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The beneficial effect of mindfulness (M) or non-judgemental awareness and the acceptance of present-moment experience on mental health and well-being has been well confirmed by previous research. However, the mechanisms by which M exerts this beneficial influence have not been sufficiently explored. The aim of the present study was to examine the interrelationships between M, cognitive emotion regulation (CER) strategies and negative affective states (depression, anxiety, and stress). In addition, we examined the potential mediating role of CER strategies in the relationship between M and negative affective states. The study, which was conducted online, included 365 subjects of a wider age range (between 19 and 68 years). The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale were applied. The results mainly support the partial mediation model, according to which higher levels of M, in addition to directly reducing depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, also indirectly decrease the symptoms of these negative affective states, through usage of CER strategies. The results of the study indicate the possible important role of interventions focused on developing US and adaptive strategies

The Job Demands-Control-Support (JDCS) model has seldom been tested in palliative care settings, and occupational well-being of palliative care professionals has never before been investigated in Croatia. Our aim was therefore to fill that gap by testing the JDCS model among Croatian nurses providing palliative care. More specifically, we wanted to see how job demands, job control, and social support at work affect occupational well-being outcomes (i.e. job satisfaction and burnout dimensions of exhaustion and disengagement from work) in terms of the model’s iso-strain and buffer hypotheses. This cross-sectional study included 68 nurses working in various palliative care institutions across Croatia, who answered our online questionnaire. Overall, the nurses did not report high levels of burnout or low job satisfaction. The only significant effect was that of job control on job satisfaction (β=0.38; P, Ispitivanja Modela zahtjeva-kontrole posla-socijalne podrške (JDCS) u kontekstu palijativne skrbi doista su rijetka. Uz to, nedostaju istraživanja profesionalne dobrobiti zaposlenih u području palijativne skrbi u Hrvatskoj. Stoga je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio testirati JDCS model među hrvatskim medicinskim sestrama/tehničarima zaposlenima u području palijativne skrbi. Točnije, pokušali smo provjeriti kako zahtjevi i kontrola posla te socijalna podrška na radnome mjestu utječu na profesionalnu dobrobit (tj. zadovoljstvo poslom i dimenzije izgaranja ‒iscrpljenost i otuđenost) u kontekstu tzv. iso-strain i buffer hipoteza. U presječnom istraživanju sudjelovalo je 68 medicinskih sestara/tehničara zaposlenih u različitim institucijama koje pružaju palijativnu skrb u Hrvatskoj. Podatci su prikupljeni ispunjavanjem online upitnika. Ukupno gledano, medicinske sestre/tehničari nisu izvijestili o visokim razinama profesionalnog izgaranja ili o niskom zadovoljstvu poslom u području palijativne skrbi. Rezultati su potvrdili značajan učinak kontrole posla u objašnjenju zadovoljstva poslom (β=0,38; P

Sexual aggression refers to the use of various ways (verbal pressure, physical force, etc.) in order to compel another person to sexual activities without his/her consent. To understand more profoundly sexual aggression among Croatian students, the study was conducted with the aim of determining prevalence, types, and risk factors for sexual aggression on a sample of college students. In the online research, 458 students from various Croatian universities took part. Sexual aggression was measured by the Croatian translation of the Sexual Strategies Scale (SSS; Strange et al., 2013). The results have shown that students who use aggressive sexual strategies are more prone to gender prejudices, are more likely to engage in risky behaviors (alcohol consumption and impersonal sex), perceive greater peer pressure to have sex, and are higher on personality traits of psychopathy and narcissism, compared to students who do not use these strategies. The results of testing the predictive contribution of sets of variables assert the significant contribution of narcissism, peer pressure to have sex, sociosexuality, and alcohol consumption in explaining the variance of the number of sexually aggressive strategies used.

