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The present research looked for ways to develop shielded nanoparticles (NPs)-drug transporters made of chitosan (CS) to enhance the bioavailability of edoxaban tosylate monohydrate (ETM) for oral administration by examining the correlation among design aspects and data from experiments using response surface methodology (RSM). ETM-loaded CS nanoparticles (ETM-CS-NPs) were developed using the ionic gelation of CS with tripolyphosphate (TPP). Utilising Zeta-sizer and scanning electron microscopy, the ETM-CS-NPs were evaluated for particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), surface morphology, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading (DL). Drug and polymer interactions in NPs were assessed using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. The response surface approach and Design-Expert software optimised the ETM-CS-NPs. Using RSM, the effects of independent variables such as the amount of CS, the amount of TPP, and the amount of glacial acetic acid on PS, PDI and ZP were analysed. The optimal combination of PS (354.8 nm), PDI (0.509), ZP (43.7 + mV), % EE (70.3 ± 1.3) and % DL (9.1 ± 0.4) has been identified for the optimised ETM-CS-NPs. ETM-CS-NPs' anticoagulant activity was evaluated using activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT) and thrombin time (TT) assays. In conclusion, a practical and consistent method has been established, and its application has been proven in vitro, indicating its utility for future studies of the biological distribution of ETM-CS-NPs in vivo for specific antithrombotic treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate peel waste is a valuable reservoir of heat‐sensitive total hydrolysable tannins (THT), with potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals. Preserving THT is challenging due to degradation post‐extraction. We explore ionic gelation as an encapsulation method to optimize THT utilization. RESULTS: Through external gelation, we optimized the process variables using Box–Behnken design. At 40 g kg−1 sodium alginate, 25 g kg−1 calcium chloride, and 300 g kg−1 pomegranate peel extract (PPE), we achieved an 83.65% encapsulation efficiency. Compared to spray drying, external gelation demonstrated superior performance, with enhanced release percentages and stability. Physical, phytochemical, and release profiles of encapsulates were extensively analysed. External gelation achieved an 87.5% release in 30 min, outperforming spray‐dried counterparts (69.7% in 25 min). Encapsulated PPE exhibited robust antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) in powdered infant formula, with a 32 ± 0.01 mm zone of inhibition and 300 μg mL−1 minimum inhibitory concentration. Insights into S. aureus growth curves underlined the mechanism of action via membrane potential alterations. The results of carried investigations also showed that the antibacterial activity of the encapsulated PPE extracts against the targeted organism was identical to the antibacterial activity exhibited by synthetic antibiotics used generally to kill microorganisms in food. Therefore, from the findings, it can be concluded that the PPE encapsulate produced using the external gelation technique at the optimized condition displayed superior storage stability possessing strong antimicrobial activity when compared to encapsulate produced using the spray drying technique. CONCLUSIONS: External gelation emerges as a potent technique for developing effective encapsulates enriched with natural antimicrobials or antibiotics. This approach holds promise for applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals, enhancing stability and efficacy while reducing reliance on synthetic antibiotics. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The objective of this study was to develop Tricholoma fracticum extract‐loaded chitosan nanoparticles (TFNPs) by ionic gelation method and to evaluate their in vitro antioxidant activity. Phenolic and flavonoid contents in the T. fracticum extract were measured spectrophotometrically and chromatographically. Characterisation of NPs was evaluated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ZETA analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In vitro antioxidant capacity was determined using 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. The phenolic and flavonoid contents in the T. fracticum extract were measured as 7.1 ± 0.3 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent/g extract and 5.5 ± 0.6 mg Quercetin Equivalent/g extract, respectively. The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential of Blank NP1 and TFNP were 265.5 ± 15.8 nm, 0.4, 38.7 ± 4.0 mV and 333.2 ± 16.3 nm, 0.4, 37.0 ± 4.1 mV, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in TFNP, followed by T. fracticum extract, chitosan and blank NP, respectively. The preserved or enhanced antioxidant activity observed in the encapsulated T. fracticum extract indicates the potential for loading similar mushroom extracts onto chitosan and thus preserving their bioactive properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer and infectious diseases are two of the world's major public health problems. Gemcitabine (GEM) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent against several types of cancer. In this study, we developed macrocapsules incorporating GEM into a chitosan matrix blended with magnetite and zeolite by ionic gelation. Physicochemical characterization was performed using HRTEM-ED, XRD, FESEM–EDS, FT-IR, TGA, encapsulation efficiency (%E.E.), and release profiles at pHs 7.4 and 5.0. Cell viability tests against A549 and H1299 cell lines, and microbiological properties against staphylococcal strains were performed. Our results revealed the successful production of hemispherical capsules with an average diameter of 1.22 mm, a rough surface, and characteristic FT-IR material interaction bands. The macrocapsules showed a high GEM encapsulation efficiency of over 86% and controlled release over 24 h. Cell viability assays revealed that similar cytotoxic effects to free GEM were achieved with a 45-fold lower GEM concentration, suggesting reduced dosing requirements and potentially fewer side effects. Additionally, the macrocapsules demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, reducing Staphylococcus epidermidis growth by over 90%. These results highlight the macrocapsules dual role as a chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial agent, offering a promising strategy for treating lung cancer in patients at risk of infectious diseases or who are immunosuppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ionic gelation for preserving the antioxidant activity of the protein hydrolysate from encapsulated lionfish (Pterois volitans, L.) muscle was evaluated. A 22 factorial design was used. The factors evaluated were sodium alginate concentration (1.75% and 3.5% w/v) and calcium chloride concentration (3% and 5% w/v). The response variables were encapsulation efficiency and preservation of antioxidant activity. The beads obtained were classified as microcapsules (2–3 mm) and were mostly spherical, with a weight ranging from 12 to 38 mg. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from 37 to 55.47%, while the preservation of antioxidant activity ranged from 43.3 to 64.5%. The best treatment for preserving the in vitro antioxidant activity of the protein hydrolysate was the one with 1.75% w/v sodium alginate and 3% w/v calcium chloride, which showed an encapsulation efficiency of 53.96%, preservation of antioxidant activity of 64.5%, and free radical scavenging (DPPH) of 22.73%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to effectively treat arthritis, this study formulated and evaluated a nanogel containing flurbiprofen and betamethasone. Using ionic gelation technology, nanogels were created by fine-tuning a number of process parameters, such as the concentration of the polymer and cross-linker, as well as the stirring speed, stirring duration, and sonication time. The results demonstrated that the particle size and drug loading efficiency were enhanced as the concentrations of the polymer and cross-linker were increased; the ideal concentrations were 0.4% w/v polymer and 0.4% w/v cross-linker. Particle size was also shown to be greatly affected by stirring duration and speed; particles were found to be smaller while stirring for longer periods of time and faster speeds. Particle size was further reduced to 174.16 nm by sonication for 5 minutes, and the drug loading efficiency was an acceptable 72.02%. The enhanced formulation had a PDI, zeta potential, and particle size distribution that were advantageous, which improved stability and medicine encapsulation. Because it ensures a controlled release of the drug and improves patient outcomes, this nanogel system offers potential as a novel approach to providing anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common challenge in hydrogel-based delivery systems is the premature release of low molecular weight encapsulates through diffusion or swelling and reduced cell viability caused by the low pH in gastric conditions. A second biopolymer, such as chitosan, can be incorporated to overcome this. Chitosan is usually associated with colonic drug delivery systems. We intended to formulate chitosan-coated pectin beads for use in delaying premature release of the encapsulate under gastric conditions but allowing release through disintegration under intestinal conditions. The latter is of utmost importance in delivering most functional food ingredients. