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Past research has shown that economic inequality shapes individuals’ self-construals. However, it has been unclear which dimensions of self-construal are associated with and affected by economic inequality. A correlational (Study 1: N = 264) and an experimental study (Study 2: N = 532) provided converging evidence linking perceived economic inequality with two forms of independent (vs. interdependent) self-construal: Difference from Others and Self- Reliance. In Study 3 (N = 12,634) societal differences in objective economic inequality across 48 nations predicted feelings of Difference from Others, but not Self-Reliance. Importantly, we found no significant associations of economic inequality with the other six dimensions of self-construal. Our findings help extend previous results linking economic inequality to forms of “social distance.”

We explore to what extent previously observed pan-cultural association between dimensions of self-construal and personal life satisfaction (PLS) may be moderated by three national-contextual variables: national wealth, economic inequality, and religious heritage. The results showed that MSelf-reliance (vs. dependence on others) predicted PLSpositively in poorer countries but negatively in richer countries. Connectedness to others (vs. self-containment) predicted PLS more strongly in Protestant-heritage countries. Self-expression (vs. harmony) predicted PLS more weakly (and non-significantly) in Muslim-heritage countries. In contrast, previously reported associations of self-direction (vs. reception-to-influence), consistency (vs. variability), and decontextualized (vs. contextualized) self-understanding with personal life satisfaction were not significantly moderated by these aspects of societal context. These results show the importance of considering the impact of national religious and economic context.

How can one conclude that well-being is higher in country A than country B, when well-being is being measured according to the way people in country A think about well-being? We address this issue by proposing a new culturally sensitive method to comparing societal levels of well-being. We support our reasoning with data on life satisfaction and interdependent happiness focusing on individual and family, collected mostly from students, across forty-nine countries. We demonstrate that the relative idealization of the two types of well-being varies across cultural contexts and are associated with culturally different models of selfhood. Furthermore, we show that rankings of societal well-being based on life satisfaction tend to underestimate the contribution from interdependent happiness. We introduce a new culturally sensitive method for calculating societal well-being, and examine its construct validity by testing for associations with the experience of emotions and with individualism-collectivism. This new culturally sensitive approach represents a slight, yet important improvement in measuring well-being.

The sense of belonging can be defined as a highly subjective and dynamic feeling of acceptance, inclusion, and connectedness to a specific contextual entity. Perceiving belongingness to others is positively related to psychological well-being, happiness, or higher self-esteem. The present contribution examined how the sense of belonging to spatial, social, and cultural entities evolves over the migration process of Portuguese first-generation migrants and their second-generation offspring residing in Luxembourg. The current study drew on the qualitative content analysis of ten semi-structured interviews, carried out with ten Portuguese migrant family dyads (one parent and one adult child per dyad). The results affirmed that the sense of belonging showed to be a complex and multi-faceted concept and highly shaped by specific contexts. The initially unfamiliar Luxembourgish context became a familiar setting and even a "home" over time. While the older generation presented noticeable belongingness to Luxembourg as a homeland, their affiliation to the Luxembourgish community and culture remained rather low. Simultaneously, they preserved a high connectedness to the Portuguese culture as well as to fellow Portuguese migrants living in the Grand Duchy. The younger generation expressed a much more pronounced attachment to Luxembourg, since they perceived belongingness to the Luxembourgish spatial, social, and (multi)cultural milieu. In addition to this, a certain affiliation to the Portuguese culture and language could be discerned. Although some factors, which might have contributed to this evolution, could be identified in the present study, one can assume that there are significantly more that have not been addressed yet.

In the Covid-19 pandemic, being older means being in a special focus: Probabilities for severe infections and mortality rise with increasing age and protective measures for this population group have been increased. This was accompanied by public discourse that portrayed older adults stereotypically as vulnerable and frail but also highlighted the hardships younger people have to endure to protect them. Given the possibly detrimental effects of ageism on individuals and societies, we were interested in older adults’ perception of ageism in the Corona-crisis and its relation to their health and well-being. Furthermore, we were interested in subjective aging variables as moderators in the ageism–health relationship. In June 2020, N = 611 independently living people aged 60 + from the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were recruited via a survey research institute and interviewed online or by phone. They reported on perceived ageism in different contexts, their life satisfaction, subjective health, subjective age and self-perceptions of aging. Depending on context, ageism was perceived by around 20% of participants, and overall negatively related to subjective health and life satisfaction after the onset of the pandemic. Moderated hierarchical regressions showed that a younger subjective age buffered the negative effect of ageism on subjective health, while perceiving aging as social loss increased its effect on life satisfaction. We discuss the importance of addressing and reducing ageism (not only) in times of crisis and the consequences for individuals and societies.