Parenting is a very demanding and responsibility driven role in the life of any person who decides to become a parent. Quality parenting is aimed at protecting the best interests of the child. In this sense, the parent should behave with care, provide the child with structure and guidance, respect the child as an individual and empower them at every opportunity. Today, however, parents do not have much time to raise their child. The employment of both parents necessarily includes other adults in the upbringing of children. So, parents become coordinators of educational factors by choosing "other educators" for children in an out-of-home environment. Thus, the parent becomes responsible for the upbringing in their family as well as for choosing extra-family influences. A modern parent is faced with many expectations: from knowing the characteristics of the child's psychophysical development to recognizing the needs and abilities of the child, and knowing the ways to satisfy and encourage them. Therefore, it is necessary that the parent is competent, skilled, and knows how to successfully educate. That they are well informed about the opportunities offered by society, be it legal, social, health, educational, and other related resources. That they know how to choose the best for their child, and to cooperate with those who care for their child. Thus, modern parenting has become very demanding, influenced by a number of societal changes, different from those faced by the parents of previous generations. Therefore, a successful parent should constantly learn, check their actions, and strive to improve their parenting skills. In this paper, parenting is considered as a dynamic process that has its developmental stages depending on the age of the child. With this in mind, research has been conducted with the aim of understanding the challenges of modern parenting during the process of growing up children at different stages of development. For data collection and analysis, the focus group method was applied as a qualitative form of research that includes a group discussion on the experiences and challenges of parents. The aim of this approach was to capture the subjective feelings and perceptions of parental role in parents of children of different ages and to encourage discussion about values and attitudes related to parenting, but also personal challenges and experiences. The focus group method was implemented in various cities of the Republic of Croatia (in Zadar, Split, Varaždin, Benkovac, and Biograd n/m). The paper will present an analysis of qualitative results and will consider specific topics for groups of parents of children of different ages with the categorization of experiences and challenges. The results of this research will help professionals in preparing and organizing programs aimed at strengthening parenting competencies and developing quality parenting.

Konstrukt uspješnog starenja često se spominje u novijoj gerontološkoj literaturi premda nije postignut konsenzus u pogledu njegove definicije i komponenti koje uključuje. Iz toga proizlaze i brojni načini njegove operacionalizacije. U radu je prikazan postupak konstrukcije i validacije Skale samoprocjene uspješnog starenja, prve mjere kojom se ovaj konstrukt pokušalo izravno ispitati na hrvatskim uzorcima starijih osoba. Metrijske karakteristike skale provjerene su na uzorku od 479 starijih osoba u dobi od 60 do 95 godina (M = 69,37; SD = 7,03) iz različitih dijelova Hrvatske. Konfirmatornom faktorskom analizom donekle je potvrđena pretpostavljena jednofaktorska struktura skale (uz uvođenje dodatnih parametara u jednofaktorski model). Skala je pokazala zadovoljavajuću osjetljivost i pouzdanost. U prilog valjanosti skale govore i značajne povezanosti između rezultata na skali i nekih konstrukata za koje se i očekuje da bi trebali biti povezani s uspješnim starenjem, kao što su tjelesno i mentalno zdravlje, zadovoljstvo životom, doživljaj smisla života, optimizam, generativnost i dr. Zaključno, Skala samoprocjene uspješnog starenja je u ispitanom uzorku starijih osoba pokazala dobre metrijske karakteristike te se može upotrebljavati u istraživanjima uspješnog starenja. Ipak, poželjne su daljnje provjere njezine faktorske strukture, te su otvorene mogućnosti za daljnje revizije njezina sadržaja s ciljem poboljšanja njezine valjanosti i kulturalne osjetljivosti, kako bi skala što bolje zahvatila konstrukt uspješnog starenja u hrvatskom kulturalnom okruženju. Ključne riječi: Skala samoprocjene uspješnog starenja, mjere uspješnog starenja, uspješno starenje, starije osobe

Prolongation of life expectancy increases the likelihood of death caused by chronic illness and the need for medical and psychosocial support within the palliative care setting. Professionals working in the palliative care field need adequate education to work with dying patients in order to achieve greater expertise, but also to prevent professional burnout. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of personal (i.e. communication skills, resistance, religiosity) and factors related to the work environment (i.e. social support) in explaining burnout (i.e. emotional exhaustion and disengagement) among palliative care professionals. The study was conducted on a sample of 123 professionals working in the palliative care setting (nurses, physicians, psychologists, theologians, social workers, physiotherapists, etc.). The results indicate that personal risk/protection factors, compared to work environment factors, were more closely related to burnout, especially when emotional exhaustion was considered. On the other hand, both personal and environmental factors had a significant role in the prediction of disengagement from work. The most significant predictor of both aspects of burnout was the communication skill of reporting bad news.

Purpose Stressful and demanding clinical situations may contribute to job dissatisfaction and may even contribute to an intention to leave the job among palliative care (PC) clinicians. Personal and organizational factors may influence the occupational well-being of PC clinicians as well. This study aimed to determine the predictive contribution of personal (communication skills, resilience, religiosity) and organizational (coworkers’ social support, job control) factors in the explanation of PC clinicians job (dis)satisfaction and their intention to leave their job. Methods The study was conducted on a convenience sample of 122 PC clinicians of different disciplines (nurses/technicians, physicians, psychologists, spiritual counsellors/priests, social workers, physical therapists, etc). The sample mainly consisted of nurses (57%). Hierarchical and logistic regression analyses of the results obtained were applied. Results This study indicates that 53% of PC clinicians are satisfied with their daily job and 76% do not intend to leave the job. The results showed no differences in job satisfaction and intention to leave between nurses/technicians and other PC clinicians. A significant negative correlation was found between job satisfaction and intention to leave the job. Communication skills, religiosity and coworkers’ social support, showed as significant predictors of job satisfaction. PC clinicians’ perception of their own difficulties in communicating bad news contributed significantly to job satisfaction and intention to leave the job in palliative care. Conclusion This study suggests that job satisfaction in a palliative care setting is determined by a larger number of personal and organizational factors than the intention to leave the job. Communication skills showed indispensable for providing quality care for dying patients. Skills in communicating bad news to dying patients and their families have emerged as particularly important for PC clinicians’ occupational well-being.