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of formulation and process conditions on the size, sphericity, and dissolution behavior of chitosan-coated hydrogel beads prepared by interfacial coacervation. The size and sphericity of the beads depend on the formulation and range from approximately 3 to 5 mm and 0.82 to 0.95, respectively. Process conditions during electro-dripping may be modulated to tailor bead size. Depending on the voltage, bead size ranged from 1.5 to 4 mm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed chitosan shell formation around the pectin bead. Chitosan-coated beads maintained their size and shape in simulated gastric fluid but experienced structural damage in simulated intestinal fluid. Therefore, they represent a novel delivery system for functional food ingredients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND RESULTS CONCLUSION A colorimetric method for the quantification of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) produced in microbial fermentations was developed using lead gelled alginate microparticles packed in glass columns. The formation of a lead sulfide complex, between H₂S and lead ion (Pb2+) immobilized on the microparticles, allowed simple and accurate quantification by colorimetry.The microparticle‐loaded columns were calibrated and showed significant analytical sensitivity. The calibration curve of the system showed a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.995 and a detection limit of 1.29 ± 0.02 μg L−1. The application of the columns in laboratory wine fermentations was able to detect variations in H2S production from 10.6 to 23.5 μg L−1 by increasing the sugar content in the medium, and from 10.6 to 3.2 μg L−1 with decreasing nitrogen content in the medium.Validation of the proposed method was carried out by determining H₂S in a vinic fermentation model, the results of which were compared with those obtained using a reference chemical method. The data obtained showed no statistically significant differences between the two methods, confirming the reliability and accuracy of the developed system. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic repercussions of Fusarium wilt on global tomato crops underscore the disease's paramount importance. And by employing non-toxic, environmentally friendly ingredients that align with sustainable practices and emphasize biosafety considerations, green synthesis, an emerging field in nanobiotechnology, presents financial and ecological benefits surpassing customary chemical and physical approaches. The main objective of the present investigation is to formulate chitosan nanomolecules laden with Trichoderma harzianum extract and characterize them. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the antifungal effectiveness of these chitosan nanomolecules towards Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. Employing the ionic gelation technique and tripolyphosphate (TPP), chitosan nanomolecules laden with T. harzianum extract were synthesized. Subsequent characterization involved UV-vis, FTIR, AFM, SEM, XRD, and EDX techniques to demonstrate the effectiveness of the biochemical transformation. In addition, the antifungal efficacy of bio-manufactured chitosan nanomolecules has been assessed against five strongly virulent isolates from F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. The study revealed the highest inhibition rates of growth for all isolates to be 100% at a 1 mg/ml concentration of CNPs. In contrast, the minimal inhibitory level rates at 0.125 mg/ml of CNPs were 32.75, 32.83, 32.85, 36.92, and 41.17%, consecutively. This investigation's findings have revealed a recently discovered biological pathway to biosynthesize chitosan nanomolecules in an environmentally friendly way by using T. harzianum. The confirmed antifungal efficacy of the synthesized CNPs towards F. oxysporum suggests their potential as alternatives to or reducers of widespread fungicide use, applicable across various technical and agricultural domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The effect of saponin nanoparticles from Chenopodium quinoa Willd. on MC-F7 (breast cancer) cell lines was evaluated. The ionic gelation method with chitosan and pentasodium tripolyphosphate was used to synthesize nanoparticles. Saponins were extracted from quinoa industry residues using ultrasound. Materials and methods. The effect of pH (5, 6, 7) and pentasodium tripolyphosphate concentration (1, 2 and 3 mg/mL) was evaluated; the treatment with pH 6 and pentasodium tripolyphosphate concentration of 3 mg/mL obtained the best encapsulation efficiency. The nanoparticles had a Z potential of -32.9 V, a polydispersity of 0.282, and a particle size of 758.75 nm. The cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles formed in MC-F7 cells was tested and an IC50 value of 4.5 ug/mL was obtained. Conclusion. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. saponin nanoparticles in MCF-7 cells was demonstrated using chitosan and pentasodium tripolyphosphate as a cross-linking material at a concentration of 3 mg/mL and pH 6, with an IC50 value of 4.5 mg/mL. These findings suggest its potential high bioactivity, which should be followed by further in vitro studies on cellular and molecular effects on cancer and normal cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymer ionotropic gelation using extrusion dripping technique has been widely employed for microencapsulation and to make flavored spheres for culinary applications. Here, we employ a jet cutter, a rotative tool able to cut the biopolymer jet into small droplets, to further reduce the size of the beads. This study is aimed to investigate the influence of the type of biopolymers on the formation of droplets by the jet cutting. Experiments were conducted using biopolymeric dispersions of pectin (P6), sodium alginate (SA2) and a combination of SA and starch (SA1.5+ S2) that were previously characterized in regard to rheology, density and surface tension. The increase in the rotational speed from 600 to 900 rpm reduced the bead sizes from 2.2 to 1.0 mm, which helps to minimize diffusional limitations during application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The innovative utilization of the microencapsulation technique and the antimicrobial properties of Azadirachta Indica (A.I.) and Tinospora cordifolia (T.C.) present a novel approach to producing antiseptic wipes. In this study, microcapsules with A.I. oil and T.C. extracts were synthesized and integrated into non-woven cotton fabric aiming to create disposable antiseptic medical wipes. The T.C. extract and A.I. oil were used in a 1:1 ratio and microencapsulated utilizing sodium alginate as the encapsulation material through an ionic gelation process. The optical microscope analysis of microcapsules revealed diverse microcapsule sizes, ranging from 50 μm to 180 μm in diameter and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the treated fabric has uniform distribution of microcapsules across the entire fabric surface. The antimicrobial efficacy was evaluated through disk diffusion for the extract and oil and the fabric's antimicrobial activity was assessed by measuring bacterial reduction. The treated fabric displayed substantial reductions in both Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus (87 %) and Bacillus cereus (99 %)) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli (81 %) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (99 %)). Although the treated fabric exhibited a slight decrease in whiteness (48.5–39), this alteration did not adversely affect other fabric properties. These findings underscore the potential of microencapsulated natural extracts in producing effective antimicrobial medical wipes, thereby contributing to infection control.

