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[ES] El delito de tráfico de drogas es una realidad jurídica, el cual se concibe como aquella conducta que engloba diferentes tipos de actos como el de cultivo, elaboración, tráfico, posesión, o cualquier otro acto que promueva, facilite, o favorezca el consumo de drogas tóxicas, estupefacientes o sustancias psicotrópicas. Este delito está tipificado en el art. 368 CP español, el cual castiga por un lado a aquel sujeto que realice los actos citados anteriormente con pena de prisión de 3 a 6 años y multa del tanto al triplo del valor de la droga si se tratase de una sustancia que cause grave daño a la salud; y por otro lado castiga a aquel sujeto que realice dichos actos con pena de prisión de 1 a 3 años y multa del tanto al duplo del valor de la droga en los demás casos. De la redacción de este art. se desprenden varios elementos relevantes. El presento trabajo se enfoca en el objeto material, y más concretamente en el aspecto de la adulteración, manipulación o mezcla. Aparte también se centra en el conocimiento del consumidor respecto este objeto material. Para tal fin se examinan las conductas pertinentes que estén previstas en el art. 368 CP, el bien jurídico protegido, así como los subtipos agravados del tipo básico (art. 369 y 370 CP). Lo anterior, como sustento jurídico y social de las propuestas interpretativas y de lege ferenda que se plantean al final del trabajo, en aras de una mayor distinción al interior del objeto material del delito de tráfico de drogas, conforme a la lesividad requerida para el mismo. [EN] Drug trafficking crime is a legal reality that is conceived as a conduct that encompasses different types of acts, such as cultivation, manufacture, traffick, possession, or any other act that promotes, facilitates or favors the use of toxic drugs, narcotics, or psychotropic substances. This crime is typified in article 368 of the Spanish criminal code, which, on the one hand, punishes that subject who performs the previously mentioned acts, with a prison sentence of 3 to 6 years and a fine of as much as the triple of the drug value if it could cause serious health damage; and on the other hand, it punishes the subject which performs the mentioned acts with a prison sentence of 1 to 3 years and a fine of as much as the double of the drug value in all other cases. Several relevant elements emerge from the drafting of this article. The present work focuses on the material object, and more specifically on the aspect of the adulteration, manipulation or mixing. It also focuses on consumer awareness of this material object. To this end, the relevant conduct provided for in article 368 of the Spanish criminal law is examined, aslo the legal interest under protection and the aggravated subtypes of the basic type (articles 369 and 370). The foregoing, as a legal and social basis of interpretative proposals and the lege ferenda that are raised at the end of the work, for the sake of greater distinction within the material object of the drug trafficking crime, according to the injury required for it.

In the second part of our work, to accomplish the task – to develop the knowledge base needed when developing a personal system, provides a comprehensive and in an ideal – a harmonious physical activity, offered: - the basic principles of the formation, development and use of tempering exercise; - possible kinds of positive effects on the body and obtained results possible.

This paper is intended to be an addition to a study protocol for an online survey project to explore health care preferences in Vienna. Here I discuss the structural and institutional context of the Vienna Public Health Equity Project. Further, the key concepts and constructs of the project are introduced. These are: 1) socio-economic status, 2) individual health, 3) accessibility, affordability, and provision of health care, 4) attitudes towards social justice and fairness, 5) redistribution and policy preferences, 6) social norms of solidarity. Additionally, health (in)equity is considered.

Hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS) has evolved as a novel and effective therapy for patients with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea. Despite positive published outcomes of HGNS, there exist uncertainties regarding proper patient selection, surgical technique, and the reporting of outcomes and individual factors that impact therapy effectiveness. According to current guidelines, this therapy is indicated for select patients, and recommendations are based on the Stimulation Therapy for Apnea Reduction or STAR trial. Ongoing research and physician experiences continuously improve methods to optimize the therapy. An understanding of the way in which airway anatomy, obstructive sleep apnea phenotypes, individual health status, psychological conditions, and comorbid sleep disorders influence the effectiveness of HGNS is essential to improve outcomes and expand therapy indications. This article presents discussions on current evidence, future directions, and research gaps for HGNS therapy from the 10th International Surgical Sleep Society expert research panel. CITATION: Suurna MV, Jacobowitz O, Chang J, et al. Improving outcomes of hypoglossal nerve stimulation therapy: current practice, future directions and research gaps. Proceedings of the 2019 International Sleep Surgery Society Research Forum. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(12):2477–2487.