Istraživanja psihološkog funkcioniranja i kvalitete života žena oboljelih i operiranih zbog raka dojke u svijetu su brojna, a i u Hrvatskoj je sve veći broj takvih istraživanja. No u Hrvatskoj su relativno rijetka ona istraživanja u kojima su posljedice dijagnoze i tretmana raka dojke istražene kroz usporedbu skupine oboljelih žena sa zdravim uzorkom. Važno je usmjeriti se na posljedice raka dojke ne samo na tjelesno već i na mentalno zdravlje i psihološko funkcioniranje oboljelih žena jer je to prvi korak u osmišljavanju i provođenju psihosocijalnih intervencija usmjerenih podizanju kvalitete života oboljelih. Glavni je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati zadovoljstvo životom, psihološki prosperitet, doživljaj slike tijela i samopercepciju seksualne privlačnosti žena kojima je zbog raka operirana dojka i usporediti ih s onima u kontrolnom uzorku žena bez malignog oboljenja. U istraživanju su sudjelovale dvije skupine sudionica. Prva je uključivala 162 žene u dobi između 28 i 69 godina (M = 47,98) koje su prošle poštednu ili radikalnu operaciju dojke, dok je druga skupinu uključivala 156 sudionica u dobi od 28 do 72 godine (M = 47,60) kojima nije dijagnosticiran rak dojke niti neka druga maligna bolest. Rezultati istraživanja prilično su ohrabrujući u pogledu ispitanih aspekata funkcioniranja i prilagodbe operiranih žena jer su pokazali da se operirane žene ne razlikuju značajno u razinama zadovoljstva životom, psihološkog prosperiteta, kao ni u doživljaju slike tijela i samopercepciji seksualne privlačnosti u odnosu na žene bez malignog oboljenja. U obje skupine žena povoljnija slika tijela i samopercepcija veće seksualne privlačnosti bile su povezane s većim zadovoljstvom životom i psihološkim prosperitetom. Nadalje utvrđeno je da sudionice koje su prošle poštednu, u odnosu na one u kojih je izvršena radikalna operacije dojke, imaju značajno povoljniju sliku tijela i zadovoljnije su svojim grudima što bi mogla biti indikacija za prednost poštedne nad radikalnom vrstom operacije onda kada je to moguće., There are many studies that have dealt with the psychological functioning and quality of life of women who were diagnosed with breast cancer and who underwent breast surgery. There is an increasing number of such studies in Croatia as well. However, Croatian research on the consequences of diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in comparison with a healthy population of women is scarce. It is important to focus on the impact of cancer not only on women’s physical health, but also on their mental health and psychological functioning, since that is the first step towards creating and conducting psychosocial interventions aimed at improving their quality of life. The main goal of this study was to compare life satisfaction, psychological flourishing, body image, and self-perceived sexual attractiveness between women who had undergone breast surgery due to breast cancer, and a control sample of women without cancer. The first group consisted of 162 women between the ages of 28 and 69 (M=47.98) who underwent radical or breast-conserving breast surgery. The second group consisted of 156 women, 28 to 72 years old (M=47.60), who were not diagnosed with breast cancer or any other malignant disease. In terms of examined aspects of psychological functioning and adaptation of women who had breast cancer, the results of this study are quite encouraging since this group of women did not differ significantly in levels of life satisfaction, psychological flourishing, body image or self-perceived sexual attractiveness from the group of women without malignant disease. In both groups of women, more favorable body image and self-perceived sexual attractiveness correlated significantly with higher life satisfaction and psychological flourishing. Furthermore, it was found that the women who underwent breast-conserving surgery had a more positive body image and were more satisfied with their breasts than those who underwent radical breast surgery. This could be viewed as an indicator of the advantage of breast-conserving surgery over radical surgery of the breast whenever possible.