Fucoxanthin is an anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory bioactive compound. Unfortunately, the conjugated double bonds of the fucoxanthin structure make it unstable, posing issues for product development, particularly with regard to shelf life. This research study aims to synthesize nano chitosan–pectin and encapsulate isolated fucoxanthin by nano chitosan–pectin using an ionic gelation method. Fucoxanthin was obtained through isolation of microalgae species Cyclotella striata. The best result of nanoparticle size using a particle size analyzer was chitosan:pectin 1 : 2 of 172 nm. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed that there was an interaction between chitosan–pectin and fucoxanthin, which was characterized by a shift in the C O absorption fucoxanthin from 1736 to 1632 cm-1. The result of morphological analysis of nano chitosan–pectin–fucoxanthin using a scanning electron microscopeshows a spherical morphology with a size between 140 and 265 nm. The result of encapsulation efficiency was 75.18%, whereas encapsulation stability increased fucoxanthin oxidation half-life 4.7 times longer than that of unencapsulated fucoxanthin. The nano chitosan pectin could be utilized as a matrix conjugate to increase the stability of fucoxanthin significantly by encapsulation. This information is expected to be useful in developing encapsulation applications for unstable compounds.

Already used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and agrochemical industries, encapsulation is a strategy used to protect active ingredients from external degradation factors and to control their release kinetics. Various encapsulation techniques have been studied, both to optimise the level of protection with respect to the nature of the aggressor and to favour a release mechanism between diffusion of the active compounds and degradation of the barrier material. Biopolymers are of particular interest as wall materials because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity. By forming a stable hydrogel around the drug, they provide a 'smart' barrier whose behaviour can change in response to environmental conditions. After a comprehensive description of the concept of encapsulation and the main technologies used to achieve encapsulation, including micro- and nano-gels, the mechanisms of controlled release of active compounds are presented. A panorama of natural polymers as wall materials is then presented, highlighting the main results associated with each polymer and attempting to identify the most cost-effective and suitable methods in terms of the encapsulated drug. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can easily be treated by exploiting the already available antibiotics with the change in administration approach and delivery system. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is used as a drug of choice for many bacterial infections; however, long-term therapy and off-site drug accumulation lead to an increased risk of tendinitis and peripheral neuropathy. To overcome this issue, nanotechnology is being exploited to encapsulate antibiotics within polymeric structures, which not only facilitates dose maintenance at the infection site but also limits off-site side effects. Here, sodium alginate (SA) and thiol-anchored chitosan (TC) were used to encapsulate CIP via a calcium chloride (CaCl2) cross-linker. For this purpose, the B-390 encapsulator was employed in the preparation of nanobeads using a simple technique. The hydrogel-like sample was then freeze-dried, using trehalose or mannitol as a lyoprotectant, to obtain a fine dry powder. Design of Experiment (DoE) was utilized to optimize the nanobead production, in which the influence of different independent variables was studied for their outcome on the polydispersity index (PDI), particle size, zeta potential, and percentage encapsulation efficiency (% EE). In vitro dissolution studies were performed in simulated saliva fluid, simulated gastric fluid, and simulated intestinal fluid. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory studies were also performed along with cytotoxicity profiling. By and large, the study presented positive outcomes, proving the advantage of using nanotechnology in fabricating new delivery approaches using already available antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to develop a nanohydrogel formulation of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) for treating skin cancer that could reduce the dosing frequency and dose-related toxicity and improve its bioavailability at the site of action. Chitosan (CS)-complexed 5-FU nanoparticles (5-FCNPs) were prepared using the ionic gelation technique, which offers advantages such as simplicity, absence of organic solvents, and non-toxicity. The optimization was done using a 32 factorial design approach. The concentrations of CS and stirring speed were considered independent variables while effect on various dependent parameters such as particle size, zeta potential, and % entrapment efficiency was investigated for the development of 5-FCNPs. In contrast, the concentration of carbopol and triethanolamine is considered independent variables while viscosity, % drug release, and skin permeation were investigated as dependent parameters for the optimization of nanohydrogel formulation. The developed nanohydrogel underwent a comprehensive characterization process involving infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), pH assessment, morphological analysis, spreadability, consistency, and in vitro cytotoxicity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques were applied to assess the even distribution of nanoparticles within the hydrogel matrix. Optimized nanohydrogel formulation (5-FNH9) showed 79.9%, 85.78%, and 3.188% of % entrapment efficiency, % drug release, and skin permeation, respectively. The percentage of drug release from the 5-FNH9 was 34.62 ± 0.51% over 12 h followed by the zero-order kinetic release mechanism. The IC50 of the 5-FU solution was greater than the 5-FNH9 formulation. The formulated 5-FU nanohydrogel exhibited pH-responsive controlled drug release and improved skin permeation, and this could be used promisingly for the delivery of 5-FU in the treatment of skin cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate encapsulates loaded with clove essential oil (CEO) were prepared by ionic gelation, with subsequent freeze-drying. The objective of the present work was to develop a product with the ability to protect CEO against its easy volatility and oxidation. The following techniques were used to characterize the formulations: eugenol release, degree of swelling, GC/MS, TGA/DSC, and SEM. The alginate solution (1.0%) containing different concentrations of CEO (LF1: 1.0%; LF2: 0.5%; LF3: 0.1%) was dropped into a 3.0% CaCl2 solution. After lyophilization, the encapsulated samples were wrinkled and rigid, with high encapsulation power (LF3: 76.9% ± 0.5). Three chemical components were identified: eugenol (the major one), caryophyllene, and humulene. The antioxidant power (LF1: DPPH IC50 18.1 µg mL−1) was consistent with the phenol content (LF1: 172.2 mg GAE g−1). The encapsulated ones were thermally stable, as shown by analysis of FTIR peaks, eugenol molecular structure was kept unaltered. The degree of swelling was 19.2% (PBS). The release of eugenol (92.5%) in the PBS solution was faster than in the acidic medium. It was concluded that the low-cost technology used allows