The determinants of health are influenced by genetics, lifestyle, social environment, medical conditions, etc. As an informal system, social capital plays an increasingly recognized role in individual health. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the direct and indirect effects of social capital on individual health in China. Using cross-sectional data from the China Family Panel Studies 2016, this paper explores the effects of cognitive and structural social capital on individual health from a micro perspective. The results show that both types of social capital have significant positive effects on individual health, and this effect remains after endogeneity is considered. The two types of social capital show obvious heterogeneity in age samples, urban and rural samples and north–south samples. In addition, the mechanism analysis shows that the health promotion effects of the two types of social capital are mainly derived from the effects of informal finance and access to medical resources. Based on the above findings, this paper puts forward policy recommendations.

In the article the phenomenon of health as integral notion is revealed from philosophic positions. Universal characteristics, inherent to health, in particular, its attributive, axiological and praxiological meaning, are highlighted. The evolution of representations about health is manifested in the historical context.The aim of the study. On the basis of fundamental dialectic categories to show the relationship of public and individual health from biosocial point of view.Methods. The basic dialectic principles, such as unity of quantity and quality, subjective and objective, unique, specific and common are being used.Results. Similar and differential features between public and individual health, reflected different correlation of quantitative and qualitative manifestations, objective conditions and subjective stimuluses, common, specific and unique characteristics are revealed.Conclusions. The fundamental dialectic categories may serve as a methodological basis in the analysis of the relationship of public and individual health. They advance integral understanding of health and its ontological meaning in the individual and societal experience.

During 2020, Victoria was the Australian state hardest hit by COVID-19, but was successful in controlling its second wave through aggressive policy interventions. We calibrated a detailed compartmental model of Victoria’s second wave to multiple geographically-structured epidemic time-series indicators. We achieved a good fit overall and for individual health services through a combination of time-varying processes, including case detection, population mobility, school closures, physical distancing and face covering usage. Estimates of the risk of death in those aged ≥75 and of hospitalisation were higher than international estimates, reflecting concentration of cases in high-risk settings. We estimated significant effects for each of the calibrated time-varying processes, with estimates for the individual-level effect of physical distancing of 37.4% (95%CrI 7.2−56.4%) and of face coverings of 45.9% (95%CrI 32.9−55.6%). That the multi-faceted interventions led to the dramatic reversal in the epidemic trajectory is supported by our results, with face coverings likely particularly important., The state of Victoria, Australia experienced a substantial second wave of COVID-19 but brought it under control with strict non-pharmaceutical interventions. Here, the authors model the second wave in Victoria to estimate the impacts of the different interventions.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) relies on insurers to offer health plans in the individual health insurance Marketplaces. Since the ACA's implementation, levels of Marketplace competition have varied, reaching a nadir in 2018. We examined the characteristics of counties that experienced changes in insurers' participation in the ACA Marketplaces from 2016 to 2021. Using data from the Kaiser Family Foundation and other sources, we found that 1,968 counties (accounting for 66 percent of the US population younger than age sixty-five) have more insurers in 2021 than in 2018, whereas only twelve counties (comprising 0.4 percent of the US nonelderly population) have fewer insurers. The number of counties with monopolist Marketplace insurers declined from 1,616 in 2018 to 294 in 2021. Recent Marketplace insurer gains were more likely in counties that lost insurers from 2016 to 2018 or had a monopolist insurer in 2018. Increased competition may lead to lower gross premiums in the ACA Marketplaces. Given the Biden administration's support for the ACA Marketplaces, it appears likely that the ACA individual health insurance market will be stable and profitable for the next several years.

Modifications of risk-adjustment systems used to pay health plans in individual health insurance markets typically seek to reduce selection incentives at the individual and group levels by adding variables to the payment formula. Adding variables can be costly and lead to unintended incentives for upcoding or service utilization. While these drawbacks are recognized, they are hard to quantify and difficult to balance against the concrete, measurable improvements in fit that may be achieved by adding variables to the formula. This paper takes a different approach to improving the performance of health plan payment systems. Using the HHS-HHC V0519 model from the Marketplaces as a starting point, we constrain fit at the individual and group level to be as good or better than the current payment model while reducing the number of variables in the model. We introduce three elements in the design of plan payment: reinsurance, constrained regressions, and machine learning methods for variable selection. The fit performance of our alternative formulas with many fewer variables is as good or better than the current HHS-HHC V0519 formula.