Jedan od najpoznatijih modela uspješnoga starenja (Rowe i Kahn, 1997) zasniva se na tri kriterija: odsutnosti bolesti, dobroga tjelesnog i kognitivnog funkcioniranja te aktivne uključenosti u život. Istraživanja pokazuju da se primjenom takva modela na vrlo starim osobama broj onih koji su uspješni jako smanjuje, pa se novija istraživanja usmjeravaju ka otkrivanju alternativnih kriterija kako bi se koncept uspješnoga starenja proširio i postao primjenjiv i na vrlo stare osobe. Uz pomoć podataka prikupljenih na uzorku od 479 starijih osoba od 60 do 95 godina usporedili smo biomedicinski i alternativni model uspješnoga starenja (prema kojem se u kriterije ubrajaju: dobro subjektivno zdravlje, percepcija dobroga ekonomskog statusa i visoka razina sreće). Kriterijima alternativnog udovoljava 19,4% starijih, dok je primjenom Rowe i Kahnova modela identificiran znatno niži postotak uspješnih (7,9 %) na istom uzorku. Utvrdili smo da između krajnjih skupina (uspješnih i neuspješnih osoba) nema značajnih dobnih i spolnih razlika, no uspješni postižu značajno više rezultate na skali samoprocjene uspješnoga starenja, optimizma i generativnosti. Rezultati upućuju na potrebu daljnjega razmatranja kriterija na kojima se temelji koncept uspješnoga starenja, kako bi se postigla bolja primjenjivost i upotrebljivost., One of the most prominent models of successful aging (Rowe and Kahn, 1997) is based on three criteria: freedom from disease, high physical and cognitive functioning, and active engagement with life. Research has shown that the application of this model on very old people results in a substantially decreased number of successful agers. So recent studies are oriented toward finding alternative criteria in order to extend the concept of successful aging and make it more applicable on the very old. Using data collected on a sample of 479 older subjects, 60 to 95 years old, we compared two models of successful aging, namely the biomedical and the alternative model (the latter using the following criteria: good subjective health, perception of good financial status and high level of happiness). The criteria of the alternative model were met by 19.4 % of the older subjects, while the application of the criteria of Rowe and Kahn’s model resulted in a substantially lower percentage of successful agers (7.9 %) in the same sample. In the next step of the analysis, we compared two extreme groups (successful and unsuccessful agers), finding out that there were no significant age and sex differences 537 between them. Nevertheless, the successful group scored significantly higher on the self-rated successful aging, optimism, and generativity scales. The results of the study indicate the continued need to consider the criteria of successful aging in order to make this construct more applicable and utilizable.

Starije osobe čine sve veći udio populacije, a među očekivanim pojavama u funkciji dobi kronične su bolesti koje mogu bitno utjecati na kvalitetu života. Na uzorku starijih osoba u dobi od 60 do 95 godina ispitani su kognitivni i emotivni aspekti bolesti, te njihov odnos s uspješnim starenjem, optimizmom i zadovoljstvom životom. Raspon broja bolesti kretao se od 1 do 5, a većina je osoba navodila da boluje od jedne kronične bolesti (72,9 %). Najčešće navedene bile su bolesti srca (51,7 %) te bolesti kostiju, zglobova i mišića (22 %). Rezultati su pokazali da je percepcija kroničnih bolesti u starijih osoba značajno povezana s varijablama psihološke dobrobiti pri čemu je procjena manjih posljedica bolesti i manjeg broja simptoma, te manja zabrinutost i bolja kontrola negativnih emocija povezana s većim optimizmom, većim zadovoljstvom životom te uspješnijim starenjem. Uz to, utvrđeno je da su tri dimenzije percepcije bolesti (osobna kontrola, kontrola tretmanom i koherentnost) značajni prediktori uspješnog starenja. Osobe koje imaju neku kroničnu bolest, no pri tome procjenjuju da ju kontroliraju i dobro razumiju, uspješno stare usprkos tome što su bolesne. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja ukazuju na važnost razumijevanja i kontroliranja bolesti u kontekstu starenja i zadovoljstva životom., Older people represent a growing part of population, and among expected phenomenona, chronic illnesses may have an significant impact on overall quality of life. In a sample of elderly in age between 60 and 95, cognitive and emotional aspects of illnesses, as well as their relationships with successful aging, optimism and life satisfaction, were explored. Number of illnesses range from 1 to 5, and most of the participants reported they have one chronic illness (72.9%). Most frequently reported were heart diseases (51.7/%) and bone, joint and muscle diseases (22%). Results showed that perception of chronic illnesses significantly correlated with variables of psychological well-being. Namely, perception of less severe consequences and lower number of symptoms, less concern and better control of negative emotions were related with greater optimism, greater life satisfaction and more successful aging. Additionally, three dimensions of illness perception (personal control, treatment control and understanding) were significant predictors of successful aging. Older adults that have some chronic condition but, at the same time, estimate that they can control it and understand it well, can age successfully despite their illnesses. These results indicate the importance of understanding and controlling chronic illness in the context of successful ageing and life satisfaction.

