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Objective: To carry out a preliminary analysis on the Treg lymphocyte counts present in the peripheral blood of allergic asthmatic children from the city of Cartagena, Colombia, compared to healthy controls., Methods: We compared cytometry counts of ten asthmatic patients (age 7-16 years) and seven healthy controls (6-12 years), recruited in the city of Cartagena. Peripheral blood samples were stained using Cytek's 14-color cFluor Immunoprofiling kit (Cytek ® cFluor ® Immunoprofiling Kit 14 Color RUO kit), and analyzed on a Northern Lights™ spectral cytometer (Cytek ® Biosciences, Fremont, CA, USA), to read 50.000 events per sample. The data obtained were analyzed in SpectroFlo ® and FlowJo. The study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Cartagena (SGR, Grant BPIN2020000100405)., Results: The frequency of CD3+, CD4+, CD25+, CD127- Tregs was 11% of all CD4+ T cells, with a range of minimum 8,1% and maximum 17,7%. There was no significant difference in the proportion of Tregs between allergic asthmatic patients and healthy controls (P = 0,2)., Conclusions: With this preliminary sample size, no significant differences were found in the Treg lymphocyte population between allergic asthmatic patients and healthy controls. The 14-color multiplexed panel is a useful tool not only to count CD3+ and CD4+ populations, but also to obtain the percentage of regulatory T cells using cell surface markers.

Introduction: Many patients are referred to multiple sclerosis (MS) tertiary centers to manage brain white matter hyperintensities (WMH). Multiple diagnoses can match in such situations, and we lack proper tools to diagnose complex cases., Objective: This study aimed to prospectively analyze and correlate with the final diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interleukin (IL)-1β, soluble IL-2 receptor (CD25), IL-6, IL-10, and kappa free light chains (KFLC) concentrations in patients presenting with brain WMH., Methods: All patients over 18 years addressed to our MS tertiary center for the diagnostic workup of brain WMH were included from June 1, 2020, to June 1, 2021. Patients were separated into three groups-MS and related disorder (MSARD), other inflammatory neurological disorder (OIND), and non-inflammatory neurological disorder (NIND) groups-according to clinical presentation, MRI characteristics, and biological workup., Results: A total of 176 patients (129 women, mean age 45.8 ± 14.7 years) were included. The diagnosis was MSARD ( n = 88), OIND ( n = 35), and NIND ( n = 53). Median CSF KFLC index and KFLC intrathecal fraction (IF) were higher in MSARD than in the OIND and NIND groups; p < 0.001 for all comparisons. CSF CD25 and IL-6 concentrations were higher in the OIND group than in both the MSARD and NIND groups; p < 0.001 for all comparisons. KFLC index could rule in MSARD when compared to NIND (sensitivity, 0.76; specificity, 0.91) or OIND (sensitivity, 0.73; specificity, 0.76). These results were similar to those with oligoclonal bands (sensitivity, 0.59; specificity, 0.98 compared to NIND; sensitivity, 0.59; specificity, 0.88 compared to OIND). In contrast, elevated CSF CD25 and IL-6 could rule out MSARD when compared to OIND (sensitivity, 0.58 and 0.88; specificity, 0.95 and 0.74, respectively)., Discussion: Our results show that, as OCBs, KFLC biomarkers are helpful tools to rule in MSARD, whereas elevated CSF CD25 and IL-6 rule out MSARD. Interestingly, CSF IL-6 concentration could help identify neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease, and central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis. These results need to be confirmed within more extensive and multicentric studies. Still, they sustain that KFLC, CSF CD25, and CSF IL-6 could be reliable biomarkers in brain WMH diagnostic workup for differentiating MSARD from other brain inflammatory MS mimickers., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Levraut, Landes, Mondot, Cohen, Bresch, Brglez, Seitz-Polski and Lebrun-Frenay.)

Human regulatory T (Treg) cells play a central role in controlling allergic inflammation in the airways. A reduced number of peripheral Treg cells and decreased suppressive function have been previously reported in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. However, the characteristic role of specific Treg cell subsets and their mechanisms in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma remain unclear. In this study, we examined the proportion of different Treg cell subsets in both healthy subjects and patients with allergic asthma using flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. The migration function of the cells was compared using cell sorting and Transwell experiments. Furthermore, two allergen-challenged mouse models and a cell transfer experiment were used to examine the role of these Treg subsets. We found that the proportion of CD25 + Foxp3 + CD127 - Treg cells in the peripheral blood of patients with allergic asthma was lower than in those of healthy subjects. Furthermore, the circulating Treg cells expressed lower levels of CCR6 and IL-17 compared with healthy subjects. The chemokine from the airway mucosa, CCL20, was abundantly expressed, and Transwell experiments further proved that this chemokine promoted CCR6 + Treg cell migration in vitro . A mouse model induced by house dust mite (HDM) revealed that the number of CCR6 + Treg cells in the lung tissue increased remarkably. The incidence of allergic asthma may be related to an increase in Treg cells secreting IL-17 in the lung tissue. Recruited CCR6 + Treg cells are likely to differentiate into Th17-like cells under the Th17 environment present in the lungs. IL-17 derived from Th17-like cells could be associated with the pathology of allergic asthma by promoting Th17 responses, thereby favoring HDM-induced asthma exacerbations., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Shen, Zhang, Xie, Chen, Li, Zheng, Chai, Wang, Zang and He.)

Overview: Systemic mastocytosis (SM) results from a clonal proliferation of abnormal mast cells (MC) in extra-cutaneous organs., Diagnosis: The major criterion is presence of multifocal clusters of spindled MC in the bone marrow. Minor diagnostic criteria include elevated serum tryptase level, abnormal MC CD25 expression, and presence of KITD816V mutation., Risk Stratification: Establishing SM subtype as per the World Health Organization classification system is an important first step. Broadly, patients either have indolent/smoldering SM (ISM/SSM) or advanced SM, the latter includes aggressive SM (ASM), SM with associated hematological neoplasm (SM-AHN), and mast cell leukemia (MCL). Identification of poor-risk mutations (ie, ASXL1, RUNX1, SRSF2, NRAS) further refines the risk stratification. Recently, clinical and hybrid clinical-molecular risk models have been developed to more accurately assign prognosis in SM patients., Management: Treatment goals for ISM patients are primarily directed towards anaphylaxis prevention/symptom control/osteoporosis treatment. Patients with advanced SM frequently need MC cytoreductive therapy to ameliorate disease-related organ dysfunction. High response rates have been seen with small-molecule inhibitors that target mutant-KIT, including midostaurin (Food and Drug Administration approved) or avapritinib (investigational). Other options for MC cytoreduction include cladribine or interferon-α, although head-to-head comparisons are lacking. Treatment of SM-AHN primarily targets the AHN component, particularly if an aggressive disease such as acute myeloid leukemia is present. Allogeneic stem cell transplant can be considered in such patients, or in those with relapsed/refractory advanced SM. Imatinib has a limited therapeutic role in SM; effective cytoreduction is limited to those with imatinib-sensitive KIT mutations., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: Differences in the expression of regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been suggested to explain why some smokers develop COPD and some do not. Upregulation of Tregs in response to smoking would restrain airway inflammation and thus the development of COPD; while the absense of such upregulation would over time lead to chronic inflammation and COPD. We hypothesized that-among COPD patients-the same mechanism would affect rate of decline in lung function; specifically, that a decreased expression of Tregs would be associated with a more rapid decline in FEV 1 ., Methods: Bronchoscopy with BAL was performed in 52 subjects recruited from the longitudinal OLIN COPD study; 12 with COPD and a rapid decline in lung function (loss of FEV 1  ≥ 60 ml/year), 10 with COPD and a non-rapid decline in lung function (loss of FEV 1  ≤ 30 ml/year), 15 current and ex-smokers and 15 non-smokers with normal lung function. BAL lymphocyte subsets were determined using flow cytometry., Results: The proportions of Tregs with regulatory function (FoxP3 + /CD4 + CD25 bright ) were significantly lower in COPD subjects with a rapid decline in lung function compared to those with a non-rapid decline (p = 0.019). This result was confirmed in a mixed model regression analysis in which adjustments for inhaled corticosteroid usage, smoking, sex and age were evaluated. No significant difference was found between COPD subjects and smokers or non-smokers with normal lung function., Conclusions: COPD subjects with a rapid decline in lung function had lower proportions of T cells with regulatory function in BAL fluid, suggesting that an inability to suppress the inflammatory response following smoking might lead to a more rapid decline in FEV 1 . Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02729220.

