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Sign language is a complete language with its own grammatical rules, akin to any spoken language used worldwide. It comprises two main components: static words and ideograms. Ideograms involve hand movements and contact with various parts of the body to convey meaning. Variations in sign language are evident across different countries, necessitating comprehensive documentation of each country's sign language. In Mexico, there is a lack of formal datasets for Mexican Sign Language (MSL), to solve this issue we structure a dataset of 249 words of the MSL divided into 17 sub-sets, we use background and clothes of black color to enhance the areas of interest (hands and face), for each word we use an average of 11 individuals, from every video sequence we obtain an average of 15 frames from each individual, obtaining 31442 jpg images.

American scholar Ernest Fenollosa not only drew lessons from the thought of Chinese character interpretation of Western thinkers such as Emerson, but also understood the rich significance of Chinese characters and East Asian art by visiting Japan. He regards Chinese characters as images, which can directly reproduce natural images. Moreover, Chinese characters also have poetic thinking, which can make up for the limitations of Western logical language. Although he respected the unique advantages of Chinese characters, it was difficult for him to get rid of misreading caused by culture, position and other reasons. From the origin, ideological content and influence, Ernest Fenollosa' s Chinese character interpretation theory is transnational and cross-cultural. Therefore, his works are part of world literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the karyotypes of five Allium species, which belong to three sections of the subgenus Melanocrommyum. Bulbs from these species were collected from natural habitats in Iran, and their somatic chromosomes were analysed. The results revealed that all examined members of subg. Melanocrommyum had a basic chromosome number of x=8 and were diploid (2n=2x=16). Chromosomal data for A. saralicum and A. shatakiense are reported here for the first time. The karyotypes exhibited a variety of chromosome types and sizes, including variations observed among different accessions of the same species. In particular, A. saralicum showed satellite chromosomes ranging in size from 2.2 to 3.71 µm, located on the short arm. Seven accessions of A. saralicum, A. stipitatum, and A. haemanthoides demonstrated the presence of 1-3 B chromosomes with centromeres located in the median or subterminal position. Notably, the number of B chromosomes varied even among different accessions of the same species. Based on various indices, the karyotypes of the species were classified into symmetric and asymmetric groups. All karyotype asymmetry methods consistently identified A. stipitatum as the species with the most asymmetric chromosomes, while A. ubipetrense was recognized as the most symmetric species. This study contributes to the karyological knowledge of the genus Allium and provides valuable data for future taxonomic research. It emphasizes the significance of chromosomal characteristics in understanding plant evolution and species diversity within the Allium genus.

