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1. Non‐Linear Dimensionality Reduction With a Variational Encoder Decoder to Understand Convective Processes in Climate Models

Author: Behrens, Gunnar, Beucler, Tom, Gentine, Pierre, Iglesias‐Suarez, Fernando, Pritchard, Michael, Eyring, Veronika, 3 Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland, 2 Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University New York NY USA, 1 Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt (DLR) Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre Oberpfaffenhofen Germany, and 5 Department of Earth System Science University of California Irvine Irvine CA USA
Subjects: ddc:551.5, machine learning, explainable artificial intelligence, generative deep learning, parameterization, convection, dimensionality reduction
Abstract: Deep learning can accurately represent sub‐grid‐scale convective processes in climate models, learning from high resolution simulations. However, deep learning methods usually lack interpretability due to large internal dimensionality, resulting in reduced trustworthiness in these methods. Here, we use Variational Encoder Decoder structures (VED), a non‐linear dimensionality reduction technique, to learn and understand convective processes in an aquaplanet superparameterized climate model simulation, where deep convective processes are simulated explicitly. We show that similar to previous deep learning studies based on feed‐forward neural nets, the VED is capable of learning and accurately reproducing convective processes. In contrast to past work, we show this can be achieved by compressing the original information into only five latent nodes. As a result, the VED can be used to understand convective processes and delineate modes of convection through the exploration of its latent dimensions. A close investigation of the latent space enables the identification of different convective regimes: (a) stable conditions are clearly distinguished from deep convection with low outgoing longwave radiation and strong precipitation; (b) high optically thin cirrus‐like clouds are separated from low optically thick cumulus clouds; and (c) shallow convective processes are associated with large‐scale moisture content and surface diabatic heating. Our results demonstrate that VEDs can accurately represent convective processes in climate models, while enabling interpretability and better understanding of sub‐grid‐scale physical processes, paving the way to increasingly interpretable machine learning parameterizations with promising generative properties., Plain Language Summary: Deep neural nets are hard to interpret due to their hundred thousand or million trainable parameters without further postprocessing. We demonstrate in this paper the usefulness of a network type that is designed to drastically reduce this high dimensional information in a lower‐dimensional space to enhance the interpretability of predictions compared to regular deep neural nets. Our approach is, on the one hand, able to reproduce small‐scale cloud related processes in the atmosphere learned from a physical model that simulates these processes skillfully. On the other hand, our network allows us to identify key features of different cloud types in the lower‐dimensional space. Additionally, the lower‐order manifold separates tropical samples from polar ones with a remarkable skill. Overall, our approach has the potential to boost our understanding of various complex processes in Earth System science., Key Points: A Variational Encoder Decoder (VED) can predict sub‐grid‐scale thermodynamics from the coarse‐scale climate state. The VED's latent space can distinguish convective regimes, including shallow/deep/no convection. The VED's latent space reveals the main sources of convective predictability at different latitudes., EC ERC HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100019180, Columbia sub‐award 1, Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006133, Deutsches Klimarechenzentrum http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100018730, National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center Learning the Earth with Artificial intelligence and Physics
Published: 2022

2. Numerical methods for characterizing highly heterogeneous aquifer formations

Author: Mariethoz, Gregoire , Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland, Sharma, Ashish, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Baker, Andy, Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW, Mahmud, Kashif, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Mariethoz, Gregoire , Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland, Sharma, Ashish, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW, Baker, Andy, Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW, and Mahmud, Kashif, Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, UNSW
Abstract: Stochastic simulation allows the creation of multiple realistic realizations of an unknown geological domain, with conditioning to existing observations and reproduction of a given spatial continuity. Some of the most successful methods in this field are multiple-point geostatistics, which define spatial continuity based on the concept of training image (TI). One such method, image quilting (IQ) initially proposed in computer graphics, is introduced in this thesis and adapted for hydrogeological applications. This thesis first modifies the original method to accommodate conditional data, stochastic modelling, parameter sensitivity analysis and 3-D simulation. The performance of IQ is tested for a variety of hydrogeological test cases. The results, when compared with previous multiple point statistics (MPS) methods, indicate significant improvement in the CPU time and memory requirements, and do not come at the cost of degraded connectivity or patterns reproduction. The application of IQ in a multivariate format is presented to integrate multiple scales of hydraulic conductivity measurements, which is the first implementation of a multivariate MPS algorithm in the field of patch-based techniques. It has been widely demonstrated that the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer increases with a larger portion of the aquifer tested. This poses a challenge when different hydraulic conductivity measurements coexist in a field study and have to be integrated simultaneously. This study addresses this issue in the context of MPS simulation. The second part of the thesis utilizes the spatial array of automated cave drip monitoring in Golgotha Cave, SW Australia, to understand infiltration water movement via the relationships between infiltration, stalactite morphology and groundwater recharge. Terrestrial LiDAR measurements are used to analyze stalactite morphology to characterize possible flow locations in the cave. The study then identifies the stalactites feeding the drip log
Published: 2015

3. Rare earth element and neodymium isotope tracing of sedimentary rock weathering

Author: Alexander M Piotrowski, Edward T. Tipper, Patrick De Deckker, Germain Bayon, Kazuyo Tachikawa, Nicolas Freslon, Maude Thollon, Kwangchul Jang, Nathalie Vigier, Christina S. Larkin, Thibault Lambert, Géosciences Marines (GM), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Research School of Earth Sciences [Canberra] (RSES), Australian National University (ANU), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Division of Polar Paleoenvironment, Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Department of Earth Sciences [Cambridge, UK], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche Géosciences Marines (Ifremer) (GM), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Work funded through an IEF Marie Curie fellowship (SI-PALEO, Grant No. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF 327778), by NERC Grant (NE/P011659/1) for research into sediment compositions of large rivers, by an Australian Research Council DP grant (DP0772180) for the collection of Australian river samples., University of Lausanne (UNIL), Centre de Recherches de Climatologie [UMR Biogéosciences] (CRC), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bayon, G [0000-0002-6791-4953], De Deckker, P [0000-0003-3003-5143], Jang, K [0000-0003-3777-2728], Tachikawa, K [0000-0002-9522-8600], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, sub-01, Mid-REE enrichment, Geochemistry, Silicate weathering, Weathering, Concavity index, engineering.material, Structural basin, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Geologic record, 01 natural sciences, Iron oxides, chemistry.chemical_compound, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Sulphide weathering, Neodymium isotopes, Geology, 15. Life on land, World rivers, Silicate, Craton, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Carbonate weathering, engineering, Carbonate, Sedimentary rock, Pyrite
Abstract: Chemical weathering plays an important role in sequestering atmospheric CO2, but its potential influence on global climate over geological timescales remains debated. To some extent, this uncertainty arises from the difficulty in separating the respective contribution of sedimentary and crystalline silicate rocks to past weathering rates in the geological record; two types of rocks having presumably different impact on the long-term carbon cycle. In this study, we investigate the use of rare earth element (REE) and neodymium isotopes (εNd) in leached iron oxide fractions of river sediments for tracing the origin of weathered rocks on continents. A new index, called ‘concavity index’ (CI), is defined for measuring the degree of mid-REE enrichment in geological samples, which enables the determination of the source of iron oxides in sediments, such as seawater-derived Fe-oxyhydroxide phases, ancient marine Fe oxides derived from the erosion of sedimentary rocks, and recent secondary oxides formed in soils via alteration of crystalline silicate rocks or pyrite oxidation. Using this index, we demonstrate that the εNd difference between paired Fe-oxide and detrital fractions in river sediments (defined here as ∆εNd Feox-Det) directly reflects the relative contribution of sedimentary versus crystalline silicate rocks during weathering. While rivers draining old cratons and volcanic provinces display near-zero ∆εNd Feox-Det values indicative of dominant silicate weathering (0.5 ± 1.1; n = 30), multi-lithological catchments hosting sedimentary formations yield systematically higher values (2.7 ± 1.2; n = 44), showing that sedimentary rock weathering can be traced by the occurrence of riverine Fe oxides having more radiogenic Nd isotope signatures compared to detrital fractions. This assumption is reinforced by the evidence that calculated ∆εNd Feox-Det values agree well with previous estimates for carbonate and silicate weathering rates in large river basins. Examining the influence of climate and tectonics on measured Nd isotopic compositions, we find that ∆εNd Feox-Det is strongly dependent on temperature in lowlands, following an Arrhenius-like relationship that reflects enhanced alteration of silicate rocks and formation of secondary Fe oxides in warmer climates. In contrast, in high-elevation catchments, ∆εNd Feox-Det defines striking correlation with maximum basin elevation, which we also interpret as reflecting the intensification of silicate weathering and associated Fe oxide formation as elevation decreases, due to the combined effects of thicker soils and warmer temperature. Overall, our new findings are consistent with previous assertions that the alteration of sedimentary rocks prevails in high-elevation environments, while silicate weathering dominates in floodplains. This novel approach combining REE and Nd isotopes opens new perspectives for disentangling the weathering signals of sedimentary and crystalline silicate rocks in the geologic record, which could be used in future studies to reassess the causal relationships between mountain uplift, erosion and climate throughout Earth's history.
Published: 2020
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4. WETCHIMP-WSL: intercomparison of wetland methane emissions models over West Siberia

Author: Kaplan, J. [University of Lausanne, Lausanne (Switzerland). Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics]
Published: 2015
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5. Last Glacial loess in Europe: luminescence database and chronology of deposition

Author: Mathieu Bosq, Sebastian Kreutzer, Pascal Bertran, Philippe Lanos, Philippe Dufresne, Christoph Schmidt, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Archéosciences Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (UBM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géosciences Rennes (GR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), DFG Heisenberg programme (project id: 505822867)Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives, ANR-10-LABX-0052,LaScArBx,Using the world in ancient societies : processes and forms of appropriation of space in Long Time(2010), and European Project: 844457,CREDit
Subjects: Luminescence dating, Geochronology, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Loess deposits
Abstract: During the last glacial period, the climate shift to cold conditions associated with changes in atmospheric circulation and vegetation cover resulted in the development of large aeolian systems in Europe. On a regional scale, many factors may have influenced dust dynamics, such as the latitudinal difference between the various aeolian systems and the variability of the sources of wind-transported particles. Therefore, the assumption that the timing of aeolian deposition is strictly synchronous in Europe does not seem to be the most plausible hypothesis and needs to be evaluated. To test this assumption, the chronology of loess deposition in different European regions was investigated by studying 93 luminescence-dated loess-palaeosol sequences with their data recalculated and compiled in a single CSV file: the ChronoLoess database. Our study shows that the two major aeolian systems, the Northern European Loess Belt (NELB) on the one hand and the systems associated with the rivers draining the Alpine Ice Sheet on the other hand, developed asynchronously. The significant deposition started at about 32 ka for the NELB vs 40 ka for the perialpine loess and peaked about two millennia later for the former (21.8 ka vs 23.9 ka, respectively). This shift resulted mainly from the time lag between the maxima of the Alpine and Fennoscandian ice sheets, which acted as the primary sources of fine-grained particles through glacial abrasion. The major geomorphic changes that resulted from the development and decay of the Fennoscandian and British-Irish ice sheets also played an important role. Particularly, ice sheet coalescence during the LGM diverted meltwater fluxes through the Manche River and provided vast amounts of glacial particles available for deflation in the western NELB. The period during which the maximum Mass Accumulation Rate was reached for each loess-palaeosol sequence is relatively homogeneous in the NELB and ranges from 30 ka to 19 ka, whereas it is more scattered in the perialpine systems (>60 ka to 14 ka). This probably resulted from a combination of factors, including the asynchrony of maximum valley glacier advances and local geomorphic factors.
Published: 2023
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6. Deciphering neotectonics from river profile analysis in the karst Jura Mountains (northern Alpine foreland)

Author: Vincent Bichet, Urs Eichenberger, Jacques Mudry, Nicolas Carry, Pierre G. Valla, Mickael Rabin, Jean-Daniel Champagnac, Christian Sue, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Geological Institute [ETH Zürich], Department of Earth Sciences [Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Institut Suisse de Spéléologie et de Karstologie (ISSKA), Institut Suisse de Spéléologie et de Karstologie, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, Geological Institute ( ETH ), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich ( ETH Zürich ), Institut Suisse de Spéléologie et de Karstologie ( ISSKA ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Department of Earth Sciences [ETH Zürich] (D-ERDW), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Bedrock, [ SDU.STU.TE ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Tectonics, Geology, Post-glacial rebound, 15. Life on land, Karst, Neotectonics, Tectonics, 13. Climate action, Lithosphere, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Quaternary, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Geomorphology, Foreland basin, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: The study of the neotectonic activity in the Jura Mountains (northwestern most belt of the European Alps) represents a challenge in the application of quantitative geomorphology to extract landscape metrics and discuss potential coupling between tectonic, climatic and lithospheric mechanisms during the evolution of this mountain belt. The Jura Mountains are characterized by a karst calcareous bedrock, slightly affected by Quaternary glaciations, and by moderated uplift rates (
Published: 2015
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7. Hydroclimatic vulnerability of peat carbon in the central Congo Basin

Author: Yannick Garcin, Enno Schefuß, Greta C. Dargie, Donna Hawthorne, Ian T. Lawson, David Sebag, George E. Biddulph, Bart Crezee, Yannick E. Bocko, Suspense A. Ifo, Y. Emmanuel Mampouya Wenina, Mackline Mbemba, Corneille E. N. Ewango, Ovide Emba, Pierre Bola, Joseph Kanyama Tabu, Genevieve Tyrrell, Dylan M. Young, Ghislain Gassier, Nicholas T. Girkin, Christopher H. Vane, Thierry Adatte, Andy J. Baird, Arnoud Boom, Pauline Gulliver, Paul J. Morris, Susan E. Page, Sofie Sjögersten, Simon L. Lewis, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institute of Geosciences [Potsdam], University of Potsdam = Universität Potsdam, Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, School of Geography [Leeds], University of Leeds, School of Geography and Geosciences [St Andrews], University of St Andrews [Scotland], IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), University Marien Ngouabi of Brazzaville (umng), Université de Kisangani, Université de Mbandaka, Department of Geography [Leicester], University of Leicester, Cranfield University, British Geological Survey (BGS), Institute of Earth Sciences [Lausanne], Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC), University of Glasgow-University of Edinburgh, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), University College of London [London] (UCL), ANR-19-CE01-0022,ORACLE,Dynamique hydroclimatique et cycle du carbone dans le bassin central du Congo au cours de l'Holocène(2019), NERC, University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews. Environmental Change Research Group, and University of St Andrews. Bell-Edwards Geographic Data Institute
Subjects: Soil, Multidisciplinary, GE, Congo, MCP, SDG 13 - Climate Action, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, DAS, Carbon cycle, Palaeoclimate, Tropical ecology, Carbon, GE Environmental Sciences
Abstract: Funding: This work was funded by CongoPeat—a NERC large grant (NE/R016860/1) to S.L.L., I.T.L., S.E.P., A.B., A.J.B., P.J.M., P.G. and S.S. Natural Environment Research Council (CASE award to S.L.L. and G.C.D.), Leeds–York NERC Doctoral Training Partnership (‘SPHERES’) award to B.C. (NE/L002574/1), NERC Radiocarbon Facility NRCF010001 (alloc. no. 1688.0313, 1797.0414, 2222.1119, 14.108 and 2329.0920 to I.T.L., S.L.L., G.E.B., B.C., P.G. and G.C.D.), Wildlife Conservation Society – Congo (to G.C.D.), the Royal Society (to S.L.L.), Philip Leverhulme Prize (to S.L.L.), and a Greenpeace Fund award (to S.L.L.). E.S. was supported by the DFG–Cluster of Excellence ‘The Ocean in the Earth System’ at MARUM. C.H.V. publishes with permission of the Executive Director of the British Geological Survey, UKRI. The forested swamps of the central Congo Basin store approx. 30 billion metric tonnes of carbon in peat1,2. Little is known about the vulnerability of these carbon stocks. Here we investigate this vulnerability using peat cores from a large interfluvial basin in the Republic of the Congo and palaeoenvironmental methods. We find that peat accumulation began at least at 17,500 calibrated years before present (cal. yr BP; taken as AD 1950). Our data show that the peat that accumulated between around 7,500 to around 2,000 cal. yr BP is much more decomposed compared with older and younger peat. Hydrogen isotopes of plant waxes indicate a drying trend, starting at approx. 5,000 cal. yr BP and culminating at approx. 2,000 cal. yr BP, coeval with a decline in dominant swamp forest taxa. The data imply that the drying climate probably resulted in a regional drop in the water table, which triggered peat decomposition, including the loss of peat carbon accumulated prior to the onset of the drier conditions. After approx. 2,000 cal. yr BP, our data show that the drying trend ceased, hydrol. conditions stabilized and peat accumulation resumed. This reversible accumulation-loss-accumulation pattern is consistent with other peat cores across the region, indicating that the carbon stocks of the central Congo peatlands may lie close to a climatically driven drought threshold. Further research should quantify the combination of peatland threshold behavior and droughts driven by anthropogenic carbon emissions that may trigger this pos. carbon cycle feedback in the Earth system. Publisher PDF
Published: 2022
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8. Measuring the stability of soil organic carbon in Arenosols in the Senegalese Groundnut Basin

