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Cutaneous reactions to povidone (PVP)‐iodine are widely reported; however, distinction between allergic and irritant reactions can be challenging. Free iodine is responsible for irritant reactions and is released when PVP‐iodine is in a liquid state. The aim of this study was to review the clinical presentation and results of patch testing in patients with PVP‐iodine contact dermatitis. A systematic review was conducted by searching Pubmed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases for reports of contact dermatitis secondary to PVP‐iodine. Data were collated including study design, patient age and gender identity, iodine exposure, skin biopsy findings, and patch test methodology and results. The search revealed 187 reports with 38 eligible studies; 30 case reports/case series and 8 retrospective cohort studies. Overall, there were 223 patients with PVP‐iodine contact dermatitis. The commonest reaction was irritant contact dermatitis (51%), followed by allergic contact dermatitis (40%) and contact dermatitis not further specified (9%). Irritant reactions were characterised by burn‐like morphology and, when due to surgical skin disinfectant, were often distant from the surgical incision site. Patch testing was most often performed with a 10% PVP‐iodine aqueous solution; however, irritant reactions in controls occur. Various testing methods including iodine in petrolatum, ethanol, dried powder, and open application testing were described. Most reactions to PVP‐iodine are irritant and patch testing using a closed‐chamber method yields inconsistent results due to risk of irritation from free iodine release over the 2‐day occlusion time. Surgeons should be aware of the risk of prolonged skin contact with wet iodine solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish an irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) model induced by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in mice, and explore its endotype to provide an experimental and theoretical basis for subsequent precise treatment. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into two groups (model group and control group), 4%SDS was topically applied to induce ICD in mice, saline was used on control group, the dose and frequency were consistent with model group, and the skin lesions of mice were observed. Epidermal thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration were analyzed by HE staining, toluidine blue staining and immunofluorescence staining. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to investigate mRNA expression levels of cytokines. Results: Compared with control group, mice in ICD model group showed epidermal thickness on the back of neck, and the numbers of inflammatory cells were increased in dermis. The number of neutrophils, macrophages and T cells were increased. Expressions of Il17a and Il17f mRNA levels were increased. Conclusion: SDS-induced ICD model is successfully established, with the elevated infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and T cells, and secretion of type 17 cytokines . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Objectives Methods Results Conclusions Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) may be chronic and can cause distress, disability, and absence from work. Nationwide epidemiological studies of ACD are sparse.To use national registry data to study the incidence and aetiology of ACD in the working age population of Finland.Patient records from the years 1998–2021 were obtained from the Finnish Care Register for Health Care. Study subjects aged 18–65 years were selected on the basis of a diagnosis of ACD.Total number of study subjects was 26 701. The incidence of ACD increased until 2016 after which it started to decrease. The increase was more marked in females and ACD was particularly common in women reporting reactions to cosmetics and other chemical products and in people of both sexes reacting to adhesives. The incidence ‘ACD of unspecific cause’ has decreased since 2016. The most commonly reported allergens were metals, followed by cosmetics. One fourth of subjects had ≥2 ACD diagnoses.The incidence of ACD in working age subjects rose from 1998 to 2016, especially in females. However, the incidence has been decreasing since 2016. Our findings highlight the ongoing and even increasing burden of ACD among the working age population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease that often requires prescription therapy and is associated with adverse reactions. Omega fatty acids have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory effect and could serve as a safer option in contact dermatitis treatment. Therefore, the aim of this randomized controlled study, conducted at the University of Split School of Medicine, was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of omega fatty acids containing topical products in an experimental model of irritant contact dermatitis. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials (NCT06189144) and is closed. The primary outcomes were levels of transepidermal water loss, skin hydration, and skin erythema, all measured using an MPA6 device in 25 healthy participants. A significant difference was observed between the hydration values of the intervention (45.7 ± 12.4) and control groups (31.6 ± 12.3) (p < 0.05) on final measurements (day 10). Moreover, higher erythema levels were observed in participants who were smokers, compared to non-smokers. No adverse drug reactions were observed during the study period. In conclusion, omega fatty acids topical product use shows promise in the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis, and further studies are needed to evaluate efficacy in a larger sample of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is a nonspecific skin inflammation caused by irritants, leading to itch and pain. We tested whether differential responses to histamine-dependent and -independent pruritogens can be evoked in ICD induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). An ICD mouse model was established with 5% SLS in acetone versus a vehicle topically applied for 24 h to the cheek. Site-directed itch- and pain-like behaviors, occurring spontaneously and in response to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli (histamine, ß-alanine, BAM8-22, and bradykinin) applied to the cheek, were recorded before (day 0) and after irritant