During the training process, nurse students acquire knowledge, skills and competencies to work with different groups of patients. Working with elderly people has its difficulties and specificities. The acquisition of practical skills by students for planning and documenting individual health care for the elderly people is a process in which teachers and mentors have a leading role. Objectives: To identify the factors which make it difficult for nurse students to work with elderly people. Methods: The study involved 52 3rd year nurse students – from the Faculty of Medicine of Trakia University in Bulgaria. A questionnaire was used, including open-ended and closed-ended questions, allowing more than one answer. The data was processed mathematically and graphically. Results: The main difficulties for students in working with the elderly people are as follows: the process of communication (92.16%), difficult perception of new information (80.64%) and memory impairment in the elderly patient (61.44%); The main difficulties related to the organization of activity - insufficient experience in working with geriatric patients (92.16%); insufficient time for communication with patients (94.08%); lack of comfort in the patient's home (57.60%); a "Diary for tracking and self-monitoring of the condition" of an elderly person - it is very useful for 90.24% of students so that they can monitor the condition of the elderly person; It was found that 65.28% of students do not want to work with elderly people, as 46.09% of them indicate the motive for this as mental strain. Conclusion: The teacher and the mentor are leading figures in preparing students to work with elderly people. The practical preparation for planning and documenting individual health care for elderly people is very important in the training process of nurse students.

During crises, leaders must address fear, give people a role and purpose and emphasize experimentation, learning and self-care. A survey of emerging health leaders rated the frequency with which they observed their organizational leaders and themselves engage in these crisis leadership functions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings revealed significant differences between emerging and more experienced leaders' behaviours in acknowledging fears and providing reassurance, managing individual health and role modelling good self-care and encouraging others to practise good self-care. Emerging leaders rated themselves as engaging in these behaviours more frequently. Barriers preventing these practices included heavy workloads and communication issues. Enablers included good team dynamics, clear communication and incorporating technology. Implications for leadership are presented.

Human being all over the world is suffering due to the recent outbreaks of COVID-19 and prevention of viral infections emerges as a critical issue in safeguarding public health. According to Ayurveda, COVID-19 is considered as an Agantuja Jwar in which Agantu (outside) agent attacking the body. It is Sansargajanya (Aupasargika Roga) causing epidemic or pandemic infection. As no treatment is found effective, diet plays an important role to improve immunity towards viral diseases. Relevant references were searched related to diet described in Ayurveda treaties. Scientific research papers related to clinical studies on dietetic drugs were also searched. The concept of balanced diet for healthy living has been explained by various Acharyas of Ayurveda, Acharya Kashyapa mentioned that the stability of an individual health is dependent on Ahara and there is nothing best except diet for sustaining the life of human beings. He has also equated Ahara as Bheshaja (medicine) and nothing else is considered as Mahabheshaja (Superior Medicine). Here treatment is suggested as per symptoms available through patients and as per Ayurveda, dietary habits followed during COVID-19 and boosting immunity to fights against pandemic diseases through yoga and Rasayana Chikitsa.

How individuals experience unintended effects of risk messages is an understudied area. Focusing on three types of unintended effects (i.e., message fatigue, risk tolerance, and psychological reactance) associated with health risk communication, we conducted an online survey among Italian adults (N = 507) to investigate how perceived message fatigue and risk tolerance might induce psychological reactance and whether trust in public health information might mediate this relationship. Results from mediation models revealed: (a) greater message fatigue and risk tolerance increased psychological reactance; (b) greater message fatigue and risk tolerance led to distrust in government-shared health information; (c) trust in public health information mediated the effects of message fatigue and risk tolerance on psychological reactance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Infectious diseases have a devastating impact on individual health and social development. Different external environmental factors will affect the scale and the speed of disease outbreaks, such as sanitary conditions and policy interventions. In this paper, we attempt to establish a dual-system susceptible-infectious-quarantine-recovered model with different environmental impacts to explore it. For the deterministic model, we calculate the basic reproduction number, simultaneously, and investigate the local asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium. Numerical simulations and theoretical analyses verify the conclusion of this paper. It is a surprise that there is a great probability of finding a quarantine inflection point, which can effectively control the scale of infection outbreak when two different systems of infection rate and recovery rate are determined.