Author: Oscar Pascal Malou, Tiphaine Chevallier, Patricia Moulin, David Sebag, Murielle Nancy Rakotondrazafy, Ndeye Yacine Badiane-Ndour, Abou Thiam, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, LMI IESOL Intensification Ecologique des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de l’Ouest [Dakar] (IESOL), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), VALORHIZ SAS, Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut of Research for Development (IRD), UMR195 Lemar, ISRA-CRODT, BP 1386, Dakar, Senegal, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), and Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA)
Subjects: Agricultural practices, Permanganate-oxidizable carbon, Ecology, Particulate organic matter, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Tropical sandy soils, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Mineralized carbon, Rock-Eval ® thermal analysis, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: International audience; Soil organic carbon (SOC) contributes to agrosystem productivity. Understanding how farming practices implemented by smallholders affect the levels and distribution of SOC in carbon (C) pools with different stabilities is essential in sub-Saharan Arenosols where SOC mineralization is intense. The stability of SOC was studied by thermal (Therm-C), physical (particulate organic matter >50 μm, POM-C and fine soil fractions
Published: 2023
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9. Air temperature and water level inferences from northeastern Lapland (69°N) since the Little Ice Age

Author: Luoto, Tomi P., Kivilä, E. Henriikka, Nevalainen, Liisa, Kotrys, Bartosz, Płóciennik, Mateusz, Rantala, Marttiina V., Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland, Polish Geological Institute - National Research Institute, Pomeranian Branch in Szczecin, Wieniawskiego 20, 71-130 Szczecin, Poland, Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland, and Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Géopolis Building, UNIL Mouline-1015, Switzerland
Subjects: lcsh:Geology, chironomidae, Arctic, paleoclimate, lcsh:QE1-996.5, arctic, temperature, precipitation, Cladocera, Chironomidae, cladocera
Abstract: Independent Arctic records of temperature and precipitation from the same proxy archives are rare. Nevertheless, they are important for providing detailed information on long-term climate changes and temperature-precipitation relationships in the context of large-scale atmospheric dynamics. Here, we used chironomid and cladoceran fossil assemblages to reconstruct summer airtemperature and water-level changes, during the past 400 years, in a small lake located in Finnish Lapland. Temperatures remained persistently cold over the Little Ice Age (LIA), but increased in the 20th century. After a cooler phase in the 1970s, the climate rapidly warmed to the record-high temperatures of the most recent decades. The lake-level reconstruction suggested persistently wet conditions for the LIA, followed by a dry period between ~1910 and 1970 CE, when the lake apparently became almost dry. Since the 1980s, the lake level has returned to a similar position as during the LIA. The temperature development was consistent with earlier records, but a significant local feature was found in the lake-level reconstruction – the LIA appears to have been continuously wet, without the generally depicted dry phase during the 18th and 19th centuries. Therefore, the results suggest local precipitation patterns and enforce the concept of spatially divergent LIA conditions. This work was supported by the Emil Aaltonen Foundation (T.P.L., grants numbers 160156, 170161, 180151), Kone Foundation (T.P.L., grant number 090140) and Academy of Finland (L.N., grant numbers 287547, 308954). Support for mobility by the EU Climate-KIC’s Pioneers into Practice program is also appreciated. Help in the fieldwork was provided by Annukka Galkin and the Kevo Research Station. We are grateful for Dr. János Korponai and an anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments on the manuscript.
Published: 2020

10. Rubber, rubber and rubber: How 75 years of successive rubber plantations rotations affect topsoil quality?

Author: Phantip Panklang, Alexis Thoumazeau, Rawee Chiarawipa, Sayan Sdoodee, David Sebag, Frédéric Gay, Philippe Thaler, Alain Brauman, Prince of Songkla University (PSU), Land Development Department (LDD), Agrosystèmes Biodiversifiés (UMR ABSys), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Kasetsart University (KU), DP-Hevea Research Platform in Partnership (HRPP), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Phantip Panklang’s PhD scholarship was funded by the Graduate school and Natural Rubber Innovation Research Institute, Prince of Songkla University (PSU), contract No. NAT590338S. We thank Department of National Park (DNP) of Thailand for permission to sample in the forest. This study was also supported by the LMI LUSES (Dynamic of Land Use Changes and Soil Ecosystem Services), the French National Research Agency (ANR) in the framework of the Heveadapt project (ANR-14-CE03-0012) and the HRPP platform, the French Institute for Natural Rubber (IFC), the companies SIPH, SOCFIN and MICHELIN in the framework of the programme 'HeveaBiodiv'. This work benefited from the support of Nancy Rakotondrazafy for nutrient analysis in the ECOTROP platform of UMR Eco&Sols, with the support of LabEx CeMEB and ANR 'Investissements d'avenir' programme (ANR-10-LABX-0004). We are also grateful to Thierry Adatte (Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Switzerland) for his technical and scientific supports in Rock-Eval® analysis, a trademark registered by IFP Energies Nouvelles. The authors also thank Raphaël Chaillé, Céline Venot and all the people involved in field measurements as well as the farmers who allowed us to sample their plots., ANR-10-LABX-0004,CeMEB,Mediterranean Center for Environment and Biodiversity(2010), and ANR-14-CE03-0012,HEVEADAPT,Comment les plantations familiales peuvent-elles s'adapter aux changements globaux?(2014)
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Rotation culturale, successive rotation, F08 - Systèmes et modes de culture, P35 - Fertilité du sol, Soil Science, P34 - Biologie du sol, Couche arable, Development, Hevea brasiliensis, Qualité du sol, Environmental Chemistry, long term, soil quality, rubber plantations, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Rubber tree plantations (Hevea brasiliensis) cover large areas in the tropics. In historical producing regions like South Thailand, rubber has been planted by smallholders for three successive rotations lasting a total of 75 years. Despite possible consequences on topsoil, the long-term impacts of repeated rubber plantations on soil quality remain unknown. This study aims to better understand how various factors linked to long-term rubber land use and land use change affect topsoil physico-chemical properties and soil organic carbon (SOC) thermal stability. We focus on the effects of three factors: i. deforestation (change from forest to first rubber plantation); ii. the age of the rubber stand (immature vs. mature); and iii. long-term rubber cultivation (first, second or third successive rotation) over a chronosequence in farmers plots. Our results show that soil was deeply degraded after deforestation to a rubber plantation. Long-term rubber cultivation is also detrimental for the soil and has a more negative impact on soil physico-chemical properties and carbon dynamics, than the age of the rubber stand (e.g., on average, decrease of 50% of SOC content between forest and third rotation). At the third rotation, after 50 years of rubber cultivation, the quality of the 0-10 cm soil layer was very low, with an increase in SOC thermal stability. At this stage, logging practices upset the sustainability of the system. These impacts could be limited by less destructive practices during planting.
Published: 2022
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11. Nitrogen dynamics and fertilisation use efficiency: carry‐over effect of crop limitation

Author: T. Verdenal, J.E. Spangenberg, Á. Dienes‐Nagy, V. Zufferey, J.‐L. Spring, O. Viret, C. van Leeuwen, Agroscope, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne (UMR EGFV), and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 2. Zero hunger, amino acids, fungi, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, reserve mobilisation, 15. Life on land, Horticulture, 15N isotope labelling, 15 N isotope labelling, yield, 01 natural sciences, nitrogen use efficiency, 040501 horticulture, nitrogen use efciency, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 0405 other agricultural sciences, 010606 plant biology & botany, foliar urea
Abstract: International audience; Background and Aims Knowing the impact of cultural practices on nitrogen (N) dynamics in perennial crops is critical to promote N use efficiency. This study focused on the impact of crop regulation on the plant N dynamics, on the fruit N composition, and on the N fertilisation use efficiency. Methods and Results A large crop load gradient was set in a homogeneous plot of the grape cultivar Chasselas. Fertilisation in the form of N-15-labelled foliar urea allowed the measurement of N uptake and partitioning among plant fractions. Dry mass, carbon, and N dynamics were assessed over two consecutive seasons. Crop regulation did not affect grape N concentration at harvest. Both N uptake and root N mobilisation were reduced in response to crop regulation. Fertilisation efficiency was higher under high-yield conditions in terms of N uptake and grape N accumulation. The carry-over effects of crop regulation in the following year were highlighted. Conclusions Crop regulation strongly affects the overall plant N cycle, that is, uptake, distribution and release. Crop regulation improves must sugar concentration at harvest, while N concentration remained unchanged. The efficiency of N fertilisation varies greatly with crop load, which limits the interest of fertilisation under low-yield conditions. Significance of the Study These results contribute to the development of accurate nutrition models and sustainable cultural practices.
Published: 2021
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12. The Cosmolian program for simulating aeolian dynamics and its application to central Australia

Author: Yoav Ben Dor, Shlomy Vainer, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University in Jerusalem, A. Safra Campus, 91904, Jerusalem, Israel, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Advanced School of Environmental Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Chateaubriand Fellowship of the French Institute in Israel, Rieger Foundation-Jewish National Fund programme for environmental studies, and Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, dating sand dunes, Earth science, Geography, Planning and Development, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, cosmogenic nuclides, 01 natural sciences, Sand dune stabilization, Simpson Desert, Aeolian sand, Landscape development, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), data- based modelling, Cosmogenic nuclide, Chronostratigraphy, OSL, process-oriented modelling, [SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, coupling cosmogenic nuclides and luminescence, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 15. Life on land, Arid, Australian landscape evolution, Aeolian processes, Aeolian landform, aeolian, Geology
Abstract: Corresponding author : Shlomy Vainer (shlomy.vainer@mail.huji.ac.il); International audience; The wide spatial coverage of sand dunes in continental interiors makes the understanding of their activity and accumulation history valuable for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and the interpretation of landscape evolution. Nevertheless, the study of aeolian landscape development at the million-year timescale is hampered by the complex interaction of factors determining dune migration and the inherently self-destructive nature of their chronostratigraphy, thus limiting the applicability of traditional dating methods. This study presents a standalone program that simulates aeolian transport based on luminescence-derived chronologies coupled with numerical modelling of the accumulation of cosmogenic nuclides. This integrative approach to modelling the history of aeolian landforms reveals phases of emergence of aeolian sand into the landscape, and provides a data-based scheme that facilitates the morphodynamical study of aeolian processes over multiple timescales and up to several millions of years. The application of the program for reanalysing previously reported data from the Australian Simpson Desert reveals multiple pulses of sand dispersion into central Australia at 3.8–3.4, 2.9–2.5 and 1.5–1 Ma, corresponding to pronounced changes in climatic conditions and landscape deformation events. The synchronicity of the results with the established environmental framework that would promote the production and aeolian distribution of sand exemplifies the applicability of process-based modelling in constructing a timeframe of key landscape evolution events in arid environments by studying aeolian deposits. The dependence of the parameters used to determine environmental settings on sand transportation patterns additionally makes the program a powerful tool to further investigate the triggers and mechanisms of aeolian processes.
Published: 2021
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13. Influence of Silica Coatings on Magnetite-Catalyzed Selenium Reduction

Author: Sara Goberna-Ferrón, Laura Simonelli, Jean-Marc Greneche, Bahareh Zareeipolgardani, Nathaniel Findling, Laurent Charlet, Alejandro Fernandez-Martinez, Maria P. Asta, Sarah Bureau, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Gustave Eiffel-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), Le Mans Université (UM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, and ALBA Synchrotron light source [Barcelone]
Subjects: Oxide, chemistry.chemical_element, 010501 environmental sciences, [CHIM.INOR]Chemical Sciences/Inorganic chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Ferric Compounds, Catalysis, Magnetite, Reduction (complexity), chemistry.chemical_compound, Selenium, Transfer reactions, [CHIM.CRIS]Chemical Sciences/Cristallography, Environmental Chemistry, Reactivity (chemistry), Silica coating, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chemistry, General Chemistry, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Silicon Dioxide, Ferrosoferric Oxide, Kinetics, Chemical engineering, Sorption, Adsorption, Oxidation-Reduction, Vinyl, [SDU.STU.MI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Mineralogy
Abstract: International audience; The reactivity of iron(II/III) oxide surfaces may be influenced by their interaction with silica, which is ubiquitous in aquatic systems. Understanding the structure–reactivity relationships of Si-coated mineral surfaces is necessary to describe the complex surface behavior of nanoscale iron oxides. Here, we use Si-adsorption isotherms and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to analyze the sorption and polymerization of silica on slightly oxidized magnetite nanoparticles (15% maghemite and 85% magnetite, i.e., ∼2 maghemite surface layers), showing that Si adsorption follows a Langmuir isotherm up to 2 mM dissolved Si, where surface polymerization occurs. Furthermore, the effects of silica surface coatings on the redox-catalytic ability of magnetite are analyzed using selenium as a molecular probe. The results show that for partially oxidized nanoparticles and even under different Si surface coverages, electron transfer is still occurring. The results indicate anion exchange between silicate and the sorbed SeIV and SeVI. X-ray absorption near-edge structure analyses of the reacted Se indicate the formation of a mixed selenite/Se0 surface phase. We conclude that neither partial oxidation nor silica surface coatings block the sorption and redox-catalytic properties of magnetite nanoparticles, a result with important implications to assess the reactivity of mixed-valence phases in environmental settings.
Published: 2021
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14. Calcium transfer and mass balance associated with soil carbonate in a semi‐arid silicate watershed (North Cameroon): An overlooked geochemical cascade?

Author: Dietrich, Fabienne, Diaz, Nathalie, Deschamps, Pierre, Sebag, David, Verrecchia, Eric, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Department of Geography, Royal Holloway, Royal Holloway [University of London] (RHUL), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), and Université de Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: palaeo‐Vertisol, lcsh:Geology, palaeo-Vertisol, silicate watersheds, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Chad Basin, calcium cycle, carbonate nodules, Chad Basin, geochemical cascade, palaeo-Vertisol, silicate watersheds, calcium cycle, [SDU.STU.AG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Applied geology, carbonate nodules, geochemical cascade
Abstract: International audience; Calcium is a key element of the Earth system and closely coupled to the carbon cycle. Weathering of silicate releases Ca, which is exported and sequestered in oceans. However, pedogenic calcium carbonate constitutes a second Ca-trapping pathway that has received less attention. Large accumulations of pedogenic calcium carbonate nodules, associated with palaeo-Vertisols, are widespread in North Cameroon, despite a carbonate-free watershed. A previous study suggested that a significant proportion of Ca released during weathering was trapped in palaeo-Vertisols but the pathways involved in the transfer of Ca from sources (the granite and the Saharan dust) to a temporary sink (the carbonate nodules) remain unclear. This study aims to compare the distribution of elements in carbonate nodules and their associated past and present compartments for Ca in the landscape. These compartments are all characterised by a distinctive geochemical composition, resulting from specific processes. Three end members have been defined based on geochemical data: (a) the granite and its residual products, dominated by K2O and Na2O, Ti and Zr, HREE, and a positive Ce anomaly; (b) the soil parental material and the Saharan dust, dominated by Al2O3, Fe2O3 and MgO, V, HREE, and a positive Ce anomaly; and finally (c) the carbonate nodules, which are dominated by CaO, a depletion in V, Ti and Zr, and an enrichment in REE with a negative Ce anomaly. Mass balance calculations in soil profiles demonstrated that the accumulation of Ca in carbonate nodules exceeds the Ca released by chemical weathering of the parental material, because of a continuous accumulation and contribution from lateral transfers. Consequently, at the landscape scale, carbonate nodules associated with palaeo-Vertisols constitute a temporary sink for Ca. Such a spatial relationship between sources and transient compartments opens an avenue to the new concept of 'geochemical cascade', similar in terms of geochemistry, to the concept of 'sediment cascade' developed by continental sedimentologists.
Published: 2021
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15. Reconsidering the compound effect of geomorphology, vegetation, and climate change on paleopedogenesis in sensitive environments (Northern Apennines, Italy)

Author: David Sebag, Irene Bollati, Eric P. Verrecchia, Guido S. Mariani, S. Villa, Manuela Pelfini, Anna Masseroli, Luca Trombino, Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), Universita degli Studi di Cagliari [Cagliari], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN)
Subjects: slope dynamic, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, paleosols sequences, Climate change, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Context (language use), Complex paleosols, 01 natural sciences, Rock-Eval® pyrolysis, Aggradation, Slope stability, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Northern Apennines, Paleosols sequences, Slope dynamic, Soil micromorphology, Rock-Eval ® pyrolysis, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Paleosol, Pedogenesis, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Erosion, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Geology, soil micromorphology
Abstract: International audience; Complex sequences of paleosols are often formed by the interaction between pedogenesis and geomorphological evolution. Their study, particularly in mountain areas, is useful to reconstruct past environmental conditions as well as climate shifts, and to gather information on the morphodynamical processes affecting the landscape through time.Since the combined role that all different factors can play in the soil formation and evolution through time and space influences the formation and evolution of those complex paleosol sequences, a multidisciplinary study was conducted at the NW slope of Mt. Cusna (Northern Apennines, Italy). This work aims to reconstruct and to evaluate how the interactions between the geomorphological context, the Holocene climate variations, and the modification of the vegetation cover and composition influence the soil development of this area.A combination of routine soil analyses (i.e., grain-size distributions, total organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, and Fe/Al extractions), soil micromorphology and the Rock-Eval® pyrolysis allowed to characterize and to correlate the different soil units constituting a toposequence of six soil profiles.The presence of different pedological units that can be correlated along the slope underlines the occurrence of separate events of pedogenesis, spatio-temporally linked to recognizable stability phases at slope scale. These phases of biostasy, characterized by vegetation cover and soil development, alternate to phases of rhexistasy, characterized mainly by slope instability (i.e., aggradation/degradation).In detail, in the Mt. Cusna toposequence three different soil units, linked to three different stability phases, have been identified: the earliest stability phase, characterized by the presence of well-developed Luvisols, the subsequent stability phase typified by less expressed Luvisols, and the ongoing stability phase with Leptosols. This latter pedogenetic phase, in some cases, is superimposed to the previous one, so affecting the exhumed paleosols.In this light, the Mt. Cusna toposequence characterization allowed to enlighten the complexity of soil polygenesis in higher detail than the previous studies, not only reconstructing the past environmental conditions but also inferring the succession of phases of slope stability and phases characterized by erosion and deposition processes.
Published: 2021
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16. Infrared Radiofluorescence (IR-RF) of K-Feldspar: An Interlaboratory Comparison