removal (days 1, 2, 3, and 4). Skin inflammation was assessed through visual scoring, ultrasound, and measurements of skin thickness. SLS-treated mice exhibited hyperalgesia-like behavior in response to mechanical and heat stimuli on day 1 compared to the controls. SLS mice exhibited more spontaneous wipes (pain) but not scratching bouts (itch) on day 1. Pruritogen injections caused more scratching but not wiping in SLS-treated mice compared to the controls. Only bradykinin increased wiping behavior compared to saline. SLS-treated mice developed noticeable erythema, scaling, and increased skin thickness on days 1 and 2. SLS induced cutaneous inflammation and behavioral signs of spontaneous pain and itching, hyperalgesia to mechanical and heat stimuli and a chemical algogen, and enhanced itch response to pruritogens. These sensory reactions preceded the inflammation peak and lasted up to two days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID‐19 pandemic, increased hand hygiene practices were implemented. Impaired skin health on the hands among healthcare workers has been reported previously. Knowledge of how worker in other occupations have been affected is scarce. Objectives: To investigate self‐reported hand water‐, and soap exposure and use of hand disinfectants, and hand eczema (HE) in frontline workers outside the hospital setting and in IT personnel during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Methods: In this cross‐sectional study, a questionnaire was sent out between 1 March and 30 April in 2021, to 6060 randomly selected individuals representing six occupational groups. Results: A significant increase in water exposure and hand disinfectant use was shown: Relative position (RP) 19; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.17–0.21 and RP = 0.38: 95% CI 0.36–0.41, respectively. Newly debuted HE was reported by 7.4% of the population, more frequently among frontline workers (8.6%) compared to IT personnel (4.9%). Conclusions: Water and soap exposure and use of hand disinfectants increased during COVID‐19 pandemic, which may increase the risk of hand eczema. This highlights the importance of communication and implementation of preventive measures to protect the skin barrier also in occupations other than healthcare workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Global Guidelines in Dermatology Mapping Project (GUIDEMAP) assesses the methodological quality of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for high‐burden skin diseases. This review focuses on contact dermatitis. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Emcare, Epistemonikos, PsycINFO and Academic Search Premier for CPGs published between 1 November 2018 and 1 November 2023. Prespecified guideline resources were hand searched. Two authors independently undertook screening, data extraction and quality assessments. Instruments used were the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II Reporting Checklist, the U.S. Institute of Medicine's (IOM) criteria of trustworthiness, The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's National Guideline Clearinghouse Extent Adherence to Trustworthy Standards (NEATS) Instrument and Lenzer's Red Flags. Twenty five CPGs were included, exhibiting heterogeneity in both the topics they addressed and their methodological quality. Whereas the CPGs on management of hand eczema from Denmark, Europe and the Netherlands scored best, most CPGs fell short of being clear, unbiased, trustworthy and evidence‐based. Disclosure of conflicts of interest scored well, and areas needing improvement include 'strength and wording of recommendations', 'applicability', 'updating' and 'external review'. Adhering to AGREE II and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) enhances methodological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair cosmetics are in fashion. Numerous products are commonly used in combination. Frequent allergens are present in hair cosmetics, which, with almost daily use, increase the risk of sensitization. Familiarity with the clinical distribution of the eczematous rash is necessary to seriously consider patch testing. Not all the products on the market are haptens. It is necessary to know how to patch your own products. When avoidance of the allergen is not possible, new treatments are evaluated to combat allergic contact dermatitis, mainly of the occupational type. In this manuscript, a complete and practical review of the main allergens and contact sources of hair cosmetic origin has been carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is characterized by direct injury to the epidermal cells, activating the innate immune response. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), in contrast, is delineated by a delayed hypersensitivity reaction of type IV. Despite the distinct etiopathogenic mechanisms underpinning each condition, the differentiation between them presents a significant diagnostic challenge. Objective: This study aims to determine whether a combination of clinical evaluation and noninvasive measurements—encompassing oxidative stress, erythema, hydration, melanin content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hemoglobin concentration, and skin texture and volume—can distinguish ICD from ACD. Methods: Two cohorts, each comprising 21 patients, were evaluated: one diagnosed with ICD and the other with ACD. All participants underwent biophysical and clinical assessments, along with Antera® 3D evaluations. Tape strips were utilized for skin sampling, and oxidative stress levels were measured via fluorescence assessments. Results: ICD prompts an almost immediate inflammatory reaction (peaking at 24 hours), whereas ACD incites a delayed response (72 hours). Noninvasive evaluated parameters as hemoglobin concentration, skin texture and volume, melanin content, erythema, and TEWL showed significant differences between the ICD and ACD cohorts (p < 0.05). The allergens amcinonide, nickel sulphate, cobalt chloride, budesonide, PPD, and thiuram mix were found to induce elevated levels of oxidative stress. Conclusions: The evaluation of patients with noninvasive parameters, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hemoglobin concentration, and skin texture and volume, could markedly aid in distinguishing irritant contact dermatitis from allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Nevertheless, the study is constrained by a limited sample size.