Background: Glypican-1 is a heparan sulfate proteoglycan that is overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa), and a variety of solid tumors. Importantly, expression is restricted in normal tissue, making it an ideal tumor targeting antigen. Since there is clinical and preclinical evidence of the efficacy of Bispecific T cell Engager (BiTE) therapy in PCa, we sought to produce and test the efficacy of a GPC-1 targeted BiTE construct based on the Miltuximab ® sequence. Miltuximab ® is a clinical stage anti-GPC-1 antibody that has proven safe in first in human trials., Methods: The single chain variable fragment (scFv) of Miltuximab ® and the CD3 binding sequence of Blinatumomab were combined in a standard BiTE format. Binding of the construct to immobilised recombinant CD3 and GPC-1 antigens was assessed by ELISA and BiaCore, and binding to cell surface-expressed antigens was measured by flow cytometry. The ability of MIL-38-CD3 to activate T cells was assessed using in vitro co-culture assays with tumour cell lines of varying GPC-1 expression by measurement of CD69 and CD25 expression, before cytolytic activity was assessed in a similar co-culture. The release of inflammatory cytokines from T cells was measured by ELISA and expression of PD-1 on the T cell surface was measured by flow cytometry., Results: Binding activity of MIL-38-CD3 to both cell surface-expressed and immobilised recombinant GPC-1 and CD3 was retained. MIL-38-CD3 was able to mediate the activation of peripheral blood T cells from healthy individuals, resulting in the release of inflammatory cytokines TNF and IFN-g. Activation was reliant on GPC-1 expression as MIL-38-CD3 mediated only low level T cell activation in the presence of C3 cells (constitutively low GPC-1 expression). Activated T cells were redirected to lyse PCa cell lines PC3 and DU-145 (GPC-1 moderate or high expression, respectively) but could not kill GPC-1 negative Raji cells. The expression of PD-1 was up-regulated on the surface of MIL-38-CD3 activated T cells, suggesting potential for synergy with checkpoint inhibition., Conclusions: This study reports preclinical findings into the efficacy of targeting GPC-1 in PCa with BiTE construct MIL-38-CD3. We show the specificity and efficacy of the construct, supporting its further preclinical development.

Background: CXCL4 plays an essential role in the regulation of multiple immune diseases. However, the underlying role of CXCL4 is still not clear in sepsis. Aim: In the present study, we aimed to investigate the function of CXCL4 in sepsis. Methods: Sepsis model was constructed on mouse. Flow cytometry was used to determine the ratio of CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + Treg cells. ELISA assays were used to determine the levels of CXCL4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α respectively. Western blot was used to examine protein contents. Results: Our results suggested that the serum level of CXCL4 was upregulated in patients with sepsis and positively associated with the ratio of human CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + Treg cells. To further examine the role of CXCL4 in sepsis, we constructed the mouse sepsis model. Our results indicated that the mouse antibody of CXCL4 treatment reduced the expression of urine creatinine and urea nitrogen in sepsis model. Moreover, the frequency of CD25 + FOXP3 + mouse regulatory T cells (Tregs) cells was decreased in mouse CD4 + T cells in the presence of mouse CXCL4 antibody. Further, the mouse recombinant protein CXCL4 was used to culture normal mouse CD4 + T cells in vitro . Our finding indicated that the recombinant protein CXCL4 promoted the percentage of mouse CD25 + FOXP3 + Treg cells and enhanced the phosphorylation of STAT5 in mouse CD4 + T cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, these effects were significantly reversed by the STAT5 inhibitor ( p  < .001). Conclusion: our findings not only indicated the function and signalling pathway of CXCL4 in CD4 + T cells but also provided novel insight and target in sepsis treatment.

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) induced by peripheral nerve myelin (PNM) is self-limiting and re-immunization with PNM does not re-activate disease. This study showed inhibition of EAN by CD4 + CD25 + T cells both from sensitized hosts or from naïve hosts after ex-vivo activation by PNM and rIL-2. Transfer of naïve CD4 + CD25 + T cells has no effect on EAN, nor did naïve CD4 + CD25 + T cells activated with rIL-2 and renal tubular antigen. Culture of naive CD4 + CD25 + Treg with rIL-2 and PNM induced mRNA for the IFN-gamma receptor. We showed naïve CD4 + CD25 + T cells activated by specific auto-antigen and rIL-2 produced more potent antigen-specific Treg that may have therapeutic potential., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest SJH and BMH hold patents related to activation of T regulatory cells. All other authors have no conflicts of interest., (Crown Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a T-cell neoplasm characterized by uniformly strong CD30 expression and common absence of T-cell markers. Most ALCL cases express CD4, but a small subset of ALCL cases has been reported to express CD8. Little is known about the clinicopathologic and prognostic features of CD8+ ALCL. In this study, CD8 was assessed in 158 patients with systemic ALCL: CD8 was positive in 13 of 67 (19%) ALK+ and 13 of 91 (14%) ALK-negative neoplasms. In ALK+ ALCL, the CD8+ subgroup more often showed a noncommon morphologic pattern (69% vs 13%, P = .0001) and was more often positive for CD2 (100% vs 45%, P = .001), CD3 (92% vs 24%, P = .0001), and CD7 (100% vs. 39%, P = .002), but less frequently positive for CD25 (50% vs. 100%, P = .02). Patients with ALK+ ALCL and CD8+ neoplasms also had a higher relapse rate (82% vs 48%, P = .05) and more often underwent stem cell transplant (73% vs 36%, P = .04). CD8 expression did not correlate with patient overall survival or progression-free survival regardless of ALK status (all P > 0.05). We conclude that CD8+ ALCL cases appear to be biologically different from the more common CD8-negative ALCL cases. Our data suggest that CD8 positivity in ALK+ ALCL helps to identify a subset of patients more prone to relapse or more in need of stem cell transplant during their clinical course, although there was no impact on survival in this cohort., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The soluble interleukin-2 receptor α (sIL-2Rα) is a broad indicator of clinical disease activity in various inflammatory diseases. Here we have developed, for the first time, a rapid, washing-free colorimetric aptasensor based on a sIL-2Rα aptamer (K d =1.33 nm). The aptasensor was fabricated with Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) adsorbing sIL-2Rα aptamers. On addition of sIL-2Rα, the aptamers become desorbed from the AuNPs, and this in turn weakens the absorption corresponding to AuNP-catalyzed oxidation of ortho-phenylenediamine (oPD) with H 2 O 2 . The aptasensor was characterized by TEM imaging, ζ potential measurements, dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, and UV/Vis spectrometry, followed by further optimization. The fabricated sensor exhibited great analytical performance, with a linear range of 1 to 100 nm and a detection limit of 1 nm both in buffer and in spiked human serum within 25 min. Other proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), IL-17Rα, IL-5Rα, IL-13Rα 2 , and CD166, showed negligible effects on the aptasensor. Thanks to the great advantages of the aptamers and AuNPs, this aptasensor provides a rapid, simple, and inexpensive process that might offer insights into various diagnostic applications of sIL-2Rα., (© 2019 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Background: Adaptive immune cells, including CD4 + CD69 + and CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + regulatory T (Treg) cells, are important for maintaining immunological tolerance. In human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg cells are reduced, whereas CD69 expression is increased, resulting in a homeostatic immune imbalance that may intensify autoreactive T cell activity. To analyze the mechanisms implicated in autotolerance failure, we evaluated CD4 + CD69 + and CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + T cells and interleukin profiles in a pristane-induced SLE experimental model., Methods: For lupus induction, 26 female Balb/c mice received a single intraperitoneal 0.5 ml dose of pristane, and 16 mice received the same dose of saline. Blood and spleen samples were collected from euthanized mice 90 and 120 days after pristane or saline inoculation. Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood (PBMC), peritoneal lavage (PL) and splenocytes were obtained by erythrocyte lysis and cryopreserved for further evaluation by flow cytometry using the GuavaEasyCyte TM HT. After thawing, cells were washed and stained with monoclonal antibodies against CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, CD28, CD69, FoxP3, CD14 and Ly6C (BD Pharmingen TM). Interleukins were quantified using Multiplex® MAP. The Mann-Whitney test and the Pearson coefficient were used for statistical analysis, and p < 0.05 considered significant., Results: Compared with the controls, SLE-induced animals presented increased numbers of CD4 + CD69 + T cells in the blood on T90 and T120 (p = 0.022 and p = 0.008) and in the spleen on T120 (p = 0.049), but there were decreased numbers in the PL (p = 0.049) on T120. The percentage of Treg was lower in blood (p < 0.005 and p < 0.012) on T90 and T120, in spleen (p = 0.043) on T120 and in PL (p = 0.001) on T90. Increased numbers of CD4 + CD69+ T cells in the PL were positively associated with high IL-2 (p = 0.486) and IFN-γ (p = 0.017) levels, whereas reduced Treg cells in the blood were negatively correlated with TNFα levels (p = 0.043) and positively correlated with TGFβ1 (p = 0.038)., Conclusion: Increased numbers of CD4 + CD69 + T cells and reduced numbers of CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + Treg cells with an altered interleukin profile suggests loss of autotolerance in pristane-induced lupus mice, which is similar to human lupus. Therefore, this model is useful in evaluating mechanisms of cellular activation, peripheral tolerance and homeostatic immune imbalance involved in human SLE.