Resistant starch (RS) is beneficial for human health through its interactions with gut microbiota. However, the alignment between RS structures with gut microbiota profile and consequentially health benefits remain elusive. This review summarizes current understanding of RS complex structures and their interactions with the gut microbiota, aiming to highlight the possibility of manipulating RS structures for a targeted and predictable gut microbiota shift for human health in a personalized way. Current definition of RS types is strongly associated with starch digestion behaviors in small intestine, which does not precisely reflect their interactions with human gut microbiota. Distinct alterations of gut microbiota could be associated with the same RS type. The principles to describe the specificity of different RS structural characteristics in terms of aligning with human gut microbiota shift was proposed in this review, which could result in new definitions of RS types from the microbial perspectives. To consider the highly variable personal features, a machine-learning algorithm to integrate different personalized factors and better understand the complex interaction between RS and gut microbiota and its effects on individual health was explained. This review contains important information to bring interactions between RS and gut microbiota to translational practice.

Conceptually, family health is crucial for individual health across the lifespan, yet previous research has lacked a validated family health measure. The current study examines the relationships between individual physical (physical activity) and mental health (depressive symptoms and executive functioning) and social determinants of health (socioeconomic status) with four domains of family health using a recently validated family health measure. The sample included 1050 US adults (40.30 years; 53.78% female) that completed a survey. The results of the structural equation model revealed that depression was associated with reduced family health across all domains. Executive functioning was associated with better family social and emotional processes and family healthy lifestyle. Physical activity was associated with improved family healthy lifestyle only. Income was positively associated with each domain, but subjective SES was not associated with any domain. The findings indicate the interconnectedness of family health and individual factors, particularly with depression and wealth.

The concept of health lifestyles is moving scholarship beyond individual health behaviors to integrated bundles of behaviors undergirded by group-based identities and norms. Health lifestyles research merges structure with agency, individual-level processes with group-level processes, and multifaceted behaviors with norms and identities, shedding light on why health behaviors persist or change and on the reproduction of health disparities and other social inequalities. Recent contributions have applied new methods and life course perspectives, articulating health lifestyles’s dynamic relationships to social contexts and demonstrating their implications for health and development. Culturally focused work has shown how health lifestyles function as signals for status and identity and perpetuate inequalities. We synthesize literature to articulate recent advances and challenges and demonstrate how health lifestyles research can strengthen health policies and inform scholarship on inequalities. Future work emphasizing health lifestyles’s collective nature and attending to upstream social structures will further elucidate complex social processes.

This study analyzed the impact of demography and socioeconomic status on individual health status in Indonesia. The data used Indonesia Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS 5). The study use logit regression model for analysis with health status variable as dependent variable. The other variable such as demography and socioeconomic status as independent variables. Socioeconomic status seen from two measures, namely education and income. The result of this study concludes the demography influence significantly on individual health status in Indonesia. Individual who lives in urban area has higher probability of being health by 1,02 percent compared to individual who lives in rural area. The other variable like socioeconomic status also influences significantly on the individual health status in Indonesia. Individual with longer years of education has higher probability of being health by 3,07 percent compared to individual with less years of education. Individual with high income has higher probability of being health compared to individual with low income.

Objectives: Information and communication technology (ICT) has emerged as an appealing approach to address the changing life satisfaction of the aging population. This study explores the influence of perceived benefit and social support on the life satisfaction of elderly individuals via the mediation of their ICT use, from a motivation perspective. Additionally, we explore the moderating effect of health consciousness on the relationship between perceived benefit, social support and ICT use for the elderly. Methods: Using 237 valid samples from elderly individuals in China, we conducted a survey to evaluate their ICT use, perceived benefit, social support and life satisfaction. Results: Perceived benefit and social support both can influence life satisfaction of elderly individuals, and the effects of these factors are mediated by elderly ICT use. Furthermore, health consciousness can moderate the relationship among perceived benefit, social support and ICT use for the elderly. Conclusions: Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations can influence ICT use by elderly individuals as well as their life satisfaction. ICT use plays an important role in life satisfaction for elderly people, and their individual health consciousness is a crucial factor.