Seksualna agresija odnosi se na primjenu raznih načina (verbalne prisile, fizičke sile itd.) kako bi se druga osoba prisilila na seksualne aktivnosti unatoč njezinu nepristajanju. U svrhu boljeg razumijevanja seksualne agresije među studentima na ovim prostorima, provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem da se utvrdi prevalencija, vrste i faktori rizika za pojavu seksualne agresije na ispitanom uzorku studenata. U istraživanju koje je provedeno online sudjelovalo je 458 studenata s hrvatskih sveučilišta. Seksualna agresija ispitana je hrvatskim prijevodom Skale seksualnih strategija (Sexual Strategies Scale, SSS; Strange i sur., 2013). Rezultati su pokazali da studenti koji rabe seksualno agresivne strategije, u odnosu na one koji ih ne rabe, govore o većem prihvaćanju rodnih predrasuda, više se upuštaju u rizična ponašanja (konzumacija alkohola i neobvezni seksualni odnosi), percipiraju veći vršnjački pritisak na seksualne odnose te imaju izraženije osobine psihopatije i narcizma. Rezultati ispitivanja prediktivnoga doprinosa pojedinih skupina varijabli potvrdili su značajan doprinos narcizma, vršnjačkoga pritiska na seksualne odnose, socioseksualnosti te konzumacije alkohola objašnjenju varijance broja seksualno agresivnih strategija., Sexual aggression refers to the use of various ways (verbal pressure, physical force, etc.) in order to compel another person to sexual activities without his/her consent. To understand more profoundly sexual aggression among Croatian students, the study was conducted with the aim of determining prevalence, types, and risk factors for sexual aggression on a sample of college students. In the online research, 458 students from various Croatian universities took part. Sexual aggression was measured by the Croatian translation of the Sexual Strategies Scale (SSS; Strange et al., 2013). The results have shown that students who use aggressive sexual strategies are more prone to gender prejudices, are more likely to engage in risky behaviors (alcohol consumption and impersonal sex), perceive greater peer pressure to have sex, and are higher on personality traits of psychopathy and narcissism, compared to students who do not use these strategies. The results of testing the predictive contribution of sets of variables assert the significant contribution of narcissism, peer pressure to have sex, sociosexuality, and alcohol consumption in explaining the variance of the number of sexually aggressive strategies used.

Produljenje životne dobi povećava vjerojatnost smrti uzrokovane kroničnom bolešću i potrebu za medicinskom i psihosocijalnom potporom u okviru palijativne skrbi. Osobama koje su zaposlene u palijativnoj skrbi treba pružiti odgovarajuće obrazovanje za rad s umirućim pacijentima, čime se postiže veća stručnost, ali i sprječava profesionalno sagorijevanje. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati u kojoj mjeri osobni (komunikacijske vještine, otpornost, religioznost) i okolinski (socijalna podrška) čimbenici pridonose objašnjenju profesionalnoga sagorijevanja (emocionalne iscrpljenosti i otuđenosti) kod zaposlenih u palijativnoj skrbi. U istraživanju su sudjelovale 123 osobe zaposlene u palijativnoj skrbi (medicinske sestre / tehničari, liječnici, psiholozi, duhovnici / teolozi, socijalni radnici, fizioterapeuti i dr.). Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da su osobni čimbenici rizika / zaštite u većoj mjeri, u odnosu na okolinske, povezani s profesionalnim sagorijevanjem, osobito kada se razmatra emocionalna iscrpljenost. S druge strane, i osobni i okolinski čimbenici važni su u predikciji otuđenosti na poslu. Najznačajnija varijabla u predikciji obaju aspekata profesionalnoga sagorijevanja jest komunikacijska vještina priopćavanja loših vijesti., Prolongation of life expectancy increases the likelihood of death caused by chronic illness and the need for medical and psychosocial support within the palliative care setting. Professionals working in the palliative care field need adequate education to work with dying patients in order to achieve greater expertise, but also to prevent professional burnout. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of personal (i.e. communication skills, resistance, religiosity) and factors related to the work environment (i.e. social support) in explaining burnout (i.e. emotional exhaustion and disengagement) among palliative care professionals. The study was conducted on a sample of 123 professionals working in the palliative care setting (nurses, physicians, psychologists, theologians, social workers, physiotherapists, etc.). The results indicate that personal risk/protection factors, compared to work environment factors, were more closely related to burnout, especially when emotional exhaustion was considered. On the other hand, both personal and environmental factors had a significant role in the prediction of disengagement from work. The most significant predictor of both aspects of burnout was the communication skill of reporting bad news.

