kassan Oglu”, 18.V.1859, Kotschy 89 (G-BOIS [G00332527], P [P01817590], W [W0075589]); “Iter Cilicicum in Tauri alpes ‘Bulgar Dagh.’ Ad plumbi fodinas”, 6000' [1830 m], VII.1853, Kotschy 115 223 74 34 (G [G00446249], G-BOIS [G00332528], K [K000484120], P [P01817591, P01817592, P01817593], W [W0075588]). = Iberis sempervirens L., Sp. Pl.: 648. 1753. Notes. – The lectotype and syntypes are based on fruiting and flowering material, respectively. Caution should be made in dealing with Kotschy’s multiple collection numbers because he used to send handwritten labels to Boissier, and after receiving the determinations, he distributed his collections with printed labels sometimes different from the originals he sent to Boissier. More on this is discussed under the entries of Brossardia papyracea var. kotschyi and Crenularia eunomioides., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 138, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433

Iberis olympica Boiss., Diagn. Pl. Orient. ser. 2, 1: 37. 1854. Type: “Hab. in summis jugis Olympi Bithyni (Boiss! Noë! Clementi!)”. Lectotypus (designated here): TURKEY: “Olympus Bithynis”, VIII.1842, Boissier s.n. (G-BOIS [G00332530]). Syntypi: TURKEY: “In cacumis jugis Olympi bith.”, VIII.1850, Clement s.n. (G [G00371777], G-BOIS [G00332531], K [K000484125, K000484126]); “Olympus Bithynia ”, 1847, Noë s.n. (G-BOIS [G00332532]). = Iberis carnosa Willd., Sp. Pl. 3: 455. 1800. Note. – HEDGE (1965) treated the species as a synonym of I. spruneri Jord., but both species should be synonymized with I. carnosa, as done by TAN (2002)., Published as part of AL-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. & Barriera, Gabrielle, 2019, Typification of Edmond Boissier's Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) names enumerated in Flora Orientalis, pp. 1-193 in Boissiera 72 on page 138, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7630433, {"references":["HEDGE, I. C. (1965). Cardamine, Conringia, Iberis, Heldreichia, Aethionema, Cochlearia, Camelina. In: DAVIS, P. H. (ed.), Fl. Turkey 1: 193 - 493."]}

Iberis taxa natively found in Turkey are represented by 8 species and are annual and/or perennial herbs or subshrubs. In this study we provide a detailed anatomical description of Turkish Iberis taxa for the first time and try to solve the complexity of taxonomical uncertainties of the genus. Root, stem and leaf anatomies are investigated and stomatal index of Iberis is indicated. Our results provided valuable evidence on doubtful circumstance of species in this genus. I. attica is the only species that has winged stem structure and branched trichomes. I. carica, one of the endemics, is the only species with its continuous vascular cambium in stem that forms a vascular bundle circle. I. sempervirens is the only species without indumentum which has also a subshrub habit. I. odorata is the only annual species. There are two types of leaf anatomy as bilateral and isolateral. Iberis taxa found in Turkey are amphistomatic. Myrosin cells that are the characteristic of the order Brassicales are observed in all examined species. Anatomical results support that I. attica and I. spruneri are two separate taxa instead of as combined I. carnosa.

The name Iberis carica (Brassicaceae) applies to an endemic annual species growing in southwestern Turkey. A lectotype is selected among syntypes cited in the protologue. Furthermore, the correct authorship citation of that name at both subspecific and specific ranks is discussed.