Author: Murari, Madhav, Kreutzer, Sebastian, Frouin, Marine, Friedrich, Johannes, Lauer, Tobias, Klasen, Nicole, Schmidt, Christoph, Tsukamoto, Sumiko, Richter, Daniel, Mercier, Norbert, Fuchs, Markus, Geochronology Group, Inter-University Accelerator Centre, New Delhi, India, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Geography & Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom, Aberystwyth University, IRAMAT-Centre de recherche en physique appliquée à l’archéologie (IRAMAT-CRP2A), Institut de Recherches sur les Archéomatériaux (IRAMAT), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Bordeaux Montaigne-Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM), Department of Geosciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford], Chair of Geomorphology, University of Bayreuth, Universität Bayreuth, Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Leibniz Institute for Applied Geophysics (LIAG), Leibniz Association, and ANR-10-LABX-0052,LaScArBx,Using the world in ancient societies : processes and forms of appropriation of space in Long Time(2010)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], Dosimetry, IR-RF, K-feldspar, IR-RF, interlaboratory-comparison, K-feldspar, dosimetry, dating, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, interlaboratory-comparison, dating
Abstract: International audience; Abstract Infrared Radiofluorescence (IR-RF) is a relatively new method for dosimetric dating of the depositional timing of sediments. This contribution presents an interlaboratory comparison of IR-RF measurements of sedimentary feldspar from eight laboratories. A comparison of the variability of instrumental background, bleaching, saturation, and initial rise behaviour of the IR-RF signal was carried out. Two endmember samples, a naturally bleached modern dune sand sample with a zero dose and a naturally saturated sample from a Triassic sandstone (~250 Ma), were used for this interlaboratory comparison. The major findings of this study are that (1) the observed IR-RF signal keeps decreasing beyond 4000 Gy, (2) the saturated sample gives an apparent palaeodose of 1265 ± 329 Gy and (3) in most cases, the natural IR-RF signal of the modern analogue sample (resulting from natural bleaching) is higher than the signal from laboratory-induced bleaching of 6 h, using a solar simulator (SLS). In other words, the laboratory sample bleaching was unable to achieve the level of natural bleaching. The results of the investigations are discussed in detail, along with possible explanations.
Published: 2021
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17. Whiteschist genesis through metasomatism and metamorphism in the Monte Rosa nappe (Western Alps)

Author: Cindy Luisier, Benita Putlitz, Torsten Vennemann, Lukas P. Baumgartner, Géosciences Rennes (GR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Institute of Earth Sciences [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), 206021_163991, Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, Université de Lausanne, Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Rennes (OSUR), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Metamorphic rock, Whiteschist, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, Geochemistry, Metamorphism, Whiteschist, Metasomatism, Hydrothermal alteration, High-pressure metamorphism, High-pressure metamorphism, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Hydrothermal alteration, Phengite, Geophysics, Metasomatism, Geochemistry and Petrology, Ultramafic rock, Alpine orogeny, engineering, Chloritoid, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Whiteschists from the Monte Rosa Nappe were examined in the field as well as with petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic methods to constrain the controversial origin of these rocks in their Alpine metamorphic context. Whiteschists occur as ellipsoidal-shaped, decametric-sized bodies, within a Permian metagranite, and consist mainly of chloritoid, talc, phengite, and quartz. The transition from whiteschist to metagranite is marked by multiple sharp mineralogical boundaries defining concentric zones unrelated to Alpine deformation. The development of reaction zones, as well as the geometry of the whiteschist suggest a pervasive fluid infiltration, facilitated and canalized by reaction fingering. Whole-rock compositions of whiteschists and metagranites indicate an enrichment in MgO and H2O and depletion of Na2O, CaO, Ba, Sr, Pb, and Zn in the whiteschist relative to the metagranite. Trace- and rare-earth elements, together with all other major elements, notably K2O and SiO2, were within uncertainty not mobile. Such a K and Si saturated, Na undersaturated fluid is not compatible with previous interpretations of fluids derived from ultramafic rocks, evaporites, or Mg-enriched seawater due to mantle interactions. Together with the large variations in δD and δ18O values, this indicates large fluid fluxes during metasomatism. Calculated δD and δ18O values of fluids in equilibrium with the whiteschist support a magmatic–hydrothermal fluid source, as does the chemical alteration pattern. Bulk rock 87Sr/86Sr ratios in whiteschists confirm a pre-Alpine age of fluid infiltration. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios in whiteschists were subsequently partially homogenized in a closed system during Alpine metamorphism. In conclusion, the granite was locally affected by late magmatic–hydrothermal alteration, which resulted in sericite–chlorite alteration zones in the granite. The entire nappe underwent high-pressure metamorphism during the Alpine orogeny and the mineralogy of the whiteschist was produced during dehydration of the metasomatic assemblage under otherwise closed-system metamorphism. While each whiteschist locality needs to be studied in detail, this in-depth study suggests that many whiteschists found in granitic bodies in the Alps might be of similar origin.
Published: 2021
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18. A global database of Holocene paleotemperature records

Author: Marcela Sandra Tonello, Vincent Montade, Walter Finsinger, Karen J. Taylor, Manuel Chevalier, Isabelle Larocque-Tobler, Philipp Sommer, Nicholas P. McKay, Mateusz Płóciennik, Snezhana Zhilich, David F. Porinchu, Andrei Andreev, Markus Heinrichs, Tomi P. Luoto, Elena A. Ilyashuk, Anson W. Mackay, Deborah Khider, Stephen J. Roberts, Cody C. Routson, Les C. Cwynar, Samuel L Jaccard, Naomi Holmes, Kira Rehfeld, Aaron P. Potito, Emma J. Pearson, Steve Juggins, Anais Orsi, Louise C. Foster, Angela Self, Sakari Salonen, Basil A. S. Davis, Boris K. Biskaborn, Christoph Dätwyler, Sebastien Bertrand, Anne de Vernal, Jeannine Marie St-Jacques, Angelica Feurdean, Janet M. Wilmshurst, Lukas Jonkers, Heikki Seppä, Stephen J. Brooks, Elizabeth K. Thomas, Sonja Hausmann, Peter G. Langdon, Steven B. Malevich, Larisa Nazarova, Shyhrete Shala, Enikö Magyari, Matthew Peros, Scott A. Reinemann, Krystyna M. Saunders, Elena Novenko, Barbara Stenni, Yarrow Axford, Liudmila Syrykh, Julien Emile-Geay, Nicolas Rolland, Bryan G. Mark, Jianyong Li, Andria Dawson, Mathew Fox, André F. Lotter, Jessica E. Tierney, Oliver Heiri, Stefan Engels, Ian R. Walker, Andrew P. Rees, Pol Tarrats, Valerie van den Bos, Konrad Gajewski, Brian M. Chase, Eugene R. Wahl, Martin Grosjean, Boris P. Ilyashuk, Thomas Brussel, Mónika Tóth, Enlou Zhang, Darrell S. Kaufman, Olivier Cartapanis, Magaly Caniupán, Julieta Massaferro, Reinhard Pienitz, John M. Fegyveresi, Manuel Bringué, Carrie Morrill, Gaute Velle, M. P. Erb, Marie Claude Fortin, Petr Pařil, Karin A. Koinig, Richard S. Vachula, Paola Moffa-Sanchez, Jeremiah Marsicek, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Utrecht University Palaeoecology, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology (UTRECHT UNIVERSITY), Utrecht University [Utrecht], Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, University of Arizona, Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Mount Royal University, Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), Université de Montréal (UdeM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institute of Environmental Physics [Heidelberg] (IUP), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Programme CIT, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Snecma Propulsion Solide (SPS), SAFRAN Group, University of Southern California (USC), Senckenberg biodiversität und klima forschungszentrum (BIK-F), Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (SGN), Université d'Ottawa [Ontario] (uOttawa), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences [Helsinki], University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), MTA-MTM-ELTE Research Group for Paleontology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), GINOP Sustainable Ecosystem Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research [Tihany], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Centre d'Etudes Nordiques (CEN), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Department of Geosciences and Geography [Helsinki], Falculty of Science [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Departemanto di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica (DAIS), University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], Uni Research Environment, Uni Research Ltd, University of Bath [Bath], Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, and Department of Geosciences and Geography
Subjects: Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 580 Plants (Botany), computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, MILLENNIAL-SCALE CHANGES, Proxy (climate), purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], purl.org/becyt/ford/1.5 [https], INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE, HOLOCENE, 910 Geography & travel, lcsh:Science, Holocene, LAKE VUOLEP-NJAKAJAURE, geography.geographical_feature_category, Database, EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Computer Science Applications, LATE-QUATERNARY VEGETATION, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE, PROXIES, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, geog, Geology, Information Systems, Statistics and Probability, 1171 Geosciences, 010506 paleontology, NORTHERN NORTH-ATLANTIC, DATABASE, PALEOTEMPERATURE, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, education, Library and Information Sciences, Education, Paleoclimatology, SOUTH CHINA SEA, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Southern Hemisphere, 1172 Environmental sciences, POLLEN-BASED RECONSTRUCTION, 550 Earth sciences & geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, geography, [INFO.INFO-DB]Computer Science [cs]/Databases [cs.DB], Intertropical Convergence Zone, Glacier, 15. Life on land, WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC, Sea surface temperature, 13. Climate action, Settore GEO/08 - Geochimica e Vulcanologia, Earth and Environmental Sciences, lcsh:Q, computer
Abstract: A comprehensive database of paleoclimate records is needed to place recent warming into the longer-term context of natural climate variability. We present a global compilation of quality-controlled, published, temperature-sensitive proxy records extending back 12,000 years through the Holocene. Data were compiled from 679 sites where time series cover at least 4000 years, are resolved at sub-millennial scale (median spacing of 400 years or finer) and have at least one age control point every 3000 years, with cut-off values slackened in data-sparse regions. The data derive from lake sediment (51%), marine sediment (31%), peat (11%), glacier ice (3%), and other natural archives. The database contains 1319 records, including 157 from the Southern Hemisphere. The multi-proxy database comprises paleotemperature time series based on ecological assemblages, as well as biophysical and geochemical indicators that reflect mean annual or seasonal temperatures, as encoded in the database. This database can be used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal evolution of Holocene temperature at global to regional scales, and is publicly available in Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format. Fil: Kaufman, Darrell. Northern Arizona University.; Estados Unidos Fil: McKay, Nicholas. Northern Arizona University.; Estados Unidos Fil: Routson, Cody. Northern Arizona University.; Estados Unidos Fil: Erb, Michael. Northern Arizona University.; Estados Unidos Fil: Davis, Basil. University Of Lausanne; Suiza Fil: Heiri, Oliver. University Of Basel; Suiza Fil: Jaccard, Samuel. University Of Bern; Suiza Fil: Tierney, Jessica. University of Arizona; Estados Unidos Fil: Dätwyler, Christoph. University Of Bern; Suiza Fil: Axford, Yarrow. Northwestern University; Estados Unidos Fil: Brussel, Thomas. University of Utah; Estados Unidos Fil: Cartapanis, Olivier. University Of Bern; Suiza Fil: Chase, Brian. Universite de Montpellier; Francia Fil: Dawson, Andria. Mount Royal University; Canadá Fil: de Vernal, Anne. Université du Québec a Montreal; Canadá Fil: Engels, Stefan. University of London; Reino Unido Fil: Jonkers, Lukas. University Of Bremen; Alemania Fil: Marsicek, Jeremiah. University of Wisconsin-Madison; Estados Unidos Fil: Moffa Sánchez, Paola. University of Durham; Reino Unido Fil: Morrill, Carrie. University of Colorado; Estados Unidos Fil: Orsi, Anais. Université Paris-Saclay; Francia Fil: Rehfeld, Kira. Heidelberg University; Alemania Fil: Saunders, Krystyna. Australian Nuclear Science And Technology Organisation; Australia Fil: Sommer, Philipp. University Of Lausanne; Suiza Fil: Thomas, Elizabeth. University At Buffalo; Estados Unidos Fil: Tonello, Marcela Sandra. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras; Argentina Fil: Tóth, Mónika. Balaton Limnological Institute; Hungría Fil: Vachula, Richard. Brown University; Estados Unidos Fil: Andreev, Andrei. Alfred Wegener Institut Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research; Alemania Fil: Bertrand, Sebastien. Ghent University; Bélgica Fil: Massaferro, Julieta. Administración de Parques Nacionales. Parque Nacional "Nahuel Huapi"; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina
Published: 2020
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19. The Rock-Eval® signature of soil organic carbon in arenosols of the Senegalese groundnut basin. How do agricultural practices matter?

Author: Patricia Moulin, Ndeye Yacine Badiane-Ndour, Lydie Chapuis-Lardy, Abou Thiam, Oscar Pascal Malou, Tiphaine Chevallier, David Sebag, LMI IESOL Intensification Ecologique des Sols Cultivés en Afrique de l’Ouest [Dakar] (IESOL), Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD [Sénégal]), Université Cheikh Anta Diop [Dakar, Sénégal] (UCAD), Morphodynamique Continentale et Côtière (M2C), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles [Dakar] (ISRA), Instrumentation, Moyens analytiques, Observatoires en Géophysique et Océanographie (IMAGO), Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Subregional Office for West Africa [Dakar] (FAO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie] (FAO), SOCA project BNP Paribas foundation, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) granted a three-year doctoral fellowship, ANR-13-AGRO-0002,CERAO,Auto-adaptation des agro-socio-écosystèmes tropicaux face aux changements globaux ? Etude à long terme en vue d'une intensification écologique de la production de céréales dans les zones de savanes en Afrique de l'Ouest.(2013), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, Biogeochemical cycle, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Rock-Eval® pyrolysis, Organic inputs, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, West Africa, Thermal analysis, 2. Zero hunger, Ecology, West, business.industry, Soil organic matter, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Soil carbon, 15. Life on land, Soil quality, Manure, Agronomy, Productivity (ecology), Agriculture, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Environmental science, Animal Science and Zoology, Agrosystems, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Abstract: (IF 5.57; Q1); International audience; Soil organic carbon (SOC) ensures soil quality and productivity of cultivated systems in the Sahelian region. This study uses Rock-Eval® pyrolysis to examine how cultural practices impact the quantity of SOC and quality of SOM in cultivated sandy soils in the Senegal groundnut basin. This cost-effective method provides information on SOC thermal stability, which has been shown to be related qualitatively to biogeochemical stability of SOC. We sampled soils within two villages in agricultural plots representative of local agricultural systems, and in two local preserved areas (tree plantation and shrubby savanna). SOC concentrations ranged from 1.8–18.5 g.kg−1 soil in the surface layer (0−10 cm) and from 1.5–11.3 g.kg−1 soil in the 10−30 cm layer. SOC contents of cultivated soils decreased significantly (p-value < 0.0001) according to field amendment, in the following order: addition of organic wastes> addition of manure > millet residues left after harvest > no organic input. We found that the quantity and the quality of SOC are linked, and that both depend on land-use and agricultural practices, especially upon the type of organic inputs. Quantity of SOC and quality of SOM are correlated strongly in the tree plantation (R² = 0.98) and in the protected shrubby savanna (R² = 0.97). They are also correlated significantly in cultivated soils receiving organic wastes (R² = 0.82), manure (R² from 0.74 and 0.91), or millet residues (R2 = 0.91) but not in soils that receive no organic inputs. Indexes based upon Rock-Eval® pyrolysis were represented in an I/R diagram that illustrates the level of SOC stabilization. The indexes of the studied soils were plotted against comparable results from literature. Thermal signatures of the Senegalese Arenosols show an inversion of I and the R indexes compared to data from the literature. This result highlights SOC stabilization as a function of soil depth. Indeed, the refractory pool in the studied soils (where refractory pool ranged from 7.7–21.3 % in the 0−10 cm layer, and from 12.5–24.3 % in the 10−30 cm) was more abundant than in Ferralsols in natural conditions, where refractory pool ranged from 2 to 9%. The soil organic matter in these Arenosols while positively affected by organic inputs, is dominated by more or less labile forms that mineralize quickly: a quality that is excellent for productivity of these agrosystems, but not for mitigation of climate change in the long term.
Published: 2020
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20. Impact of crop load on nitrogen uptake and reserve mobilisation in Vitis vinifera