Distinguishing between allergic and nonallergic forms of Contact Dermatitis (CD) is challenging and requires investigations based on patch-testing. Early detection of allergy biomarkers in active CD lesions could refine and simplify the management of CD patients. To characterize the molecular signatures of active CD lesions. We studied the expression of 12 allergy biomarkers by qRT-PCR in active lesions of 38 CD patients. Allergic CD (ACD) was diagnosed based on patch test (PT) results and exposure assessment. Molecular signatures of active lesions, as well as positive PT reactions, were compared with those of reference chemical allergens and irritants. Nineteen of the 38 CD patients reacted positively upon patch-testing and exposure assessment confirmed ACD diagnosis for 17 of them. Gene profiling of active CD lesions revealed 2 distinct molecular patterns: patients harboring signatures similar to reference allergens (n = 23) or irritants (n = 15). Among the 23 patients with an "allergy signature," we found the 17 patients with confirmed ACD, while no culprit allergen was identified for the 6 other patients. Interestingly, the 15 patients without biomarker induction had negative PT, suggesting that they developed nonallergic CD reactions. Molecular signatures from active skin lesions may help to stratify CD patients and predict those suffering from ACD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is a prevalent, often chronic disease that poses a risk for job loss and decreased quality of life. In Germany, a multi‐step prevention programme emphasising early detection and highly specialised multidisciplinary treatment has been implemented with great success. Objectives: To examine the effectiveness of a Danish‐adapted version of the German prevention effort on OCD severity, quality of life and occupational consequences at 3‐month follow‐up. Methods: Randomised, controlled trial. Participants were recruited after the first referral from General Practitioner to Dermatologist with suspected OCD. The intervention group (IG) received a Danish‐adapted, multidisciplinary intervention, while the control group (CG) navigated the Danish healthcare system without interference from the study. OCD severity, occupational consequences and quality of life were assessed at 3‐month follow‐up using self‐reported questionnaires. Results: A statistically significant decrease in the severity of eczema was found at 3‐month follow‐up in the IG compared to the CG. The IG were statistically significantly more likely to have seen a dermatologist at 3‐month follow‐up. Higher treatment level in the IG was indicated by the results but was not statistically significant. No significant difference was found in quality of life or occupational consequences. Conclusions: These initial findings suggest that early and specialised treatment of OCD improves OCD prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A programme based on health education has been developed to prevent foot dermatoses (FD) in patients with work‐related skin diseases (WRSD). Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the programme in a prospective cohort study (OCCUPES). Methods: Six and 12 months after completing the programme, follow‐up questionnaires were sent to 231 patients with WRSD and FD. Assessments included occupational footwear and foot care, self‐reported disease course, and health‐related quality of life. Results: Response to follow‐ups was >70%. Wearing functional socks and changing footwear and socks during one work shift increased (all p < 0.001). Complaints about occupational footwear decreased, including sweating and exposure to moisture/wetness. More than 60% reported improved FD while quality of life significantly increased. After 12 months, all foot symptoms were less frequent, including itch (p = 0.009), pain when walking (p = 0.005), pain in rest (p = 0.015) and smell (p = 0.001). The programme received very good ratings by the participants. Conclusions: The intervention was effective in improving occupational footwear, foot care and preventive behaviour. It resulted in a reduced burden of FD and should be implemented in the general care of patients with WRSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Povidone-iodine is widely used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is available in different forms such as aqueous solution, ointment, tincture, or foam. Povidone-iodine is the most commonly used antiseptic scrubbing solution before performing surgeries. The shortcomings of iodine preparation although rare, irritation to the skin is usually due to oxidative effects of topical iodine preparations such as irritant effects and short-lasting actions are not well known. Nevertheless, allergic contact dermatitis caused by povidone-iodine has not been widely documented in medical literature. In this instance, we present a case of an individual allergic to povidone-iodine who experienced a severe form of contact dermatitis on the pinna and surrounding area subsequent to its local application.