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most common symptomatic primary immunodeficiency, characterized by inadequate antibody responses and recurrent bacterial infections. Paradoxically, a majority of CVID patients have non-infectious inflammatory and autoimmune complications, associated with systemic immune activation. Our aim was to explore if HDL, known to have anti-inflammatory properties, had impaired function in CVID patients and thereby contributed to their inflammatory phenotype. We found reduced HDL cholesterol levels in plasma of CVID patients compared to healthy controls, particularly in patients with inflammatory and autoimmune complications, correlating negatively with inflammatory markers CRP and sCD25. Reverse cholesterol transport capacity testing showed reduced serum acceptance capacity for cholesterol in CVID patients with inflammatory and autoimmune complications. They also had reduced cholesterol efflux capacity from macrophages to serum and decreased expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1. Human HDL suppressed TLR2-induced TNF release less in blood mononuclear cells from CVID patients, associated with decreased expression of transcriptional factor ATF3. Our data suggest a link between impaired HDL function and systemic inflammation in CVID patients, particularly in those with autoimmune and inflammatory complications. This identifies HDL as a novel therapeutic target in CVID as well as other more common conditions characterized by sterile inflammation or autoimmunity.

Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (also called CD25) is a tumor biomarker that is frequently expressed on the surface of hematological tumor cells. The authors describe an electrochemical immunoassay for CD25 that involves (a) enrichment of CD25 from samples by using magnetic nanospheres, and (b) utilization of DNA modulated current as the detection signal. Primary anti-CD25 antibody was immobilized onto F 3 O 4 magnetic nanospheres to capture CD25 from samples. A polycytosine DNA sequence (dC20) was conjugated to the secondary antibody through glutaric dialdehyde via the amino groups on both antibody and the end of the DNA sequence. This leads to the formation of a sandwich structure on the magnetic spheres. dC 20 is then reacted with molybdate to form redox molybdophosphate and generate electrochemical current (best measured at 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl) that is proportional to the concentration of CD25. The method is sensitive, selective, and has a wide linear response that extends from 1 pg.mL -1 to 1 ng.mL -1 . The immunoassay was applied in a recovery test for CD25 in spiked serum samples. Graphical abstract Electrochemical immunoassay for CD25 is reported by initial enrichment of CD25 from samples with magnetic nanospheres and then utilizing DNA generated electrochemical current as detection signal.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells contribute to cancer progression and prognosis. However, regulatory factors associated with Tregs-Th17 balance were not completely understood. We previously demonstrated an immune-modulatory capacity by Notch signaling inactivation to reverse Tregs-Th17 disequilibrium in chronic hepatitis C. Thus, the aim of current study was to assess the role of Notch signaling in modulation Tregs and Th17 cells function in gastric cancer (GC) patients. A total of 51 GC patients and 18 normal controls (NCs) were enrolled. Notch1 and Notch2 mRNA expressions were semiquantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Tregs/Th17 percentages, transcriptional factors, and cytokines production were investigated in response to the stimulation of Notch signaling inhibitor DAPT. Both Notch1 and Notch2 mRNA expressions were elevated in GC tissues and peripheral bloods in GC patients. CD4 + CD25 + CD127 dim/- Tregs and Th17 cells percentage was also elevated in GC patients compared with in NCs. DAPT treatment did not affect frequency of either circulating Tregs or Th17 cells, however, reduced FoxP3/RORγt mRNA expression and interleukin (IL)-35/IL-17 production in purified CD4 + T cells from GC patients. Moreover, blockade of Notch signaling also inhibited the suppressive function of purified CD4 + CD25 + CD127 dim/- Tregs from GC patients, which presented as elevation of cellular proliferation and IL-35 secretion. The current data further provided mechanism underlying Tregs-Th17 balance in GC patients. The link between Notch signaling and Th cells might lead to a new therapeutic target for GC patients., (© 2019 The Author(s).)

Background : Vitamin D has regulatory effects on different cells of the immune system and low levels are associated with several immune-mediated diseases. Aim : To investigate the association between neonatal 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) level and the expression of lymphocyte activation markers (HLA-DR, CD69, CD25, CD45RA) on T-lymphocyte subpopulations and its impact in neonatal infection. Methods : 25-OHD level was measured in the cord blood of 56 neonates and their mothers using an enzyme immune-assay method. Based on the 25-OHD level, infants were categorised into four groups: severe deficiency ( n =  7), moderate deficiency ( n =  21), mild deficiency ( n =  15) and normal 25-OHD level ( n =  13). Mothers were classified into deficient ( n =  18), insufficient ( n =  21) and normal levels ( n =  17). T-lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte activation markers were investigated using flow cytometry. Results : There was a positive correlation between maternal and cord blood 25-OHD levels ( r  = 0.503, p  = 0.001). The group with severe 25-OHD deficiency had the significantly lowest level of total lymphocytes, CD3+ T lymphocytes, CD4+ T-helper and CD8+ T-cytotoxic lymphocytes and CD4+CD45RA+ naïve T-cells compared with the other groups. The frequencies of CD8+CD25+, CD4+CD25+ and CD4+HLA-DR+ activated T-lymphocytes were significantly lower in the severe, moderate and mild deficiency groups than in the normal group. Seven of 43 (16.27%) infants with 25-OHD deficiency were admitted with sepsis to the neonatal intensive care unit and there were no cases of sepsis in the normal 25-OHD group. Conclusion : Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a reduction of lymphocyte subsets and altered T-lymphocyte activation which are considered to be risk factors for neonatal infection.

Immune responses play an important role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the characteristics of T lymphocyte subsets in PCOS remain insufficiently understood. In this study, lymphocytes of follicular fluid (FF) were obtained from oocyte retrieval before in-vitro fertilization (IVF) in infertile women with or without PCOS. The levels of cluster of differentiation 25 (CD25), CD69, programmed death 1 (PD-1), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 17A (IL-17A) and IL-10 in T lymphocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Our results showed that the percentage of FF CD8 + T cells was significantly decreased in infertile patients with PCOS (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of CD69 and IFN-γ were significantly decreased and the level of PD-1 was increased in both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells from infertile patients with PCOS (P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of PD-1 on CD4 + or CD8 + T cells was positively correlated with the estradiol (E2) levels in the serum and reversely correlated with the expression of IFN-γ in CD4 + or CD8 + T cells in infertile patients with PCOS. These results suggested that T cell dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS.

The new QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus employs modified peptides optimized to elicit an IFNγ response from CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes in addition to CD4 + T cells. With a view to improve the difficult identification of TB cases, we assessed the combination of two specific immunological markers comprising IFNγ secretion and T cells co-expression of CD25 and CD134 in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens. A total of 34 subjects with suspected TB and 10 age-matched HD were prospectively enrolled. Assessing the performance of QFT-Plus in terms of the TB1 and TB2 results, we found that in TB patients, the quantitative IFNγ value in TB2 was similar to that in TB1, and we did not find any differences irrespective of the disease (pulmonary or extra-pulmonary). The flow cytometric CD25/CD134 assay, allowed a more accurate differentiation between M. tuberculosis-infected and uninfected patients, with a better combination of sensitivity and specificity, especially by evaluation of CD4 + T-cell subset. All individuals with negative QFT-Plus results displayed a positive CD25/CD134 response. Overall, a positive correlation was found between T cells co-expressing CD25/CD134 and IFNγ levels in response to both QFT-Plus TB antigen tubes, as well as between the QFT-Plus TB1 and TB2 tubes. We demonstrated that both TB1 and TB2 induce a higher expression of CD25 + CD134 + markers on CD4 + T cells among infected TB subjects, compared to the lower degree of CD8 + T cells, mainly induced to TB2 stimulation. We suggest that a combined use of classic QFT-Plus and specific CD25/CD134 response may be a useful means in the diagnostic workup for active TB.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are CD4+ T cells that express CD25 and transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), and Tregs play a central role in regulation of tumor immunity. FOXP3 immunohistochemistry has been widely used to study Tregs in paraffin embedded tissue, and flow cytometry using fresh tissue has been used to identify FOXP3+/CD25+ double positive Tregs. In our study, we validated the FOXP3/CD25 double staining antibody cocktails for detecting Tregs in paraffin-embedded tissue. Tissue microarrays (TMA) included 115 malignant tumors, 3 ovarian mucinous borderline tumors and 15 benign tissues. Digital image analysis was performed using ImageJ software. Our results showed that FOXP3/CD25 double positive lymphocytes, a subset of FOXP3+ lymphocytes, accounted for variable percentage of the total FOXP3+ lymphocytes and they were positively correlated with FOXP3+ cell counts. Tumors from different sites had variable FOXP3+/CD25+ and FOXP3+ lymphocyte counts. Tumors from lung, head & neck and colon had more and renal cell carcinoma had minimal FOXP3+/CD25+ and FOXP3+ lymphocytes. In conclusion, FOXP3/CD25 double staining antibody cocktails can be easily applied to paraffin-embedded tissue, and FOXP3+/CD25+ Tregs count was positively correlated with FOPX3+ Tregs count but they were not interchangeable. We recommend using CD25/FOXP3 double staining for studying Tregs in tumor tissue., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To determine whether latency can be established and reversed in both proliferating and nonproliferating CD4+ T cells in the same model in vitro., Methods: Activated CD4+ T cells were infected with either a nonreplication competent, luciferase reporter virus or wild-type full-length enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter virus and cultured for 12 days. The cells were then sorted by flow cytometry to obtain two distinct T-cell populations that did not express the T-cell activation markers, CD69, CD25 and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR: CD69CD25HLA-DR small cells (nonblasts) that had not proliferated in vitro following mitogen stimulation and CD69CD25HLA-DR large cells (which we here call transitional blasts) that had proliferated. The cells were then reactivated with latency-reversing agents and either luciferase or EGFP quantified., Results: Inducible luciferase expression, consistent with latent infection, was observed in nonblasts and transitional blasts following stimulation with either phorbol-myristate-acetate/phytohemagglutinin (3.8 ± 1 and 2.9 ± 0.5 fold above dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively) or romidepsin (2.1 ± 0.6 and 1.8 ± 0.2 fold above dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively). Constitutive expression of luciferase was higher in transitional blasts compared with nonblasts. Using wild-type full-length EGFP reporter virus, inducible virus was observed in nonblasts but not in transitional blasts. No significant difference was observed in the response to latency-reversing agents in either nonblasts or transitional blasts., Conclusion: HIV latency can be established in vitro in resting T cells that have not proliferated (nonblasts) and blasts that have proliferated (transitional blasts). This model could potentially be used to assess new strategies to eliminate latency.