Author: Jean-Laurent Spring, Jorge E. Spangenberg, Ágnès Dienes-Nagy, Vivian Zufferey, Olivier Viret, Thibaut Verdenal, Cornelis van Leeuwen, Agroscope Institute for Food Sciences, Schwarzenburgstr, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne (UMR EGFV), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Université Victor Segalen - Bordeaux 2-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro), Direction générale de l’agriculture, de la viticulture et des affaires vétérinaires, and Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Crops, Agricultural, Nitrogen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], chemistry.chemical_element, Plant Science, Biology, Free amino, 01 natural sciences, 040501 horticulture, Crop, Crop production, N partitioning, Vitis, Vitis vinifera, 2. Zero hunger, Agronomy and Crop Science, Plant Science, crop thinning, foliar urea, grapevine, isotope labelling, N partitioning, reserve mobilisation, Thinning, fungi, food and beverages, Crop thinning, Foliar urea, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Limiting, 15. Life on land, Reserve mobilisation, chemistry, Agronomy, Fruit, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Odorants, Grapevine, Sustainable production, 0405 other agricultural sciences, Isotope labelling, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Nitrogen deficit affects both crop production and composition, particularly in crops requiring an optimal fruit N content for aroma development. The adaptation of cultural practices to improve N use efficiency (NUE) (i.e. N uptake, assimilation and partitioning) is a priority for the sustainable production of high-quality crops. A trial was set on potted grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chasselas) to investigate the potential of crop limitation (via bunch thinning) to control plant NUE and ultimately fruit N composition at harvest. A large crop load gradient was imposed by bunch thinning (0.5–2.5 kg m–2) and N traceability in the plant was realised with an isotope-labelling method (10 atom % 15N foliar urea). The results indicate that the mobilisation of root reserves plays a major role in the balance of fruit N content. Fertiliser N uptake and assimilation appeared to be strongly stimulated by high-yielding conditions. Fertilisation largely contributed to fulfilling the high fruit N demand while limiting the mobilisation of root reserves under high yield conditions. Plants were able to modulate root N reserve mobilisation and fertiliser N uptake in function of the crop load, thus maintaining a uniform N concentration in fruits. However, the fruit free amino N profile was modified, which potentially altered the fruit aromas. These findings highlight the great capacity of plants to adapt their N metabolism to constraints, crop thinning in this case. This confirms the possibility of monitoring NUE by adapting cultural practices.
Published: 2020
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21. Fire hazard modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in eastern and central Europe

Author: A. Feurdean, B. Vannière, W. Finsinger, D. Warren, S. C. Connor, M. Forrest, J. Liakka, A. Panait, C. Werner, M. Andrič, P. Bobek, V. A. Carter, B. Davis, A.-C. Diaconu, E. Dietze, I. Feeser, G. Florescu, M. Gałka, T. Giesecke, S. Jahns, E. Jamrichová, K. Kajukało, J. Kaplan, M. Karpińska-Kołaczek, P. Kołaczek, P. Kuneš, D. Kupriyanov, M. Lamentowicz, C. Lemmen, E. K. Magyari, K. Marcisz, E. Marinova, A. Niamir, E. Novenko, M. Obremska, A. Pędziszewska, M. Pfeiffer, A. Poska, M. Rösch, M. Słowiński, M. Stančikaitė, M. Szal, J. Święta-Musznicka, I. Tanţău, M. Theuerkauf, S. Tonkov, O. Valkó, J. Vassiljev, S. Veski, I. Vincze, A. Wacnik, J. Wiethold, T. Hickler, Palaeo-ecologie, Coastal dynamics, Fluvial systems and Global change, Senckenberg biodiversität und klima forschungszentrum (BIK-F), Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (SGN), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Babes-Bolyai University [Cluj-Napoca] (UBB), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], Institut za arheologijo (ZRC SAZU), Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU - Institut za arheologijo, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Institut fûr Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Department of Geography, University of Liverpool, Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum, Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, Department of Biogeography and Paleoecology, Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), GINOP Sustainable Ecosystem Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research [Tihany], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), MTA-MTM-ELTE Research Group for Paleontology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Department of Botany, Sofia University 'Sv. Kliment Ohridski', Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Department of Plant Ecology, Gdansk University, University of Gdańsk (UG), Institute of Geology, University of Bern, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nature Research Centre [Vilnius], Department of Palaeobotany, Institute of Biology, Białystok University of Technology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald, University of Sofia, Institute of Geology at Tallinn, Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ), W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), PAGES Global Charcoal Database, ANR-09-CEPL-0004,OBRESOC,Un observatoire rétrospectif d'une société archéologique: La trajectoire du néolithique Rubané.(2009), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg] = Heidelberg University, Charles University [Prague] (CU), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', and Софийски университет = Sofia University
Subjects: KA BP, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, IMPACT, Climate, lcsh:Life, 580 Plants (Botany), 01 natural sciences, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, ddc:550, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Holocene, ddc:910, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Geology, Vegetation, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Management, SUMMER, Physical Sciences, CHARCOAL RECORDS, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, 010506 paleontology, Evolution, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, REGIMES, Environmental Sciences & Ecology, Land cover, Behavior and Systematics, lcsh:QH540-549.5, MANAGEMENT, Temperate climate, Regimes, Sedimentary, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, Forest floor, Science & Technology, Fire regime, Land use, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, CLIMATE, MODEL, lcsh:Geology, SEDIMENTARY, lcsh:QH501-531, Earth sciences, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, VEGETATION, Physical geography, lcsh:Ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Model
Abstract: Wildfire occurrence is influenced by climate, vegetation and human activities. A key challenge for understanding the risk of fires is quantifying the mediating effect of vegetation on fire regimes. Here, we explore the relative importance of Holocene land cover, land use, dominant functional forest type, and climate dynamics on biomass burning in temperate and boreo-nemoral regions of central and eastern Europe over the past 12 kyr. We used an extensive data set of Holocene pollen and sedimentary charcoal records, in combination with climate simulations and statistical modelling. Biomass burning was highest during the early Holocene and lowest during the mid-Holocene in all three ecoregions (Atlantic, continental and boreo-nemoral) but was more spatially variable over the past 3–4 kyr. Although climate explained a significant variance in biomass burning during the early Holocene, tree cover was consistently the highest predictor of past biomass burning over the past 8 kyr. In temperate forests, biomass burning was high at ∼45 % tree cover and decreased to a minimum at between 60 % and 70 % tree cover. In needleleaf-dominated forests, biomass burning was highest at ∼ 60 %–65 % tree cover and steeply declined at >65 % tree cover. Biomass burning also increased when arable lands and grasslands reached ∼ 15 %–20 %, although this relationship was variable depending on land use practice via ignition sources, fuel type and quantities. Higher tree cover reduced the amount of solar radiation reaching the forest floor and could provide moister, more wind-protected microclimates underneath canopies, thereby decreasing fuel flammability. Tree cover at which biomass burning increased appears to be driven by warmer and drier summer conditions during the early Holocene and by increasing human influence on land cover during the late Holocene. We suggest that long-term fire hazard may be effectively reduced through land cover management, given that land cover has controlled fire regimes under the dynamic climates of the Holocene.
Published: 2020
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22. The Eurasian Modern Pollen Database (EMPD), version 2

Author: Juliana Atanassova, Christine M. Åkesson, Piotr Kołaczek, Marco Zanon, Kari Loe Hjelle, Lyudmila S. Shumilovskikh, Heikki Seppä, Nathalie Combourieu-Nebout, Vachel A. Carter, James Edward Schofield, Krystyna Milecka, Iria García-Moreiras, Takeshi Nakagawa, Walter Finsinger, Willy Tinner, Castor Muñoz Sobrino, Anne Birgitte Nielsen, José Antonio López-Sáez, Elena Marinova, Philipp Stojakowits, Tatiana G. Antipina, Silvia Sabariego Ruiz, Roman Abegglen, Vlasta Jankovská, Oksana G. Zanina, Mariusz Gałka, Arsenii T. Galimov, Maria Papadopoulou, Manfred Rösch, Kevin J. Edwards, Patricia L. Fall, Basil A. S. Davis, Philipp Sommer, Elissaveta Bozilova, Ulrike Herzschuh, Verushka Valsecchi, Natalia Ryabogina, Ikuko Kitaba, Elena Novenko, Michelle Leydet, Anna Pędziszewska, Nata K. Panova, Almut Mrotzek, Donatella Magri, Eleonora Clo, Isabelle Matthias, R. Scott Anderson, Tatiana Blyakharchuk, Kazimierz Tobolski, Vincent Lebreton, Leanne N. Phelps, Irina G. Gvozdeva, André F. Lotter, Nina I. Belyanina, Assunta Florenzano, William J. Fletcher, Ioan Tantau, Suzanne A.G. Leroy, Roxana Grindean, Normunds Stivrins, Elena G. Lapteva, Francisca Alba-Sánchez, J. Sakari Salonen, Tatiana I. Petrenko, Tatyana V. Sapelko, Angelica Feurdean, Anna Maria Mercuri, Yuri A. Mikishin, G Furlanetto, Susanne Jahns, Cesare Ravazzi, Helena Svobodova Svitavska, Anastasia Mavridou, Carlo Alessandro Montanari, Jose Manuel Mesa-Fernández, Sampson Panajiotidis, Ruth Beer, Stéphanie Desprat, Federico Di Rita, María J. Ramos-Román, Emna Gaceur, Joanna Święta-Musznicka, Małgorzata Latałowa, Thomas Giesecke, Olga K. Borisova, Galina Bukreeva, M. Jane Bunting, Manuel Chevalier, Achille Mauri, Maria Angela Guido, Darya A. Lopatina, César Morales-Molino, Spassimir Tonkov, Marcelina Zimny, Monika Karpińska-Kołaczek, Sergey Ivanov, Gonzalo Jiménez-Moreno, Daniele Colombaroli, Morteza Djamali, Heather S. Pardoe, Olga D. Naidina, Margarita Tsakiridou, Université de Lausanne, Swiss National Science Foundation, López Sáez, José Antonio [0000-0002-3122-2744], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of physical chemistry, Uppsala University, Senckenberg biodiversität und klima forschungszentrum (BIK-F), Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (SGN), Laboratorio di Palinologia e Paleobotanica, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Natural History Collections, University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB), A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum, Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Department of Plant Ecology, Gdansk University, University of Gdańsk (UG), Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Humaines (Lares-Las), Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Dipartimento di biologia ambientale, Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome] (UNIROMA), Department of Botany, Sofia University 'St. Kliment Ohridski', NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), Department of Biogeography and Palaeoecology, Institut Méditerranéen d'Ecologie et de Paléoécologie (IMEP), Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Avignon Université (AU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lund University [Lund], Laboratoire d'Informatique, Systèmes, Traitement de l'Information et de la Connaissance (LISTIC), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), CNR-IDPA, Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ambiente e del Territorio, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Turku], University of Turku, Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Department of Geography [Riga], Софийски университет = Sofia University, University of Portsmouth, Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Avignon Université (AU), López Sáez, José Antonio, Davis, B, Chevalier, M, Sommer, P, Carter, V, Finsinger, W, Mauri, A, Phelps, L, Zanon, M, Abegglen, R, Akesson, C, Alba-Sanchez, F, Scott Anderson, R, Antipina, T, Atanassova, J, Beer, R, Belyanina, N, Blyakharchuk, T, Borisova, O, Bozilova, E, Bukreeva, G, Jane Bunting, M, Clo, E, Colombaroli, D, Combourieu-Nebout, N, Desprat, S, Di Rita, F, Djamali, M, Edwards, K, Fall, P, Feurdean, A, Fletcher, W, Florenzano, A, Furlanetto, G, Gaceur, E, Galimov, A, Galka, M, Garcia-Moreiras, I, Giesecke, T, Grindean, R, Guido, M, Gvozdeva, I, Herzschuh, U, Hjelle, K, Ivanov, S, Jahns, S, Jankovska, V, Jimenez-Moreno, G, Karpinska-Kolaczek, M, Kitaba, I, Kolaczek, P, Lapteva, E, Latalowa, M, Lebreton, V, Leroy, S, Leydet, M, Lopatina, D, Lopez-Saez, J, Lotter, A, Magri, D, Marinova, E, Matthias, I, Mavridou, A, Mercuri, A, Mesa-Fernandez, J, Mikishin, Y, Milecka, K, Montanari, C, Morales-Molino, C, Mrotzek, A, Sobrino, C, Naidina, O, Nakagawa, T, Nielsen, A, Novenko, E, Panajiotidis, S, Panova, N, Papadopoulou, M, Pardoe, H, Pedziszewska, A, Petrenko, T, Ramos-Roman, M, Ravazzi, C, Rosch, M, Ryabogina, N, Ruiz, S, Sakari Salonen, J, Sapelko, T, Schofield, J, Seppa, H, Shumilovskikh, L, Stivrins, N, Stojakowits, P, Svitavska, H, Swieta-Musznicka, J, Tantau, I, Tinner, W, Tobolski, K, Tonkov, S, Tsakiridou, M, Valsecchi, V, Zanina, O, Zimny, M, University of St Andrews. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews. Environmental Change Research Group, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Departamento de Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Universidad de Granada, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome], Sofia University 'Sv. Kliment Ohridski', Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille 3-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Avignon Université (AU)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), University of Helsinki, and University of Sofia
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, LAKE CONSTANCE REGION, Palynology Palaeoecology Palaeoclimatology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, HUMAN IMPACT, recent pollen deposition, 580 Plants (Botany), medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, 2417.10 Paleobotánica, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, ddc:550, SURFACE POLLEN, SOUTHERN NORWAY, SDG 13 - Climate Action, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, lcsh:Environmental sciences, SDG 15 - Life on Land, lcsh:GE1-350, 0303 health sciences, CLIMATE-CHANGE, GE, APUSENI NATURAL PARK, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Foundation (engineering), European pollen database, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], Europe, LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM, Geography, NORTHERN IBERIAN PLATEAU, pollen, GE Environmental Sciences, 1171 Geosciences, 010506 paleontology, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), Library science, Climate change, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 010603 evolutionary biology, neotoma, 03 medical and health sciences, Eurasian Modern Pollen Database, 2502.05 Paleoclimatología, Pollen, medicine, SIERRA-NEVADA, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 030304 developmental biology, Botánica, HOLOCENE VEGETATION HISTORY, DAS, 15. Life on land, 2416.03 Palinología, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, lcsh:Geology, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], MCP, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: The Eurasian (née European) Modern Pollen Database (EMPD) was established in 2013 to provide a public database of high-quality modern pollen surface samples to help support studies of past climate, land cover, and land use using fossil pollen. The EMPD is part of, and complementary to, the European Pollen Database (EPD) which contains data on fossil pollen found in Late Quaternary sedimentary archives throughout the Eurasian region. The EPD is in turn part of the rapidly growing Neotoma database, which is now the primary home for global palaeoecological data. This paper describes version 2 of the EMPD in which the number of samples held in the database has been increased by 60% from 4826 to 8134. Much of the improvement in data coverage has come from northern Asia, and the database has consequently been renamed the Eurasian Modern Pollen Database to reflect this geographical enlargement. The EMPD can be viewed online using a dedicated map-based viewer at https://empd2.github.io and downloaded in a variety of file formats at https: //doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.909130 (Chevalier et al., 2019)., Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) 200021_169598, University of Lausanne
Published: 2020
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23. Global gradients in intraspecific variation in vegetative and floral traits are partially associated with climate and species richness