Occupational contact dermatitis is an important current occupational health problem with serious economic and social consequences. Among possible risk factors for this disease, researchers pay attention to genetic predisposition. Identification of polymorphisms associated with the occupational pathology will allow specialists to establish risk groups, carry out timely preventive measures, and adjust treatment, guided by a personalized medicine approach. The purpose of this review was to summarize the results of studying genetic risk factors for occupational contact dermatitis. Three researchers did an independent search in the PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka databases and further analysis of scientific literature on genetic predisposition to occupational dermatitis published in 1990 to 2023. Of 88 papers analyzed, 32 articles were included in this review. We established that genetic risk factors for occupational contact dermatitis were usually studied in metallurgical workers with a focus on potential candidate genes among skin barrier function-related genes, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes, and xenobiotic metabolism and biotransformation genes. The most compelling evidence for the use of genetic polymorphisms as risk factors for occupational contact dermatitis has been demonstrated for the filaggrin (FLG) gene, which is involved in maintaining the skin barrier, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which is involved in protecting the body and cells from inflammation and apoptosis. However, the data available are insufficient to use genetic polymorphisms as risk factors for occupational skin diseases. Further studies that take into account the mechanism of interaction of different genes during the development of occupational contact dermatitis are required.

Background: In recent years, an increasing number of contact dermatitis cases triggered by acrylates contained in diabetes medical devices have been reported. Acrylates seem to play a major role in the development of irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in diabetic patients. Objectives: To study a group of patients with contact dermatitis caused by diabetes medical devices with a focus on acrylates as possible allergens responsible for contact dermatitis. Patients and Methods: Fifteen patients with diabetes mellitus type 1 and contact dermatitis from diabetic devices were patch tested to 25 acrylate allergens. Results: Three patients (20%) reacted to the following allergens: three patients reacted to isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and one of them additionally to 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate (2‐HEA); results were of clinical relevance. All three patients were using insulin pumps and glucose sensors (GS)—in one patient contact dermatitis was towards the insulin pump and the GS, in one patient only towards the insulin pump and in one patient only towards the GS. Twelve patients (80%) did not show any skin reaction towards the allergens tested. Conclusion: A majority of diabetic patients showed no reactions towards any acrylate allergen tested; yet, the presence of untested allergens must be kept in mind. IBOA proved to be a cause of ACD in diabetes patients. 2‐HEA might be another culprit allergen, but its presence in the devices must first be confirmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is a common occupational disease. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a known risk factor for OCD. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of previously diagnosed AD among young workers with recognized OCD and assess its impact on OCD prognosis. Methods: A retrospective cohort study. A questionnaire was sent to 6251 workers with recognized OCD who were under 35 years at notification (response rate: 47%). Of the respondents, 2392 answered a question about previous doctor‐diagnosed AD and were included in the study. Eczema severity, occupational consequences and quality of life were examined using statistical analyses comparing workers with and without previously diagnosed AD. Results: The prevalence of previously diagnosed AD was 41.8% (95% CI: 39.8–43.8). Women had a higher AD prevalence, and workers with AD reported OCD at a younger age. Workers with AD reported more frequent and severe eczema symptoms and had a higher risk of OCD negatively affecting job and occupation choices. Health‐related quality of life was more adversely affected in workers with AD. Conclusions: AD significantly impacts severity and has long‐term consequences for young people with OCD. Targeted prevention strategies need to be developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is a common inflammatory skin condition that significantly impacts the quality of life. From work-related disabilities to social embarrassment, pain, and financial costs, the burden on society is substantial. Managing this condition presents challenges such as long-term treatment, poor patient compliance, therapy side effects, and economic feasibility. As a result, significant efforts have been made in this field in recent years. Specifically, the broader understanding of CHE pathogenesis has led to the development of new drugs, both topical and systemic. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the current available data on hand eczema pathophysiology and explore the resulting developments in drugs for its treatment. A comprehensive search on PubMed and the other main scientific databases was conducted using keywords related to CHE and its pathogenesis. The most relevant pathways targeted by therapies include the JAK-STAT cascade, IL-4, and IL-13 axis, phosphodiesterase 4 enzyme, and chemo-attractant cytokines. In the near future, physicians will have a plethora of therapeutic alternatives. Consequently, they should be well-trained not only in how to use these alternatives but also how to combine these treatments to address the ongoing challenges related to efficacy, tolerability, and safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A young female laboratory worker presented with chronic cumulative skin lesion over hands. The occupational exposure history supported the prolonged and frequent exposure to multiple solvents which are recognised as work irritants, improper work practice and wrong use of protective glove. The diagnosis of Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD) was supported by workplace dermatology risk factors, clinical features, negative skin patch test to rule out hypersensitivity reaction and fulfilment of all seven Mathias Criteria. The effective management of occupational contact dermatitis requires practices change and exposure control. The comprehensive Hand Care Programs must be individualised and incorporate several important elements namely the skin care screening and surveillance, early referral for Occupational Health assessment, effective education and training programs and provision of hand moisturising products. The support of return to work (RTW) among the affected workers is of paramount important in order to minimise the negative impacts on their quality of work as well as home life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contact dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disease that often requires prescription therapy and is associated with adverse reactions. Omega fatty acids have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory effect and could serve as a safer option in contact dermatitis treatment. Therefore, the aim of this randomized controlled study, conducted at the University of Split School of Medicine, was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of omega fatty acids containing topical products in an experimental model of irritant contact dermatitis. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials (NCT06189144) and is closed. The primary outcomes were levels of transepidermal water loss, skin hydration, and skin erythema, all measured using an MPA6 device in 25 healthy participants. A significant difference was observed between the hydration values of the intervention (45.7 ± 12.4) and control groups (31.6 ± 12.3) (p < 0.05) on final measurements (day 10). Moreover, higher erythema levels were observed in participants who were smokers, compared to non-smokers. No adverse drug reactions were observed during the study period. In conclusion, omega fatty acids topical product use shows promise in the treatment of irritant contact dermatitis, and further studies are needed to evaluate efficacy in a larger sample of patients.

Background: Programmes for prevention of hand dermatoses in patients with work‐related skin diseases (WRSD) are well established. Similar interventions for foot dermatoses (FD) are widely missing. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a programme for prevention of FD based on health education in patients with WRSD while investigating the impact and possible causative factors of FD. Methods: In a prospective cohort study (OCCUPES), 231 patients with WRSD and FD participating in the programme were recruited. The skin was examined and questionnaires were completed, including assessment of footwear, FD severity, symptoms and health‐related quality of life. Results: The baseline and some early results are presented. A work‐related causation of FD was likely in 60 patients (26.0%) with irritant contact dermatitis being the most frequent diagnosis. Work‐related FD were associated with male sex (p = 0.012), sweating in footwear (p = 0.004) and wearing of safety footwear (p = 0.013). FD were often long‐lasting with a high degree of work‐absenteeism, quality of life impairment, itch and pain, particularly in work‐related FD. Conclusions: Interventions are needed to reduce the burden of FD in patients with WRSD. The programme addresses current shortcomings in prevention of FD. A long‐term evaluation of its effectiveness follows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) exerts cytoprotective activity against various toxic stressors via the thioredoxin (TRX) redox system; however, its effect on skin inflammation and molecular mechanism on inducing the TRX of GGA is still unknown. We investigated the effects of GGA in a murine irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) model induced by croton oil. Both a topical application and oral administration of GGA induced TRX production and Nrf2 activation. GGA ameliorated ear swelling, neutrophil infiltration, and inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, GM-CSF, and 8-OHdG. GGA's cytoprotective effect was stronger orally than topically in