Ezra Pound was preoccupied with both time and space. But he developed a spatial poetics in order to transform experiences of time into intense moments of relationality and supra-historical awareness. His earlier discovery of a "method of Luminous Detail" was further confirmed by Ernest Fenollosa's theory of the ideogram. What interested Pound was the superposition of historical and cultural meanings in the present, or, more precisely, in the textual present of the Cantos. It is not that Pound wanted to suppress time; superposition is for him simply the mode of being in the present, which is compounded into the same process of transmission, mediation, translation, and rewriting. Pound's ideograms slow down the monolinear movement of narrative to allow more complex patterns of awareness and modes of interaction to emerge among the images, facts, and details of a given Cantos sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study provides karyomorphological details of male and female plants of Garcinia indica, a polygamodioecious tree endemic to western Ghats of India. Whereas, the female plants are valued in commercial cultivations, but there are no distinct morphological or vegetative traits that could differentiate such plants at an early juvenile stage among a mix of male, female and bisexual trees. Karyotype preparation was done from leaf tip by Giemsa staining. In female tree we found to have two karyotypes (karyotype I and karyotype II). A comparative study showed that the number of chromosomes in the male and female trees were the same (2n = 54), but that there were substantial differences in the shape of satellites, number of satellite chromosome pair and presence of one asymmetric chromosome pair in female's ideogram. In male the satellites were mushroom-shaped, while in female the satellites were knob-shaped. Male and female karyotype I ideograms showed four pairs of satellite chromosomes, whereas female karyotype II ideogram showed five satellite chromosome pairs. Female of karyotype II differed drastically when compared with karyotypes of male and female of karyotype I. Male (41.06 m) and Female karyotype I (41.95 m) values for genome total length were found to be reasonably similar, however Female karyotype II had a greater value for total genome length (51.20 m). This chromosomal size difference between female of karyotype II and male might be responsible for failure of sexual reproduction in Garcinia indica species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to identify and investigate the structural and stylistic components of the comics, its verbal and non-verbal components, as well as their use in the context of the formation of modern forms of stage and screen entertainment culture as a special visual phenomenon of today. The methodology is based on the use of dialectical, semiotic, analytical, and culturological methods for distinguish and systematise the structural-stylistic and compositional elements of the comics, which, thanks to their artistic features, are used in the formation of modern forms of stage and screen spectacular culture. The scientific novelty of the study lies in conducting the first cultural analysis of the synergy of comics and stage-screen forms of spectacular culture, as well as in the modern analysis and systematisation of the main compositional and structural-stylistic components of the comics; concepts such as "comic", "ideogram", and "creolised text" have been clarified and supplemented. Conclusions. The article reveals the peculiarities of modern varieties of the comics, as well as considers their influence on the formation of spectacular culture. The researched components of the comics, its verbal and non-verbal components, which are the basis of the general construction of the comics. The semiotic features of the use of ideograms, panels, phylacteries and creolised text in the composition of graphic stories are revealed, and the classification of the characteristics of pictorial lines is given. The use of structural and stylistic components of the comics as a special visual component in the real space of the formation of modern stage and screen forms of spectacular culture, namely in cinema, animated films, musicals, shows, and fashion shows, is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Philologist / Filolog: Journal of Language, Literary & Cultural Studies is the property of University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Philology / Univerzitet u Banjoj Luci, Filoloski Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ferdinand de Saussure's Cours de linguistique générale reproduced a misconception of Chinese as a monosyllabic language without complex words. In this paper, we investigate the sources of this misconception in Western thought. We also show that the misconception about Chinese was already known to be inaccurate in Saussure's time, and that he had many missed opportunities to find out. While Saussure reproduced the empirical errors of Comparatists and Neogrammarians with respect to Chinese, he moved away from the cultural prejudices and attitudes that were behind their claims. This turn, we argue, illustrates an important aspect of the Saussurean scientific revolution, which was fuelled more by fundamental conceptual changes than by empirical discoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wetlands scatter as microclimates in mountain areas of Iran. In this investigation, the chromosome number of species and populations from Azerbaijan provinces were studied. After seed germination and root fixation, meristem cells were stained and photographs were taken for cells in the metaphase stage by light microscope. Data were analyzed by Micromeasure and excel softwares. As many as 28 populations of 24 species were studied. The chromosome numbers of two species (viz. Ranunculus kotschyi) were reported for the first time. 11 populations in 9 species were reported for the first time from Iranian populations (viz. Alisma plantago-aquatica, Prunella vulgaris, Scrophularia umbrosa). The range of haploid chromosome numbers is between n=6 and n=21. Ideograms were depicted for each species.