Author: José M. Gómez, Diane R. Campbell, Martina Stang, Jens Kattge, Justin P. Wright, Dirk Nikolaus Karger, Gregory M. Ames, Francisco Perfectti, Marcin Zych, Carlos Fonseca, Michael Kleyer, Helena Streit, Nina Sletvold, Jonas Kuppler, Ülo Niinemets, Deirdre Loughnan, Pedro Higuchi, Vanessa Minden, Antoine Guisan, Gerhard Boenisch, Amparo Lázaro, Valério D. Pillar, Liedson Tavares Carneiro, Isabel Alves-dos-Santos, Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal, Martin Lechleitner, Nathan J. B. Kraft, Gerhard E. Overbeck, Amy L. Parachnowitsch, Brian J. Enquist, David Schellenberger Costa, Robert R. Junker, W. S. Armbruster, Florian C. Boucher, Cécile H. Albert, Anne Amélie C. Larue-Kontić, Biology, Ulm University, Universität Ulm - Ulm University [Ulm, Allemagne], Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), North Carolina State University [Raleigh] (NC State), University of North Carolina System (UNC), University of Alaska [Fairbanks] (UAF), Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), University of California (UC), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Universidad de Costa Rica (UCR), Santa Fe Institute, Departamento de Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores [Porto] (DEEC), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Laboratoire de Mathématiques Nicolas Oresme (LMNO), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Swiss Federal Research Institute, University of Oldenburg, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of Salzburg, Universität Salzburg, Instituto de fisic Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos ( IFISC (CSIC-UIB)), University of British Columbia [Vancouver], Estonian University of Life Sciences (EMU), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), Uppsala University, University of New Brunswick (UNB), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte [Natal] (UFRN), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Department of Ecology and Genetics [Uppsala] (EBC), Universiteit Leiden, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, North Carolina Central University [Durham], University of Warsaw (UW), Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica, Universidade do Porto, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Landscape Ecology Group, University of California, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, and Philipps University of Marburg
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Skogsvetenskap, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], media_common.quotation_subject, Biology, Functional diversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Intraspecific competition, Competition (biology), Precipitation gradient, Within‐species variation, Community ecology, Within-species variation, Macroecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, Ekologi, Abiotic component, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, Community, Forest Science, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, fungi, food and beverages, Plant community, Flower trait, Temperature gradient, 15. Life on land, Functional trait, 13. Climate action, trait-based ecology, Species richness, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Leaf trait, Woody plant
Abstract: [Aim] Intraspecific trait variation (ITV) within natural plant communities can be large, influencing local ecological processes and dynamics. Here, we shed light on how ITV in vegetative and floral traits responds to large‐scale abiotic and biotic gradients (i.e., climate and species richness). Specifically, we tested whether associations of ITV with temperature, precipitation and species richness were consistent with any of four hypotheses relating to stress tolerance and competition. Furthermore, we estimated the degree of correlation between ITV in vegetative and floral traits and how they vary along the gradients., [Location] Global., [Time period] 1975–2016., [Major taxa studied] Herbaceous and woody plants., [Methods] We compiled a dataset of 18,401 measurements of the absolute extent of ITV (measured as the coefficient of variation) in nine vegetative and seven floral traits from 2,822 herbaceous and woody species at 2,372 locations., [Results] Large‐scale associations between ITV and climate were trait specific and more prominent for vegetative traits, especially leaf morphology, than for floral traits. The ITV showed pronounced associations with climate, with lower ITV values in colder areas and higher values in drier areas. The associations of ITV with species richness were inconsistent across traits. Species‐specific associations across gradients were often idiosyncratic, and covariation in ITV was weaker between vegetative and floral traits than within the two trait groups. [Main conclusions] Our results show that, depending on the traits considered, ITV either increased or decreased with climate stress and species richness, suggesting that both factors can constrain or enhance ITV, which might foster plant‐population persistence in stressful conditions. Given the species‐specific responses and covariation in ITV, associations can be hard to predict for traits and species not yet studied. We conclude that consideration of ITV can improve our understanding of how plants cope with stressful conditions and environmental change across spatial and biological scales., Open Access funding was provided by Ulm University under the DEAL‐agreement.
Published: 2020
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24. Terrestrial plant microfossils in palaeoenvironmental studies, pollen, microcharcoal and phytolith. Towards a comprehensive understanding of vegetation, fire and climate changes over the past one million years

Author: Filipa Naughton, Basil A. S. Davis, Jennifer R. Marlon, Dunia H. Urrego, Julie C. Aleman, Laurent Marquer, Vincent Montade, Damien Rius, Anne-Laure Daniau, William J. Fletcher, Stéphanie Desprat, Laurent Bremond, César Morales-Molino, De la Préhistoire à l'Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecology and Evolutionnary Biology, Yale University [New Haven], Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Géographie de l'environnement (GEODE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE)
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, Middle Pleistocene, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Microcharcoal, ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species, Phytolith, Climate change, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Land cover, 01 natural sciences, Ecosystem services, Sedimentary depositional environment, Paleoclimatology, Terrestrial plant, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Last glacial period, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Vegetation, Holocene, ved/biology, Paleontology, 15. Life on land, Fire, Geography, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Paleoecology, Pollen, Physical geography, Terrestrial and marine sedimentary archives
Abstract: The Earth has experienced large changes in global and regional climates over the past one million years. Understanding processes and feedbacks that control those past environmental changes is of great interest for better understanding the nature, direction and magnitude of current climate change, its effect on life, and on the physical, biological and chemical processes and ecosystem services important for human well-being. Microfossils from terrestrial plants – pollen, microcharcoal and phytoliths – preserved in terrestrial and marine sedimentary archives are particularly useful tools to document changes in vegetation, fire and land climate. They are well-preserved in a variety of depositional environments and provide quantitative reconstructions of past land cover and climate. Those microfossil data are widely available from public archives, and their spatial coverage includes almost all regions on Earth, including both high and low latitudes and altitudes. Here, we (i) review the laboratory procedures used to extract those microfossils from sediment for microscopic observations and the qualitative and quantitative information they provide, (ii) highlight the importance of regional and global databases for large-scale syntheses of environmental changes, and (iii) review the application of terrestrial plant microfossil records in palaeoclimatology and palaeoecology using key examples from specific regions and past periods.
Published: 2019
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25. Direct and indirect effects of flood regime on macroinvertebrate assemblages in a floodplain riverscape

Author: Christopher T. Robinson, Pierre C. M. Chanut, Chrystelle Gabbud, Thibault Datry, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), Institute of Integrative Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions (UR MALY), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Austrian Science Fund (FWF)407040_153942Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)407040_153942, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG), and Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Hydrology, floodplain, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, Flood myth, Floodplain, Ecological succession, Flood regime, Stream invertebrates, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, flood regime, ecological succession, 15. Life on land, Aquatic Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, stream invertebrates, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Earth-Surface Processes
Abstract: Floods are necessary for the functioning of floodplain ecosystems. Ultimately, flood effects on biota are spatially complex and unfold at various time scales. Yet, biodiversity conservation in regulated floodplains requires a sound quantification of the main pathways how floods affect riverine ecosystems. Here, we investigated the relative effects of flood frequency, magnitude, and time elapsed since the last flood on macroinvertebrate communities of 24 parafluvial habitats in the Maggia river floodplain, Switzerland. Parafluvial habitats were sampled seasonally over 1 year, and a combination of 2D hydrodynamic modelling and piecewise structural equation modelling was used to quantify the direct and indirect effects of local hydrological metrics on macroinvertebrate communities. We found that high flood frequency favoured rheophilic species (EPT taxa) over other groups (Coleoptera, Diptera) and prevented strong competitive interactions and competitive exclusion by maintaining low food resource levels. Importantly, we found that parafluvial habitats exhibited more lentic-like characteristics as time passed after a flood, which caused EPT taxa to be relatively more abundant and taxa richness higher immediately after flood disturbance. Lastly, overall taxa richness increased over time after a flood and even more so after larger floods. Our results suggest that variation in flood magnitude, frequency, and return period maximizes beta diversity within floodplain riverscapes due to the independent and spatially interactive responses of parafluvial habitats.
Published: 2019
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26. Scaling the linkage between environmental niches and functional traits for improved spatial predictions of biological communities

Author: Manuela D'Amen, Antoine Guisan, Daniel Scherrer, Tamara Münkemüller, James Alexander, Julien Pottier, Heidi K. Mod, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Dept Ecol & Evolut, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Ecosystèmes montagnards (UR EMGR), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Assembly rules, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Niche, Species distribution, microhabitat, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Intraspecific competition, fine-scale sampling, Eecological assembly rules, Environmental gradients, Fine‐scale sampling, Microhabitat, Multivariate envelope, Stacked species distribution models, environmental gradients, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecological niche, Abiotic component, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, stacked species distribution models, ecological assembly rules, multivariate envelope, stacked species distribution models, ecological assembly rules, environmental gradients, multivariate envelope, fine-scale sampling, microhabitat, trait envelope, Trait, Spatial ecology, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Issue Approaches to predicting species assemblages through stacking individual niche‐based species distribution models (S‐SDMs) need to account for community processes other than abiotic filtering. Such constraints have been introduced by implementing ecological assembly rules (EARs) into S‐SDMs, and can be based on patterns of functional traits in communities. Despite being logically valid, this approach has led to a limited improvement in prediction, possibly because of mismatches between the scales of measurement of niche and trait data. Evidence S‐SDM studies have often related single values of a species’ traits to environmental niches that are captured by abiotic conditions measured at a much finer spatial scale, without accounting for intraspecific trait variation along environmental gradients. Many pieces of evidence show that omitting intraspecific trait variation can hinder the proper inference of EARs from trait patterns, and we further argue that it can therefore also affect our capacity to spatially predict functional properties of communities. In addition, estimates of environmental niches and trait envelopes may vary depending on the scale at which environmental and trait measurements are made. Conclusion We suggest that to overcome these limitations, surveys sampling both niche and trait measurements should be conducted at fine scales along wide environmental gradients, and integrated at the same scale to test and improve a new generation of spatial community models and their functional properties., Global Ecology and Biogeography, 28 (10), ISSN:1466-822X, ISSN:1466-8238
Published: 2019
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27. Fire risk modulation by long-term dynamics in land cover and dominant forest type in Eastern and Central Europe

Author: Angelica Feurdean, Boris Vannière, Walter Finsinger, Dan Warren, Simon C. Connor, Matthew Forrest, Johan Liakka, Andrei Panait, Christian Werner, Maja Andrič, Premysl Bobek, Vachel A. Carter, Basil Davis, Andrei-Cosmin Diaconu, Elisabeth Dietze, Ingo Feeser, Gabriela Florescu, Mariusz Gałka, Thomas Giesecke, Susanne Jahns, Eva Jamrichová, Katarzyna Kajukało, Jed Kaplan, Monika Karpińska-Kołaczek, Piotr Kołaczek, Petr Kuneš, Dimitry Kupriyanov, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Carsten Lemmen, Enikö K. Magyari, Katarzyna Marcisz, Elena Marinova, Aidin Niamir, Elena Novenko, Milena Obremska, Anna Pędziszewska, Mirjam Pfeiffer, Anneli Poska, Manfred Rösch, Michal Słowiński, Miglė Stančikaitė, Marta Szal, Joanna Święta-Musznicka, Ioan Tanţău, Martin Theuerkauf, Spassimir Tonkov, Orsolya Valkó, Juri Vassiljev, Siim Veski, Ildiko Vincze, Agnieszka Wacnik, Julian Wiethold, Thomas Hickler, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main-Senckenberg – Leibniz Institution for Biodiversity and Earth System Research - Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Leibniz Association-Leibniz Association, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226, Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California-University of California, Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center [Bergen] (NERSC), Babes-Bolyai University [Cluj-Napoca] (UBB), Heidelberg University, Institut za arheologijo (ZRC SAZU), Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU - Institut za arheologijo, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IB / CAS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), GeoForschungsZentrum - Helmholtz-Zentrum Potsdam (GFZ), Institut fûr Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Department of Palynology and Climate Dynamics, Georg-August-University [Göttingen]-Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Brandenburgisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologisches Landesmuseum, Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, ARVE, Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), MTA-MTM-ELTE Research Group for Paleontology, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), GINOP Sustainable Ecosystem Research Group, MTA Centre for Ecological Research [Tihany], Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Department of Environmental and Landscape Geography, Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Landesdenkmalamt, Baden-Württemberg, Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Polska Akademia Nauk = Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Department of Plant Ecology, Gdansk University, University of Gdańsk (UG), Senckenberg biodiversität und klima forschungszentrum (BIK-F), Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (SGN), Institute of Geology, University of Bern, Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization, Polish Academy of Sciences, Nature Research Centre [Vilnius], Department of Palaeobotany, Institute of Biology, Białystok University of Technology, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald, University of Sofia, Institute of Geology at Tallinn, Tallinn University of Technology (TTÜ), Department of Palaeobotany, W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives (Inrap), Archéologie, Terre, Histoire, Sociétés [Dijon] (ARTeHiS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), German Research Foundation (grant nos. FE-1096/4-1 and FE-1096/6-1). Additional financial support also came from the Slovenian Research Agency (grant nos. P6-0064 and J7-6857), the UEFISCDI in Romania (grant no. PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2016-0711), the Research Council of Lithuania (grant no. S-MIP-17-133), the Swiss Government Excellence Postdoctoral Scholarship (grant no. FIRECO 2016.0310), the National Science Centre in Poland (grant nos. 2015/17/B/ST10/01656 and 2015/17/B/ST10/03430), the Czech Science Foundation (grant nos. 16-06915S, 19-14271Y and GA14-22658S), the Estonian Research Council (grant no. PRG323), the Czech Academy of Sciences (grant no. RVO 67985939), the ANR OBRESOC project (grant no. ANR 09-CEP-004-01), and the Hungarian National Research, Development and Innovation Office., PAGES Global Charcoal Database, ANR-09-CEPL-0004,OBRESOC,Un observatoire rétrospectif d'une société archéologique: La trajectoire du néolithique Rubané.(2009), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Charles University [Prague] (CU), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen-Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Софийски университет = Sofia University, and Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, biomass burning, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Holocene, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Human impact, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, 01 natural sciences, [SDV.BIBS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Quantitative Methods [q-bio.QM], [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Fire hazard, [SDV.SA.SF]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Silviculture, forestry, 13. Climate action, tree cover, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 010606 plant biology & botany, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Wildfire occurrence is influenced by climate, vegetation and human activities. A key challenge for understanding fire-climate-vegetation interactions is to quantify the effect vegetation has in mediating fire regime. Here, we explore the relative importance of Holocene land cover and dominant functional forest type, and climate dynamics on biomass burned in temperate and boreo-nemoral regions of Central and Eastern Europe over the past 12 ka BP years. We used an extensive data set of Holocene pollen and sedimentary charcoal records, in combination with climate simulations and novel statistical modelling. Biomass burned was highest during the early Holocene and lowest during the mid Holocene in all three ecoregions, but diverged more markedly over the past 3–4 ka BP. Although the climate was an important driver of fire hazard during the warm and dry early Holocene, tree cover was consistently the strongest predictor of past biomass burning. In temperate forests, biomass burned was high at ~ 45 % tree cover and decreased strongly towards 60 % tree cover. In needleleaf dominated forests, biomass burned was highest at ~ 60–65 % tree cover and abruptly declined at > 65 % tree cover. Biomass burned also increased when arable lands and grasslands reached ~ 15–20 %, although this relationship was highly dynamic depending on land use intensity throughout ignition and fuel type and availability. Our observations cover the full range of Holocene climate variability and land cover changes and illustrates that percentages of land cover is a key predictor of the probability of fire occurrence over timescales of centuries to millennia. We suggest that long-term fire risk may be effectively reduced through land cover management, given that land cover has controlled fire regimes under the dynamic climates of the Holocene.
Published: 2019
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28. The climate, the fuel and the land use: Long-term regional variability of biomass burning in boreal forests

Author: Veiko Lehsten, Jed O. Kaplan, Basil A. S. Davis, Christopher Carcaillet, Richard H. W. Bradshaw, Olivier Blarquez, Jennifer L. Clear, Chiara Molinari, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Department of Macroecology and Landscape Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Université de Québec à Montréal, Département de Géographie, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), ARVE, University of Liverpool, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), and Lyvet, Nathalie
Subjects: biomass burning, 010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate, Climate Change, Rain, Holocene, boreal biome, climate variations, land use, plant functional types, Climate change, 01 natural sciences, Fires, Trees, Taiga, Humans, Environmental Chemistry, Biomass, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, Temperature, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, Evergreen, [SDE.BE] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Deciduous, Boreal, 13. Climate action, Charcoal, Environmental science, Physical geography, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: The influence of different drivers on changes in North American and European boreal forests biomass burning (BB) during the Holocene was investigated based on the following hypotheses: land use was important only in the southernmost regions, while elsewhere climate was the main driver modulated by changes in fuel type. BB was reconstructed by means of 88 sedimentary charcoal records divided into six different site clusters. A statistical approach was used to explore the relative contribution of (a) pollen-based mean July/summer temperature and mean annual precipitation reconstructions, (b) an independent model-based scenario of past land use (LU), and (c) pollen-based reconstructions of plant functional types (PFTs) on BB. Our hypotheses were tested with: (a) a west-east northern boreal sector with changing climatic conditions and a homogeneous vegetation, and (b) a north-south European boreal sector characterized by gradual variation in both climate and vegetation composition. The processes driving BB in boreal forests varied from one region to another during the Holocene. However, general trends in boreal biomass burning were primarily controlled by changes in climate (mean annual precipitation in Alaska, northern Quebec, and northern Fennoscandia, and mean July/summer temperature in central Canada and central Fennoscandia) and, secondarily, by fuel composition (BB positively correlated with the presence of boreal needleleaf evergreen trees in Alaska and in central and southern Fennoscandia). Land use played only a marginal role. A modification towards less flammable tree species (by promoting deciduous stands over fire-prone conifers) could contribute to reduce circumboreal wildfire risk in future warmer periods.
Published: 2018