Iberis sempervirens (candytuft) is increasingly grown in Liguria (northern Italy) as a potted plant for ornamental purposes, particularly under cool-weather conditions. At the end of the summer of 2003, extensive necrosis was observed on leaves and young stems of 4-month-old plants grown in 14-cm diameter pots outdoors at a commercial farm. In many cases, on the upper side of the leaves, necrotic spots were surrounded by a chlorotic halo that turned progressively black. The necrotic areas often coalesced, generating larger and irregularly shaped spots. On the lower side of the leaves, no chlorotic areas were observed. Severely affected plants were defoliated. Infected plants rarely died, but the presence of lesions on mature plants decreased aesthetic quality and subsequently market value. The disease occurred on 40% of plants at each of the two farms. Leaf spots contained dark brown, multicellular pear-shaped conidia. Conidia were 22.5 to 50.0 μm (average 32.8 μm) long and 7.5 to 15.0 μm (average 12.3 μm) wide, with 5 to 7 longitudinal cross walls and an average of 6 to 7 single cells. From infected leaves, a fungus identified on the basis of its morphological characteristics as Alternaria sp. was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy 12-month-old potted I. sempervirens plants with a spore and mycelial suspension (105 CFU/ml). Plants without inoculation served as control. Ten plants were used for each treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 10 days after inoculation and kept outdoors for 60 days at temperatures ranging from 0 to 32°C (average 12°C). The first lesions developed on leaves 45 days after inoculation, while control plants remained healthy. From such lesions, Alternaria sp. was consistently reisolated. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. The presence of A. brassicae was reported in Tanganica on Iberis sp., I. umbellata in Denmark (2), and I. amara in the United States (4); A. matthiolae was observed on seeds of I. amara and I. umbellata (3). A leaf spot incited by Alternaria sp. on I. amara was observed in Florida (1). This is, to our knowledge, the first report of Alternaria sp. on I. sempervirens in Italy as well as worldwide. References: (1) S. A. Alfieri et al. Index of Plant Diseases in Florida. Bull. 11, 1984. (2) P. Neergaard. Rev. Appl. Micol. 18:572, 1939. (3) P. Neergaard. Rev. Appl. Micol. 25:382, 1946). (4) R. D. Raabe. Comb. Proc. Int. Plant Propagators Soc. 40:160, 1991.

International audience; Plants from the Brassicaceae family are known to contain secondary metabolites called glucosinolates. Our goal was to establish by LC/MS the glucosinolate profile of seeds of three Brassicaceae species known to hyperaccumulate heavy metals. We investigated Alyssum fallacinum auct. non Hausskn., Iberis intermedia Guers., and Noccaea caerulescens (J. Presl & C. Presl) F. K. Mey. Our results indicate that A. fallacinum seeds contain glucoiberin and glucoibervirin, which had not been previously identified in this plant. Furthermore, we report for the first time the presence of glucoiberin, glucoibervirin, glucotropaeolin, and sinigrin in I. intermedia. We have detected for the first time glucoconringiin in N. caerulescens. In addition, glucosinalbin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, and glucomoringin were also detected.

The present study reports for the first time detailed palynological traits of the Turkish species Iberis. Both light microscope (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the characterisation of the species. Radially symmetrical, isopolar, and tricolpate pollen grains were observed as common characters in all of the examined taxa. The pollen grains were prolate-spheroidal with polar axes ranging from 21.97 to 29.25 µm and equatorial axes ranging from 20.34 to 26.09 µm. Their polar shapes were subcircular to subtriangular. Two types of exine ornamentation were observed using a SEM. A numerical UPGMA analysis showed that the dimensions of polar axes, equatorial axes and outline in polar view (amb) were the most valuable variables for separating the Iberis species.

Evolution of floral monosymmetry is thought to be a major driving force of angiosperm radiation, making angiosperms the most successful land plant group in terms of species richness. Monosymmetry evolved from a polysymmetric ancestor repeatedly in different angiosperm lineages, where it likely facilitated diversification through the interaction with insects. Most monosymmetric taxa are thus dominated by monosymmetric members. However, in the Brassicaceae, only few members develop a monosymmetric corolla with two petal pairs of unequal size, making them an ideal system to study the evolution of molecular mechanisms enhancing flower complexity. Monosymmetry is controlled by the TCP transcription factors that belong to the CYC2 clade in distantly related taxa. In Iberis amara, the first crucifer analyzed in terms of monosymmetry development, unequal corolla formation is due to a stronger CYC2 clade gene expression in the smaller adaxial petals compared with the larger abaxial ones. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the crucifer family reveals that the monosymmetric genera Iberis, Calepina, and Teesdalia belong to one major crucifer lineage. Monosymmetry is most pronounced in Iberis and less so in Calepina and Teesdalia, with a positive dosage-dependent correlation between the strength of a CYC2 expression difference and the extent of monosymmetry formation. An early adaxial CYC2 expression in floral meristems, observed in many distantly related taxa, might have facilitated the repeated evolution of CYC2-controlled monosymmetry. Comparison of early and late CYC2 expression in monosymmetric and polysymmetric crucifers representative for the four major crucifer lineages reveals that an adaxial CYC2 expression in floral meristems is likely ancestral for the Brassicaceae. However, it got lost in all analyzed monosymmetric members and is, as such, not a prerequisite for the establishment of corolla monosymmetry in crucifers. Here, monosymmetry evolved via a heterochronic CYC2 expression shift from an ancestral early adaxial expression in floral meristems to an adaxial CYC2 transcript accumulation later in petal development. This study emphasizes the potential of regulatory changes in the evolution of morphological novelties, like corolla monosymmetry in the Brassicaceae. In combination with a corymboid inflorescence, monosymmetry might have served as a key invention driving diversification in the genus Iberis comprising more than 20 monosymmetric species.