The risk of loneliness for migrants, particularly in older age, has been documented across multiple studies. Migration is a life-changing transition. While often retaining links to their country of origin, an important developmental task for migrants is the establishment of bonds in the receiving country. Drawing on recent studies, I will explore the role of cultural and intergenerational belonging in order to identify both protective and risk factors regarding loneliness in middle and older age in a sample of first-generation immigrants from Portugal living in Luxembourg. The sample comprises N = 131 participants (51.9% female) between the ages of 41 and 80 (M = 56.08; SD = 7.80) who have on average spent M = 31.71 years (SD = 8.81) in Luxembourg and raised children in Luxembourg. They took part in the IRMA project (‘Intergenerational Relations in the Light of Migration and Ageing’) which was funded by the Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg. A standardised questionnaire assessed socio-demographic data, aspects of cultural belonging (i.e. cultural attachment to both countries, bicultural identity orientation, acculturative stress), intergenerational belonging (i.e. family cohesion, family conflict, perceived intergenerational value consensus) and perceived loneliness. Results showed that while cultural and intergenerational belonging were protective factors, the strongest predictors for participants’ perceived loneliness were cultural identity conflict and, even more so, intergenerational conflict. Our findings suggest that establishing roots and bonds in the host country is a protective factor against loneliness, whereas the feeling of not fitting in is a strong risk factor.

The notion of “vulnerability” occupies a central role in academic literature, policymaking, humanitarian debates, and everyday discourses on migration and asylum. Its popularity has led some academics and practitioners to use “vulnerability” as a self-explanatory condition or phenomenon. However, a common and systematic understanding of the concept is still missing, and the moral and political meaning often ascribed to this notion may have (un)intended detrimental consequences for those migrants deemed vulnerable. Thus, this paper sets out to critically unpack and highlight the complexities hidden behind this notion in order to provide a conceptual analysis of vulnerability in the context of migration. We do so by (1) providing an overview of definitions of vulnerability across different fields of research, (2) identifying common conceptualizations or types of vulnerability and discussing their implications, and (3) highlighting possible negative societal and psychological consequences of its implementation in the context of migration. Finally, we propose (4) a new conceptual model for understanding vulnerability in the context of migration, showing how this notion can become a useful analytical tool in migration research.

Migration flows have generally led to an increase in questions about the multiple influences on people’s cultural identity. This study aims to examine more closely the ways in which second-generati...

This investigation concentrates on value similarity between parents and their children during adulthood. The interplay between gender, age, relationship quality, and frequency of contact on value similarity was analyzed. A total of 600 adult German children (53.8% women) and their parents took part in a questionnaire study. Value orientation was measured with a short version of Schwartz’s Portrait Values Questionnaire, and relationship quality with the Network of Relationships Inventory (Furman & Buhrmeister, 1992).Value similarity was higher in mother–daughter dyads compared to mother–son dyads, but in the other dyads, no significant differences were found. Regarding relationship quality, verbal intimacy was not related to value similarity. Parental satisfaction was associated with value similarity in the father–child dyads. Satisfaction, as perceived by adult children, was linked to value similarity in mother–child and father–son dyads. Furthermore, the frequency of contact related to value similarity between mothers and sons.

This Special Issue aims to shed light on the undetermined nature of intergenerational trajectories. Indeterminacy has been suggested to the author as an avenue to tackle the dynamic aspect –which entails looking at tensions in an unfolding process— of intergenerationality. We present the paper in this Special Issue by insisting on their main contributions, we identify HOW they define the concept of generation, particularly in reference to indeterminacy.

Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit intergenerationalen Familienbeziehungen im Kulturvergleich. Nach einer Einführung in grundlegende theoretische Modelle und Forschungstraditionen wie das Modell der intergenerationalen Solidarität, der Value-of-Children Ansatz sowie die Theorie des familiären Wandels werden im zweiten Teil Forschungsprojekte und -ergebnisse zur Ausgestaltung von Generationsbeziehungen in verschiedenen kulturellen Kontexten und im Zusammenhang mit Migration aufgezeigt sowie die Bedeutung von gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen für die Ausgestaltung von familiären Generationsbeziehungen dargelegt. published

Erworben im Rahmen der Schweizer Nationallizenzen (http://www.nationallizenzen.ch), Numerous studies document that societal happiness is correlated with individualism, but the nature of this phenomenon remains understudied. In the current paper, we address this gap and test the reasoning that individualism correlates with societal happiness because the most common measure of societal happiness (i.e., country-level aggregates of personal life satisfaction) is individualism-themed. With the data collected from 13,009 participants across fifty countries, we compare associations of four types of happiness (out of which three are more collectivism-themed than personal life satisfaction) with two different measures of individualism. We replicated previous findings by demonstrating that societal happiness measured as country-level aggregate of personal life satisfaction is correlated with individualism. Importantly though, we also found that the country-level aggregates of the collectivism-themed measures of happiness do not tend to be significantly correlated with individualism. Implications for happiness studies and for policy makers are signaled.

International audience; In a risk assessment perspective, this work aims to assess the bioaccessibility of PCBs in meat. A standardised in vitro static digestion protocol was set up and coupled with extraction, clean-up and GC × GC-ToF/MS multianalyte method to monitor the fate of PCBs in meat during digestion. Starting with spiked meat, PCB bioaccessibility in 11% fat medium-cooked meat varied in adults from 20.6% to 30.5% according to congeners. PCB bioaccessibility increased to 44.2–50.1% in 5% fat meat and decreased to 6.2–9.1% and to 14.6–19.4% in digestion conditions mimicking infants and elderly, respectively. Intense cooking also decreased PCB bioaccessibility to 18.0–26.7%. Bioaccessibility data obtained with spiked meat were validated with measurements carried out in incurred meat samples. Finally, mean uptake distributions are obtained from a modular Bayesian approach. These distributions feature a lower mode when the fat content is higher, the meat is well-done cooked, and the consumers are older.

Ageism in media and society has increased sharply during the Covid-19-crisis, with expected negative consequences for the health and well-being of older adults. The current study investigates whether perceived ageism during the crisis longitudinally affects how people perceive their own aging. In June 2020, N = 611 older adults from Luxembourg [aged 60–98 years, Mage(SD) = 69.92(6.97)] participated in a survey on their perception of the crisis. In October 2020, N = 523 participated in a second measurement occasion. Participants reported on perceived ageism during the crisis in different domains, their self-perceptions of aging and subjective age. In latent longitudinal regression models, we predicted views on aging at T2 with perceived ageism at T1, while controlling for baseline views on aging and covariates. Perceived ageism at T1 increased self-perceptions of aging as social loss and yielded a trend for physical decline, while there were no effects on subjective age and self-perceptions of aging as continued growth. Views on aging are powerful predictors of well-being and health outcomes in later life. Our data suggest that being the target of ageism during the crisis negatively affects older adults' self-perceptions of aging and this impact may be felt beyond the current crisis.

Cultural diversity due to immigration has become a key topic in many societies today. The question of how the native population experiences these developments is of prime importance for intercultural relations and sets the base for acculturation of immigrants. Drawing on attachment and multiculturalism research, we supposed here that general and specific feelings of security might be related to more positive attitudes toward cultural diversity, whereas feelings of threat might be related to less openness. More precisely, the present study investigated how natives’ general attachment (secure or fearful) as well as their specific feelings of (cultural or economic) security might be related to their expectations about acculturation of immigrants in the multicultural context of Luxembourg. The sample included N = 134 Luxembourg nationals with an average age of M = 45.02 (SD = 17.41) who filled out an online questionnaire. Results revealed that self-reported fearful general attachment was positively related to more unwelcoming acculturation orientations. Relations between general attachment and acculturation orientations were mediated by feelings of cultural security, which had strong effects on host nationals’ (un)welcoming acculturation orientations over and above general attachment. Findings suggest that (un)welcoming orientations toward immigrants, entailing openness for cultural contact and exchange, are related to feelings of cultural and economic security which are partly biased by a general secure or fearful attachment. Feelings of security seem thus to provide a secure base for tolerance and openness to cultural diversity which are needed in order to deal successfully with the challenges of today’s multicultural societies.