the maintenance of the content and characteristics of CEO in the three concentrations tested, offering a basis for further research with essential oil encapsulates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitexin is a natural bioactive compound with many functional properties. However, its poor water solubility and dispersion stability and short half-life limit its practical applications for targeting specific sites. The current work demonstrates that encapsulation of vitexin in chitosan nanoparticles via an oil-in-water emulsion followed by ionic gelation using pentasodium triphosphate overcomes these limitations. The successful loading of vitexin into chitosan nanoparticles was confirmed using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The vitexin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were spherical, 50–250 nm in diameter, and had a negatively charged surface (zeta potential of – 6.2 to – 13.8 mV), 2.8–21.0% loading capacity (LC), and 16.6–58.2% encapsulation efficiency. Vitexin LC increased with increasing initial concentration. The vitexin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles showed antioxidant and lipid oxidation retardation activities that increased as a function of LC. Encapsulation of vitexin into chitosan nanoparticles could improve its dispersion stability in water. Vitexin release from chitosan nanoparticles into the buffer media was faster at pH 11 (completed within 10 days) than at pH 7 (80 days) and 3 (> 4 months). These results suggest that vitexin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles are stable in acidic and neutral pH media, and the loaded vitexin can potentially withstand the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment. The in vitro simulated GI digestion confirms the enhanced bioaccessibility of vitexin after loading into chitosan nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyophilized plant-origin extracts are rich in highly potent antioxidant polyphenols. In order to incorporate them into food products, it is necessary to protect these phytochemicals from atmospheric factors such as heat, light, moisture, or pH, and to enhance their bioavailability due to their low solubility. To address these challenges, recent studies have focused on the development of encapsulation techniques for antioxidant compounds within polymeric structures. In this study, lyophilized olive leaf extracts were microencapsulated with the aim of overcoming the aforementioned challenges. The method used for the preparation of the studied microparticles involves external ionic gelation carried out within a water–oil (W/O) emulsion at room temperature. HPLC analysis demonstrates a high content of polyphenols, with 90% of the bioactive compounds encapsulated. Meanwhile, quantification by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) reveals that the dried leaves, lyophilized extract, and microencapsulated form contain satisfactory levels of macro- and micro-minerals (calcium, potassium, sodium). The microencapsulation technique could be a novel strategy to harness the polyphenols and minerals of olive leaves, thus enriching food products and leveraging the antioxidant properties of the polyphenolic compounds found in the lyophilized extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every plant has a different secondary metabolite content, influenced by the location and conditions where the plant grows. Preparations from the butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea L.) extract form have poor bioavailability. One effort to overcome this problem is by formulating it into nanoherbs form. This research aims to determine the phytochemical content and synthesize nanoherbs ethanol extract of butterfly pea flowers. The butterfly pea flowers were extracted using the maceration method, and the resulting thick purplish blue extract was 145.254 grams. The thick extract was analyzed for secondary metabolite content using phytochemical screening, and it was found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and tannins. Nanoherb synthesis uses the ionic gelation method with an alginate polymer and a CaCl2 cross-linking agent. The synthesis result is a purple nanoherbs colloid with optimal variations in the ratio (10:1). The synthesized nanoherbs were characterized using PSA and obtained particle size results from the optimal variation of 220.4 nm, polydispersity index 0.2550, and zeta potential of -22.5 mV.

Cancer and infectious diseases are two of the world’s major public health problems. Gemcitabine (GEM) is an effective chemotherapeutic agent against several types of cancer. In this study, we developed macrocapsules incorporating GEM into a chitosan matrix blended with magnetite and zeolite by ionic gelation. Physicochemical characterization was performed using HRTEM-ED, XRD, FESEM–EDS, FT-IR, TGA, encapsulation efficiency (%E.E.), and release profiles at pHs 7.4 and 5.0. Cell viability tests against A549 and H1299 cell lines, and microbiological properties against staphylococcal strains were performed. Our results revealed the successful production of hemispherical capsules with an average diameter of 1.22 mm, a rough surface, and characteristic FT-IR material interaction bands. The macrocapsules showed a high GEM encapsulation efficiency of over 86% and controlled release over 24 h. Cell viability assays revealed that similar cytotoxic effects to free GEM were achieved with a 45-fold lower GEM concentration, suggesting reduced dosing requirements and potentially fewer side effects. Additionally, the macrocapsules demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity, reducing Staphylococcus epidermidis growth by over 90%. These results highlight the macrocapsules dual role as a chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial agent, offering a promising strategy for treating lung cancer in patients at risk of infectious diseases or who are immunosuppressed.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) is a protein that plays an important role in the skin wound healing process. However, the biomedical application of this protein has some limitations due to its instability. To address this problem, this study developed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) nanoparticles (NPs) as a nano-carrier for FGF-2 encapsulation and stabilization to improve the bioavailability of this therapeutic protein. Using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a cross-linking agent, sphere-shaped CMC NPs were successfully created with a size of 85.60 ± 12.15 nm and no cytotoxicity on NIH/3T3 cell line. In FGF-2 encapsulation, the pre-gelation FGF-2 concentration at 50 μg/mL resulted in the highest FGF-2 loading efficiency at over 90%. FGF-2-incorporated CMC NPs (CMC:FGF-2 NPs) exhibited the same size (88.06 ± 13.51 nm) with CMC NPs, release rates at approximately 30% in aqueous solution after 48 h, preservation of FGF-2 biological activity on NIH/3T3 cell line, and FGF-2 protection from protease hydrolytic action. In burn treatment on mice, CMC:FGF-2 NPs displayed an acceleration of wound closure, growth of granulation tissue, re-epithelialization, and angiogenesis compared to CMC NPs and naked FGF-2. Collectively, this study was a groundwork for the further clinical study of CMC:FGF-2 NPs in burn treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a nanopowder of seed extract clove was prepared in a simple loaded ionic gelation method using several enhancements to prevent