Pugionium (Brassicaceae) is a small genus that occurs in central Asian deserts. The interspecific delimitation and taxonomic treatments of this genus are disputed and its phylogenetic origin remains unknown. In the present study, we examined these issues based on morphological and molecular data obtained for the first time. We used statistical methods to examine inter- and intraspecific morphological variations. The results suggest that only two species, namely P. dolabratum and P. cornutum, can be warranted for all examined populations and specimens, whereas three species (P. calcaratum, P. cristatum, and P. pterocarpum) should be incorporated into P. dolabratum. This delimitation was further supported by the molecular data: all populations of P. dolabratum, P. calcaratum, P. cristatum, and P. pterocarpum shared the same internal transcribed spacer genotype, whereas those from P. cornutum had another type. Phylogenetic analyses of Pugionium and representative genera of Brassicaceae based on ndhF sequences suggest that this genus is sister to the genus Megacarpaea, which, together, comprise a well-supported lineage with Farsetia, Lobularia, Iberis, and Ionopsidium, whereas the two other genera that were previously suggested to be closely related to this genus (Isatis and Bunias) were placed in the other lineages. We further discuss the origin of Pugionium and suggest that it probably originated in central Asia when the climate became drier from the late Miocene.

The germination ecology of the winter annual Iberian endemicsIberis pectinataandZiziphora aragonensiswas investigated in order to better understand adaptations of rare species to their natural habitat and to improveex-situpropagation techniques and management of their habitat. Specifically, we analysed the following aspects: (1) influence of temperature, light conditions and seed age on germination patterns; (2) phenology of germination; (3) germinative response of buried seeds to seasonal temperature changes; and (4) temperature requirements for induction and breaking of secondary dormancy. Germination was substantially lower in darkness than with a photoperiod in both taxa, with this difference being more pronounced inZ. aragonensis. Freshly matured seeds showed conditional physiological dormancy, germinating at low and medium temperatures but not at high temperatures (28/14 and 32/18°C). Germination capability increased with time of dry storage in both species, suggesting the existence of non-deep physiological dormancy. Under greenhouse conditions, germination of both taxa was mostly concentrated in autumn (October–November), while spring percentages were less than 1% of total accumulated germination recorded during the study.I. pectinataandZ. aragonensisseeds buried and exposed to natural seasonal temperature variations in an unheated greenhouse came out of conditional dormancy in summer and re-entered it in winter, thus exhibiting an annual conditional dormancy/non-dormancy cycle. Dormant seeds of both species which were stratified at 28/14 or 32/18°C during an 8-week period, were non-dormant when they were subsequently incubated over a range of temperatures from 5 to 25/10°C. Non-dormant seeds were induced into dormancy when stratified at 5 or 15/4°C for 8 weeks, showing a particularly low germination response at high temperatures. Recommendations for wild-population reinforcement programmes and for the management of the natural habitat of both endemics are discussed.