International audience

International audience; Assessment of human exposure to atmospheric metals is a challenge, and mosses seem to be good biomonitors to help this purpose. Lacking roots, they are easy to collect and analyze. However, to our knowledge, no formal comparison was made between cadmium (Cd) measurements in Grimmia mosses and alternative forecasts of atmospheric Cd pollution as those produced by the CHIMERE chemistry transport model. This work aims at studying this link to improve further biomonitoring. We compare 128 Cd measurements in the cemetery mosses of Paris and Lyon metropolitan areas (France) to CHIMERE Cd atmospheric forecasts. The area to consider around the cemetery for the CHIMERE forecasts has been defined by Kendall rank correlations between both information sources—Cd in mosses and CHIMERE Cd forecasts—from different area sizes. Then, we fit linear models to those two data sets including step-by-step different sources of uncertainty. Finally, we calculate moss predictions to compare predictions and measurements in the two cities. The results show an apparent link between the Cd concentrations in mosses and CHIMERE Cd forecasts including in addition the same unique covariate, the moss support (grave or wall), in the two cities. However, this model cannot be directly transposed from region to region because the strength of the link appears to be regional.

The need to belong is fundamental to human beings and constitutes a basis for subjective well-being. Belonging is a multifaceted concept that can refer to different entities and points of reference. Related concepts are identification and identity, connectedness and embeddedness, attachment, fitting in, and feeling “at home.” The present contribution will focus on the sense of belonging in the context of migration in its different facets – cultural, social, and spatial – and in relation to different points of reference, namely national, ethnic, and transnational belonging. Applying the lens of cultural psychology of semiotic mediation, the development of a sense of belonging will be discussed with regard to first-generation migrants and their second-generation offspring in a life-span perspective, drawing on concepts such as proculturation as well as the trajectory equifinality approach. By focussing on a single case of a mother and her adult daughter from a Portuguese migrant family living in Luxembourg, we will illustrate how both theoretical concepts can be applied to analyse narratives with regard to experiences of first and second generation in the context of migration. Bifurcation points will be identified and their importance for life trajectories and the development of a sense of belonging will be discussed.

Im Rahmen von Migration ergibt sich insbesondere für Geflüchtete ein erhöhtes Risiko von ungünstigen Entwicklungen und Adaptationsverläufen, da sie nicht nur mit allgemeinen Herausforderungen der Anpassung an einen neuen kulturellen Kontext konfrontiert sind, sondern auch mit spezifischen Erfahrungen im Herkunftsland oder auf der Flucht, die potentiell traumatisch sein können. Dennoch zeigen sich signifikante psychische Beeinträchtigungen in der Folge nur bei einem Teil der Geflüchteten. Das Konzept der Resilienz, das in den letzten Jahren nicht nur in Bereichen der klinischen Psychologie, sondern auch in der entwicklungspsychologischen Forschung und verwandten Disziplinen zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen hat, scheint besonders fruchtbar, um solche interindividuellen Unterschiede im Umgang mit Flucht- und Migrationserfahrungen zu erforschen. Nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Arten der Migration und damit zusammenhängende Herausforderungen befasst sich der vorliegende Beitrag mit Resilienz im Kontext von Migration und Flucht, wobei eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit stark auf individuelle Faktoren fokussierten Konzeptualisierungen angestrebt und eine stärker systemische Sichtweise vorgeschlagen wird, wie sie auch neueren Ansätzen zur psychologischen Resilienz entspricht.

This paper aims at overcoming the following limits of gerontagogy -particularly with regard to Lemieux's model: referencing chronological age; delimitating elders' learning in reference to traits (styles, needs, behaviors, etc.) in contrast to children's learning; overlooking the aging aspect. To do so, we propose to integrate aging and intergenerationality into gerontagogy from a sociocultural, dialogical and historical approach. This establishes the basis for an intergenerational and dialogical approach to elders' learning.

Intergenerational family relations are embedded in family cultures which influence how families regulate their relations over the whole life span with regard to key issues, such as autonomy and relatedness, or support exchange and reciprocity, and which may vary inter- and intraculturally. Migrant families undoubtedly face a special situation as values and expectations from the culture of origin and from the host cultural context might differ. Not much is known yet about how migrant families adapt their family cultures to the host cultural context. The present article will focus on aspects of intergenerational family regulation by taking into account family cultures of migrant compared to non-migrant families in a life span perspective. We will illustrate our theoretical outline by presenting first results from the IRMA-study comparing Luxembourgish and Portuguese immigrant families living in Luxembourg. We focus on issues of family cohesion, enmeshment and normative expectations regarding adult children’s support for their ageing parents, by drawing both on quantitative questionnaire as well as qualitative interview data. Implications for the experience of ambivalence and conflicts as well as well-being of family members from both generations will be discussed.