particle aggregation as a surfactant to chitosan solutions [Tween 80: 0.5% (v/v)]. The clove seed extract was loaded on polymeric chitosan under a vortex until complete added the quantity. Chitosan Tripolyphosphate (TPP) solution in the ratio (2:1v/v) at room temperature under magnetic stirring was added dropwise using a syringe. The result was characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TEM almost nanorod in shape and the range of size 50 nm1µm. It is used in agricultural products, biomedical, cosmetics, improving the hardness of dental fillings, a natural analgesic, antibiotic, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Corn stalk can be used as a potential adsorbent because of its abundance, cost-effectiveness, and accessible functional groups that allow chemical modifications. This study aims to synthesize cellulose xanthate alginate beads (ACX beads) from corn stalks to remove methylene blue from aqueous solutions. ACX beads with various doses of porogen CaCO3 were printed using the ionic gelation method, and then characterized using FTIR, optical microscopy, and SEM-EDX. The results of the FTIR analysis reported changes in the C-S, C=S, and S-C-S vibrations that indicated the xanthate formation. Furthermore, as the porogen dose increased, the OH intensity decreased. The high intensity of the OH group results in a high swelling process. The results of the optical microscopy analysis showed that the porogen made the ACX beads spherical. SEM-EDX analysis showed that the higher the porogen dose, the rougher the surface morphology of the ACX beads and the larger the pore diameter. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained on ACX beads without porogen with a contact time of 360 hours. The study reveals that the kinetic adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model proposed chemical adsorption. The larger the porogen, the more crosslinks between the divalent cations and alginate or cellulose that are formed, inhibiting the bond between the ACX beads and water and methylene blue, thereby reducing the swelling process and the adsorption capacity of the ACX beads. In addition, the pore size that is too large does not match the size of the methylene blue molecule. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of microencapsulated grape extract in chitosan nanoparticles (0.5:1 w/v ratio) on surimi prepared from Kilka fish was investigated. Physical properties of nanoparticles (particle size, zeta potential, and PDI) were 177.3 nm, +32.94 mV and 0.405 respectively. Also, morphological characteristics (SEM photo) were studied and the data showed that the produced nanoparticles were in a favorable condition. After preparation of surimi from Kilka fish, treatments included: Surimi (control) Surimi containing chitosan-surimi nanoparticles containing extract and surimi containing chitosan nanoparticles and extract were prepared and chemical factors of deterioration in surimi (pH, TVBN, TBA and peroxide) were evaluated on different treatments days (0, 1, 3, 6 and 9) at refrigerator temperature. Also, sensory evaluation of treatments was done after cooking by hedonic method. The results showed that the changes in the chemical factors mentioned in the treatments containing chitosan nanoparticles and extract were reduced (p˂0.05). Sensory evaluation of the use of chitosan nanoparticles along with extract showed a decrease in taste, odor and overall acceptance factors by the consumer. According to the results, The use of chitosan nanoparticles containing extract in surimi of Kilka fish can delay the deterioration of surimi and increase the shelf life of the product and improve organoleptic properties during refrigerated storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intestinal microflora has living microorganisms that promote the well-being and health of the intestine and indirectly of different systems of the body. When probiotic microorganisms are supplied in the correct dose and in an adequate manner, they contribute to the reduction of acquiring certain diseases; Probiotics have numerous properties that affect the microflora of the body, resulting in benefits mainly for intestinal health and the immune system, which can be supplied by nutraceutical products or functional foods. However, there are limitations in their use because they are sensitive under adverse environmental conditions, they degrade in food matrices under acidic conditions of the gastrointestinal tract, where they must exert their mechanism of action to generate beneficial effects on the health of the host. Therefore, it is important to implement strategies that provide protection to probiotics against unfavorable conditions, to significantly maintain viability during processing and in the digestive system. There are various encapsulation techniques, including ionic gelation and complex coacervation, both methods with great benefits for the protection of probiotic microorganisms and broad advantages for application in different food matrices; These techniques are made with non-toxic, natural materials approved for human consumption. This review aims to present important aspects of probiotic microorganisms in the food industry and the need for protective barriers, focusing mainly on encapsulation techniques by ionic gelation and complex coacervation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microorganism food poisoning is one of the foodborne illnesses in the world. The interest in natural preservatives has increased since the lack of acceptability in using synthetic preservatives. Propolis, a resinous mixture, is a natural product produced by honey bees to protect their hives against microorganisms. It is considered a natural food supplement and preservative owing to its high antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. However, its resinous nature (not readily soluble in water), ethanol solubility, specific strong smell and taste limits its usage as a natural preservative. Encapsulation of propolis ethanol extract with natural polymers like alginate and pectin may overcome these limitations. Main aim of this study was to test powdered form of propolis as a natural preservative in ice cream as model food. For this purpose propolis, after extraction and characterization, was encapsulated by using pectin and converted into powdered form. Antimicrobial activity of prepared ice cream itself against S. aureus (ATCC 25923), E. coli (ATCC 28712), E. faecalis (ATCC 51299), K. pneumoniae (ATCC 700603) and B. cereus (patient isolate) was tested. Total phenolic content and ferric reducing antioxidant power of propolis were noted as 46.26 ±1.18 mg GAE/mL and as 0.27 ±0.07 µmol FeSO4.7H2O/mL, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency was found 95%. Encapsulation of propolis ethanol extract improved the homogenization of propolis active compounds in ice cream. This resulted in obtaining an ice cream with high antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. In conclusion, the use of encapsulated active compounds of propolis ethanol extract improved the both antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the ice cream produced in a natural way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bombyx mori chitosan nanoparticles (ChS NPs) were obtained and the kinetic aspects of their size distribution depending on the degree of nonequilibrium of the synthesis by ionotropic gelation using sodium tripofyphosphate (TPP) were studied. The size of ChS NPs was greatly influenced by the ChS concentration, which varied from 0.5 to 10 mg/ml. The size of the NPs increased from 100 to 300 nm when the ChS concentration increased from 0.5 to 10 mg/ml and while maintaining all other parameters of the reaction. An increase in the ChS to-TPP ratio corresponded to a lower cross-linking density and thus ensured slower kinetics for NP formation alongside the formation of large chitosan/TPP aggregates. There was an almost threefold increase in the particle size when the pH of the medium increased from 3.8 to 4.7; thus, the size of ChS NPs depends on the pH of the solution. There was a slight agglomeration of NPs from 363 to 642 nm with an increase in the NP synthesis time from 4 to 24 h. According to calculations, the maximum interaction energy is 50.4 and 69.4 kcal/mol for deprotonated TPP (Ppp); after adiabatic transfer of the proton, the value decreases to 32.9-33.5 kcal/mol. The maximum interaction energy is --12.8 kcal/mol for the initially protonated TPP (H4/p3O10). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal plant Portulaca oleraceae has a long history of usage in traditional medicine. Plant extracts have several interesting pharmacological effects but have some drawbacks that can be addressed via capsulation with chitosan. This work set out to do just that tally up the antioxidant effects of a polyphenol-rich P. olerace extract and see how capsulation affected them. The reflux extraction and response surface methodology (RSM) were carried out to optimize the phenolic and flavonoid content of P. oleraceae extract. Additionally, high-resolution mass spectrometry was employed to determine the secondary metabolite present in the extract. The microcapsules of extract-loaded chitosan were prepared using the ionic gelation method and characterized in terms of size, encapsulation efficiency (EE), and morphology of microcapsules. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) was used to observe the successful production of microcapsules with a principal component analysis (PCA) approach. The antioxidant activity of microcapsules was established using the radical scavenging method. According to RSM, the highest amounts of TPC and TFC were obtained at 72.894 % ethanol, 2.031 h, and 57.384 °C. The compounds were employed from the optimized extract of P. oleraceae including phenolics and flavonoids. The microcapsules were secured with a %EE of 43.56 ± 2.31 %. The characteristics of microcapsules were approved for the obtained product's successful synthesis according to the PCA. The microcapsules have antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner (p

A common challenge in hydrogel-based delivery systems is the premature release of low molecular weight encapsulates through diffusion or swelling and reduced cell viability caused by the low pH in gastric conditions. A second biopolymer, such as chitosan, can be incorporated to overcome this. Chitosan is usually associated with colonic drug delivery systems. We intended to formulate chitosan-coated pectin beads for use in delaying premature release of the encapsulate under gastric conditions but allowing release through disintegration under intestinal conditions. The latter is of utmost importance in delivering most functional food ingredients. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of formulation and process conditions on the size, sphericity, and dissolution behavior of chitosan-coated hydrogel beads prepared by interfacial coacervation. The size and sphericity of the beads depend on the formulation and range from approximately 3 to 5 mm and 0.82 to 0.95, respectively. Process conditions during electro-dripping may be modulated to tailor bead size. Depending on the voltage, bead size ranged from 1.5 to 4 mm. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy confirmed chitosan shell formation around the pectin bead. Chitosan-coated beads maintained their size and shape in simulated gastric fluid but experienced structural damage in simulated intestinal fluid. Therefore, they represent a novel delivery system for functional food ingredients.

This study evaluated antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan gel (Cs-gel) functionalized with cinnamaldehyde oil (CN) and orange peel-derived flavonoid extract (Fs) using the ionic-gelation method. Results showed that the encapsulation efficiencies of CCF-9 and CCN were 83.14 ± 3.34 and 80.56 ± 1.17%, respectively. The interaction of CN or Fs on Cs-gel indicates the presence of H-bonding formation, as observed by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), and Raman-spectroscopy showed a good corroboration with Surflex-dock findings. Scanning electron microscopy also showed the integration that occurred between Cs and both ligands, which was further supported with X-ray diffraction and X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra. The textural properties of CCF-5 gel showed high hardness, chewiness, and gumminess values, indicating that the integration of Fs and CN altered the microstructure of Cs-gel. Chotison-functionalized based gels exhibited higher antioxidant abilities against DPPH and ABTS free radicals than Cs-gel. The CCF-9 gel showed a good inhibition value of 29.91 ± 1.22 and 93.61 ± 2.12% against Penicillium expansum and Alternaria westerdijkiae, respectively. Additionally, CCF-9 inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus cerues were 28.65 ± 0.05, 27.69 ± 0.04, and 26.16 ± 0.02 mm, respectively. These findings demonstrated the potential antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of functionalized chitosan gel indicating its potential as a bioactive additive for food preservation.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the sensory attributes of alginate-encapsulated black seed oil in 12 healthy volunteers. Black seed oil, derived from Nigella sativa seeds, is known for its therapeutic properties but is characterized by a pungent taste. Alginate, a hydrophilic polysaccharide polymer derived from brown seaweeds, forms water-insoluble gels in the presence of divalent metal ions such as calcium ions. Alginate finds applications in various fields, including food, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology engineering. Method: The ionic gelation method was employed to encapsulate black seed oil within alginate beads for taste-masking and to enhance its sensory characteristics. Sensory analysis was conducted to assess the smell, taste, taste masking, aftertaste, and texture acceptability of different formulations, including blank beads (negative control), black seed oil (positive control), black seed oil-alginate beads with and without added flavours (vanilla, chocolate, orange, and sugar), in both dried and wet forms, and a commercial black seed oil soft-gelatine capsule. Results: The results showed that encapsulating black seed oil within alginate beads significantly improved its taste and aftertaste, and the addition of flavours further enhanced the smell. Vanilla and orange flavours were found to be the most effective in improving palatability and taste masking ability of the beads in both wet and dried forms, surpassing sugar and chocolate flavours. However, sugar is preferred in the dried form alone. Conclusion: Overall, the study demonstrated the potential of alginate encapsulation to mask the taste of black seed oil and improve its sensory attributes, offering broad applications for enhancing the palatability of other unpleasant bio-compounds.