Objective: To evaluate soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (sIL-2Rα, sCD25) in serum for the determination of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) activity., Methods: Peripheral blood was collected from 108 patients with RA, 39 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and 50 healthy control subjects, and synovial fluids were from 40 patients with RA. The sera from the patients with RA, the disease control group (osteoarthritis), the healthy control group, and the synovial fluids of the RA patients were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters of the patients with RA were recorded and the correlation with the serum sCD25 level was analyzed., Results: The serum sCD25 concentration in RA group was (2 886±1 333) ng/L, the serum sCD25 concentration in OA group was (2 090±718) ng/L, and the serum sCD25 concentration in healthy group was (1 768±753) ng/L. The serum sCD25 level in the patients with RA was significantly higher than that in the disease controls and healthy controls (P<0.001). Sensitivity of serum sCD25 in the diagnosis of RA was 66.1% and specificity was 83.0%;serum sCD25 levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r=0.321, P=0.001), C-reactive protein (r=0.446, P<0.001), DAS28 score (r=0.324, P<0.001), joint tenderness count (r=0.203, P=0.024), D-dimer levels (r=0.383, P<0.001), age (r=0.24, P=0.007), IgG (r=0.207, P=0.028), HRF-IgG (r=0.345, P=0.034) showed a significant positive correlation, and disease duration (r=-0.206, P=0.021) showed a negative correlation with sCD25;In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, the positive rates of serum ESR, CRP, and sCD25 were 14.3% (2 cases), 14.3% (2 cases), and 71.4% (10 cases) in the low disease activity group. The positive rates of serum ESR, CRP and sCD25 in the moderate disease activity group were 94.2% (49 cases), 82.7% (43 cases), and 86.5% (45 cases). The positive rates of serum ESR, CRP, and sCD25 in the high disease activity group were 100% (42 cases), 95.2% (40 cases), and 90.5% (38 cases);36 cases of ESR and/or CRP were negative (about 33.3%) in 108 patients, serum sCD5 levels of 17 cases in these 36 cases (about 47.2%)increased, of which 14 cases (about 82.4%) had a DAS28 score higher than 3.2., Conclusion: The serum sCD25 has a high specificity for diagnosis of RA and a poor sensitivity. The serum level is closely related to the activity of RA, indicating that sCD25 may be involved in the inflammatory process of RA and may become a new inflammatory marker of RA. It is more meaningful for detection of serum sCD25 when RA is active, but ESR and/or CRP is negative.

Background: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a major role in tumor escape from immunosurveillance by suppressing effector cells. The number of Tregs is increased in tumor sites and peripheral blood of breast cancer patients. However, the data regarding phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of Treg subpopulations in breast cancer are limited. The present study aimed to investigate the number and suppressive potential of Tregs that possess natural naïve-(N nTregs), effector/memory-like (EM nTregs), and Tr1-like phenotypes in breast cancer patients and healthy women., Methods: The study included 10 HW and 17 primary breast cancer patients. Numbers of CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + CD45RA + N nTregs, CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + CD45RA - EM nTregs, and CD4 + IL-4 - IL-10 + Tr1 subsets and the expression of CTLA-4, CD39, GITR, LAP, and IL-35 by these Treg subsets were measured in freshly obtained peripheral blood by flow cytometry., Results: Herein, we demonstrate that the percentages of N nTregs, EM nTregs, CD25 + and FoxP3 + Tr1 cells are elevated in the peripheral blood of breast cancer patients, but do not correlate with cancer stages. Nevertheless, the frequency of CD25 + Tr1 cells was associated with nodal involvement, while the number of EM nTregs correlated with clinical outcome. The expression of CTLA-4 and IL-35 by all assessed Treg subsets was increased throughout all tumor stages (I-III)., Conclusions: Collectively, the current study shows phenotypic alterations in suppressive receptors of Treg subsets, suggesting that breast cancer patients have increased activity of N nTregs, EM nTregs and Tr1 cells; and EM nTregs and CD25 + Tr1 cells represent prospective markers for assessing disease prognosis.

The gut microbiota in chicken has long been studied, mostly from the perspective of growth performance. However, there are some immunological studies regarding gut homeostasis in chicken. Although CD4 + CD25 + T cells are reported to act as regulatory T cells (Tregs) in chicken, there have been no studies showing the relationship between gut microbiota and Tregs. Therefore, we established a model for 'antibiotics (ABX)-treated chickens' through administration of an antibiotic cocktail consisting of ampicillin, gentamycin, neomycin, metronidazole, and vancomycin in water for 7 days. CD4 + CD8 - CD25 + and CD4 + CD8 + CD25 + T cells in cecal tonsils were significantly decreased in this model. Gram-positive bacteria, especially Clostridia, was responsible for the changes in CD4 + CD8 - CD25 + or CD4 + CD8 + CD25 + T cells in cecal tonsils. Feeding ABX-treated chickens with acetate recovered CD4 + CD8 - CD25 + and CD4 + CD8 + CD25 + T cells in cecal tonsils. GPR43, a receptor for acetate, was highly expressed in CD4 + CD8 - CD25 + T cells. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the gut microbiota can regulate the population of CD4 + CD8 - CD25 + and CD4 + CD8 + CD25 + T cells, and that acetate is responsible for the induction of CD4 + CD8 - CD25 + T cells in cecal tonsils via GPR43.