During the COVID-19 crisis, older adults, in particular those with underlying health conditions, were at a special risk for severe illness and mortality, and efforts were made to shield them from exposure to the virus. While measures of physical distancing and reduction of in-person contacts were necessary to prevent contraction, they hit residents of care settings particularly hard since visits from family and friends were banned and the risk for loneliness and social isolation increased. In the present study, we therefore gave the voice to nursing home residents and focused on their perceived loneliness and subjective well-being during the crisis. We were both interested in difficulties but also in personal resources and resilience factors that might protect older adults from negative mental health outcomes and help to maintain subjective well-being. A sample of N = 76 residents in care homes in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were interviewed by use of a standardized questionnaire during July and August 2020. Participants reported on their loneliness and life satisfaction during the crisis, on their self-regulatory strategies as well as on personal and social resources (e.g. self-efficacy, generativity, social support). Data will be analyzed by use of regression analysis to predict loneliness and well-being by risk and protective factors. Results will be discussed applying a life-span developmental and systemic perspective to understand the mutual interplay of individual, social and institutional resources to mitigate negative side effects of protective measures on care home residents.

The present investigation focused on cultural identity and the dealing with the belonging to different cultural frames as a migrant in a highly culturally diverse context by comparing two generations of Portuguese families living in Luxembourg. Quantitative standardized questionnaires complemented by in-depth qualitative interviews with parent-child dyads were used in order to assess possible (dis)similarities between first generation Portuguese immigrant parents and their adult children (i.e. second generation) concerning their cultural identities. Generational differences were found regarding the dealing with several cultural frames, language competences and attachment to both discussed cultures. Adult children were more prone to find themselves in a “compatible” identity orientation, compared to the parental generation. Yet, when focussing specifically on the second generation, qualitative data highlighted some issues regarding the perceived views of others on one’s own cultural belonging and the perception of a certain sense of cultural identity denial from others. Our findings contribute to the existing theoretical literature on cultural identity by elucidating some major differences between immigrant parents and their adult children on how they enact the sense of belonging and the dealing with multiple cultural frames on a daily-life basis.

Population aging is a phenomenon that affects most parts of the world. According to recent data from the World Population Prospects (United Nations 2017), the number of older persons – those aged 60+ – has reached 962 million worldwide and is expected to climb to 2.1 billion in 2050. In spite of these general world trends, life expectancies differ still largely, and aging remains a highly diverse experience across the world. While universal developmental tasks are markers for older age in all societies (e.g., becoming a grandparent), expectations with regard to typical life trajectories and the timing of transitions vary. This “social clock” (Neugarten et al. 1965) or “cultural chrononormativity of aging” (Brinkmann and Musaeus 2018) is also expressed in legal regulations and policies (e.g., availability and timing of retirement schemes). Normative and nonnormative life events and their interpretation as on time or off-time might thus be defined very differently depending on the cultural (and historical) context (see also Baltes et al. 1980; Wrosch and Heckhausen 2005). This leads to one of the central questions of cross-cultural aging research: Are aging processes universals across cultures and societies in the Western, Eastern, Northern, and Southern parts of the world – or do aging processes differ between cultures and societies?

International audience

International audience; The mixed treatment comparison (MTC) method has been proposed to combine results across trials comparing several treatments. MTC allows coherent judgments on which of the treatments is the most effective. It produces estimates of the relative effects of each treatment compared with every other treatment by pooling direct and indirect evidence. In this article, we explore how this methodological framework can be used to rank a large number of agricultural crop species from yield data collected in field experiments. Our approach is illustrated in a meta-analysis of yield data obtained in 67 field studies for 36 different bioenergy crop species. The considered dataset defines a network of comparisons of crop species. We introduce several Bayesian MTC models based on baseline treatment contrasts and evaluate the practical advantages of these models to produce yield ratio estimates. We explore the consistency of some estimates by node-splitting and compare our results to those obtained with a classical two-way linear mixed model. Results reveal that the model showing the lowest deviance information criterion (DIC) includes both study random effects and study-specific residual variances. But all the tested models including study random effects lead to similar yield ratio estimates. The proposed Bayesian framework allows an in-depth analysis of the uncertainty in the species ranking.