In this work, a new type of multicomponent nanostructures is introduced by forming interpenetrating networks of two different nanomaterials. In detail, gel networks from semiconductor nanorods are interpenetrated by Au nanowires. Two different types of gelling agents, namely S2− and Yb3+, are employed to trigger the network formation. The structural and electrochemical properties of the resulting materials are discussed. (Photo)electrochemical measurements are performed on the structures to compare the materials in terms of their conductivity as well as their efficiency in converting photonic energy to electrical energy. The new type of CdSe/CdS:Au nanostructure gelled with S2− shows one order of magnitude higher photocurrent than the system gelled with Yb3+. Moreover, the introduction of Au nanowires exhibit a photocurrent which is two orders of magnitudes higher than in samples without Au nanowires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two types of alginates, AlgLF and AlgP, were used in this study to produce alginate beads by electro-vibratory extrusion. AlgLF and AlgP exhibited different Mannuronate/Guluronate (M/G) ratios and molecular weights as measured by NMR and SEC-MALS. The calcium chloride concentration was found to have the greatest effect on bead size. Higher concentrations resulted in smaller beads. AlgLF with a higher molecular weight and a lower proportion of G blocks showed smaller beads. For both alginates, the bead size was also influenced by the flow rate and vibration frequency. Alginate solution aging showed a minimal effect. Alginate reticulation was modeled using a mathematical equation. The study provides insights for the optimization of alginate-based materials in different applications by shedding light on the main factors influencing bead size. The importance of the molecular weight, M/G ratio and calcium ion concentration in the gelling process is highlighted, providing opportunities for the tailoring of alginate materials through a phenomenological model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharide/silica hybrid microcapsules were prepared using ionic gelation followed by spray-drying. Chitosan and alginate were used as biopolymer matrices, and in situ prepared silica was used as a structuring additive. The prepared microparticles were used in two very different applications: the encapsulation of hydrophilic molecules, and as a support for palladium nanoparticles used as catalysts for a model organic reaction, namely the reduction of p-nitrophenol by sodium borhydride. In the first application, erioglaucine disodium salt, taken as a model hydrophilic substance, was encapsulated in situ during the preparation of the microparticles. The results indicate that the presence of silica nanostructures, integrated within the polymer matrix, affect the morphology and the stability of the particles, retarding the release of the encapsulated substance. In the second application, chloropalladate was complexed on the surface of chitosan microparticles, and palladium(II) was subsequently reduced to palladium(0) to obtain heterogeneous catalysts with an excellent performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology has emerged as a possible solution to improve phytochemicals' limitations. The objective of the present study was to encapsulate beetroot extract (BR Ext) within a chitosan (CS)-based nanogel (NG) designed via ionic crosslinking with tripolyphosphate (TPP) for betanin (Bet) delivery, mainly in the ophthalmic environment. BR Ext is rich in betanin (Bet) according to thin layer chromatography (TLC), UV-visible spectroscopy, and HPLC analysis. NG presented a monodisperse profile with a size of 166 ± 6 nm and low polydispersity (0.30 ± 0.03). ζ potential (ζ-Pot) of +28 ± 1 is indicative of a colloidally stable system. BR Ext encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 45 ± 3%. TEM, with the respective 3D-surface plots and AFM, showed spherical–elliptical-shaped NG. The BR Ext release profile was biphasic with a burst release followed by slow and sustained phase over 12 h. Mucoadhesion assay demonstrated interactions between NG with mucin. Moreover, NG provided photoprotection and pH stability to BR Ext. FRAP and ABTS assays confirmed that BR Ext maintained antioxidant activity into NG. Furthermore, in vitro assays using human retinal cells displayed absence of cytotoxicity as well as an efficient protection against injury agents (LPS and H2O2). NGs are a promising platform for BR Ext encapsulation, exerting controlled release for ophthalmological use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can easily be treated by exploiting the already available antibiotics with the change in administration approach and delivery system. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is used as a drug of choice for many bacterial infections; however, long-term therapy and off-site drug accumulation lead to an increased risk of tendinitis and peripheral neuropathy. To overcome this issue, nanotechnology is being exploited to encapsulate antibiotics within polymeric structures, which not only facilitates dose maintenance at the infection site but also limits off-site side effects. Here, sodium alginate (SA) and thiol-anchored chitosan (TC) were used to encapsulate CIP via a calcium chloride (CaCl2) cross-linker. For this purpose, the B-390 encapsulator was employed in the preparation of nanobeads using a simple technique. The hydrogel-like sample was then freeze-dried, using trehalose or mannitol as a lyoprotectant, to obtain a fine dry powder. Design of Experiment (DoE) was utilized to optimize the nanobead production, in which the influence of different independent variables was studied for their outcome on the polydispersity index (PDI), particle size, zeta potential, and percentage encapsulation efficiency (% EE). In vitro dissolution studies were performed in simulated saliva fluid, simulated gastric fluid, and simulated intestinal fluid. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory studies were also performed along with cytotoxicity profiling. By and large, the study presented positive outcomes, proving the advantage of using nanotechnology in fabricating new delivery approaches using already available antibiotics.

Alginate encapsulates loaded with clove essential oil (CEO) were prepared by ionic gelation, with subsequent freeze-drying. The objective of the present work was to develop a product with the ability to protect CEO against its easy volatility and oxidation. The following techniques were used to characterize the formulations: eugenol release, degree of swelling, GC/MS, TGA/DSC, and SEM. The alginate solution (1.0%) containing different concentrations of CEO (LF1: 1.0%; LF2: 0.5%; LF3: 0.1%) was dropped into a 3.0% CaCl2 solution. After lyophilization, the encapsulated samples were wrinkled and rigid, with high encapsulation power (LF3: 76.9% ± 0.5). Three chemical components were identified: eugenol (the major one), caryophyllene, and humulene. The antioxidant power (LF1: DPPH IC50 18.1 µg mL−1) was consistent with the phenol content (LF1: 172.2 mg GAE g−1). The encapsulated ones were thermally stable, as shown by analysis of FTIR peaks, eugenol molecular structure was kept unaltered. The degree of swelling was 19.2% (PBS). The release of eugenol (92.5%) in the PBS solution was faster than in the acidic medium. It was concluded that the low-cost technology used allows the maintenance of the content and characteristics of CEO in the three concentrations tested, offering a basis for further research with essential oil encapsulates.

In this work, a new type of multicomponent nanostructures is introduced by forming interpenetrating networks of two different nanomaterials. In detail, gel networks from semiconductor nanorods are interpenetrated by Au nanowires. Two different types of gelling agents, namely S2− and Yb3+, are employed to trigger the network formation. The structural and electrochemical properties of the resulting materials are discussed. (Photo)electrochemical measurements are performed on the structures to compare the materials in terms of their conductivity as well as their efficiency in converting photonic energy to electrical energy. The new type of CdSe/CdS:Au nanostructure gelled with S2− shows one order of magnitude higher photocurrent than the system gelled with Yb3+. Moreover, the introduction of Au nanowires exhibit a photocurrent which is two orders of magnitudes higher than in samples without Au nanowires.