mice. In vitro studies also showed that GGA suppressed the expression of NLRP3, TNF-α, IL-1β, and GM-CSF and scavenged ROS in PAM212 cells after phorbol myristate acetate stimulation. Moreover, GGA induced endogenous TRX production and Nrf2 nuclear translocation in PAM212 cells (dependent on the presence of ROS) and activated the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. GGA significantly downregulated thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) levels in PAM212 cells treated with or without Nrf2 siRNA. After knocking down Nrf2 in PAM212 cells, the effect of GGA on TRX induction was significantly inhibited. This suggests that GGA suppress ICD by inducing endogenous TRX, which may be regulated by PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 mediation of the TRX redox system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair cosmetics are in fashion. Numerous products are commonly used in combination. Frequent allergens are present in hair cosmetics, which, with almost daily use, increase the risk of sensitization. Familiarity with the clinical distribution of the eczematous rash is necessary to seriously consider patch testing. Not all the products on the market are haptens. It is necessary to know how to patch your own products. When avoidance of the allergen is not possible, new treatments are evaluated to combat allergic contact dermatitis, mainly of the occupational type. In this manuscript, a complete and practical review of the main allergens and contact sources of hair cosmetic origin has been carried out.

Background: A programme based on health education has been developed to prevent foot dermatoses (FD) in patients with work-related skin diseases (WRSD). Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the programme in a prospective cohort study (OCCUPES). Methods: Six and 12 months after completing the programme, follow-up questionnaires were sent to 231 patients with WRSD and FD. Assessments included occupational footwear and foot care, self-reported disease course, and health-related quality of life. Results: Response to follow-ups was >70%. Wearing functional socks and changing footwear and socks during one work shift increased (all p < 0.001). Complaints about occupational footwear decreased, including sweating and exposure to moisture/wetness. More than 60% reported improved FD while quality of life significantly increased. After 12 months, all foot symptoms were less frequent, including itch (p = 0.009), pain when walking (p = 0.005), pain in rest (p = 0.015) and smell (p = 0.001). The programme received very good ratings by the participants. Conclusions: The intervention was effective in improving occupational footwear, foot care and preventive behaviour. It resulted in a reduced burden of FD and should be implemented in the general care of patients with WRSD. © 2023 The Authors. Contact Dermatitis published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dermographism, face, healthcare worker, inducible urticaria, irritant contact dermatitis, N95 mask reactions, nurse, occupational Keywords: dermographism; face; healthcare worker; inducible urticaria; irritant contact dermatitis; N95 mask reactions; nurse; occupational EN dermographism face healthcare worker inducible urticaria irritant contact dermatitis N95 mask reactions nurse occupational 124 127 4 07/11/23 20230801 NES 230801 Pressure related symptoms and/or urticaria have only briefly been reported with N95 mask use, and there has been no mention of the possible role of underlying dermographism.[[1]] Dermographism has been previously observed in "glove related hand urticaria".[[3]] We present five healthcare workers with inducible urticaria in whom we believe underlying symptomatic and/or simple dermographism from N95 masks was contributing to their facial skin condition. [Extracted from the article]

Skin adverse reactions to diabetes medical devices have been reported frequently over recent years. Adhesives attaching glucose sensors and continuous insulin infusion sets to the skin are proven to cause both allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis in patients with diabetes mellitus. Several allergens contained in adhesives and/or parts of medical devices are documented to cause allergic contact dermatitis, with acrylate chemicals being the most common culprit-especially isobornyl acrylate (IBOA), but also 2,2′-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol) monoacrylate or cyanoacrylates. Epoxy resin, colophonium and nickel were also identified as causative allergens. However, repetitive occlusion, maceration of the skin and resulting disruption of the skin barrier seem to have an impact on the development of skin lesions as well. The purpose of this study is to highlight the burden of contact dermatitis triggered by diabetes medical devices and to show possible mechanisms responsible for the development of contact dermatitis in a group of diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: During the COVID‐19 pandemic, the use of face masks has increased among healthcare workers (HCWs). Questionnaire studies have shown a high frequency of self‐reported facial adverse skin reactions. Case reports have been published on face mask‐induced allergic contact dermatitis and urticaria. Objectives: To describe the results of