The characteristics and functions of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been well defined in murine and human systems. However, the interaction or crosstalk between CD4 + CD25 + Tregs and dendritic cells (DCs) remains controversial. In this study, the effects of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) CD4 + CD25 + Tregs on the maturation and function of monocyte-derived DCs were examined. The results showed that CD4 + CD25 + render the DCs inefficient as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) despite prestimulation with CD40 ligand. This effect was marginally reverted by applying neutralizing antibodies (Abs) to IL-10 and TGF-β. There were an increased IL-10 and TGF-β secretion and reduced expression of costimulatory molecules in DC. Thus, in addition to a direct suppressor effect on CD4 + T cells, CD4 + CD25 + may modulate the immune response through DCs in CHB patients., (© 2018 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: The diagnosis of drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis (DIAIH) and its differentiation from idiopathic autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is challenging. This study aimed to differentiate DIAIH from AIH by comparing the biochemical changes, histological features, and frequencies of CD4 + Foxp3 + CD25 +/- regulatory T cells (Tregs) in liver tissues or peripheral blood lymphocytes., Methods: A total of 15 DIAIH patients and 24 AIH patients who underwent liver biopsies at initial presentation were enrolled in this study. The liver histological changes were assessed by HE staining. The phenotypic recognition and distribution of CD4 + Foxp3 + CD25 +/- Tregs in liver tissues were evaluated by single/double immunostains in serial sections. The CD4 + Foxp3 + CD25 +/- Tregs in peripheral blood were analyzed by flow cytometry., Results: The median values of ALT and AST were 404.50 U/L and 454.10 U/L in DIAIH patients and 309.50 U/L and 315.00 U/L in AIH patients, respectively. More importantly, for the first time we found that patients with DIAIH had higher levels of serum ALT and AST, more severe degree of lobular inflammation, higher frequencies of zone 3 necrosis and higher number of lobular CD4 + Foxp3 + CD25 - Tregs compared with AIH (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there were positive correlations in DIAIH between the degree of lobular inflammation and either the AST/ALT level or the number of lobular CD4 + Foxp3 + CD25 - Tregs (P < 0.05). However, the frequency of peripheral blood CD4 + Foxp3 + CD25 +/- Tregs were not significantly different between DIAIH and AIH., Conclusions: The differences of ALT, AST and the number of lobular CD4 + Foxp3 + CD25 - Tregs between patients with DIAIH and those with AIH are clinically helpful in differentiating these two diseases in their early stage., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Bilirubin (BR), a metabolite with increased concentrations in plasma during viral hepatitis, has been recognized as a potential immune-modulator. We recently reported that conjugated BR (CB) augments regulatory T cell (Treg) suppressor activity during acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. However, the mechanisms related to the effects of CB on Treg function in the course of hepatotropic viral diseases have not been elucidated. T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), via its interactions with galectin-9 (GAL-9), is a receptor associated with enhanced Treg function. Thus, TIM-3 expression may be related to the crosstalk between CB and Tregs during HAV infection. Herein, in vitro treatment with high concentrations of CB upregulated TIM-3 expression on Tregs from healthy donors. CB treatment in vitro did not induce de novo Treg generation, and in vitro stimulation with TGF-β, which shows increased secretion during HAV infection, resulted in a trend toward increased TIM-3 expression on Tregs and CD4 + T lymphocytes (TLs) from healthy donors. Interestingly, an upregulation of TIM-3 expression on CD4 + CD25 + T cells and an increase in the proportion of CD4 + TLs expressing GAL-9 were found in HAV-infected patients with abnormal CB values relative to healthy controls. In addition, a statistically significantly reduction in IL-17F production was observed after treatment of CD4 + TLs from healthy donors with high doses of CB in vitro. In summary, our results suggest that CB might regulate Treg activity via a TIM-3-mediated mechanism, ultimately leading to an anti-inflammatory hepatoprotective effect.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play crucial role in maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Recent clinical trials confirmed safety and efficacy of Treg treatment of deleterious immune responses. However, Tregs lose their characteristic phenotype and suppressive potential during expansion ex vivo. Therefore, multiple research teams have been studding Treg biology in aim to improve their stability in vitro. In the current paper, we demonstrate that mild hypothermia of 33 °C induces robust proliferation of Tregs, preserves expression of FoxP3, CD25 and Helios, and prevents TSDR methylation during culture in vitro. Tregs expanded at 33 °C have stronger immunosuppressive potential and remarkably anti-inflammatory phenotype demonstrated by the whole transcriptome sequencing. These observations shed new light on impact of temperature on regulation of immune response. We show that just a simple change in temperature can preserve Treg stability, function and accelerate their proliferation, responding to unanswered question- how to preserve Treg stability in vitro.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a key signaling protein in the skeletal system as well as in the immune system. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the inflammatory response is deeply involved in the healing process of bone fractures, but how the immune system is regulated during this process is unclear. In this study, we examined STAT3-mediated regulation of immunity in adult patients with closed tibia fracture. In all patients, the expression and activation of STAT3 peaked at around day 7 to day 14 after surgery, and gradually decreased during the rest of the healing period. At day 7 (peak STAT3 expression and phosphorylation), the CD4 + CD25 + T cells from bone fracture patients presented the highest level of STAT3 activation among lymphocyte subsets. Therefore, we investigated the role of STAT3 in CD4 + CD25 + T cells. The level of FOXP3 expression by CD4 + CD25 + T cells was directly correlated with the level of STAT3 phosphorylation in these cells. The level of STAT3 phosphorylation in CD4 + CD25 + T cells was also inversely correlated with the level of IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Inhibition of STAT3 significantly suppressed FOXP3 and IL-10 expression by CD4 + CD25 + T cells, as well as the ability of CD4 + CD25 + T cells to suppress T-cell IFN-γ and TNF-α secretion. Furthermore, early healers patients presented significantly higher STAT3 expression and phosphorylation than late healers, possibly due to the higher IL-6 and IL-10 levels in the serum of early healing patients. Together, these data demonstrated that STAT3 was beneficial to bone fracture healing, possibly by enhancing Treg-mediated suppression of counteracting inflammations, and suggested that STAT3 could be used as a prognostic marker to identify otherwise undistinguishable patients at risk of developing delayed union or nonunion., (© 2017 APMIS. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

We have previously found that ex vivo expanded human CD4 + CD25 + Treg cells suppress proliferation of lymphoma B-cell lines. Here we demonstrate that the immunomodulatory drug lenalidomide potentiates suppression of lymphoma B-cell proliferation by freshly isolated CD4 + CD25 + Tregs, as well as suppression by Tregs expanded polyclonally in the presence of rapamycin from CD4 + CD25 + T cells or CD4 + CD25 + CD127 lo T cells. The regulation of lymphoma cell proliferation by Tregs pre-expanded with "third-party" allogeneic MoDCs in the presence of rapamycin was also potentiated by lenalidomide. Lenalidomide contributed to the suppression exerted by Tregs despite concomitant downregulation of Treg proliferation. Lenalidomide did not reduce the suppression of conventional T cells by expanded Tregs. The exposure of polyclonally expanded Tregs to lenalidomide did not significantly alter their phenotype. There was no uniform pattern of lenalidomide effect on Treg-mediated regulation of lymphoma B cells freshly isolated from patients. Freshly isolated lymphoma cells activated with multimeric CD40L and IL-4 to support their survival in vitro varied in their sensitivity to lenalidomide, and the regulatory effect of Tregs on such lymphoma cells ranged from suppression to help in individual patients. Lenalidomide potentiated or attenuated Treg effects on the survival of freshly isolated lymphoma cells. A combination of lenalidomide treatment with adoptive transfer of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs or CD4 + CD25 + CD127 lo Tregs expanded ex vivo could be used to suppress proliferation of residual lymphoma in select patients with lymphoma responsive to the regulation by Tregs and sensitive to lenalidomide.

Objectives: Randomised-controlled trials have recently proven the efficacy of the interleukin (IL)-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab (TCZ) in giant cell arteritis (GCA). However, the mechanism of action of IL-6 blockade in this disease is unknown. Moreover, the role of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the pathogenesis of GCA remains underexplored. Given the plasticity of Tregs and the importance of IL-6 in their biology, we hypothesised that TCZ might modulate the Treg response in GCA. We therefore characterised the Treg compartment of patients with GCA treated with TCZ., Methods: We classified 41 patients with GCA into three groups: active disease (aGCA, n=11), disease remission on corticosteroids (rGCA-CS, n=19) and disease remission on TCZ (rGCA-TCZ, n=11). Healthy controls (HCs) were included for comparison. We determined the frequency, phenotype and function of peripheral blood Tregs., Results: Patients with aGCA demonstrated a hypoproliferating Treg compartment enriched in IL-17-secreting Tregs (IL-17 + Tregs). Tregs in patients with aGCA disproportionally expressed a hypofunctional isoform of Foxp3 that lacks exon 2 (Foxp3Δ2). Foxp3Δ2-expressing Tregs coexpressed CD161, a marker commonly associated with the Th17 linage, significantly more often than full-length Foxp3-expressing Tregs. Compared with those of HCs, GCA-derived Tregs demonstrated impaired suppressor capacity. Treatment with TCZ, in contrast to CS therapy, corrected the Treg abnormalities observed in aGCA. In addition, TCZ treatment increased the numbers of activated Tregs (CD45RA - Foxp3 high ) and the Treg expression of markers of trafficking (CCR4) and terminal differentiation (CTLA-4)., Conclusions: TCZ may exert its therapeutic effects in GCA by increasing the proliferation and activation of Tregs, and by reverting the pathogenic Treg phenotype seen during active disease., (Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.)