29. Palaeoclimate constraints on the impact of 2 °c anthropogenic warming and beyond

Author: Martin Ziegler, Johannes Sutter, Thibaut Caley, Katarzyna Marcisz, Giuseppe Cortese, Maria Fernanda Sanchez Goñi, Anne de Vernal, Jacqueline Austermann, Alessio Rovere, Katrin J. Meissner, Carlo Barbante, Basil A. S. Davis, Paul J. Valdes, Anders E. Carlson, Bette L. Otto-Bliesner, Samuel L Jaccard, Jesper Sjolte, Eric W. Wolff, Stéphane Affolter, Sarah A. Finkelstein, Willy Tinner, Nerilie J. Abram, Thomas Felis, Zicheng Yu, Kelsey A. Dyez, Heinz Wanner, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Max D. Holloway, Alan C. Mix, Valérie Masson-Delmotte, Qing Yan, Paul Gierz, Bjørg Risebrobakken, Anne-Laure Daniau, Victor Brovkin, Erin L McClymont, Michal Kucera, Patricio A. Velasquez Alvárez, Daniele Colombaroli, Christoph C. Raible, Emilie Capron, Juan Antonio Ballesteros-Cánovas, Michael Sarnthein, Julia Gottschalk, Hubertus Fischer, Liping Zhou, Jennifer R. Marlon, Julien Emile-Geay, Olga V. Churakova (Sidorova), Marie-France Loutre, Brian F. Cumming, Daniel J. Lunt, Philippe Martinez, Jennifer Saleem Arrigo, Sherilyn C. Fritz, Thomas F. Stocker, Hendrik Vogel, Fortunat Joos, Pepijn Johannes Bakker, Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern] (CEP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research (OCCR), University of Bern, Climate Change Research Centre [Sydney] (CCRC), University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences [Corvallis] (CEOAS), Oregon State University (OSU), Australian National University (ANU), Bullard Laboratories, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Max Planck Institute for Meteorology (MPI-M), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ice and Climate [Copenhagen], Niels Bohr Institute [Copenhagen] (NBI), Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Environnements et Paléoenvironnements OCéaniques (EPOC), Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Columbia University [New York], Center for Marine Environmental Sciences [Bremen] (MARUM), Universität Bremen, University of Toronto, Department of Geography (UNIVERSITé DE DURHAM), Durham University, Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (AWI), University of Geneva [Switzerland], Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes-CNR, University of Ca’ Foscari [Venice, Italy], UMR 5805 Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux (EPOC), GNS Science [Lower Hutt], GNS Science, Queen's University [Kingston, Canada], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Centre de recherche sur la dynamique du système Terre (GEOTOP), Université de Montréal (UdeM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), University of Southern California (USC), University of Nebraska [Lincoln], University of Nebraska System, Past Global Changes International Project Office (PAGES), Past Global Changes International Project Office, School of Geographical Sciences [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University [New Haven], Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables (GLACCIOS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder] (NCAR), Uni Research Climate, Uni Research Ltd, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), National Coordination Office, Washington, Institute of Geosciences [Kiel], Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), Department of Geology, Quaternary Sciences, Lund University [Lund], Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Institute of Geography [Bern], Nansen-Zhu International Research Center (NZC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Beijing] (IAP), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS)-Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Lehigh University [Bethlehem], Department of Earth Sciences [Utrecht], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Zurich, University of Peking, Peking University [Beijing], Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Science [Copenhagen], University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM)-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-Université de Montréal (UdeM)-Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT)-Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR)-Concordia University [Montreal]-Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Stratigraphy and paleontology, Stratigraphy & paleontology, Wolff, Eric [0000-0002-5914-8531], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, sub-01, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences(all), 3705 Geology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ice cores climate, Paleoclimatology, Ecosystem, Settore CHIM/01 - Chimica Analitica, SDG 14 - Life Below Water, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 13 Climate Action, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Global warming, 37 Earth Sciences, 3709 Physical Geography and Environmental Geoscience, Radiative forcing, 13. Climate action, [SDU.STU.CL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Climatology, Greenhouse gas, Climatology, Polar amplification, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Climate model, Ice sheet
Abstract: International audience; Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming were forced differently than future anthropogenic change, such periods can provide insights into potential future climate impacts and ecosystem feedbacks, especially over centennial-to-millennial timescales that are often not covered by climate model simulations. Our observation-based synthesis of the understanding of past intervals with temperatures within the range of projected future warming suggests that there is a low risk of runaway greenhouse gas feedbacks for global warming of no more than 2 °C. However, substantial regional environmental impacts can occur. A global average warming of 1–2 °C with strong polar amplification has, in the past, been accompanied by significant shifts in climate zones and the spatial distribution of land and ocean ecosystems. Sustained warming at this level has also led to substantial reductions of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, with sea-level increases of at least several metres on millennial timescales. Comparison of palaeo observations with climate model results suggests that, due to the lack of certain feedback processes, model-based climate projections may underestimate long-term warming in response to future radiative forcing by as much as a factor of two, and thus may also underestimate centennial-to-millennial-scale sea-level rise.
Published: 2018
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30. European forest cover since the start of Neolithic agriculture: a critical comparison of pollen-based reconstructions

Author: Woodbridge, Jessie, Fyfe, R.M., Roberts, C.N., Trondman, A.-K., Mazier, Florence, Davis, B, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Plymouth] (SoGEES), Plymouth University, School of natural sciences, Linnaeus University, Géographie de l'environnement (GEODE), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Holocene vegetation, pollen, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, 15. Life on land, Neolithic agriculture, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Europe was extensively wooded prior to the arrival of Neolithic agriculture. Forests have since been cleared and fragmented by humans. Here we compare different approaches to transforming fossil pollen data into quantitative past forest cover estimates on a continental scale.
Published: 2018
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31. Reconstructing geographical parthenogenesis: effects of niche differentiation and reproductive mode on Holocene range expansion of an alpine plant

Author: Kirchheimer, Bernhard, Wessely, Johannes, Gattringer, Andreas, Hülber, Karl, Moser, Dietmar, Schinkel, Christoph C. F., Appelhans, Marc, Klatt, Simone, Caccianiga, Marco, Dellinger, Agnes, Guisan, Antoine, Kuttner, Michael, Lenoir, Jonathan, Maiorano, Luigi, Nieto-Lugilde, Diego, Plutzar, Christoph, Svenning, Jens-Christian, Willner, Wolfgang, Hörandl, Elvira, Dullinger, Stefan, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna [Vienna], Università degli studi di Milano [Milano], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), UR Ecol & Dynam Syst Anthropises EDYSAN, UMR CNRS 7058, Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' [Rome], Dept Biol Sci, Ecoinformat & Biodivers Grp, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation and Analyses (VINCA), Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés - UMR CNRS 7058 (EDYSAN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), and Università degli Studi di Roma 'La Sapienza' = Sapienza University [Rome]
Subjects: Ranunculus, Letter, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Parthenogenesis, CLIMATIC NICHES, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, GENETIC-STRUCTURE, Altitude, Ecosystem, Geography, Plants, Ranunculus kuepferi, Apomictic plants, European Alps, geographical range, minority cytotype disadvantage, niche shift, polyploidization, APOMIXIS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, DISTANCE SEED DISPERSAL, DISTRIBUTIONS, RANUNCULUS-KUEPFERI RANUNCULACEAE, Letters, BAKERS LAW, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, EVOLUTION, APOMICTIC PLANTS, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, BIOGEOGRAPHY
Abstract: International audience; Asexual taxa often have larger ranges than their sexual progenitors, particularly in areas affected by Pleistocene glaciations. The reasons given for this ‘geographical parthenogenesis’ are contentious, with expansion of the ecological niche or colonisation advantages of uniparental reproduction assumed most important in case of plants. Here, we parameterized a spread model for the alpine buttercup Ranunculus kuepferi and reconstructed the joint Holocene range expansion of its sexual and apomictic cytotype across the European Alps under different simulation settings. We found that, rather than niche broadening or a higher migration rate, a shift of the apomict's niche towards colder conditions per se was crucial as it facilitated overcoming of topographical barriers, a factor likely relevant for many alpine apomicts. More generally, our simulations suggest potentially strong interacting effects of niche differentiation and reproductive modes on range formation of related sexual and asexual taxa arising from their differential sensitivity to minority cytotype disadvantage.
Published: 2018
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32. Europe’s lost forests: a pollen-based synthesis for the last 11,000 years

Author: Michelle Leydet, Jed O. Kaplan, Jessie Woodbridge, Marie-José Gaillard, Laurent Marquer, Florence Mazier, Anne Brigitte Nielsen, Basil A. S. Davis, Anna-Kari Trondman, Shinya Sugita, Ralph Fyfe, Neil Roberts, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences [Plymouth] (SoGEES), Plymouth University, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Environmental Change Institute, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, United Kingdom, Géographie de l'environnement (GEODE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Leiden University, Institute of Ecology, Tallinn University-Tallinn University, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, University of Kalmar-University of Kalmar, Institut méditerranéen de biodiversité et d'écologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Avignon Université (AU), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Avignon Université (AU)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UMR237-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Biodiversity, lcsh:Medicine, Forests, medicine.disease_cause, 01 natural sciences, Article, Prehistory, Pollen, Temperate climate, medicine, Humans, Forest, Neolithic, lcsh:Science, ddc:910, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Population Density, Multidisciplinary, Fossils, Plant Dispersal, Radiometric Dating, lcsh:R, Taiga, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, Plants, 15. Life on land, Europe, Geography, pollen analysis, 13. Climate action, Interglacial, Paleoecology, lcsh:Q, Physical geography, Landscape ecology
Abstract: 8000 years ago, prior to Neolithic agriculture, Europe was mostly a wooded continent. Since then, its forest cover has been progressively fragmented, so that today it covers less than half of Europe’s land area, in many cases having been cleared to make way for fields and pasture-land. Establishing the origin of Europe’s current, more open land-cover mosaic requires a long-term perspective, for which pollen analysis offers a key tool. In this study we utilise and compare three numerical approaches to transforming pollen data into past forest cover, drawing on >1000 14C-dated site records. All reconstructions highlight the different histories of the mixed temperate and the northern boreal forests, with the former declining progressively since ~6000 years ago, linked to forest clearance for agriculture in later prehistory (especially in northwest Europe) and early historic times (e.g. in north central Europe). In contrast, extensive human impact on the needle-leaf forests of northern Europe only becomes detectable in the last two millennia and has left a larger area of forest in place. Forest loss has been a dominant feature of Europe’s landscape ecology in the second half of the current interglacial, with consequences for carbon cycling, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity.
Published: 2018
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33. Evidence from the gut microbiota of swarming alates of a vertical transmission of the bacterial symbionts in Nasutitermes arborum (Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae)

Author: Michel Diouf, Philippe Mora, Alain Robert, Sophie Frechault, Vincent Hervé, Corinne Rouland-Lefèvre, Edouard Miambi, Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, and Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Nasutitermes, 16S, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Swarming (honey bee), Zoology, rRNA gene, Isoptera, Alate, Gut flora, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, Symbiosis, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Animals, Treponema, Molecular Biology, Phylogeny, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Symbiont transmission, Life Cycle Stages, Larva, Bacteria, biology, Swarming alates, Bacteroidetes, Biodiversity, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Gastrointestinal Tract, Termitidae, 030104 developmental biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Gutmicrobiota
Abstract: Studies on termite symbiosis have revealed that significant symbiont lineages are maintained across generations. However, most studies have focused only on the worker caste. Little is known about the gut microbiota of reproductives, the most probable vectors for transmitting these lineages to offspring. Using 16S rRNA gene-based Illumina MiSeq sequencing, we compared the gut microbiota of swarming alates of the higher termite Nasutitermes arborum with those of their nestmates from the parental colony. The OTU-based alpha diversity indices showed that the gut microbiota of the alates was at least as diverse as those of non-reproductive adults. It was largely dominated by Spirochaetes mostly of the Treponema I cluster (63.1% of reads), the same dominant taxa found in soldiers and workers of this species and in workers of closely related Nasutitermes species. The termite-specific lineages also included other representative taxa such as several clusters of Bacteroidetes and Fibrobacteres-TG3 group. The microbiota of alates was dominated by a core set of host-specific lineages (87% of reads, 77.6% of OTUs), which were always present across all castes/stages. This first comprehensive survey of the microbiota of the founding reproductives of these xylophagous higher termites shows that the bulk of the host endogenous symbionts, mostly taxa that cannot thrive outside the gut, are brought from the parent colony. The royal pair therefore seems to be a key player in the transmission of symbionts across generations and thereby in host-symbiont codiversification. The high proportion of fiber-degrading lineages in their gut suggests a wood-rich diet unlike the larval stages.
Published: 2018
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34. Storm impacts on alpine lakes: antecedent weather conditions matter more than the event intensity

Author: Marie-Elodie Perga, Yann Guénand, Laura Rodriguez, Rosalie Bruel, Damien Bouffard, Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques (CARRTEL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Segula Technologies [France], and Swiss Federal Insitute of Aquatic Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EAWAG)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Watershed, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Rain, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], mountain, Climate change, Wind, 01 natural sciences, climate warming, Extreme weather, Nephelometry and Turbidimetry, Environmental Chemistry, Ecosystem, Glacial period, extreme event, lake, Weather, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Global and Planetary Change, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Global warming, Storm, 15. Life on land, Lakes, 13. Climate action, Climatology, frequency, hydrodynamics, Environmental science, storm, France, Seasons, metabolism, oxygen
Abstract: International audience; Extreme weather events may be just as important as gradual trends for the long‐term trajectories of ecosystems. For alpine lakes, which are exposed to both exacerbated atmospheric warming and intense episodic weather events, future conditions might not be appropriately forecast by only climate change trends, i.e., warming, if extreme events have the potential to deflect their thermal and metabolic states from their seasonal ranges. We used high‐frequency monitoring data over three open‐water seasons with a one‐dimensional hydrodynamic model of the high‐altitude Lake Muzelle (France) to show that rainstorms or windstorms, notwithstanding their intensity, did not trigger long‐lasting consequences to the lake characteristics when light penetration into the lake was not modified. In contrast, storms associated with high turbidity input from the watershed (“turbid storms”) strongly modified the lacustrine hydrodynamics and metabolism for the rest of the open‐water season through reduced light penetration. The long‐lasting effects of turbid storms were related to the inputs and in‐lake persistence of very‐light glacial suspensoids from the watershed. The occurrence of the observed turbid storms was not related to the wind or rain intensities during the events. Instead, the turbid storms occurred after dry and atypically warm spells, i.e., meteorological conditions expected to be more frequent in this alpine region in the upcoming decades. Consequently, storm events, notwithstanding their intensity, are expected to strongly imprint the future ecological status of alpine lakes under climate warming.
Published: 2018
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35. Parasitic versus nutritional regulation of natural fish populations

Author: Frantz, Amélie, Perga, Marie-Elodie, Guillard, Jean, Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques (CARRTEL), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, and Université de Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: comportement alimentaire, facteur environnemental, Biodiversité et Ecologie, parasitism, composition en acide gras, stable isotopes, lake phosphorus concentration, milieu lacustre, food quality, isotope stable, Perca fluviatilis, Biodiversity and Ecology, allometric growth, poisson, Triaenophorus nodulosus, fatty acid composition, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: International audience; on diet, physiology, and feeding behaviour of fish within lakes. Overall, we found a low impact of parasitism on the physiological condition and trophic status of juvenile perch at the end of their first summer. We find instead that juvenile perch growth and fat storage, both factors tied to their winter survival, are under strong nutritional constraints. However, the coinciding nutritional constraints and parasite prevalence of perch juveniles in these three lakes may result from the indirect effect of lake nutrient concentrations, which, as a major control of zooplankton communities, simultaneously regulate both the dietary quality of fish prey and the host-parasite encounter rates.
Published: 2018
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36. Aquatic urban ecology at the scale of a capital: community structure and interactions in street gutters

Author: Hervé, Vincent, Leroy, Boris, Da Silva Pires, Albert, Lopez, Pascal Jean, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes (IAM), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Biodiversité et gestion des territoires EA 7316, Biologie des Organismes et Ecosystèmes Aquatiques (BOREA), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Labex DRIIHM ANR-11-LABX-0010, PEPS program from CNRS INEE, VH was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation through Grant FN CR32I2-149853/1, ANR-11-LABX-0010/11-LABX-0010,LabEx DRIIHM,Dispositif de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les Interactions Hommes-Milieux(2011), Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Laboratory of Biogeosciences, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA), GEOCONCEPT, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-11-LABX-0010,DRIIHM / IRDHEI,Dispositif de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les Interactions Hommes-Milieux(2011), Institute of Biology of the University of Neuchâtel, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), and Université de Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: Diatoms, Autotrophic Processes, Microbiota, Drainage, Sanitary, Fungi, Heterotrophic Processes, Biodiversity, Wastewater, Microbial ecology, OHM Littoral Caraïbe, Rhizaria, OHM Littoral Caraïbes, Alveolata, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Freshwater ecology, Original Article, Microbiome, Cities, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience; In most cities, streets are designed for collecting and transporting dirt, litter, debris, storm water and other wastes as a municipal sanitation system. Microbial mats can develop on street surfaces and form microbial communities that have never been described. Here, we performed the first molecular inventory of the street gutter-associated eukaryotes across the entire French capital of Paris and the non-potable waters sources. We found that the 5782 OTUs (operational taxonomic units) present in the street gutters which are dominated by diatoms (photoautotrophs), fungi (heterotrophs), Alveolata and Rhizaria, includes parasites, consumers of phototrophs and epibionts that may regulate the dynamics of gutter mat microbial communities. Network analyses demonstrated that street microbiome present many species restricted to gutters, and an overlapping composition between the water sources used for street cleaning (for example, intra-urban aquatic networks and the associated rivers) and the gutters. We propose that street gutters, which can cover a significant surface area of cities worldwide, potentially have important ecological roles in the remediation of pollutants or downstream wastewater treatments, might also be a niche for growth and dissemination of putative parasite and pathogens.
Published: 2017
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37. The Close-Up Imager Onboard the ESA ExoMars Rover: Objectives, Description, Operations, and Science Validation Activities