Changes in vitamin C concentration along the processing chain of canned green beans were predicted with a probabilistic and modular process model using vitamin C concentrations in raw green beans, constants of chemical reactions (activation energy, reaction rates and diffusivity) and process descriptors (time and temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration). The model accounts for the statistical uncertainty and/or variability of these quantities. The initial vitamin C concentration in green beans, partly established with n ¼ 65 proper vitamin C assays, was (mean [variability interval at 95%]) 17 mg vitamin. 100 g1 [4.1, 30.3] and markedly decreased to 7.5 mg 100 g1 [0.6, 14.9] after blanching, to 6.2 mg 100 g1 [0.3, 12.5] after sterilization, and to 2.3 mg 100 g1 [0, 5.6] after storage. The model predictions were globally on agreement with independent observations that include specific vitamins C assays (n ¼ 26) at different steps of processing.

During the Covid-Crisis, stereotypes of older adults as helpless and vulnerable were spread, and intergenerational conflict was stirred more or less openly. We thus focused on perceived ageism during the crisis and its effects on well-being and health of older adults. Since views on aging are multifaceted and can be both, risk and resource for individual development, we assessed people’s self-perceptions of aging (SPA) as social loss, continued growth and physical decline and subjective age (SA). We hypothesized that people with SPA of social loss and physical decline would be more susceptible to negative effects of perceived ageism, whereas those with SPA of continued growth and younger SA would be less affected. NT1 = 611 community-dwelling adults aged 60 – 98 (Mage = 69.92 years) were recruited in June 2020 online and via phone in Luxembourg. In September 2020, participants will be contacted again for a follow-up. Analyses with cross-sectional data show that participants who felt more discriminated reported lower life satisfaction after the onset of the crisis (r = -.35) and worse subjective health (r = -.14). SPA of social loss and higher SA increased the negative effect of ageism on well-being (beta = -.57) and subjective health (beta = -.53), respectively. Our results point to mid- and long-term consequences of age discriminatory and stereotype-based crisis communication for the well-being of older adults and the importance of individual SPA in critical situations.

International audience; The importance of clarifying and disclosing uncertainties in risk assessment (RA) has been acknowledged for several decades. However, even today, these uncertainties do not receive the attention they deserve to well inform decision makers. To overcome this situation, diverse regulators, health and safety agencies, and other bodies involving in RA at national, European or international level have recently mobilized themselves by reasserting the need to integrate uncertainty analysis in the RA process and making practical recommendations. The French agency for food, environmental and occupational health and safety (Anses) is one of them. This work presents the general framework developed by the Anses Expert Working Group on Methodology in Risk Assessment. Two critical points were addressed: A typology of uncertainties and a homogenized approach to deal with uncertainty analysis in different areas (human health related to the environment, work and food, animal health and welfare, and plant health). The proposed typology is divided into four classes (Context, Corpus of knowledge, Assessment methodology and Communication), according to the logic of an expert appraisal process. A five-step iterative approach, systematically preceded by a stage for planning the assessment, was proposed as a generic approach of uncertainty analysis. Especially, the importance of considering the decision-making context of the assessment from the planning stage is stressed. The iterative approach was developed to be flexible enough to enable the assessors ensure the analysis is proportionate to and fit for purpose of the assessment As part of a testing stage, the general framework was applied to different case studies dealing with diverse areas (health RA in humans, animals and plants). This testing phase was carried out in collaboration with different expert panels. It concluded that the generic and flexible nature of the proposed framework should be able to harmonize the practices in RA.

To explain attachment development in adolescence in different contexts we applied the family solidarity model (e.g., Bengtson, 2001) generally used to analyze intergenerational adult children-elderly parents relations. The model differentiates four family solidarity patterns which were assumed in our study to occur in adolescent–parent relations, though with a different distribution. We tested a susceptibility hypothesis assuming that effects of parenting will be stronger in family patterns with higher, compared to lower, affectual solidarity. A sample of Polish adolescents, their mothers (N = 570, both), and their fathers (N = 290) was surveyed as part of the Value-of-Children-Study (Trommsdorff & Nauck, 2005). Four family patterns were identified: highly affectual amicable and harmonious; and less affectual and most frequently displayed detached and disharmonious patterns. The parenting susceptibility hypothesis was supported: For amicable and harmonious families, adolescents’ perception of maternal rejection was more strongly related with their attachment compared to the other family types. Partly in line with our hypothesis, effects of paternal rejection on adolescents’ attachment were strongest in amicable families, however not significant in harmonious families. The study demonstrates that the relation between parenting on adolescents’ attachment representation is influenced by the pattern of family parentschild relations. published