The goal of this study was to observe the pathological characteristics of atherosclerotic plaques in the aortic walls of ApoE -/- and C57BL/6J mice and the changes of CD4 + CD25 + regulatory T cells (Tregs) in atherosclerotic mice. Twenty ApoE -/- mice were split into high-fat diet (AH) and normal diet (AN) groups and 10 C57BL/6J male mice were designated as the control group (BN). The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; paraffin sections of the aorta were stained with hematoxylin & eosin, and morphometric parameters were measured using the Image Pro Plus 6.0 system. Verhoeff stain was used to observe the distribution of elastic fibers, and immunohistochemical staining was performed to verify the phenotype of the forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3 + ) CD25 + cells in the atherosclerotic tissue. The proportion of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs in the spleen was calculated by flow cytometry. The thickness of the intima, the intima/media ratio, the plaque area, and the plaque/lumen ratio of mice in AN group were significantly larger than those of mice in BN group. The thickness of the intima, the plaque area, and the plaque/lumen ratio of the mice in AH group were significantly increased compared with those of the AN group mice. The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and the percentage of splenic CD4 + CD25 + Tregs in AN group mice were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The serum concentrations of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and the percentage of splenic CD4 + CD25 + Tregs in the mice in AH group were significantly decreased compared with those in AN group. The proportions of Foxp3 + and CD25 + cells within the total lymphocyte population were significantly decreased in AH group mice compared with those in AN group mice. Atherosclerosis in an experimental mouse model was correlated with Treg depletion in the lymphoid tissues and plaques, indicating the important antiatherosclerotic role of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs. Impact statement In this article, we conclude that Tregs decreased with atherosclerosis (AS) as determined in ApoE knockout mice fed a high fat diet. It is an important matter for understanding the AS pathology.

Background/aims: This study examined the role of random normal skin biopsy in the diagnosis of intravascular lymphoma (IVL) in adult Western patients with clinically diagnosed hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)., Methods: In a retrospective chart review study, we analyzed a total of 59 skin biopsies that were performed to diagnose IVL in 21 adult patients with HLH seen at Stanford Hospital between 2004 and 2016., Results: Out of the 59 skin biopsies, 42 were taken from clinically normal-appearing skin and 17 from clinically abnormal-appearing skin. None of the 59 biopsies revealed a diagnosis of primary or metastatic malignancy, regardless of the malignancy history, clinical presentation, and biopsy and histopathologic characteristics. A review of 8 positive IVL cases at Stanford Hospital including 1 case associated with HLH showed 1 positive diagnosis by a targeted skin biopsy and other positive diagnoses by bone marrow (n = 4), lung (n = 2), brain (n = 2), muscle (n = 1), and nerve (n = 1)., Conclusion: Random skin biopsies have a limited role in diagnosing IVL in adult patients with HLH, in the setting of a single academic institution in the USA. A review of the literature emphasizes the role of a full body skin exam with a selective skin biopsy in these patients., (© 2017 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: Lymphocyte recruitment into the portal tract is crucial not only for homeostatic immune surveillance but also for many liver diseases. However, the exact route of entry for lymphocytes into portal tract is still obscure. We investigated this question using a rat hepatic allograft rejection model., Methods: A migration route was analyzed by immunohistological methods including a recently developed scanning electron microscopy method. Transmigration-associated molecules such as selectins, integrins, and chemokines and their receptors expressed by hepatic vessels and recruited T-cells were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry., Results: The immunoelectron microscopic analysis clearly showed CD8β(+) cells passing through the portal vein (PV) endothelia. Furthermore, the migrating pathway seemed to pass through the endothelial cell body. Local vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression was induced in PV endothelial cells from day 2 after liver transplantation. Although intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression was also upregulated, it was restricted to sinusoidal endothelia. Recipient T-cells in the graft perfusate were CD25(+)CD44(+)ICAM-1(+)CXCR3(+)CCR5(-) and upregulated α4β1 or αLβ2 integrins. Immunohistochemistry showed the expression of CXCL10 in donor MHCII(high) cells in the portal tract as well as endothelial walls of PV., Conclusions: We show for the first time direct evidence of T-cell transmigration across PV endothelial cells during hepatic allograft rejection. Interactions between VCAM-1 on endothelia and α4β1 integrin on recipient effector T-cells putatively play critical roles in adhesion and transmigration through endothelia. A chemokine axis of CXCL10 and CXCR3 also may be involved., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Foodborne Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a cause of serious illness and death in the US. The case-fatality rate of invasive LM infection in the elderly population is >50%. The goal of this study is to establish a murine model of oral LM infection that can be used as a surrogate for human foodborne listeriosis in the geriatric population. Adult C57BL/6 (wild-type, WT) and adult or old IL17R-KO (knock-out) mice were gavaged with a murinized LM strain (Lmo-InlA m ) and monitored for body-weight loss and survivability. Tissues were collected and assayed for bacterial burden, histology, and cytokine responses. When compared to WT mice, adult IL17R-KO mice are more susceptible to LM infection and showed increased LM burden and tissue pathology and a higher mortality rate. Older LM-infected KO-mice lost significantly (p < 0.02, ANOVA) more body-weight and had a higher bacterial burden in the liver (p = 0.03) and spleen as compared to adult mice. Uninfected, aged KO-mice showed a higher baseline pro-inflammatory response when compared to uninfected adult-KO mice. After infection, the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IFN-γ, mRNA in the liver was higher in the adult mice as compared to the old mice. The anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, mRNA and regulatory T-cells (CD4 + CD25 +h or CD4 + Foxp3 + ) cells in the aged mice increased significantly after infection as compared to adult mice. Expression of the T-cell activation marker, CD25 (IL-2Rα) in the aged mice did not increase significantly over baseline. These data suggest that aged IL17R-KO mice can be used as an in vivo model to study oral listeriosis and that aged mice are more susceptible to LM infection due to dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses compared to adult mice, resulting in a protracted clearance of the infection., (Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Previous studies established that GM-CSF-deficient (Csf2-deficient) mice exhibit profound resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This study addressed whether the resistance of Csf2-deficient mice was a result of a requirement for GM-CSF in controlling the functional balance between effector and regulatory T cell subsets during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The main observation was that treatment with the anti-CD25 mAb PC61 rendered Csf2-deficient mice fully susceptible to severe, chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, with disease incidences and severities equivalent to that of C57BL/6 mice. When both donors and recipients were treated with PC61 in a passive model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, adoptive transfer of myelin-specific Csf2-deficient T cells into Csf2-deficient recipients resulted in a nonresolving chronic course of severe paralytic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The peripheral Csf2-deficient T cell repertoire was marked by elevated CD3 + T cell frequencies that reflected substantial accumulations of naïve CD44 null-low CD4 + and CD8 + T cells but essentially normal frequencies of CD4 + CD25 + forkhead box P3 + T cells among the CD3 + T cell pool. These findings suggested that Csf2-deficient mice had secondary deficiencies in peripheral T cell sensitization to environmental antigens. In accordance, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55/CFA-sensitized Csf2-deficient mice exhibited deficient peripheral sensitization to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, whereas pretreatment of Csf2-deficient mice with PC61 enabled the robust induction of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cell responses in the draining lymphatics. In conclusion, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis resistance of Csf2-deficient mice, at least in part, reflects a deficient induction of effector T cell function that cannot surmount normal regulatory T cell barriers. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis effector responses, however, are unleashed upon depletion of regulatory CD25 + T cells., (© Society for Leukocyte Biology.)

Donor lymphocyte infusions are used to treat relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but responses are inadequate. In addition to effector cells, infusions contain CD25 + regulatory T cells (Treg) that may suppress graft-versus-tumor responses. We undertook a phase I study of donor lymphocyte infusions depleted of CD25 + T cells in patients with hematologic malignancies who had relapsed after transplantation. Twenty-one subjects received CD25/Treg-depleted infusions following removal of CD25 + cells using antibody-conjugated magnetic beads. Sixteen subjects received prior cytoreductive therapy. Four were in complete remission at the time of infusion. Two dose levels were administered: 1×10 7 (n=6) and 3×10 7 CD3 + cells/kg (n=15). A median 2.3 log-depletion of CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + Treg was achieved. Seven subjects (33%) developed clinically significant graft-versus-host disease by 1 year, including one patient who died. At dose level 1, five subjects had progressive disease and one had stable disease. At dose level 2, nine subjects (60%) achieved or maintained responses (8 complete responses, 1 partial response), including seven with active disease at the time of infusion. A shorter period between relapse and infusion was associated with response at dose level 2 (P=0.016). The 1-year survival rate was 53% among patients treated with dose level 2. Four of eight subjects with acute myeloid leukemia remained in remission at 1 year. When compared to unmodified donor lymphocyte infusions in 14 contemporaneous patients meeting study eligibility, CD25/Treg depletion was associated with a better response rate and improved event-free survival. Circulating naïve and central memory CD4 + T cells increased after CD25/Treg-depleted infusion, but no immunophenotypic signature for response was noted. CD25/Treg-depleted donor infusion appears feasible and capable of inducing graft-versus-tumor responses without excessive graft-versus-host disease. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT#00675831)., (Copyright© Ferrata Storti Foundation.)