Semantic characters such as for ‘skiing’ represent meaning rather than sound. For centuries, great minds such as Descartes, Leibniz, Francis Lodowyck, and Rev. John Wilkins have called for the creation of a writing-system comprised completely of semantic characters. Such a writing-system must possess enough characters to represent the universe; But too many characters will pose a challenge for users to learn and remember. This article argues for principles limiting the number of basic, non-derived characters (“radicals”) while maximizing the expressive power coaxed from them. I advance three primary strategies here: First, use of the arrow or other selector to derive related meanings from one radical (e.g., for ‘skier’ as opposed to (no arrow) for ‘skiing’); Second, a series of “radical-disqualifiers” requiring most concepts or notions to be derived from one or more radicals, rather than being represented by one radical. Finally, constructing radicals from smaller elements whose meanings are consistent across them (e.g., if we designate the single-shafted arrow to mean ‘change’, then it should appear with that meaning in all radicals dealing with change.). Ample visual examples illustrating these points are given, applying these principles to Egyptian, Chinese, Mayan and some modern constructed systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the karyotype and somatic chromosome numbers of five species of Murdannia Royle (Commelinaceae). The karyotype details of the two species namely M. blumei and M. lanceolata endemic to India are reported for the first time. The karyotype formula of the examined species are: M. blumei - 2n (36) = 1M+12m+5sm; M. lanceolata - 2n (20) = 2m+8sm; M. crocea subsp. ochracea - 2n (36) =7m+8sm+3st; M. spirata - 2n (40) = 9m+8sm+3st and M. triquetra - 2n (40) = 16m+4sm. Further details on karyomorphology including estimates of asymmetry indices, total form percent, ratio of mean length of short arms to long arms, intrachromosomal / interchromosomal asymmetry indices, and centromeric indices are provided. The karyomorphological parameters thus analysed suggest that M. blumei and M. lanceolata fit into the 2A category while M. crocea subsp. ochracea, M. spirata and M. triquetra belonged to the 2B category of Stebbins' classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Kepes is the property of Universidad de Caldas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The nominative set “Fundamentals of power relations in the state”, structured using the method of ideographic reconstruction, is considered. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of a comprehensive ideographic description of the socio-political vocabulary of the Russian language and the need for the planned development of each of its sectors. It is noted that the ideographic reconstruction of nominative sets that combine lexemes and idiomatic expressions makes it possible to systematically describe fragments of reality: relations in the state, society, between individuals - in the form of frame constructions that reproduce the scheme of actions in real life. The language units for the study were extracted from modern and historical explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, fixing vocabulary from the 11th to the 21st centuries. It is shown that the ideographic grid “Fundamentals of power relations in the state” is organized in the form of a “ladder” of ideograms, the levels of which (43 slots) reflect the branches of semantic subordination between groups of synonymous units that form series within each ideogram. The ideograms of the nuclear and circumnuclear zones, as well as those located on the near and far periphery are described. It is indicated that this field unites more than 1400 units: modern and obsolete tokens and idiomatic expressions. The conclusion is drawn about the scientific and methodological significance of the ideographic description of vocabulary in the aspect of studying both Russian and foreign languages.

The conception of the actor as a living being who keeps his body engaged in a fictional time to create a scenic truth, is related to the real, present and above all trained body. This body, generator of signals meant to be understood by the observer, involves an inner understanding of signs and images that originate beyond its boundaries. The objective of this reflexive article is to propose a “form”2 type of Tai Chi Chuan as a limited and instinctive process, using its ideographic imagery as a guide for the creation of a “movement score”3 , a resource for the actor to scrutinize the action that this imagery engenders and the relationship it establishes with his or her body language. The methodology is premised on an initial consideration that fans out into different possible analyses, until finally culminating in a “meta-reflection”4 , based on prior knowledge and experience in both theater and Tai Chi Chuan. The above includes theoretical and practical aspects that allow dealing with the analysis of Tai Chi Chuan ideograms as images for their representation, to create a movement score from them. The didactics discovers those elements which might potentially help capture Tai Chi Chuan through its calligraphy and vice versa, adapting and reinterpreting understood aspects to the actor’s physical training, which will be evaluated and implemented in the future in the stage environment.

Karyotype characters, mitotic metaphase chromosomes, and haploid ideograms of six species of Plantago L. species. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome numbers of these species were 2n = 8 for P. ovata, 2n = 10 for P. albicans, P. amplexicaulis, P. ciliata and P. psammophilia, and 2n = 12 for P. lanceolata. The karyotype formulae were nsm (+), nsm (–) and nm. According to TF% and Syi index, and according to A and A1, P. ciliata may be considered the most symmetrical and P. lanceolata may be had the most asymmetrical karyotype. There are 63 total bands and 11unique bands resulting from RAPD; 23 total bands and 3unique bands resulting from both ISSR and 23 total bands in addition to 2 unique bands generated from SCoT markers. Perceptual mapping (Bilpot) and cluster analysis based on cytological and molecular attributes gave the same results that distinguished the studied taxa into two main groups; P. ovata and the other taxa also classified into two subgroups.