Thallium is an extremely toxic metal which, due to its similarities to K, is readily taken up by plants grown in Tl-contaminated soils. Thallium is also a precious metal nearly as economically valuable as gold. Thallium is efficiently hyperaccumulated in Iberis intermedia as aqueous Tl(I) with highest concentrations within the vascular network of leaves. In this study we examine the utility of synchrotron X-ray differential absorption-edge computed microtomography (CMT) in determining the distribution and compartmentalization of thallium (Tl) in Iberis intermedia. We found Tl to be distributed in solution throughout the vascular system of I. intermedia. Current laboratory experiments are examining the characteristics and potential recovery of Tl by I. intermedia with the objectives to remediate its toxic risks and to facilitate its reclamation for reuse. However, the recovery and reuse of Tl from I. intermedia by way of phytomining requires knowledge on the speciation, distribution and compartmentalization of thallium. CMT shows great promise for application in a wide variety of metal-related structural issues due to its high 3D resolution and being a non-destructive analysis tool.

The two taxa Iberis timeroyii Jordan and I. intermedia Guersent subsp. violletii (Soyer-Willemet ex Godron) Rouy & Foucaud are cleared and defined again, and a new subspecies of Iberis intermedia Guersent is described.

The dynamics of thallium (Tl) fractions in the rhizosphere of two Tl hyperaccumulator plants, kale (Brassica oleracea acephala L. cv. Winterbor) and candytuft (Iberis intermedia Guers.), were examined to evaluate the efficiency of their possible use in phytoextraction. Plants were grown in a rhizobox system with a soil contaminated by Tl deposits from a cement plant in Leimen, Germany (1300 μg Tl kg−1 soil (aqua regia extraction) and 106 μg Tl kg−1 soil NH4NO3-extractable Tl). After 6 and 8 weeks growth of kale and candytuft, respectively, Tl fractions were sequentially extracted and compared with Tl uptake by plants. The uptake from `plant-available' Tl (fraction 1 – 4) in the rhizosphere (0–2 mm distance from root compartment) of both hyperaccumulator plants kale and candytuft accounted for 18 and 21% of the Tl accumulated in their shoots, respectively. The uptake from the `non-plant available' Tl (fraction 5 – 7) accounted for 50 and 40% of the mass of Tl accumulated by kale and candytuft, respectively. The high uptake capacity for Tl and the subsequent marked depletion in the rhizosphere soil might have resulted in a rapid shift in the equilibrium between the various Tl fractions. In addition, the high depletion in the rhizosphere indicates that the transport of Tl to roots is mainly diffusion driven. In conclusion, the easy access of the so called `non-plant available' Tl fraction in the rhizosphere soil by both hyperaccumulator plants indicates a high efficacy of possible phytoremediation of Tl contaminated soils such as the soil at the site in Leimen.

Information about 10 species new for the Utrish Reserve (Acer tataricum L., Alyssum umbellatum Desv., Centaurea micrantha S. G. Gmelin, Linaria simplex L., Hippuris vulgaris L., Iberis taurica DC., Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Orobanche dalmatica (G. Beck) Tzvelev, Trifolium retusum L., Ventenata dubia (Leers) Coss.) and about some species rare in the reserve is provided.

Iberis saxatilis subsp. magnesiana Oskay subsp. nov. is identified as a new subspecies from Kocasivri Mt. (Manisa), west Anatolia, Turkey. Iberis saxatilis subsp. magnesiana is a local endemic, most similar to Iberis saxatilis L. subsp. saxatilis. Diagnostic characters of these related taxa are discussed. Habitat characteristics, distribution and conservation status of the new subspecies are also presented. © 2017 Magnolia Press.