Unlabelled: Interleukin 2 (IL-2) signaling through the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) facilitates HIV replication in vitro and facilitates homeostatic proliferation of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells. CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells may therefore constitute a suitable subset for HIV infection and plasma virion production. CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cell frequencies, absolute numbers, and the expression of CCR5 and cell cycle marker Ki67 were studied in peripheral blood from HIV(+) and HIV(-) study volunteers. Different memory CD4(+) T cell subsets were then sorted for quantification of cell-associated HIV DNA and phylogenetic analyses of the highly variable EnvV1V3 region in comparison to plasma-derived virus sequences. In HIV(+) subjects, 51% (median) of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) CD4(+) T cells expressed the HIV coreceptor CCR5. Very high frequencies of Ki67(+) cells were detected in CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells (median, 27.6%) in comparison to CD25(-) FoxP3(-) memory CD4(+) T cells (median, 4.1%; P < 0.0001). HIV DNA content was 15-fold higher in CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells than in CD25(-) FoxP3(-) T cells (P = 0.003). EnvV1V3 sequences derived from CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells did not preferentially cluster with plasma-derived sequences. Quasi-identical cell-plasma sequence pairs were rare, and their proportion decreased with the estimated HIV infection duration. These data suggest that specific cellular characteristics of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells might facilitate efficient HIV infection in vivo and passage of HIV DNA to cell progeny in the absence of active viral replication. The contribution of this cell population to plasma virion production remains unclear., Importance: Despite recent advances in the understanding of AIDS virus pathogenesis, which cell subsets support HIV infection and replication in vivo is incompletely understood. In vitro, the IL-2 signaling pathway and IL-2-dependent cell cycle induction are essential for HIV infection of stimulated T cells. CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4 T cells, often referred to as regulatory CD4 T cells, depend on IL-2 signaling for homeostatic proliferation in vivo Our results show that CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells often express the HIV coreceptor CCR5, are significantly more proliferative, and contain more HIV DNA than CD25(-) FoxP3(-) memory CD4 T cell subsets. The specific cellular characteristics of CD25(+) FoxP3(+) memory CD4(+) T cells probably facilitate efficient HIV infection in vivo and passage of HIV DNA to cell progeny in the absence of active viral replication. However, the contribution of this cell subset to plasma viremia remains unclear., (Copyright © 2016, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.)

Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 3 (SLAMF3/Ly9) is a coregulatory molecule implicated in T-cell activation and differentiation. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by aberrant T-cell activation and compromised IL-2 production, leading to abnormal regulatory T-cell (Treg) development/function. Here we show that SLAMF3 functions as a costimulator on CD4(+) T cells and influences IL-2 response and T helper cell differentiation. SLAMF3 ligation promotes T-cell responses to IL-2 via up-regulation of CD25 in a small mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (Smad3)-dependent mechanism. This augments the activation of the IL-2/IL-2R/STAT5 pathway and enhances cell proliferation in response to exogenous IL-2. SLAMF3 costimulation promotes Treg differentiation from naïve CD4(+) T cells. Ligation of SLAMF3 receptors on SLE CD4(+) T cells restores IL-2 responses to levels comparable to those seen in healthy controls and promotes functional Treg generation. Taken together, our results suggest that SLAMF3 acts as potential therapeutic target in SLE patients by augmenting sensitivity to IL-2., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Aim: To develop a safe and efficient method for targeted, anti-apoptotic gene therapy of corneal endothelial cells (CECs)., Materials & Methods: Magnetofection (MF), a combination of lipofection with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs; PEI-Mag2, SO-Mag5, PalD1-Mag1), was tested in human CECs and in explanted human corneas. Effects on cell viability and function were investigated. Immunocompatibility was assessed in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells., Results: Silica iron-oxide MNPs (SO-Mag5) combined with X-tremeGENE-HP achieved high transfection efficiency in human CECs and explanted human corneas, without altering cell viability or function. Magnetofection caused no immunomodulatory effects in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Magnetofection with anti-apoptotic P35 gene effectively blocked apoptosis in CECs., Conclusion: Magnetofection is a promising tool for gene therapy of corneal endothelial cells with potential for targeted on-site delivery.

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) plays a critical role in the control of brucellosis. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a functional character in modulating the balance between host immune response and tolerance, which can eventually lead to chronic infection or relapse. The aim of this study was to assess the alteration of Tregs in cases of brucellosis before and after treatment. Thirty cases of acute brucellosis with the mean age of 41.03±15.15 years (case group) and 30 healthy persons with the mean age of 40.63±13.95 years (control group) were selected and assessed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from peripheral blood of all individuals. We analyzed the alteration of Treg cell count using flow cytometry for CD4, CD25, and FoxP3 markers. The level of CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells was increased in active patients compared with controls (2.5±0.99% vs 1.6±0.84%, p= 0.0004), but it had declined in the treated cases (1.83±0.73%, p=0.02). The level of Tregs was elevated in three relapsed cases. The frequency of Tregs and Treg/Teff (effector T cell) ratio was correlated with inverse serum agglutination test (SAT) and, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) titers as markers of treatment in brucellosis. Based on our findings, we suggest that regulatory cells, such as CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ Treg cells, may contribute to the development of infection processes involving immune responses in brucellosis, and evaluation of regulatory T-cell levels may be a potential diagnostic strategy for the treatment outcome in chronic and relapsed cases of brucellosis.

Interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25) expression has been reported in human lymphoid tumours and suggested to correlate with the prognosis. In this study, we detected CD25-positive cells in various types of lymphoid tumours in dogs. Immunohistochemical analyses of the tissues from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (n = 6), T-zone lymphoma (TZL) (n = 5), and follicular lymphoma (FL) (n = 2) revealed that cells strongly positive for CD25 were observed generally in accordance with lymphoma cell localization. CD25-positive cells were consistently detected in TZL and FL cases; however, the number of CD25-positive cells was variable among DLBCL cases. Furthermore, we evaluated the rate of CD25-positive cells by flow cytometric analysis in 29 dogs with lymphoid malignancies, including high-grade B-cell lymphoma (n = 17), TZL (n = 5), FL (n = 2), cutaneous lymphoma (n=2), and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (n = 3). CD25-positivity in the lymph node cells was significantly higher in dogs with high-grade B-cell lymphoma (mean ± SD, 49.6 ± 31.3%) or TZL (mean ± SD, 80.2 ± 10.0%) than that in healthy dogs (mean ± SD, 9.8 ± 2.8%). In prognostic analysis of 15 cases with high-grade B-cell lymphoma, the progression-free survival was significantly shorter in CD25-high group than that in CD25-low group. The results obtained in this study are useful for subtype differentiation and prognostic analysis of canine lymphomas and future development of molecular-targeted therapy directed at CD25., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Soluble fibrinogen-like protein 2, sfgl2, is the new effector of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) and exerts immunosuppressive activity. We design this study to investigate the possible role of sfgl2 in atherosclerosis. A total of 58 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, together with 22 stable angina (SA) patients and 31 normal coronary artery (NCA) people were enrolled in our study. Serum level of sfgl2 and plasma level of Treg were respectively measured. In line with the change of Treg, serum level of sfgl2 in ACS (8.70 ng/mL) was significantly decreased (P = 0.003), compared with that in SA (11.86 ng/mL) and NCA (17.55 ng/mL). Both sfgl2 and Treg level were obviously decreased in ACS; Sfgl2 may play a protective role in atherosclerosis., (© 2016 by the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine.)

Background: Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot cure HIV-1 infection due to the presence of latent viral reservoirs. The "shock and kill" strategy is a promising approach to eliminate the viral reservoir. However, there are various limits existing in current latency-reversing agents, searching for new activators are urgently needed., Objective: The present study aimed at investigating the ability of hymecromone and scoparone for activating HIV-1 from latent reservoirs., Methods: Jurkat T cell model of HIV-1 latently were used to evaluate the effect of hymecromone and scoparone. The percentage of green florescence protein expression as a marker for reactivation of HIV-1 promoter was measured via FACScan. The expression of CD25 and CD69 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was measured by flow cytometry at 72 h post-treatment with hymecromone or scoparone or prostratin using antibodies against CD25 and CD69., Results: Hymecromone and scoparone can induce HIV-1 LTR reactivation in a dose and timedependent. We further show that hymecromone and scoparone can reactivate latent virus without inducing the activation of global T cells. We also found that scoparone acts by NF-&kgr;B signal pathway., Conclusion: Hymecromone and scoparone can effectively reactivate latent HIV-1 with low cellular toxicity, indicating hymecromone and scoparone might be potential drugs for HIV-1 reservoir eradication strategies in the future.