Author: Mitko Tanevski, Frédéric Foucher, Jorge L. Vago, John G. Spray, Larryn W. Diamond, Eric P. Verrecchia, Suren Erkman, Beda A. Hofmann, Tomaso R. R. Bontognali, Emmanuelle Javaux, Detlef Koschny, Maria Cristina De Sanctis, Oleg Korablev, Luigi Colangeli, Antoine Verhaeghe, Francesca Esposito, Frances Westall, Gerhard Paar, Andrew David Griffiths, M. Josset, Charles S. Cockell, Audrey L. Souchon-Leitner, Stephan Kempe, Karl B. Föllmi, Matthew Gunn, P. Martin, Jean-Luc Josset, S. Ulamec, Space Exploration Institute [Neuchâtel] (SPACE - X), Centre de biophysique moléculaire (CBM), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut für Angewandte Geowissenschaften [Darmstadt], Technische Universität Darmstadt (TU Darmstadt), Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali - INAF (IAPS), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), European Space Agency (ESA), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI), Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Agence Spatiale Européenne (ESA), and Swiss Space OfficeESA PRODEX Office and the contribution from the French Space Agency, CNES.
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Drill, Computer science, Borehole, Drilling, Mars, Mars Exploration Program, 01 natural sciences, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), ExoMars, Nutzerzentrum für Weltraumexperimente (MUSC), Planetary Instrumentation, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 0103 physical sciences, 550 Earth sciences & geology, Biosignatures, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Rover Mission, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing
Abstract: International audience; The Close-Up Imager (CLUPI) onboard the ESA ExoMars Rover is a powerful high-resolution color camera specifically designed for close-up observations. Its accommodation on the movable drill allows multiple positioning. The science objectives of the instrument are geological characterization of rocks in terms of texture, structure, and color and the search for potential morphological biosignatures. We present the CLUPI science objectives, performance, and technical description, followed by a description of the instrument's planned operations strategy during the mission on Mars. CLUPI will contribute to the rover mission by surveying the geological environment, acquiring close-up images of outcrops, observing the drilling area, inspecting the top portion of the drill borehole (and deposited fines), monitoring drilling operations, and imaging samples collected by the drill. A status of the current development and planned science validation activities is also given. Key Words: Mars?Biosignatures?Planetary Instrumentation. Astrobiology 17, 595?611.The Close-Up Imager (CLUPI) onboard the ESA ExoMars Rover is a powerful high-resolution color camera specifically designed for close-up observations. Its accommodation on the movable drill allows multiple positioning. The science objectives of the instrument are geological characterization of rocks in terms of texture, structure, and color and the search for potential morphological biosignatures. We present the CLUPI science objectives, performance, and technical description, followed by a description of the instrument's planned operations strategy during the mission on Mars. CLUPI will contribute to the rover mission by surveying the geological environment, acquiring close-up images of outcrops, observing the drilling area, inspecting the top portion of the drill borehole (and deposited fines), monitoring drilling operations, and imaging samples collected by the drill. A status of the current development and planned science validation activities is also given.
Published: 2017
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38. Estimating the impact of early diagenesis on isotope records in shallow-marine carbonates: a case study from the Urgonian Platform in western Swiss Jura

Author: Godet , Alexis, Durlet , Christophe, Spangenberg , Jorge E., Föllmi , Karl B., Department of Geological Sciences, The University of Texas at San Antonio ( UTSA ), Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, and Financial support from the Swiss National Foundation (project n° 200021_127013/1).
Subjects: Cathodoluminescence, Carbon and oxygen stable isotopes, Early Cretaceous, Meteoric eogenesis, northern Tethyan margin, [ SDU.STU.ST ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Stratigraphy, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Chemostratigraphy, [ SDU.STU.PE ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography
Abstract: 14 pages; International audience; The poor preservation of sedimentological and geochemical evidence often hampers the identification of subaerial exposure surfaces in carbonate platform successions. Such discontinuities may represent significant time gaps, justifying the quest for diagnostic indications. We investigated a lower Hauterivian to upper Barremian sedimentary succession from Switzerland to highlight the stratigraphic impact of meteoric diagenesis on platform carbonates. Petrographic observations revealed the presence of five generations of calcitic cements. Spot measurement of carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions (δ13C and δ18O values, respectively) measurements relate them to specific diagenetic environments: selected blocky calcite cements exhibit an enrichment in light isotopes (12C, 16O), indicative of meteoric eogenesis, whereas very negative δ18O values link the last phase of cementation to mesogenesis. Meteoric calcitic cements formed during karstification of the top of the upper Barremian succession; burial diagenetic phases overlap these eogenetic phases, which thus cannot be related to recent telogenesis. We estimated the ratio of early meteoric versus burial cements within the studied succession: its stratigraphic repartition reveals that lower Aptian eogenesis influenced the geochemistry of platform carbonates as deep as 45 m below the exposure surface. In this interval, negative whole-rock δ13C values do not reflect contemporaneous variations of the δ13C curves documented in sections devoid of strong diagenetic impact. Such an impact is a function of the amount of meteoric cement filling pore space as well as of the primary carbon isotope composition of the carbonate sediments and of the meteoric cement. The vertical influence of a karst event is not restricted to the first metres directly below the exposure surface. Although meteoric diagenesis may not significantly alter microfacies, it may strongly perturb isotope systems. Building onto this case study, the application of δ13C chemostratigraphy to platform carbonates can only be performed with great caution and after a careful examination of diagenetic features.
Published: 2016
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39. The rich sides of mountain summits – a pan-European view on aspect preferences of alpine plants

Author: Klaus Steinbauer, Thomas Kudernatsch, Frank T. Breiner, Robert Kanka, Martina Petey, Pavel Moiseev, Siegrun Ertl, Andrea Lamprecht, Per Larsson, Graziano Rossi, Martin Klipp, Martin Mallaun, Philippe Choler, Marcello Tomaselli, Umberto Morra di Cella, Karl Hülber, Michael Suen, Peter Unterluggauer, Pascal Vittoz, Brigitta Erschbamer, Christian Bay, Anne O. Syverhuset, Jean-Paul Theurillat, Laszlo Nagy, Harald Pauli, Doris Huber, Michael Gottfried, Manuela Winkler, Dmitry Moiseev, Luis Villar, Maria Laura Carranza, Christian Rixen, Mihai Pușcaș, Anna Maria Fosaa, Rosa Fernández Calzado, José Luis Benito Alonso, Khatuna Gigauri, Emmanuel Corcket, Angela Stanisci, Ulf Molau, Tomas Bergström, Jan Dick, Joaquín Molero Mesa, Alba Gutiérrez Girón, Ottar Michelsen, George Kazakis, Jozef Kollár, Dany Ghosn, Tudor Ursu, Maia Akhalkatsi, Rosario G. Gavilán, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna [Vienna], Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation and Analyses (VINCA), Centre alpien de Phytogéographie, Fondation J.-M. Aubert, Université de Genève (UNIGE), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Université de Grenoble, LTER Zone Atelier Alpes, Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Ilia State University [Tbilisi], Aarhus University [Aarhus], Instituto Pirenaico de Ecologia (IPE), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), County Administrative Board of Jämtlands län, Partenaires INRAE, Università degli Studi del Molise (Unimol), Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés (BioGeCo), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Universidad de Granada (UGR), Faroese Museum of Natural History, Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Chania (CIHEAM-IAMC), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM), National Park of Berchtesgaden, Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Referat Naturschutz, Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche Versuchsanstalt, Göteborg University, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (UB RAS), Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente della Valle d'Aosta, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), A. Borza Botanical Garden, Babes-Bolyai University [Cluj-Napoca] (UBB), Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), University of Parma = Università degli studi di Parma [Parme, Italie], and National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences (NIRBDS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mediterranean climate, Life zone, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, soil temperature, Evolution, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Biodiversity, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Diversity index, Behavior and Systematics, Temperate climate, vascular plants, Alpine life zone, Climate change, Europe, GLORIA, Long-term monitoring, Slope aspect, Soil temperature, Species diversity, Vascular plants, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ecology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, species diversity, long-term monitoring, slope aspect, 15. Life on land, alpine life zone, climate change, Species richness, Extinction debt
Abstract: International audience; Aim In the alpine life zone, plant diversity is strongly determined by local topography and microclimate. We assessed the extent to which aspect and its relatedness to temperature affect plant species diversity, and the colonization and disappearance of species on alpine summits on a pan-European scale. Location Mountain summits in Europe's alpine life zone. Methods Vascular plant species and their percentage cover were recorded in permanent plots in each cardinal direction on 123 summits in 32 regions across Europe. For a subset from 17 regions, resurvey data and 6-year soil temperature series were available. Differences in temperature sum and Shannon index as well as species richness, colonization and disappearance of species among cardinal directions were analysed using linear mixed-effects and generalised mixed-effects models, respectively. Results Temperature sums were higher in east- and south-facing aspects than in the north-facing ones, while the west-facing ones were intermediate; differences were smallest in northern Europe. The patterns of temperature sums among aspects were consistent among years. In temperate regions, thermal differences were reflected by plant diversity, whereas this relationship was weaker or absent on Mediterranean and boreal mountains. Colonization of species was positively related to temperature on Mediterranean and temperate mountains, whereas disappearance of species was not related to temperature. Main conclusions Thermal differences caused by solar radiation determine plant species diversity on temperate mountains. Advantages for plants on eastern slopes may result from the combined effects of a longer diurnal period of radiation due to convection cloud effects in the afternoon and the sheltered position against the prevailing westerly winds. In northern Europe, long summer days and low sun angles can even out differences among aspects. On Mediterranean summits, summer drought may limit species numbers on the warmer slopes. Warmer aspects support a higher number of colonization events. Hence, aspect can be a principal determinant of the pace of climate-induced migration processes.
Published: 2016
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40. Reconstructing European forest management from 1600 to 2010

Author: Matthew J. McGrath, Daniel McInerney, Mart-Jan Schelhaas, F. Pasztor, Juliane Otto, Kim Naudts, Matthias Bürgi, Sebastiaan Luyssaert, Urs Gimmi, Patrick Meyfroidt, Yiying Chen, Jed O. Kaplan, Aude Valade, James Ryder, Karl-Heinz Erb, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique [FNRS], Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Swiss Federal Research Institute, Institute of Social Ecology Vienna (SEC), Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt [Klagenfurt, Austria], Coillte Teoranta, Climate Service Center [Hambourg] (GERICS), Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (GKSS), Alterra [Wageningen] (ESS-CC), Centre for Water and Climate [Wageningen], Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Systems Ecology, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Population, Forest management, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, lcsh:Life, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, lcsh:QH540-549.5, Forest ecology, ddc:551, Life Science, Forest and Landscape Ecology, Forest farming, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Vegetatie, Earth-Surface Processes, SDG 15 - Life on Land, ddc:910, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, education.field_of_study, 0303 health sciences, Forest inventory, Vegetation, Land use, Agroforestry, lcsh:QE1-996.5, 15. Life on land, lcsh:Geology, lcsh:QH501-531, Environmental science, Secondary forest, Vegetatie, Bos- en Landschapsecologie, Vegetation, Forest and Landscape Ecology, lcsh:Ecology, Temperate rainforest
Abstract: European forest use for fuel, timber and food dates back to pre-Roman times. Century-scale ecological processes and their legacy effects require accounting for forest management when studying today's forest carbon sink. Forest management reconstructions that are used to drive land surface models are one way to quantify the impact of both historical and today's large scale application of forest management on today's forest-related carbon sink and surface climate. In this study we reconstruct European forest management from 1600 to 2010 making use of diverse approaches, data sources and assumptions. Between 1600 and 1828, a demand-supply approach was used in which wood supply was reconstructed based on estimates of historical annual wood increment and land cover reconstructions. For the same period demand estimates accounted for the fuelwood needed in households, wood used in food processing, charcoal used in metal smelting and salt production, timber for construction and population estimates. Comparing estimated demand and supply resulted in a spatially explicit reconstruction of the share of forests under coppice, high stand management and forest left unmanaged. For the reconstruction between 1829 and 2010 a supply-driven back-casting method was used. The method used age reconstructions from the years 1950 to 2010 as its starting point. Our reconstruction reproduces the most important changes in forest management between 1600 and 2010: (1) an increase of 593 000 km2 in conifers at the expense of deciduous forest (decreasing by 538 000 km2), (2) a 612 000 km2 decrease in unmanaged forest, (3) a 152 000 km2 decrease in coppice management, (4) a 818 000 km2 increase in high stand management, and (5) the rise and fall of litter raking which at its peak in 1853 removed 50 Tg dry litter per year.
Published: 2015
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41. Biological Flora of the British Isles: Ambrosia artemisiifolia

Author: Dietmar Brandes, James M. Bullock, Swen Follak, Robert Richter, Michael Leitner, Robert Vautard, Gerhard Karrer, Matt Smith, Blaise Petitpierre, Thomas Mang, Boris Fumanal, Antoine Guisan, Uwe Starfinger, Dietmar Moser, Franz Essl, Gero Vogl, Claude Lavoie, Bruno Chauvel, Heinz Müller-Schärer, Gabriella Kazinczi, Urs Schaffner, Stefan Dullinger, Daniel S. Chapman, Olivier Broennimann, Beryl Laitung, Christoph Kueffer, Moritz von der Lippe, Krisztina Biró, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna [Vienna], Georgikon Faculty, Institute for Plant Protection, University of Pannonia, Institute for Plant Biology, Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Department of Ecology & Evolution, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] (CEH), Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier (PIAF), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, Institute of Botany, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien = University of Natural Resources and Life [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Department of Plant Production and Plant Protection, University of Kaposvar, Institute for Integrative Biology [Zürich] (IBZ), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Ecole Supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Heinz Maier-Leibnitz-Zentrum, Technische Universitat, Department of Biology, Unit Ecology & Evolution, University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Department of Ecology and Evolution [Lausanne], Faculty of Physics, CABI Europe Switzerland, Laboratory of Aeropalynology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Centre for Cultivated Plants, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Extrèmes : Statistiques, Impacts et Régionalisation (ESTIMR), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Ecology, Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Institute for sustainable Plant Production, Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Technische Universität Braunschweig [Braunschweig], Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Université Laval, Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Technische Universität Berlin (TUB), Université de Lausanne, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology [Wallingford] ( CEH ), Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), Centre for Ecology & Hydrology ( CEH ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Laboratoire de Physique et Physiologie Intégratives de l'Arbre Fruitier et Forestier ( PIAF ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, University of Lausanne, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań ( UAM ), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] ( LSCE ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), and Technical University of Berlin
Subjects: [ SDV.BV ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, ecophysiology, Growing season, Plant Science, medicine.disease_cause, modelling, Pollen, medicine, Temperate climate, Ruderal species, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, biogeography, agriculture, Herbivore, Ecology, biology, parasites and diseases, Phenology, reproductive biology, geographical and altitudinal distribution, health, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, climate change, germination, Weed
Abstract: This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Common ragweed) that are relevant to understanding its ecology. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, and history, conservation, impacts and management. Ambrosia artemisiifolia is a monoecious, wind-pollinated, annual herb native to North America whose height varies from 10 cm to 2.5 m, according to environmental conditions. It has erect, branched stems and pinnately lobed leaves. Spike-like racemes of male capitula composed of staminate (male) florets terminate the stems, while cyme-like clusters of pistillate (female) florets are arranged in groups in the axils of main and lateral stem leaves. Seeds require prolonged chilling to break dormancy. Following seedling emergence in spring, the rate of vegetative growth depends on temperature, but development occurs over a wide thermal range. In temperate European climates, male and female flowers are produced from summer to early autumn (July to October). Ambrosia artemisiifolia is sensitive to freezing. Late spring frosts kill seedlings and the first autumn frosts terminate the growing season. It has a preference for dry soils of intermediate to rich nutrient level. Ambrosia artemisiifolia was introduced into Europe with seed imports from North America in the 19th century. Since World War II, it has become widespread in temperate regions of Europe and is now abundant in open, disturbed habitats as a ruderal and agricultural weed. Recently, the North American ragweed leaf beetle (Ophraella communa) has been detected in southern Switzerland and northern Italy. This species appears to have the capacity to substantially reduce growth and seed production of A. artemisiifolia. In heavily infested regions of Europe, A. artemisiifolia causes substantial crop-yield losses and its copious, highly allergenic pollen creates considerable public health problems. There is a consensus among models that climate change will allow its northward and uphill spread in Europe.
Published: 2015
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42. Fluid flow through the sedimentary cover in northern Switzerland recorded by calcite–celestite veins (Oftringen borehole, Olten)