the contact allergy investigations in consecutive HCWs investigated for skin reactions to face masks during the COVID‐19 pandemic and the results of the chemical investigations of face masks supplied by the hospital. Methods: Participants were patch tested with baseline series and chemicals previously reported in face masks not included in the baseline series. Face mask(s) brought by the HCW were tested as is and/or in acetone extract. Chemical analyses were performed on nine different face masks for potential allergens. Results: Fifty‐eight HCWs were investigated. No contact allergies were found to the face mask(s) tested. Eczema was the most common type of skin reaction, followed by an acneiform reaction. Colophonium‐related substances were found in one respirator and 2,6‐di‐t‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol (BHT) were found in two respirators. Conclusion: Based on this report, contact allergies to face masks is uncommon. Patch test with colophonium‐related substances and BHT should be considered when investigating adverse skin reactions to face masks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Most occupational skin disease (OSD) is caused by contact dermatitis which affects workplace productivity, quality of life (QoL) and is associated with a substantial economic burden. We report on whether there have been any emerging workplace allergens identified over the past six years. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using de-identified data obtained from patients assessed at our Occupational Dermatology Clinic in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from 2017 to 2022. Patch-testing was performed to identify allergens causing allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Results: Of a total of 657 patch-tested patients, ACD (151/298, 50.3%) was the most common diagnosis in those with significant work-related skin conditions,. The top occupational groups affected were healthcare workers (HCW) (29%; 45/151), trade workers (25.2%; 38/151) and health-and-beauty workers (13.2%; 20/151). The most common allergens were rubber chemicals, particularly thiurams. The next most common were the preservatives such as methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) and methylisothiazolinone (MI). Conclusion: Rubber chemicals remain the most common occupational allergens followed by MCI and MI. HCW were the largest affected occupational group. Despite occasional case reports of new allergens, no major change in the causes of OCD was detected. Where possible, workplaces should provide allergen-free products to reduce the risk of developing ACD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irritant contact dermatitis is the most common form of both contact dermatitis and occupational skin disease. The diagnosis of irritant dermatitis is often difficult, given the lack of confirmatory testing, and it is usually diagnosed confidently only after allergic contact dermatitis has been excluded with patch-testing. Early recognition, prevention and treatment are the mainstays of management, particularly when it is work-related. This article provides a comprehensive summary of the disease, clinical presentations and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the risks that may come from exposure to chemicals, physics, and biological agents in the interaction of processes in industrial activities, particularly in the business of making tofu in the tofu maker's environment, is a work-related skin disease. The number of years of employment, chemical exposure and the time spent each day, hand-washing routines, and the use of personal protective equipment while at work are additional risk factors known to influence the frequency of occupational skin disorders. This study seeks to obtain information about the symptoms and some risk factors of work-related skin diseases in tofu makers in Jalan Raya X, Cipayung District. Methods: The analytical cross-sectional design with a chi-square test was carried out with 50 tofu makers as the total research sample. Measurements were made using the modified Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ-2002)/LONG. Results: The study found that 46% (23 people) of tofu makers did experience symptoms of work-related skin diseases. As many as 84% (42 people) of tofu makers with a working period of more than 3 years, and as many as 96% (50 people) had exposure 3 hours per day. As many as 62% (31 people) had bad hand-washing habits, and 96% (48 people) did not fully use personal protective equipment. Conclusion: Improvement of supporting facilities and infrastructures in the production area, such as air circulation systems, modification of machinery and equipment, setting working hours, and providing proper cleaning facilities will increase the health status of workers.

Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is an occupational inflammatory skin disease. According to its pathogenesis, it can be divided into irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. This review introduced the high-risk occupations of OCD, its incidence, common irritants and allergens, and corresponding treatments. Agriculture workers, construction workers, production workers, hairdressers, and medical workers are high-risk occupations of OCD who should be paid attention to.