Background: Robust evidence for the efficacy of rituximab monotherapy in pemphigus is lacking. The effects of rituximab on T-regulatory cells (Tregs) in pemphigus have not been studied., Objective: The primary objective was to assess the efficacy of rituximab monotherapy in severe pemphigus vulgaris. The secondary objectives were to assess whether counts of different subsets of Tregs in the peripheral blood correlate with baseline clinical severity and whether clinical response in severe pemphigus is associated with an alteration in the Treg count., Methods: Eighteen eligible subjects with severe pemphigus vulgaris were recruited and were treated with 1 g of intravenous rituximab on days 0 and 15. Efficacy was assessed in terms of disease control, time to disease control, complete remission off therapy, and relapse. Flow cytometric analysis of CD4+CD25+FoxP3, IL-10-secreting Tr1, and TGF-β secreting Th3 regulatory cells was performed. Clinical evaluation and flow cytometric analysis of Tregs was performed periodically until follow-up at 26 weeks., Results: Rituximab monotherapy was able to induce complete remission in all but 5 (68.75%) patients and was well tolerated. No direct relationship between clinical severity and CD4+CD25+FoxP3 cell counts was found. There were inverse correlations between serially measured values of the cutaneous and mucosal Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorder Intensity Score (ABSIS) and Th3 cell count., Conclusion: Rituximab is a safe and effective monotherapy option for severe pemphigus. As the immunological findings were somewhat different from those observed in other autoimmune conditions treated with rituximab, further studies are required to substantiate the findings of our study in pemphigus patients., (© 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Jorge Lobo's disease (JLD) is a chronic granulomatous mycosis described in various Latin American countries. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the possible role of Th17 and Foxp3+ Treg cells in the pathogenesis of Jorge Lobo's disease. Human skin biopsies were submitted to an immunohistochemistry protocol to detect Foxp3, interleukin (IL)-1beta, CD25, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23. The epidermis presented acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, and frequent presence of fungi. The dermis presented inflammatory infiltrate comprising macrophages, lymphocytes, epithelioid and multinucleated cells, and an intense number of fungi. Foxp3+ Treg cells and IL-17+ cells were visualized in lymphocytes in the inflammatory infiltrate. IL-1, IL-2R (CD25), IL-6, and IL-23 were visualized in the dermis, intermingled with fungal cells, permeating or participating of the granuloma. Following IL-17, the most prominent cytokine was IL-6. IL-23 and cells expressing CD25 were present in fewer number. The comparative analysis between IL-17 and Foxp3 demonstrated a statistically significant increased number of IL-17+ cells. Th17 cells play a role in the immune response of JLD. IL-1beta and IL-6 added to the previously described increased number of TGF-beta would stimulate such pattern of response. Th17 cells could be present as an effort to modulate the local immune response; however, high levels of a Th17 profile could overcome the role of Treg cells. The unbalance between Treg/Th17 cells seems to corroborate with the less effective immune response against the fungus., (© The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The International Society for Human and Animal Mycology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Profilins are actin-binding proteins that regulate the polymerization of actin filaments. In apicomplexan parasites, they are essential for invasion. Profilins also trigger the immune response of the host by activating TLRs on dendritic cells (DCs), inducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this study we characterized for the first time the immune response and protection elicited by a vaccine based on Neospora caninum profilin in mice. Groups of eight BALB/c mice received either two doses of a recombinant N. caninum profilin expressed in Escherichia coli. (rNcPRO) or PBS, both formulated with an aqueous soy-based adjuvant enriched in TLR-agonists. Specific anti-profilin antibodies were detected in rNcPRO-vaccinated animals, mainly IgM and IgG3, which were consumed after infection. Splenocytes from rNcPRO-immunized animals proliferated after an in vitro stimulation with rNcPRO before and after challenge. An impairment of the cellular response was observed in NcPRO vaccinated and infected mice following an in vitro stimulation with native antigens of N. caninum, related to an increase in the percentage of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+. Two out of five rNcPRO-vaccinated challenged mice were protected; they were negative for parasite DNA in the brain and showed no histopathological lesions, which were found in all PBS-vaccinated animals. As a whole, our results provide evidence of a regulatory response elicited by immunization with rNcPRO, and suggest a role of profilin in the modulation and/or evasion of immune responses against N. caninum., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Early production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, is essential for control of blood-stage malaria infections. We have shown that IFN-γ production can be induced among human natural killer (NK) cells by coculture with Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes, but the importance of this response is unclear. To further explore the role of NK cells during malaria infection, we have characterized the NK-cell response of C57BL/6 mice during lethal (PyYM) or nonlethal (Py17XNL) P. yoelii infection. Ex vivo flow cytometry revealed that NK cells are activated within 24 h of Py17XNL blood-stage infection, expressing CD25 and producing IFN-γ; this response was blunted and delayed during PyYM infection. CD25 expression and IFN-γ production were highly correlated, suggesting a causal relationship between the two responses. Subsequent in vitro experiments revealed that IL-18 signaling is essential for induction of CD25 and synergizes with IL-12 to enhance CD25 expression on splenic NK cells. In accordance with this, Py17XNL-infected erythrocytes induced NK-cell CD25 expression and IFN-γ production in a manner that is completely IL-18- and partially IL-12-dependent, and IFN-γ production is enhanced by IL-2. These data suggest that IL-2 signaling via CD25 amplifies IL-18- and IL-12-mediated NK-cell activation during malaria infection., (© 2015 The Authors. European Journal of Immunology published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by a protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, is still a threat to mankind due to treatment failure, drug resistance and coinfection with HIV. The limitations of first-line drugs have led to the development of new strategies to combat this dreaded disease. Recently, we have shown the immunomodulatory property of Ara-LAM, a TLR2 ligand, against leishmanial pathogenesis. In this study, we have extended our study to the effect of Ara-LAM on regulatory T cells in a murine model of VL. We observed that Ara-LAM-treated infected BALB/c mice showed a strong host-protective Th1 immune response due to reduced IL-10 and TGF-β production, along with marked decrease in CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) GITR(+) CTLA4(+) regulatory T cell (Treg) generation and activation. The reduction in Foxp3 expression was due to effective modulation of TGF-β-induced SMAD signaling in Treg cells by Ara-LAM. Moreover, we demonstrated that Ara-LAM-induced IRF1 expression in the Treg cells, which negatively regulated foxp3 gene transcription, resulting in the reduced immunosuppressive activity of Treg cells. Interestingly, irf1 gene knockdown completely abrogated the effect of Ara-LAM on Treg cells. Thus, these findings provide detailed mechanistic insight into Ara-LAM-mediated modulation of Treg cells, which might be helpful in combating VL., (© FEMS 2015. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Background: Different delivery modes may affect the susceptibility to allergic diseases. It is still unknown whether early intervention with probiotics would counteract this effect., Objectives: The effect of different delivery modes on immune status and nasal symptoms was investigated on established allergic rhinitis (AR) mouse model. In addition, the immunoregulatory effects and mechanisms of different feeding manners with Bifidobacterium breve(B. breve) were examined., Methods: Live lyophilized B. breve was orally administered to BALB/c mice born via vaginal delivery(VD) or cesarean delivery (CD) for 8 consecutive weeks, after which they were sensitized by ovalbumin(OVA) to establish experimental AR. Nasal symptoms, serum immunoglobulins, cytokines, splenic percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T(Treg) cells and nasal eosinophil infiltration were evaluated., Results: Compared with VD mice, mice delivered via CD demonstrated more serious nasal symptoms, higher concentrations of OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E, more nasal eosinophils and lower percentages of splenic CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)Treg cells after establishing experimental AR. These parameters were reversed by administering B. breves hortly after birth. However, the effect of B. breve did not differ between different delivery modes., Conclusion: CD aggravates the nasal symptoms of AR mice compared to VD. This is the first report that oral administration of B. breve shortly after birth can significantly alleviate the symptoms of AR mice born via both deliveries, probably via activation of the regulatory capacity of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)Treg cells.

Background: The pro-inflammatory S100 calcium binding protein A8 (S100A8) is elevated in the serum of patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria, but its function in Plasmodium vivax malaria is not yet clear. This function was investigated in P. vivax-infected patients in this study., Methods: The level of S100A8 in the serum was measured with ELISA. Full amino acids of S100A8 were synthesized to verify the functions for maturation of immature dendritic cell (iDC) and evaluation of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) generation by mature DC (mDC)., Results: A higher amount of S100A8 was detected in vivax-infected patients (141.2 ± 61.849 ng/ml, n = 40) compared with normal control group (48.1 ± 27.384 ng/ml, n = 40). The level of S100A8 did not coincide with that of anti-malarial antibody measured by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) using parasite-infected red blood cells as antigen. Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) was up-regulated on the surface of iDCs following treatment with synthetic S100A8, not with synthetic MSP-1, AMA-1 and CSP, as compared to the expression seen for non-treated iDCs. The addition of red blood cells of infected patients to iDCs also elevated their surface expression of CD86. However, the serum levels of S100A8 decreased with increase in parasitaemia. DCs matured by sera containing S100A8 generated Treg cells from naïve T cells. The ratio of Treg cells generated was inversely proportional to the concentration of S100A8 in sera., Conclusions: Treg cells suppress the activity of cytotoxic T cells, which kill malaria parasites; therefore, the up-regulation of S100A8 in malaria patients may contribute to pathogen immune escape or tolerance.