Background In the co-evolution between insects and plants, the establishment of floral monosymmetry was an important step in angiosperm development as it facilitated the interaction with insect pollinators and, by that, likely enhanced angiosperm diversification. In Antirrhinum majus, the TCP transcription factor CYCLOIDEA is the molecular key regulator driving the formation of floral monosymmetry. Although most Brassicaceae form a polysymmetric corolla, six genera develop monosymmetric flowers with two petal pairs of unequal size. In the monosymmetric crucifer Iberis amara, formation of the different petal pairs coincides with a stronger expression of the CYC-homolog IaTCP1 in the small, adaxial petals. Results In this study, RNA-Seq was employed to reconstruct the petal transcriptome of the non-model species Iberis amara. About 9 Gb of sequence data was generated, processed and re-assembled into 18,139 likely Iberis unigenes, from which 15,983 showed high sequence homology to Arabidopsis proteins. The transcriptome gives detailed insight into the molecular mechanisms governing late petal development. In addition, it was used as a scaffold to detect genes differentially expressed between the small, adaxial and the large, abaxial petals in order to understand the molecular mechanisms driving unequal petal growth. Far more genes are expressed in adaxial compared to abaxial petals implying that IaTCP1 activates more genes than it represses. Amongst all genes upregulated in adaxial petals, a significantly enhanced proportion is associated with cell wall modification and cell-cell signalling processes. Furthermore, microarrays were used to detect and compare quantitative differences in TCP target genes in transgenic Arabidopsis plants ectopically expressing different TCP transcription factors. Conclusions The increased occurrences of genes implicated in cell wall modification and signalling implies that unequal petal growth is achieved through an earlier stop of the cell proliferation phase in the small, adaxial petals, followed by the onset of cell expansion. This process, which forms the monosymmetric corolla of Iberis amara, is likely driven by the enhanced activity of IaTCP1 in adaxial petals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-014-0285-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Biscutella laevigata and Iberis intermedia were sampled from sites near St Laurent le Minier, Southern France, and B. laevigata was also sampled from Rocca San Silvestro, Tuscany, Italy. Soils associated with the rhizosphere of each plant were also sampled. Both Biscutella laevigata and Iberis intermedia accumulate inordinately high concentrations of thallium (1.94 and 0.4%, respectively) in their above-ground dry tissue. The levels of thallium accumulated by both species were strongly correlated with both the total and extractable concentrations of thallium in the soils. Concentrations of zinc, cadmium, and lead were below the threshold for hyperaccumulation. It is proposed that B. laevigata and/or I. intermedia could be used for phytoremediation or phytomining of thallium-contaminated soils. Such an operation would involve the repeated cropping of either species, until an acceptable level of thallium in the soils was reached. Additionally, the harvested plant material could be burnt and the res...

Traditional assays (germination and vigour), as well as biochemical assays using isozyme loci, were performed to evaluate the effect of different seed storage conditions in Coincya rupestris, Iberis pectinata, Moricandia moricandiodes and Vella pseudocytisus . Seeds had been stored for 24–30 years under long-term (LT) and short-term (ST) conditions. Fresh seeds of the same species from natural populations (NP) were also collected in 1996 and used for comparison. Isozyme loci were used as markers of genetic deterioration and to determine the genetic diversity of samples. The germinability, vigour and enzyme activity of LT samples were comparable to values obtained using freshly collected NP samples, showing the effectiveness of the long-term storage conditions.

Unusual hyperaccumulation (>500 mu g/g dry mass) of toxic Tl has been determined in Iberis intermedia (Brassicaceae) from southern France. This species contained up to 3,070 mu g/g (0.31%) Tl in the whole-plant dry matter. Pot trails with Iberis showed that it could tolerate nearly 2,000 mu g/g available Tl in the substrate compared with about 20 mu g/g for the metal-tolerant grass Arrhenatherum elatius. This unusually high accumulation of Tl has significance for animal and human health, phytoremediation of contaminated soils, and phytomining for Tl. It was determined that three crops of Iberis would be sufficient to phytoremediate to a non-toxic level, a soil containing 10 mu g/g Tl, and the production of a saleable plant ash (bio-ore) would probably pay for the cost of the operation. Phytomining (growing a "crop" of a metal over ores subeconomic for conventional mining) could be a viable option since it has been calculated that a net return of $1,200/ha (twice the return from a crop of wheat) would be possible with a biomass yield of 10 t/ha containing 0.08 percent Tl in dry matter. The break-even point (net yield of $500/ha) would require 170 mu g/g (0.017%) Tl in dry matter. Such a project would, however, require a large area to be able to afford economies of scale.