Introduction: Compost house is one of the government's efforts to overcome the adverse effects of increasing the volume of waste; one of the large compost houses is the Bratang Compost House. One of the health risks faced by workers is irritant contact dermatitis. The purpose of this study was to individual characteristics and use of PPE with the incidence of irritant contact dermatitis in workers at the Bratang Compost House. Methods: The study was descriptive observational with a cross-sectional model. Calculation of RR values was used to see the characteristics of the relationship between the use of PPE and the incidence of irritant contact dermatitis in workers at the Bratang Compost House. Result: The results showed that there were 9 workers affected by irritant contact dermatitis and 6 workers who were not affected by irritant contact dermatitis. Most workers affected by irritant contact dermatitis were dominated by workers age less than 30 years old and have a service life of more than 5 years. The results of the calculation of RR values indicated that poor usage of PPE can increase the risk of developing irritant contact dermatitis. Conclusion: What needs to be done by workers is to increase awareness of the importance of occupational health and safety especially the usage of PPE. The thing that needs to be done by the manager of the compost house is to fix the physical environmental factors, conduct socialization of health risks in the workplace and provide PPE to improve the safety of workers.

Background: Glove occlusion might enhance skin sensitivity to a subsequent detergent challenge (occlusion effect). Thus, some skin protection creams (PC) claim to protect against this effect of occlusion, and are recommended to be used before wearing liquid‐proof gloves. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of PC applied prior to glove occlusion on the 'occlusion effect'—refers to increased susceptibility of the skin to a model detergent. Methods: One hundred and eleven volunteers were enrolled in a single‐blind, randomized study. Seven PCs were applied before glove occlusion over 7 days (D1–D7). After sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) challenge, we compared the irritation between the areas treated with PC and occlusion alone. Clinical scoring and bioengineering methods (capacitance, transepidermal water loss [TEWL], and colourimetry [erythema]) were used to quantify the irritant reactions. Results: After 1 week of occlusion and PC application, we did not observe significant changes in TEWL, nor in erythema, whereas skin hydration raised in three cream‐treated areas. On day 10, after a challenge with SLS, some products significantly aggravated the skin irritation as compared to occlusion alone. Conclusions: The 'occlusion effect'—shown as higher skin susceptibility to a model detergent—was not mitigated by PCs when applied prior to glove occlusion. On the contrary, some PCs might have negative effects on skin barrier function and augment such sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To prevent irritant contact eczema even in occupational fields with heavy‐duty soiling, it is generally recommended to use 'mild' hand cleansers (mild detergent without grits, MC). On the other hand, since grit‐containing cleansers (GC) show a higher washing power that minimizes washing time, their usage is generally preferred in specific occupational fields. Objectives: To compare whether a shorter, intense washing period might cause less skin damage than a longer washing period with an MC. Methods: Differences in cleaning time were first verified in a pilot study using standardized model dirt. In the main study, the forearms of 35 healthy volunteers were washed with three standardized procedures over a period of 3 days, either using 2 min of MC with/without hand brush or 1‐min GC. Clinical scoring, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), corneometry, colourimetry and scaliness/roughness (Visioscan) were used to evaluate the epidermal barrier, topography and irritation. Results: The pre‐study showed that washing time doubled when using MC vs. GC. Using GC resulted in stronger barrier disruption, even after a shorter washing period – median ΔT4–T1 TEWL 0.96 g/m2/h vs. 4.91 g/m2/h respectively, p < 0.0001. The most harmful procedure for the skin was the additional application of a hand brush (18.86 g/m2/h). Conclusions: Short‐time washing with GC damages the skin barrier more significantly in comparison to a longer application of an MC. When washing with MC, the strongest irritant reaction occurred when accompanied with hand brushing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vulvar allergic contact dermatitis (vACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (vICD) are common and accompanied by a great burden on the patient's life. We aimed to review the existing literature on vACD and vICD in order to provide a comprehensive reference list of potential vulvar allergens and irritants, as well as to establish the role of patch testing therein. A systematic search was performed in Medline, Embase and Web of Science using a search string based on the PICO‐format. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021239527). Multiple allergens were identified and included metals, topical drugs, fragrances, preservatives, cosmetic constituents and rubber components. Not all positive reactions were, however, considered to be relevant. Patch testing is the primary tool for the identification of the causal allergens. Testing with standard series alone was proven to be insufficient. Little information about irritants was found. In the future, additional series and late readings should be considered in standard practice. Studies on vICD are scarce and further research is necessary. More population‐based research should be performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]