Different methods of chromosome preparation for insect are now being used across the world. Well-spread chromosomes with explicit morphology, in addition to no cell wall debris are required for karyotype investigations. Cytogenetic knowledge in Trichogramma is extremely limited. In the article, chromosome characters, karyotype and monoploid ideogram of Trichogramma embryophagum Htg. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were evaluated using a new method. Also, karyotype symmetry/asymmetry of this species was calculated for the first time as one of the Trichogramma species. Our results showed that the diploid chromosome number of the wasp was 2n = 10. The karyotype formula was 6m + 4a. The symmetry/asymmetry index value was 1.8. The new method resulted in higher quality metaphase plates spread and provided an ideal karyomorphology for this parasitoid which has small chromosomes.

Sign language is a complete language with its own grammatical rules, akin to any spoken language used worldwide. It comprises two main components: static words and ideograms. Ideograms involve hand movements and contact with various parts of the body to convey meaning. Variations in sign language are evident across different countries, necessitating comprehensive documentation of each country's sign language. In Mexico, there is a lack of formal datasets for Mexican Sign Language (MSL), to solve this issue we structure a dataset of 249 words of the MSL divided into 17 sub-sets, we use background and clothes of black color to enhance the areas of interest (hands and face), for each word we use an average of 11 individuals, from every video sequence we obtain an average of 15 frames from each individual, obtaining 31442 jpg images., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Karyotype properties of of six endemic Onobrychis taxa (O. beata, O. cilicica, O. fallax, O. podperae, O. sulphurea and O. lasistanica) naturally grown in Turkey were determined using squash preparation method and similarity of these endemics with cultivated taxon (O. viciifolia) were revealed. Ploidy levels of Onobrychis taxa were diploid (2n=14) except O. lasistanica and O. viciifolia (2n=28). Basic chromosome number is x=7 and chromosomes ranged from median to sub median with regard to centromere position. While the longest total chromosome length was measured in O. cilicica (28.21 µm), the shortest total chromosome length was in O. beata (21.47 µm). O. cilicica and O. sulphurea have satellite on chromosome 1 and chromosome 2, respectively. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed to determine the relationships among the Onobrychis taxa and they were separated into three groups. O. fallax, and O. podperae were in the first group while O. sulphurea and O. cilicica were in the second group. O. beata, O. lasistanica, and O. viciifolia were assigned to the third group.