Starting from Bengtson's solidarity paradigm, we will investigate the role of internalized family norms in intergenerational support as well as experienced ambivalence from the adult child perspective. We assume that internalized family norms are an important determinant of relationship regulation as they have an impact both on the selection of specific behavior as well as on its evaluation. As a consequence, own and others' behavior should be most positively evaluated if it is in line with internalized norms and values. In contrast, if intergenerational solidarity and support exchange do not converge with internalized norms and expectations, ambivalence might be experienced. These assumptions are examined in a sample of N = 131 middle-aged adults living in Luxembourg and Germany. Findings showed that normative aspects of intergenerational solidarity were less important compared to affective aspects when predicting support exchange between adult children and their parents; however, family values had a moderating role in the relation between support exchange and ambivalence. Results are discussed with respect to the centrality of values in implicitly and explicitly guiding support behavior within families., Polazeći od Bengtsonove paradigme solidarnosti, istražit ćemo ulogu usvojenih obiteljskih normi u međugeneracijskoj potpori te iskustvo ambivalentnosti iz perspektive odrasloga djeteta. Pretpostavljamo da su usvojene obiteljske norme važna odrednica regulacije odnosa, jer utječu i na odabir specifičnoga ponašanja i na njegovu procjenu. Slijedom toga, vlastito ponašanje, kao i ponašanje drugih, trebalo bi najpozitivnije ocijeniti ako je u skladu s usvojenim normama i vrijednostima. Nasuprot tomu, ako međugeneracijska solidarnost i razmjena potpore nisu usklađeni s usvojenim normama i očekivanjima, može se iskusiti ambivalentnost. Ove pretpostavke ispituju se na uzorku od N = 131 odrasle osobe srednjih godina koje žive u Luksemburgu i Njemačkoj i koje su opisale svoj odnos prema majkama i očevima. Rezultati pokazuju da su normativni aspekti međugeneracijske solidarnosti bili manje važni u usporedbi s afektivnim aspektima u predviđanju razmjene potpore između odrasle djece i njihovih roditelja. Međutim, obiteljske vrijednosti imale su posredničku ulogu između razmjene potpore i ambivalentnosti. Rezultati su izloženi s obzirom na centralnost vrijednosti koje implicitno i eksplicitno usmjeravaju pružanje potpore unutar obitelji.

In this paper, exposure to Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) related to bovine meat consumption is assessed based on multiples sources of data, namely data collected within the national research project "SoMeat" that objectively assesses the potential risks and benefits of organic and conventional food production systems in terms of contaminants respective contents. The work focuses on dioxin like PCBs in bovine meat in France. A modular Bayesian approach is proposed including measures after production, effect of cooking, levels and frequency of consumption and effect of digestion. In each module, a model is built and prior information can be integrated through previously acquired data commonly used in food risk assessment or vague priors. The output of the global model is the exposure including both production modes (organic and conventional) for three different cooking intensities (rare, medium, and well-done), before digestion and after digestion. The main results show that organic meat is more contaminated than conventional meat in mean after production stage and after cooking although cooking reduces the contamination level. This work is a first step of refined risk assessment integrating different steps such as cooking and digestion in the context of chemical risk assessment similarly to current microbiological risk assessments.

Dialogical Self Theory recognizes the interaction between self and others. The basic nature of human condition is indeed to be in indefinite and constant interdependence with the existence of “the other” and his experiences, thoughts, practices as well as his narrations. Yet, the character and degree of these interdependencies vary and fluctuate depending on the individuals, contexts and cultures. While the external dialogue occurs between people implicated in an overt interaction, the self happens in an individual’s mind as an internal dialogue. Individuals make sense of their lives through the narratives of crucial experiences in their lives, which makes the external dialogue discernible and easier to analyse compared to the internal dialogue not that easily tangible. Though, through an intergenerational interview between an adult daughter and her mother, we will try to assess and identify their individual internal dialogues within their narratives. Hence, to that end body language and behavioural indicators such as face expressions or silent thinking will be used, which may help and serve as guidelines to assess the intergenerational dialogical interaction between mother and adult child in a migrant context.