Noncrop borders surrounding field crops may enhance biological control of insect pests by drawing pests away from the crop and by providing a suitable habitat for natural enemies. We quantified the effects of borders of flowering Iberis umbellata L. (candytuft) on cabbage pest and predator abundance by repeatedly sampling arthropod abundance in plots of Brassica oleracea L. I. umbellata provides potential food for crucifer herbivores as well as nectar and pollen resources for predators. Although I. umbellata harbored large populations of hemipteran predators, few of these predators were found on the adjacent crop plants. Iberis borders did not change the abundance of crop pests within the crop but had mixed effects on natural enemies. Interestingly, the spatial distribution of Pieris rapae L. and Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) eggs on B. oleracea differed significantly between treatments, indicating that the presence of flowering I. umbellata may have altered the movement and oviposition behavior of these lepidopteran pests. Our results point to the importance of considering predator and pest movement when investigating how alternative habitats, such as flowering borders, affect arthropod population dynamics.

S ciljem pronalska molekularnog biljega odgovarajućeg stupnja varijabilnosti koji bi poslužio za analizu razvojnih odnosa vrsta roda Iberis (Brassicaceae), u ovom molekularnom filogenetskom istraživanju uspoređene su četiri vrste tog roda: Iberis amara L., I. linifolia L., I. pinnata L. i I. umbellata L. te varijabilnost slijeda rbcL gena koji se nalazi na kloroplastnoj DNA. Slijed rbcL gena uspješno je amplificiran u svim uzorcima te pocijepan odvojeno dvjema restrikcijskim endonukleazama: Hae III i Hpa II. Obje endonukleaze pokazale su identične restrikcijske profile u sve četiri vrste. Analizom dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti kako u rbcL genu ne postoji varijabilnost navedene regije koju smo dokazali korištenjem spomenutih restrikcijskih enzima. Takav rezultat ukazuje na visok stupanj konzerviranosti rbcL slijeda unutar vrsta roda Iberis.

Zadatak ovog rada bio je testirati varijabilnost slijeda rbcL gena u svrhu primjene u molekularnim filogenetskim istraživanja roda Iberis (Brassicaceae). U ovom su preliminarnom istraživanju uspoređene četiri vrste tog roda: Iberis amara L., I. linifolia L., I. pinnata L. i I. umbellata L. Slijed rbcL gena uspješno je amplificiran u svim uzorcima, te pocijepan odvojeno s dvije restrikcijske endonukleaze: Rsa I i Taq I. Restrikcijski profili dobiveni cijepanjem sa oba enzima identični su u sve četiri vrste. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata cpDNA RFLP analize rbcL gena može se zaključiti da ne postoji varijabilnost navedene regije koju je moguće dokazati s korištenim restrikcijskim endonukleazama. Takav rezultat ukazuje na visok stupanj konzerviranosti rbcL slijeda unutar vrsta roda Iberis.

Continuando con la actualización taxonómica y nomenclatural de la flora valenciana, se proponen diez combinaciones nuevas y un nombre nuevo para táxones y nototáxones que crecen en el Mediterráneo occidental. Además, se designa un epitipo para Sideritis × angustifolia Lag., híbrido sobre cuya identidad ha existido gran controversia, y un lectotipo para Globularia linifolia Lam. Del mismo modo, se discute la citación correcta del lugar y fecha de publicación de cuatro táxones más. Taxonomic and nomenclatural novelties concerning the Valencian flora (eastern Spain), II: As a part of the taxonomical and nomenclatural update of vascular flora of the Valencian Community, ten new combinations and one new name are proposed. An epitype is also selected for Sideritis × angustifolia Lag., a controver- sial nothotaxon, as well as a lectotype for Globularia linifolia Lam. Similarly, the cor- rect citation and publication place are discussed for four more taxa.

Five anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-(2′′-(6′′′-caffeoyl-β-glucopyranosyl)-6′′-( E - p -coumaroyl)-β-glucopyranoside)-5-β-glucopyranoside, cyanidin 3-(2′′-(6′′′- E -sinapoyl-β-glucopyranosyl)-6′′-( E - p -coumaroyl)-β-glucopyranoside)-5-β-glucopyranoside, cyanidin 3-(2′′-(6′′′-feroyl-β-glucopyranosyl)-6′′-( E - p -coumaroyl)-β-glucopyranoside)-5-β-glucopyranoside, pelargonidin 3-(2′′-(6′′′- E -sinapoyl-β-glucopyranosyl)-6′′-( E - p -coumaroyl)-β-glucopyranoside)-5-β-glucopyranoside, and pelargonidin 3-(2′′-(6′′′- E - p -coumaroyl-β-glucopyranosyl)-6′′-( E - p -coumaroyl)-β-glucopyranoside)-5-β-glucopyranoside, together with five known anthocyanins have been identified in flowers of Cleome hassleriana Queen line. One monoacylated and four diacylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides were identified as the main anthocyanins in flowers with mauve colouration, while a homologous glycosidic pattern based on pelargonidin was found in the five main anthocyanins from flowers with pink colouration. The anthocyanins identified in C . hassleriana share the same glycosidic pattern as anthocyanins isolated from the genera Raphanus , Brassica and Iberis in the sister family Brassicaceae.