In this study, it is aimed to encapsulate some functional components of the olive leaves. Olive leaf extract was encapsulated using solution of sodium alginate, sodium alginate/gelatine, and sodium alginate/agar as wall material by ionic gelation technique. Also, olive leaf extract was encapsulated using solution of gelatine as wall material by cold gelation technique. The viscosities of the coating materials used in the study were investigated. An optimisation process was carried out to determine the injection time to be applied in the ionic gelation technique and the encapsulation efficiencies, particle sizes, swelling ratios, in vitro release profiles, and antioxidant activities of the obtained capsules were determined. While the encapsulation efficiency of the capsules obtained by the cold gelation technique was determined as the highest (98.2 ± 0.99%), it was revealed that the viscosity of the wall material used in the ionic gelation technique was important in the encapsulation efficiency. The particle size and swelling rate of the capsules obtained using the cold gelation technique were the highest. The release rate of oleuropein was generally higher at gastric pH than at intestinal pH. A correlation was found between antioxidant activities and the encapsulation efficiency of capsules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoencapsulation is widely considered as a highly effective strategy to enhance essential oils' (EO) stability by protecting them from oxidative deterioration and evaporation. The present study aims to optimize and characterize an efficient technique for encapsulating Cinnamomum (C.) verum essential oil into chitosan nanoparticles using response surface methodology (RSM). Moreover, the optimized C. verum EO nanoparticle was investigated for its antibacterial (against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria), antifungal (against Candida albicans), and antiparasitic activity (against Leishmania parasites). Five parameters were investigated using a Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken statistical design: the chitosan molecular weight, TPP concentration, C. verum EO/chitosan ratio, mixing method, and the duration of the reaction. Encapsulation efficiency and anti-candida activity were considered as responses. The antibacterial, anticandidal, and anti-leishmanial activities were also assessed using a standard micro-broth dilution assay and the cytotoxicity assay was assessed against the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The optimized nanoparticles were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Zeta potential, and scanning electron microscopy. The study results indicated that under optimal conditions, the nanoencapsulation of C. verum EO into chitosan nanoparticles resulted in an encapsulation efficiency of 92.58%, with a regular distribution, a nanoparticle size of 480 ± 14.55 nm, and a favorable Zeta potential of 35.64 ± 1.37 mV. The optimized C. verum EO/chitosan nanoparticles showed strong antifungal activity against C. albicans pathogens (CMI = 125 µg mL−1), notable antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (ranging from 125 to 250 µg mL−1), high leishmanicidal potential against the promastigotes form of L. tropica and L. major (IC50 = 10.47 and 15.09 µg mL−1, respectively), and a four-fold cytotoxicity reduction compared to non-encapsulated essential oil. These results suggest that C. verum EO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles could be a promising delivery system for the treatment of cutaneous Candida albicans infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grape pomace is a by-product of winemaking characterized by a rich chemical composition from which phenolics stand out. Phenolics are health-promoting agents, and their beneficial effects depend on their bioaccessibility, which is influenced by gastrointestinal digestion. The effect of encapsulating phenol-rich grape pomace extract (PRE) with sodium alginate (SA), a mixture of SA with gelatin (SA-GEL), and SA with chitosan (SA-CHIT) on the bioaccessibility index (BI) of phenolics during simulated digestion in vitro was studied. A total of 27 individual phenolic compounds (IPCs) were quantified by UHPLC. The addition of a second coating to SA improved the encapsulation efficiency (EE), and the highest EE was obtained for SA-CHIT microbeads (56.25%). Encapsulation affected the physicochemical properties (size, shape and texture, morphology, crystallinity) of the produced microbeads, which influenced the delivery of phenolics to the intestine and their BI. Thus, SA-GEL microbeads had the largest size parameters, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the highest BI for total phenolic compounds and IPCs (gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and o-coumaric acid, epicatechin, and gallocatechin gallate) ranged from 96.20 to 1011.3%. The results suggest that encapsulated PRE has great potential to be used as a functional ingredient in products for oral administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Natural biopolymers or hydrogels that are biodegradable and safe from biological point of view along with their capability to retain active principle within their network thus prolonging the release. The present work was undertaken to explore the potential of mucilage from mature seeds of Chia (Salvia hispanica) to sustain the release of water-soluble drugs. Losartan potassium was used as a model to prepare the gelispheres. Materials and Methods: The mucilage was isolated and their physicochemical properties like viscosity, phytoconstituent, FTIR, hydration index were studied. Gelispheres loaded with active drug Losartan Potassium (LP) were prepared using sodium alginate, pectin and CSM in various ratios by polyelectrolyte complexation (Ionic Gelation) method. Micrometric properties, surface contour analysis, ex vivo mucoadhesion study, in vitro drug release study, compatibility, XRD, stability study, statistical analysis was carried out on the prepared gelispheres. Results: The isolated mucilage of mature Chia (Salvia hispanica) seeds possesses immense properties like viscosity modification capacity, consistency, excellent hydration and mucoadhesive nature that can be explored for developing active principal delivery devices. Conclusion: The developed drug loaded gelispheres exhibited good mucoadhesion which enabled sustaining the release of drug for prolonged duration advocating the use of mucilage to design a twice daily losartan potassium sustain release system for management of hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Candesartan Cilexetil (CC) is a common drug used by patients suffering from hypertension and heart diseases. However, CC has poor oral bioavailability as it belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II and has low aqueous solubility. This research work is focused to enhance the Bioavailability of CC using nanotechnology. Therefore, CC nanoparticles were developed using the ionic gelation procedure and ultrasonication. Materials and Methods: This work is aimed to formulate CC-alginate nanoparticles using the ionic gelation method and to investigate the influence of ultrasonication on the particle size and stability of nanoparticles. This work is also focused on the use of polysaccharides (sodium alginate) for nanoparticle preparation by ionic gelation technique using a cross-linking agent (calcium chloride). The physico-chemical properties, morphology, and effect of ultrasonication on particle size, as well as the effect of polymer concentration on particle size and drug release, of CC nanoparticles, were investigated. Results and Discussion: The prepared CC nanoparticles, were stable and have mean particle sizes ranging from 210-538 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of the prepared nanoparticles was reported between 67-83%. The optimized formulation was tested for its physical stability at 8°C and 25°C for 3 months. Pluronic F-68 (PF-68) was also found to have a crucial role in the long-term stability of the formulation. It was observed that sodium alginate played a pivotal role in providing sustained drug release up to 24 hr from the formulation. Conclusion: The results suggested that ultrasonication and polymer concentration leads to variation in the particle size and the homogeneity of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive compounds in extracts are prone to degradation by oxidation, heat, or light. Nanoencapsulation is one of the best techniques to keep the properties of these chemical compounds. The aim of this study was the extraction of Melissa officinalis (MO) and nanoencapsulation of the extract via chitosan as a biodegradable polymer. In this research, extraction of MO was investigated using various extraction methods and nanoencapsulation with MO extract was carried out via ionic gelation technique. The effectiveness of the extracts was evaluated by measuring the total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and extraction efficiency of the solid contents. The highest efficiency was achieved for microwave-assisted extraction with the utmost values in each parameter. (TSC) was 22.81% and amounts of the TPC and antioxidant activity were 311.94 mg Gallic acid and 36 mg diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) per 1g of the plant, respectively. Morphology study by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) indicated spherical shape nanoparticles with a diameter of 25nm. The size of the nanoparticles was evaluated by the Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique for various concentrations of the used extracts in the encapsulation process. For 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 mg /mL concentration, mean diameters were 24, 118, and 145 nm, respectively. Results indicated that microwave-assisted extraction was the best extraction method for MO and the encapsulation of MO extract could be created successfully with different particle sizes for the protection of bioactive compounds. Since MO is a beneficial herbal plant, the development of this research is recommended.