This paper does not necessarily reflect the views of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Kawamata Town in Date District, Fukushima Prefecture is located more than 30 km north-west of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, but on 22 April 2011, part of the Yamakiya District of Kawamata Town was designated as a planned evacuation area. The exposure of children was a concern in Kawamata Town. Based on the proposal of Kindai University, Kawamata Town Board of Education took the initiative to measure individual radiation doses with an integrated dosimeter (glass badge) for all kindergarten children, nursery school children, elementary school students, and junior high school students in the town. These measurements were continued for nearly 3 years from June 2011 until the end of March 2014. The total number of measurements was approximately 16,800 across 11-cycle measurement, with 3 months’ accumulation taken as one-cycle measurement. Kindai University provided financial support for the glass badge measurement service, and cooperated in the analysis of measured values and the development of advice based on the results. The main body implementing the measurements was Kawamata Town Board of Education, and the data obtained belong to Kawamata Town. When measurements were starting to be taken, schools got involved in the collection and distribution of dosimeters after explanations were provided to principals and school nurses who were in charge of risk communication. Thanks to the efforts of the schools, the recovery rate exceeded 90%, increasing the reliability of the measurements. It was clear who needed the information – the children and their parents. Kawamata Town Board of Education summarised the cumulative dose results for each measurement and notified parents via personal reports. These were sent to parents with advice on measurement results prepared by Kindai University, and care was taken to ensure that people could understand the measured results. Further briefing sessions were held as appropriate. At the briefing sessions, at the request of Kawamata Town Board of Education, the faculty members of Kindai University explained the measurement results from a professional point of view, and a professor from the Faculty of Medicine provided individual health consultations. Kawamata Town took the lead in using specialists to gain peace of mind, and this was key to the project’s success. The situation was managed by taking measurements by dosimetry, and asking experts to interpret the data and provide advice to help reassure the residents.

This study examines the relationship between two state Medicaid home and community-based services (HCBS) policies - number of beneficiaries (Participation) and use per beneficiary (Intensity) - and individual health expenditures. Data include the 2008-2013 Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey and state-level Medicaid HCBS indicators. Two-part generalized linear models are estimated for health expenditures by payer and dual-eligibility status. The likelihood and level of Medicare expenditures are significantly lower in states in the top quartile of Participation and Intensity. Findings suggest that state Medicaid HCBS policies may impact health expenditures, with potential spillover effects on Medicare spending.

Revisit intention is a very important topic in a marketing context. However, previous literature is still rarely linked together with trust, satisfaction and two types of service, namely medical and non-medical with the hospital as the subject. Hospitals have the task of providing complete individual health services. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the quality of medical services and the quality of non-medical services on satisfaction, trust and revisit intention on the sub-urban hospitals. This research is a quantitative study using primary data from distributing questionnaires to 250 patients of the sub-urban hospitals. The data in this study were analyzed using the SEM (Structural Equation Model) method with AMOS 24 software. The results of this study indicate that the quality of medical services and the quality of non-medical services have a positive and significant effect on satisfaction. Meanwhile, patient satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on trust and revisit intention. However, trust was found to have a positive but insignificant effect on revisit intention. This research recommends several implications to the management of sub-urban hospitals. The managers of the sub-urban hospital are advised to pay more attention to and emphasize medical services, non-medical services, and patient satisfaction because it has been empirically proven to increase Revisit Intention

Analysis and diagnosis according to the collected physical data are an important part in the physical examination. Through the data analysis of the physical examination results and expert diagnoses, the physical condition of a specific physical examination unit can be achieved which may guide individual health development. However, in general, the application of physical examination data is insufficient in most of the current physical examination organizations. Therefore, in the present study, statistical analysis and intelligent diagnosis were applied to maximize the utilization of physical examination data. The physical examination data collected from different departments of Dalian University of Technology were statistically analyzed and then synthesized for stimulating the thinking mode and knowledge framework of medical experts by a learning model on machine, resulting in the construction of an intelligent physical examination diagnosis method with 93.4% accuracy confirmed by experts. In conclusion, a potential artificial intelligence model of psychical examination data on health analysis and intelligent diagnosis was established, which may become more and more accurate with data accumulation in the near future.

Volunteering is a way for people to develop meaningful relationships within a social group and can lead to the building of social capital, from which both individuals and the wider group can benefit in the form of enhanced well-being. This study aimed to explore and describe the impact of volunteering on the volunteer coordinators and volunteers themselves in the eastern suburbs of Christchurch, New Zealand, an area particularly impacted by the devastating earthquakes in the period 2010/2011. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews with volunteer coordinators and volunteers (n = 35; 16 men, 19 women) from November 2018 to mid-January 2019. Thematic analysis of data highlighted a key theme of Creating and strengthening valued community connections, with subthemes of Personal growth, Community connections and Role of coordination. The key theme illustrated how formal volunteering created effort and opportunities towards the strengthening of personal and community connectedness. Our study demonstrates the importance of social connection for both individual and community well-being, emphasises the important role of "champions" in facilitating the building of bridging and bonding relationships between individuals and communities, and suggests a role for healthcare professionals to prescribe volunteering as a way to improve individual health and well-being outcomes.