Author: Martin Mazurek, Antoine De Haller, Alexandre Tarantola, Jorge E. Spangenberg, Rock–Water Interaction [Bern] (RWI UNIBE), Institute of Geological Sciences [Bern], University of Bern-University of Bern, Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, University of Lausanne, and University of Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Evaporite, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU.PE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Petrography, Mineralogy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Late Miocene, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Marl, Burdigalian, Fluid inclusions, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Calcite, Isotope, Geology, Miocene, Molasse, chemistry, Carbonate, Sedimentary rock, Mesozoic
Abstract: Abundant veins filled by calcite, celestite and pyrite were found in the core of a 719 m deep borehole drilled in Oftringen near Olten, located in the north-western Molasse basin, close to the thrust of the Folded Jura. Host rocks are calcareous marl, argillaceous limestone and limestone of the Dogger and Malm. The δ18O values of vein calcite are lower than in host rock carbonate and, together with microthermometric data from fluid inclusions in vein calcite, indicate precipitation from a seawater-dominated fluid at average temperatures of 56–68°C. Such temperatures were reached at the time of maximum burial of the sedimentary pile in the late Miocene. The depth profile of δ13C and 87Sr/86Sr values and Sr content of both whole-rock carbonate and vein calcite show marked trends towards negative δ13C, high 87Sr/86Sr, and low Sr content in the uppermost 50–150 m of the Jurassic profile (upper Oxfordian). The 87Sr/86Sr of vein minerals is generally higher than that of host rock carbonate, up to very high values corresponding to Burdigalian seawater (Upper Marine Molasse, Miocene), which represents the last marine incursion in the region. No evidence for internally derived radiogenic Sr (clay minerals) has been found and so an external source is required. S and O isotope composition of vein celestite and pyrite can be explained by bacterial reduction of Miocene seawater sulphate. The available data set suggests the vein mineralization precipitated from descending Burdigalian seawater and not from a fluid originating in the underlying Triassic evaporites.
Published: 2011
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43. Variation in habitat suitability does not always relate to variation in species' plant functional traits

Author: Antoine Guisan, Cécile H. Albert, Wilfried Thuiller, Anne Dubuis, Christophe F. Randin, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics, and Université de Lausanne (UNIL)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Mixed model, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Niche, Adaptation, Biological, Plant Development, Biology, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Species Specificity, Sampling design, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecological niche, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Global Change Biology, 15. Life on land, Agricultural and Biological Sciences (miscellaneous), Plant ecology, Variation (linguistics), Habitat, France, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Switzerland
Abstract: Habitat suitability models, which relate species occurrences to environmental variables, are assumed to predict suitable conditions for a given species. If these models are reliable, they should relate to change in plant growth and function. In this paper, we ask the question whether habitat suitability models are able to predict variation in plant functional traits, often assumed to be a good surrogate for a species' overall health and vigour. Using a thorough sampling design, we show a tight link between variation in plant functional traits and habitat suitability for some species, but not for others. Our contrasting results pave the way towards a better understanding of how species cope with varying habitat conditions and demonstrate that habitat suitability models can provide meaningful descriptions of the functional niche in some cases, but not in others.
Published: 2009
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44. Climate or migration: what limited European beech post-glacial colonization?

Author: Saltré, Frédérik, Saint-Amant, Rémi, Gritti, Emmanuel, Brewer, Simon, Gaucherel, Cédric, Davis, Basil, Chuine, Isabelle, Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Fonctionnement et conduite des systèmes de culture tropicaux et méditerranéens (UMR SYSTEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), University of Utah, INRA SAD Armor, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut Français de Pondichéry (IFP), Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères (MEAE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics [Lausanne], Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes - Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen de Montpellier (CIHEAM-IAMM), and Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre International de Hautes Études Agronomiques Méditerranéennes (CIHEAM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)
Subjects: Europe, post‐glacial migration dynamics, Holocene, Fagus sylvatica, process-based SDM, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, post-glacial migration dynamics, migration rate, process‐based SDM, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, migration modelling
Abstract: International audience; AimDespite the recent improvements made in species distribution models (SDMs), assessing species' ability to migrate fast enough to track their climate optimum remains a challenge. This study achieves this goal and demonstrates the reliability of a process‐based SDM to provide accurate projections by simulating the post‐glacial colonization of European beech.LocationEurope.MethodsWe simulated the post‐glacial colonization of European beech over the last 12,000 years by coupling a process‐based SDM (PHENOFIT) and a new migration model based on Gibbs point processes, both parameterized with modern ecological data. Simulations were compared with palaeoarchives and phylogeographic data on European beech.ResultsModel predictions are consistent with palaeoarchives and phylogeographic data over the Holocene. The results suggest that post‐glacial expansion of European beech was limited by climate on its north‐eastern leading edge, while limited by its migration abilities on its north‐western leading edge. The results show a mean migration rate of beech varying from 270 m yr −1 to 280 m yr−1 and a maximum migration rate varying from 560 m yr−1 to 630 m yr−1, when limited and not limited by climate, respectively. They also highlight the relative contribution of known and suspected glacial refugia in present beech distribution and confirm the results of phylogeographic studies.Main conclusionsFor the first time, we were able to reproduce accurately the colonization dynamics of European beech during the last 12 kyr using a process‐based SDM and a migration model, both parameterized with modern ecological data. Our methodology has allowed us to identify the different factors that affected European beech migration during its post‐glaciation expansion in different parts of its range. This method shows great potential to help palaeobotanists and phylogeographers locate putative glacial refugia, and to provide accurate projections of beech distribution change in the future.
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45. Herbarium specimens reveal a cryptic invasion of polyploid Centaurea stoebe in Europe.

Author: Rosche C, Broennimann O, Novikov A, Mrázová V, Boiko GV, Danihelka J, Gastner MT, Guisan A, Kožić K, Lehnert M, Müller-Schärer H, Nagy DU, Remelgado R, Ronikier M, Selke JA, Shiyan NM, Suchan T, Thoma AE, Zdvořák P, and Mráz P
Subjects: Europe, Phylogeography, Ecosystem, Diploidy, Centaurea genetics, Centaurea physiology, Polyploidy, Introduced Species
Abstract: Numerous plant species are expanding their native ranges due to anthropogenic environmental change. Because cytotypes of polyploid complexes often show similar morphologies, there may be unnoticed range expansions (i.e. cryptic invasions) of one cytotype into regions where only the other cytotype is native. We critically revised herbarium specimens of diploid and tetraploid Centaurea stoebe, collected across Europe between 1790 and 2023. Based on their distribution in natural and relict habitats and phylogeographic data, we estimated the native ranges of both cytotypes. Diploids are native across their entire European range, whereas tetraploids are native only to South-Eastern Europe and have recently expanded their range toward Central Europe. The proportion of tetraploids has exponentially increased over time in their expanded but not in their native range. This cryptic invasion predominantly occurred in ruderal habitats and enlarged the climatic niche of tetraploids toward a more oceanic climate. We conclude that spatio-temporally explicit assessments of range shifts, habitat preferences and niche evolution can improve our understanding of cryptic invasions. We also emphasize the value of herbarium specimens for accurate estimation of species´ native ranges, with fundamental implications for the design of research studies and the assessment of biodiversity trends., (© 2024 The Author(s). New Phytologist © 2024 New Phytologist Foundation.)
Published: 2025
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46. Key concepts and a world-wide look at plant recruitment networks.

Author: Alcántara JM, Verdú M, Garrido JL, Montesinos-Navarro A, Aizen MA, Alifriqui M, Allen D, Al-Namazi AA, Armas C, Bastida JM, Bellido T, Paterno GB, Briceño H, Camargo de Oliveira RA, Campoy JG, Chaieb G, Chu C, Constantinou E, Delalandre L, Duarte M, Faife-Cabrera M, Fazlioglu F, Fernando ES, Flores J, Flores-Olvera H, Fodor E, Ganade G, Garcia MB, García-Fayos P, Gavini SS, Goberna M, Gómez-Aparicio L, González-Pendás E, González-Robles A, İpekdal K, Kikvidze Z, Ledo A, Lendínez S, Liu H, Lloret F, López RP, López-García Á, Lortie CJ, Losapio G, Lutz JA, Máliš F, Manzaneda AJ, Marcilio-Silva V, Michalet R, Molina-Venegas R, Navarro-Cano JA, Novotny V, Olesen JM, Ortiz-Brunel JP, Pajares-Murgó M, Perea AJ, Pérez-Hernández V, Pérez-Navarro MÁ, Pistón N, Prieto I, Prieto-Rubio J, Pugnaire FI, Ramírez N, Retuerto R, Rey PJ, Rodriguez-Ginart DA, Sánchez-Martín R, Tavşanoğlu Ç, Tedoradze G, Tercero-Araque A, Tielbörger K, Touzard B, Tüfekcioğlu İ, Turkis S, Usero FM, Usta-Baykal N, Valiente-Banuet A, Vargas-Colin A, Vogiatzakis I, and Zamora R
Abstract: Plant-plant interactions are major determinants of the dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems. There is a long tradition in the study of these interactions, their mechanisms and their consequences using experimental, observational and theoretical approaches. Empirical studies overwhelmingly focus at the level of species pairs or small sets of species. Although empirical data on these interactions at the community level are scarce, such studies have gained pace in the last decade. Studying plant-plant interactions at the community level requires knowledge of which species interact with which others, so an ecological networks approach must be incorporated into the basic toolbox of plant community ecology. The concept of recruitment networks (RNs) provides an integrative framework and new insights for many topics in the field of plant community ecology. RNs synthesise the set of canopy-recruit interactions in a local plant assemblage. Canopy-recruit interactions describe which ("canopy") species allow the recruitment of other species in their vicinity and how. Here we critically review basic concepts of ecological network theory as they apply to RNs. We use RecruitNet, a recently published worldwide data set of canopy-recruit interactions, to describe RN patterns emerging at the interaction, species, and community levels, and relate them to different abiotic gradients. Our results show that RNs can be sampled with high accuracy. The studies included in RecruitNet show a very high mean network completeness (95%), indicating that undetected canopy-recruit pairs must be few and occur very infrequently. Across 351,064 canopy-recruit pairs analysed, the effect of the interaction on recruitment was neutral in an average of 69% of the interactions per community, but the remaining interactions were positive (i.e. facilitative) five times more often than negative (i.e. competitive), and positive interactions had twice the strength of negative ones. Moreover, the frequency and strength of facilitation increases along a climatic aridity gradient worldwide, so the demography of plant communities is increasingly strongly dependent on facilitation as aridity increases. At network level, species can be ascribed to four functional types depending on their position in the network: core, satellite, strict transients and disturbance-dependent transients. This functional structure can allow a rough estimation of which species are more likely to persist. In RecruitNet communities, this functional structure most often departs from random null model expectation and could allow on average the persistence of 77% of the species in a local community. The functional structure of RNs also varies along the aridity gradient, but differently in shrubland than in forest communities. This variation suggests an increase in the probability of species persistence with aridity in forests, while such probability remains roughly constant along the gradient in shrublands. The different functional structure of RNs between forests and shrublands could contribute to explaining their co-occurrence as alternative stable states of the vegetation under the same climatic conditions. This review is not exhaustive of all the topics that can be addressed using the framework of RNs, but instead aims to present some of the interesting insights that it can bring to the field of plant community ecology., (© 2024 The Author(s). Biological Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.)
Published: 2024
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47. Subseasonal Prediction of Heat-Related Mortality in Switzerland.

Author: Pyrina M, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Büeler D, Sivaraj S, Spirig C, and Domeisen DIV
Abstract: Heatwaves pose a range of severe impacts on human health, including an increase in premature mortality. The summers of 2018 and 2022 are two examples with record-breaking temperatures leading to thousands of heat-related excess deaths in Europe. Some of the extreme temperatures experienced during these summers were predictable several weeks in advance by subseasonal forecasts. Subseasonal forecasts provide weather predictions from 2 weeks to 2 months ahead, offering advance planning capabilities. Nevertheless, there is only limited assessment of the potential for heat-health warning systems at a regional level on subseasonal timescales. Here we combine methods of climate epidemiology and subseasonal forecasts to retrospectively predict the 2018 and 2022 heat-related mortality for the cantons of Zurich and Geneva in Switzerland. The temperature-mortality association for these cantons is estimated using observed daily temperature and mortality during summers between 1990 and 2017. The temperature-mortality association is subsequently combined with bias-corrected subseasonal forecasts at a spatial resolution of 2-km to predict the daily heat-related mortality counts of 2018 and 2022. The mortality predictions are compared against the daily heat-related mortality estimated based on observed temperature during these two summers. Heat-related mortality peaks occurring for a few days can be accurately predicted up to 2 weeks ahead, while longer periods of heat-related mortality lasting a few weeks can be anticipated 3 to even 4 weeks ahead. Our findings demonstrate that subseasonal forecasts are a valuable-but yet untapped-tool for potentially issuing warnings for the excess health burden observed during central European summers., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this study., (© 2024 The Author(s). GeoHealth published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Geophysical Union.)
Published: 2024
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48. Probing Mineral-Organic Interfaces in Soils and Sediments Using Optical Photothermal Infrared Microscopy.

Author: Jamoteau F, Kansiz M, Unger M, and Keiluweit M
Abstract: Interactions among microbes, minerals, and organic matter are key controls on carbon, nutrient, and contaminant dynamics in soils and sediments. However, probing these interactions at relevant scales and through time remains an analytical challenge due to both their complex nature and the need for tools permitting nondestructive and real-time analysis at sufficient spatial resolution. Here, we demonstrate the ability and provide analytical recommendations for the submicron-scale characterization of complex mineral-organic microstructures using optical photothermal infrared (O-PTIR) microscopy. Compared to conventional infrared techniques, O-PTIR spectra collected at submicron resolution of environmentally relevant mineral and organic reference compounds demonstrated similar spectral quality and sensitivity. O-PTIR detection sensitivity was greatest for highly crystalline minerals and potentially for low molecular weight organic compounds. Due to photothermal effects, O-PTIR was more sensitive toward organics than minerals compared to conventional IR approaches, even when organics were mineral-bound. Moreover, O-PTIR resolved mineral-bound and unbound organics in a complex mixture at submicron (<500 nm) resolution. Finally, we provide best practices for artifact-free analysis of organic and mineral samples by determining the appropriate laser power using damage thresholds. Our results highlight the potential of O-PTIR microscopy for nondestructive and time-resolved analysis of dynamic microbe-mineral-organic matter interactions in soils and sediments.
Published: 2024
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49. Enhanced warming of European mountain permafrost in the early 21st century.

Author: Noetzli J, Isaksen K, Barnett J, Christiansen HH, Delaloye R, Etzelmüller B, Farinotti D, Gallemann T, Guglielmin M, Hauck C, Hilbich C, Hoelzle M, Lambiel C, Magnin F, Oliva M, Paro L, Pogliotti P, Riedl C, Schoeneich P, Valt M, Vieli A, and Phillips M
Abstract: Mountain permafrost, constituting 30% of the global permafrost area, is sensitive to climate change and strongly impacts mountain ecosystems and communities. This study examines 21st century permafrost warming in European mountains using decadal ground temperature data from sixty-four boreholes in the Alps, Scandinavia, Iceland, Sierra Nevada and Svalbard. During 2013-2022, warming rates at 10 metres depth exceed 1 °C dec -1 in cases, generally surpassing previous estimates because of accelerated warming and the use of a comprehensive data set. Substantial permafrost warming occurred at cold and ice-poor bedrock sites at high elevations and latitudes, at rates comparable to surface air temperature increase. In contrast, latent heat effects in ice-rich ground near 0 °C reduce warming rates and mask important changes of mountain permafrost substrates. The warming patterns observed are consistent across all sites, depths and time periods. For the coming decades, the propagation of permafrost warming to greater depths is largely predetermined already., Competing Interests: Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
Published: 2024
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50. Let the dust settle: Impact of enhanced rock weathering on soil biological, physical, and geochemical fertility.

Author: Dupla X, Claustre R, Bonvin E, Graf I, Le Bayon RC, and Grand S
Subjects: Carbon Sequestration, Agriculture methods, Switzerland, Animals, Fertilizers analysis, Dust analysis, Oligochaeta, Carbon Dioxide analysis, Soil chemistry
Abstract: Terrestrial enhanced rock weathering (ERW) is a promising carbon dioxide removal technology that consists in applying ground silicate rock such as basalt on agricultural soils. On top of carbon sequestration, ERW has the potential to raise the soil pH and release nutrients, thereby improving soil fertility. Despite these possible co-benefits, concerns such as heavy metal pollution or soil structure damage have also been raised. To our knowledge, these contrasted potential effects of ERW on soil fertility have not yet been simultaneously investigated. This field trial aimed at assessing the impact of ERW on biological, physical, and chemical soil properties in a temperate agricultural context. To do so, three vineyard fields in Switzerland were selected for their distinct geochemical properties and were amended with basaltic rock powder at a dose of 20 tons per hectare (2 kg.m -2 ). On each field, basaltic rock powder was either applied one year before the sampling campaign, one month before the sampling campaign, or not applied (control) for a total of 27 plots with 9 repetitions of each level. Overall, basaltic rock powder addition had a predominantly positive to neutral effect on soil fertility. Most soil properties showed no significant change either 1 month or 1 year post application. Nevertheless, our study highlighted a significant increase in earthworm abundance (+71 % on average), soil respiration (+50 %) and extractable sodium concentration (+23 %) as early as 1 month post application. The higher soil respiration raises the question of CO 2 losses from organic matter mineralization that could limit ERW's efficiency. The increase in sodium raises concerns about a sodification risk potentially damaging soil fertility. These elements now require further investigation before enhanced rock weathering can be considered a viable and secure carbon dioxide removal technology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
Published: 2024
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