Aiming to remove from ostracism a poem that has not yet been read as a poem by anyone in Brazilian criticism, this essay seeks to provide some reflections around oútis, the opening poem in Augusto de Campos’ book Não. Starting from the only exception of Gonzalo Aguilar, who dedicates two valuable paragraphs to this poem, this paper puts forward the hypothesis that the excessively long date range appearing under the poem’s title leads us to read it as a synthesis of the author’s poetics. In a preliminary study of the relationship between poetry and photography, in dialogue with formulations by Benjamin, Eisenstein and Fenollosa on the cinematographic montage and the ideogram technique, we highlight the complexity involved in this “one-word poem” superimposed on the image of shadows on the grass, whose syntax assumes an intricate network of connections between the visible and the readable, Portuguese and Greek, poetry, visual arts and other poems throughout history, with which it enters in a synchronic constellation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karyotype characters, mitotic metaphase chromosomes, and haploid ideograms of six species of Plantago L. species. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome numbers of these species were 2n = 8 for P. ovata, 2n = 10 for P. albicans, P. amplexicaulis, P. ciliata and P. psammophilia, and 2n = 12 for P. lanceolata. The karyotype formulae were nsm (+), nsm (–) and nm. According to TF% and Syi index, and according to A and A1, P. ciliata may be considered the most symmetrical and P. lanceolata may be had the most asymmetrical karyotype. There are 63 total bands and 11unique bands resulting from RAPD; 23 total bands and 3unique bands resulting from both ISSR and 23 total bands in addition to 2 unique bands generated from SCoT markers. Perceptual mapping (Bilpot) and cluster analysis based on cytological and molecular attributes gave the same results that distinguished the studied taxa into two main groups; P. ovata and the other taxa also classified into two subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive field survey was undertaken by a group of archaeologists and entomologists to discover arthropod-like petroglyphs in the center of Iran during 2017 to 2018. A remarkable motif approximately 13 × 5 cm in size was found in the Teymareh rock art site, located in Markazi province, which has yet to be reported. The single rock art distinctly represents a hexapod organism with small antenna, a streaked narrow body and a tapering abdomen. Based on distinguishing aspects of the inspected motif and morphological information of species within the class Insecta, we identified it as a jewel beetle (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). We propose that the buprestid drawing was derived from a historic artist who admired the aesthetic value of the jewel beetle. The jewel beetle's characters within Persian Plateau folklore are also briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with some problems of lexicographic treatment of place names. As a model of lexicographic description, the author chooses the ideographic principle which has been extensively used in appellative dictionaries but remains mostly unknown to onomastic lexicography. The author develops the concept of ideogram as applied to proper names, specifically place names. The author proposes to use the term “topoideogram” to denote the conceptual meaning of the appellative base of a place name regardless of the nature of its derivational relations. In order to illustrate the appliation of these theoretical suggestions, the author models the structure of an ideographic dictionary of microtoponyms of the Western part of Vologda Region in Russia (Babayevsky, Vytegorsky, Belozersky and Vashkinsky districts) based on the materials of the Toponymic Expeditions of Ural Federal University. The principles of such lexicographic treatment are illustrated with reference to two ideographic types of place names: ‘Birds’ and ‘Musical Instruments’. The author argues that ideographic treatment of toponyms provides important onomasiological and ethnolinguistic information on the corpus of topoideograms of a specific region and their current use. The author also discusses the problem of the ideographic description of the so-called situational toponyms based on script patterns translated in motivational contexts.

This paper presents the results of a semiotic analysis of visual elements characteristic for the medium of comic books applied to the first seventy-five issues of the Croatian edition of Alan Ford. After a description of the cultural and historical framework, it analyzes individual signs in comics and different elements specific for expression in comic books in Western culture with the aim of exploring which of these signs are present in Alan Ford, and to what extent. The results show that the analyzed comic book is deeply rooted in the visual and literary Western tradition, and that it contains virtually all the characteristic elements of representation in comic books. However, the paper also concludes that certain iconic elements of the vocabulary of comics – i.e. onomatopoeic neologisms – are to a certain extent specific and typical only for Alan Ford.

RNA-Seq Viewer is a web application that enables users to visualize genome-wide expression data from NCBI’s Sequence Read Archive (SRA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. The application prototype was created by a small team during a three-day hackathon facilitated by NCBI at Brandeis University. The backend data pipeline was developed and deployed on a shared AWS EC2 instance. Source code is available at https://github.com/NCBI-Hackathons/rnaseqview.