Iberis pinnata Linnaeus, Centuria I Plantarum: 18. 1755. "Habitat in Europae maritimis." RCN: 4726. Lectotype (Moreno in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 534. 2002): Herb. Linn. No. 827.12 (LINN). Current name: Iberis pinnata L. (Brassicaceae). Note: Although Villarrubia & Moreno (in Bot. Complut. 18: 130. 1993) noted the existence of 827.12 and 827.13 (LINN), they did not indicate either as type., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part I), pp. 586-598 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 586, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Iberis gibraltarica Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 649. 1753. "Habitat in Gibraltariam Hispaniae." RCN: 4117. Lectotype (Moreno in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 534. 2002): [icon] "Thlaspidium Hispan. Ampliore flore, folio crasso dentato" in Dillenius, Hort. Eltham. 2: 382, t. 287, f. 371. 1732. - Epitype (Moreno in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 534. 2002): Gibraltar. 19 Apr 1907, Bicknell & Pollini s.n., lower left-hand specimen (MA-44627). Current name: Iberis gibraltarica L. (Brassicaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part I), pp. 586-598 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 586, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Iberis amara Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 649. 1753. "Habitat in Helvetia." RCN: 4721. Lectotype (Ebel in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 533. 2002): Herb. Linn. No. 827.8 (LINN). Current name: Iberis amara L. (Brassicaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part I), pp. 586-598 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 586, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Iberis semperflorens Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 648. 1753. "Habitat in Sicilia, Persia." RCN: 4715. Lectotype (Moreno in Jarvis & al., Regnum Veg. 127: 56. 1993): [icon] "Thlaspi fruticosum leucojifolio latifolium platycarpon" in Boccone, Icon. Descr. Rar. Pl. Siciliae: 55, 56, t. 29, f. A-i. 1674. Generitype of Iberis Linnaeus (vide Green in Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 52. 1925). Current name: Iberis semperflorens L. (Brassicaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part I), pp. 586-598 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 586, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Iberis linifolia Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 10, 2: 1129. 1759. ["Habitat in Hispania, Lusitania."] Sp. Pl., ed. 2, 2: 906 (1763). RCN: 4722. Lectotype (Moreno in Collect. Bot. (Barcelona) 15: 344. 1984): G��rard s.n. , Herb. Linn. No. 827.9 (LINN; iso- Draguignan). Current name: Iberis linifolia L. subsp. linifolia (Brassicaceae). Note: Tison (in Monde Pl. 468: 30. 2000) states that there is a well-preserved isotype in G��rard���s herbarium in Draguignan., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part I), pp. 586-598 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 586, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Iberis odorata Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 649. 1753. "Habitat in Alpibus Allobrogicis." RCN: 4723. Lectotype (Meikle, Fl. Cyprus 1: 123. 1977): [icon] "Thlaspi IIII parvum odorato flore" in Clusius, Rar. Pl. Hist. 2: 132. 1601. - Epitype (Moreno in Cafferty & Jarvis in Taxon 51: 534. 2002): Algeria. 8 Apr 1952, Dubuis & Faurel s.n., lower left-hand specimen (MA-562364). Current name: Iberis odorata L. (Brassicaceae). Note: As noted by Villarrubia & Moreno (in Acta Bot. Malac. 17: 127. 1992), Linnaeus believed, on the authority of Clusius, that this taxon came from the Savoie Alps in France, but this is erroneous, the species in fact occurring in Greece, Turkey, Crete and Algeria. Moreno designated an epitype in order to clarify the discrepancy in distribution., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part I), pp. 586-598 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 586, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971