Highlights • 1A symmetric karyotype of P. psyllium (2n = 12) demonstrates it as a primitive species. • P. ovata belongs to 2A karyotype classification and it prone to genetic diversity. • P. ovata accumulates higher seed mass and mucilage as compared with P. psyllium. • Early maturity of P. ovata helps it to escape summer drought in dry land areas. • Mucilage content was higher in natural habitats than in experimental field trials. Abstract Plantago ovata and P. psyllium are of the most abundant and widely distributed Plantago species in the world. World-wide, it is an important and growing industrial and medicinal crop for dry land agriculture. In spite of this, basic characterization for economically important traits of these species is lacking for many accessions. In particular, there are gaps in our knowledge about accession identity and ploidy levels and the effects of agronomic practices of yield. This study is aimed at determining mitotic chromosome number, karyotype characteristics, morphological and mucilage character variation of wild accessions of Plantago species collected from a wide geographic range in Iran. Chromosome numbers were determined by a modification of conventional root tip squash method and karyotypes were digitally analysed. Morphological characters were evaluated under experimental field condition. Three replications of morphological and mucilage characters were also measured in the wild in situ natural habitats. The analysis of the karyotype indices showed that all P. ovata accessions were diploid (2n = 8) with small, homogeneous chromosomes. Likewise, P. psyllium accessions were diploid (2n = 12) and had symmetrical karyotype demonstrating P. psyllium as a primitive species. Results showed significant differences in accessions and environments with respect to seed yield, thousand grain weight, mucilage yield, mucilage content, days to flowering and plant height. P. ovata accumulated higher mucilage than P. psyllium. Mucilage content was higher in samples collected from natural habitats compared with those grown under experimental field conditions whereas mucilage yield was lower under field evaluation in natural habitats. Genotype by environment analysis revealed that the most stable accessions were G2 (P. ovata) and G6, G7 and G8 (P. psyllium) for seed yield, and G2 and G4 (P. ovata) and G8 (P. psyllium) for mucilage content, G4 (P. ovata) and all P. psyllium for grain weight. All accessions tested showed stability for mucilage yield, flowering stalk height and days to flowering. The outcome of karyotype analysis and field evaluations in this study provides information important to Plantago breeders focused on crop improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the publication of our article, we noted one error on the figure 3. In the ideogram (figure 3) the signal of 5S rDNA loci illustrated with a striped signal over the long arm of chromosome 2 in proximal/interstitial position is not observed, probably for incompatibility with the format type of publication. Correct figure is as follows:

The goal of this paper is to compare various designations that have been offered for the Sumerian and Akkadian elements that occur in Hittite written texts but were presumably absent from the spoken Hittite language. We suggest that the most appropriate cover term in this case is heterogram, which represents the established designation for Aramaeograms in Middle Iranian texts, whereas the other terms offered thus far are either descriptively inadequate or evoke false associations. With regard to the function of heterograms in Hittite texts, it is concluded that they were not systematically used as markers of the elevated style but sometimes could serve for the expression of semantic distinctions that had no counterpart in colloquial Hittite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this long interview with Jean-Michel Devésa, Catherine Breillat explains and comments on how her books and films seek to clarify the process through which women construct their identity. She wants to show what is not watchable. She films as a painter. So her approach is metaphysical. She is indeed convinced that flesh and the body can be a way to the sacred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitotic metaphase chromosomes, karyotypic characters, monoploid karyograms and ideograms of Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and Minuartia elmalia were investigated. Analysis of somatic metaphases showed that the chromosome numbers and the karyotype formula of these taxa were 2n = 2x = 24 = 8m + 8sm + 8st for Minuartia mesogitana subsp. mesogitana and 2n = 2x = 32 = 12m + 16sm + 4st for Minuartia elmalia. No satellites were observed in the karyotypes of the taxa. The intrachromosomal and interchromosomal karyotype asymmetries were estimated with Mean Centromeric Asymmetry (MCA) and Coefficient of Variation of Chromosome Length (CVCL).

Ezra pound is among the most important poets of world literature in the twentieth century. His influence on English poetry, especially on T. S. Eliot was very great. His name is associated with the school of poetry called Imagism. Cathay is a volume of his translations from the Chinese which reveals the Chinese poetry. Chinese verse lends itself especially to the imagist treatment because of the visual nature of the Chinese ideogram. Ezra Pound was successful in translating the Chinese image in Cathay.

The aim of this article is to present the connections between literature and art, as well as a graphic and artistic sing. The main subject of the study is the problem of typography, pictography, calligraphy and the visualisation as a sign created from the merging of a verbal code and a drawing representation. The dialogue of two sisters, due to which poetry has become a verbal painting /pictura loquens/, exhibits the variety of artistic creations based on the selected French literature of the early 20th century. The new tendencies which provoked the writers and painters, they could define the plasticity of words and pictures, as well as discover similarities of these two layers. The study attempts to discuss the co-existence and co-implication of the verbal codes and pictorial codes.