Internet predstavlja široku arenu mogućnosti u kojoj starije osobe mogu dobiti adekvatnu socijalnu potporu. Strana istraživanja jasno pokazuju da IKT pomaže starijima u održavanju komunikacije s članovima obitelji i prijateljima te da može pomoći i u održavanju psihofizičkog zdravlja. Kako je uspješno starenje višedimenzionalni konstrukt koji uključuje brojne determinante, poput učenja novih stvari, tako korištenje interneta može biti važan čimbenik bolje prilagodbe promjenama koje starenje donosi. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi u kojoj mjeri osobe starije od 60 godina koriste internet i mogu li se individualne razlike u procjeni uspješnosti starenja objasniti korištenjem interneta. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 295 osoba u dobi između 60 i 89 godina iz različitih županija u Republici Hrvatskoj. Od mjernih instrumenata je korištena Skala samoprocjene uspješnog starenja, dok su ostali konstrukti bili zahvaćeni sa po jednom tvrdnjom, što je slučaj i u drugim sličnim istraživanjima (učestalost korištenja interneta, subjektivna dob, tjelesno i mentalno zdravlje). Dobiveno je da 40% osoba starije životne dobi koristi internet u prosjeku jednom tjedno, i to najviše za potrebe čitanja vijesti i ostalih zanimljivosti kao i za komunikaciju s članovima obitelji i prijateljima. Sudionici koji koriste internet su kronološki mlađi, sebe doživljavaj mlađima, obrazovaniji su, boljeg su tjelesnog i mentalnog zdravlja, i procjenjuju da se bolje prilagođavaju promjenama koje starenje donosi, odnosno da uspješnije stare. Nije utvrđen značajan samostalan doprinos učestalosti korištenja interneta uspješnom starenju, nego je taj odnos posredovan dobrim tjelesnim i mentalnim zdravljem i procjenom sudionika da su mlađi nego što kronološki jesu. Ključne riječi: internet, starije osobe, uspješno starenje

Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati povezanost otvorenosti prema iskustvu i uspješnog starenja, te provjeriti moguću posredujuću ulogu životnih žaljenja zbog propuštenih prilika i pogrešnih akcija u tom odnosu. Povećanje udjela starijih osoba u populaciji potaknulo je usmjeravanje istraživačkog interesa na čimbenike koji doprinose dugovječnosti i kvaliteti života u starijoj dobi, a u tom kontekstu raste broj istraživanja koja se bave konceptom uspješnog ili dobrog starenja. Uspješno starenje vrlo je složen konstrukt te još nema konsenzusa u pogledu komponenti koje uključuje i načina njegova mjerenja. Otvorenost prema iskustvu odnosi se na dimenziju ličnosti koja uključuje osjećaj za estetiku, znatiželju, kreativnost i nekonvencionalnost te je za nju kao takvu pretpostavljeno da doprinosi uspješnom starenju. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 479 osoba u dobi od 60 do 95 godina iz različitih dijelova Hrvatske. Uspješno starenje operacionalizirano je na dva načina: pomoću Skale samoprocjene uspješnog starenja i pomoću kompozitne mjere uspješnog starenja temeljene na komponentama modela Choa, Martina i Poona (2012), a to su subjektivni zdravstveni status, percepcija financijskog stanja i subjektivna dobrobit. Otvorenost je ispitana hrvatskom verzijom (Babarović i Šverko, 2013) supskale otvorenosti prema iskustvu iz upitnika HEXACO-PI-(R) (Ashton i Lee, 2008, 2009), dok su životna žaljenja zbog akcija i zbog propuštenih prilika ispitana svaka s po jednim pitanjem. Rezultati su pokazali da je otvorenost prema iskustvu umjereno visoko povezana s obje primijenjene mjere uspješnog starenja, dok su žaljenja zbog akcija i propuštenih prilika značajno negativno korelirala s mjerama uspješnog starenja. Rezultati provjere posredujuće uloge životnih žaljenja u odnosu između otvorenosti prema iskustvu i uspješnog starenja pokazali su da životna žaljenja zbog pogrešnih akcija nisu medijator u ovom odnosu, dok su se žaljenja zbog propuštenih prilika pokazala značajnim, ali djelomičnim medijatorom. Istraživanje upućuje na važnost koju otvorenost prema iskustvu te manji intenzitet životnih žaljenja mogu imati za starije osobe, olakšavajući im prilagodbu na promjene povezane s procesom starenja., The aim of the research was to explore the relationship between openness to experience and successful aging, and to test potential mediation role of life regrets due to missed opportunities and faulty actions in that relationship. The growth of proportion of older people in the population prompted the research interest for factors that contribute longevity and quality of life in old age, and in that context, the number of studies focused on successful or good ageing has increased. Successful ageing is a very complex construct and the consensus regarding its components and measurement is not yet reached. Openness to experience refers to dimension of personality that includes aesthetic appreciation, inquisitiveness, creativity, and unconventionality, and, as such, it was hypothesized that it could contribute to successful ageing. Four hundred and seventy-nine subjects, 60 to 95 years old, from various regions of Croatia, have participated in the study. Successful ageing was operationalized in two ways: by The Self-Rated Successful Ageing Scale and by a composite measure of successful ageing. This measure is based on the components of the Cho, Martin and Poon's model (2012), i.e. subjective health status, perception of financial situation and subjective well-being. Openness was measured by Croatian version (Babarović & Šverko, 2013) of openness to experience subscale from the HEXACO-PI-(R) personality measure (Ashton & Lee, 2008, 2009), while life regrets of action and inaction were measured by one question each. The results have shown that openness to experience correlated moderately high with both measures of successful ageing, while regrets of action and inaction correlated significantly and negatively with successful ageing measures. The results of testing the mediation role of life regrets in relationship between openness to experience and successful ageing showed that regrets of action were not a mediator in this relationship, while regrets of inaction were a significant, but partial mediator. The study indicates the importance that openness to experience and less intensity of life regrets could have for older people, by facilitating their adaptation to age-related changes., El objetivo de esta investigación fue examinar la relación entre la apertura a la experiencia y el envejecimiento exitoso, tanto como investigar el posible papel mediador del remordimiento por oportunidades perdidas y acciones erróneas. El número de personas mayores cada vez más alto en la población ha estimulado las investigaciones de factores que contribuyen a la longevidad y la calidad de vida en la edad mayor, y en este contexto aumenta el número de investigaciones sobre el concepto del envejecimiento exitoso o bueno. El envejecimiento exitoso es un constructo muy complejo y todavía no hay consenso en cuanto a las componentes que incluye y la manera de su medición. La apertura a la experiencia se refiere a la dimensión de personalidad que incluye la sensibilidad por la estética, curiosidad, creatividad, falta de convencionalismo, y para la que suponemos que contribuye al envejecimiento exitoso. En la investigación participaron 479 personas a la edad de entre 60 y 95 años de diferentes partes de Croacia. El envejecimiento exitoso se ha tratado de dos maneras: a través de la Escala de Autoevaluación del Envejecimiento Exitoso y a través de la medición compositora del envejecimiento exitoso basada en las componentes del modelo de Cho, Martin y Poon (2012), y se trata del estado subjetivo de salud, la percepción del estado económico y el bienestar subjetivo. La apertura se evaluó a través de la versión croata (Babarović y Šverko, 2013) de la Subescala de Apertura a la Experiencia del Cuestionario HEXACO-PI-(R) (Ashton y Lee, 2008, 2009), mientras que los remordimientos por acciones y por oportunidades perdidas se verificaron cada una con una pregunta. Los resultados han demostrado que la apertura a la experiencia tiene una correlación moderadamente alta con las dos medidas del envejecimiento exitoso aplicadas, mientras que los remordimientos por acciones y por oportunidades perdidas tienen una correlación negativa significativa con las medidas del envejecimiento exitoso. Los resultados de la verificación del papel mediador del remordimiento en la relación entre la apertura a la experiencia y el envejecimiento exitoso han demostrado que el remordimiento por las acciones erróneas no es mediador en esta relación, mientras que el remordimiento por las oportunidades perdidas se ha demostrado como un mediador significativo, pero parcial. Esta investigación indica la importancia que la apertura a la experiencia y la intensidad menor del remordimiento pueden tener para las personas mayores, facilitándoles la adaptación a los cambios relacionados con el proceso de envejecimiento.

This study examines the interrelations of three different aspects of the subjective age: felt, desired and expected, as well as their relations with the chronological age (CA), health, and psychological well-being variables. Four hundred and twenty-three community-dwelling Croatian adults, aged 60–95 years, participated in the study. All three subjective age measures significantly correlated with the CA. Self-rated health were better predictors of the subjective age compared to the psychological variables. Among psychological variables, successful aging was the only significant predictor of the felt and expected age, while optimism showed to be the only significant predictor of the desired age. Results indicate the importance of some sociodemographic, psychological, and health variables for understanding older persons' subjective age identity and their desires and expectations regarding length of life. Besides the CA, it is very useful to include subjective age measures in research with elderly people.

Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati tri pokazatelja subjektivne dobi (kognitivnu, komparativnu i željenu), njihove međusobne povezanosti te odnos s nekim sociodemografskim značajkama, osobinama ličnosti iz petofaktorskoga modela i samoprocjenom zdravlja. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 230 osoba od 20 do 72 godine iz nekoliko hrvatskih gradova. Relevantni konstrukti mjereni su IPIP50 upitnikom ličnosti te pitanjima koja se odnose na aspekte subjektivne dobi i samoprocjenu zdravlja. Pokazalo se da su kognitivna i željena dob sudionika istraživanja bile u prosjeku značajno niže od kronološke, a većina se osjećala mlađima i u odnosu na pripadnike vlastite dobne skupine. S porastom dobi rasla je i razlika između pokazatelja subjektivne i kronološke dobi. Nisu utvrđene značajne rodne razlike u subjektivnoj dobi, kao ni značajna povezanost obrazovanja s mjerama subjektivne dobi. Suprotno očekivanjima, rezultati hijerarhijskih regresijskih analiza pokazali su da su osobine ličnosti iz petofaktorskoga modela bolji prediktori subjektivne dobi u odnosu na samoprocjenu zdravlja. Međutim, i osobine ličnosti i zdravlje objasnili su, nakon kontrole kronološke dobi, malu proporciju varijance triju pokazatelja subjektivne dobi., The aim of this study was to examine three indicators of subjective age (cognitive, comparative and ideal age), their inter-correlations and their relationships with some sociodemographic characteristics, the Big-Five personality traits, and self-rated health. 230 subjects aged 20 to 72 years, from several Croatian cities, participated in the study. The relevant constructs were measured by IPIP50 personality questionnaire, and by questions referring to different aspects of subjective age and self-rated health. The results have shown that cognitive and ideal ages of participants were on average significantly lower than their chronological age, and the majority of them felt younger compared to their age group. With an increase in chronological age, the discrepancy between subjective age indicators and chronological age rose. Furthermore, there were no significant gender differences in subjective age, neither was a significant correlation of education with measures of subjective age found. Contrary to expectations, the results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that the Big-Five personality traits are better predictors of subjective age than self-rated health. However, personality traits, as well as self- -rated health, after controlling for chronological age, explained only a small proportion of variance of the three indicators of subjective age.

Eriksonov koncept generativnost odnosi se na brigu za mlađe generacije i za vlastite trajne doprinose drustvu, koja je glavno obilježje srednje dobi. Konstrukt generativnosti je nakon Eriksona doživio brojna prosirenja, a njegovu najsiru razradu predstavlja McAdamsov i de St. Aubinov model generativnosti (1992). U ranijim provjerama modela ispitivani su odnosi između manjeg broja njegovih komponenti. Stoga je provedeno istraživanje ciji je cilj bio provjeriti odnose između pet, od ukupno sedam, komponenti modela (generativne želje, brige, predanosti, vjere u vrstu i generativnog djelovanja), te spolne i dobne razlike u tim komponentama. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 300 osoba u dobi od 25 do 75 godina. Komponente generativnosti ispitane su postojecim skalama, njihovim adaptiranim i kulturalno prilagođenim verzijama ili novokonstruiranim skalama. Sukladno ocekivanjima, analize su pokazale da su gotovo sve ispitane komponente generativnosti znacajno i pozitivno povezane. Dobiveni rezultati također sugeriraju da generativnost nije razvojno obilježje samo srednje, vec citave odrasle dobi. Nadalje, nisu utvrđene znacajne spolne razlike u vecini ispitanih komponenti generativnosti. Jedino su orijentacija zajednistvu (kao dio generativne želje) i generativno djelovanje bili znacajno izraženiji u žena. Dobiveni rezultati interpretirani su sukladno teorijskim pristupima generativnosti, primarno Eriksonovom te McAdamsovom i de St. Aubinovom, kao i u kontekstu teorija razvoja u odrasloj dobi.

Uspješno starenje je pomalo kontroverzan konstrukt kojeg nije lako operacionalizirati. Različiti teorijski pristupi koriste različite kriterije ili definicije uspješnog starenja iz kojih proizlaze različiti pokušaji operacionalizacije ovoga konstrukta. U ovom istraživanju polazi se od subjektivnih ili laičkih koncepcija uspješnog starenja, odnosno od toga kako same starije osobe shvaćaju uspješno starenje. Na prigodnom uzorku od 235 osoba starijih od 60 godina provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem ispitivanja njihove percepcije uspješnog starenja. U istraživanju je korišten hrvatski prijevod (Ambrosi-Randić i Plavšić, 2008) liste od dvadeset obilježja uspješnog starenja za koja su Phelan i sur. (2004) utvrdili da su se najčešće pojavljivala u ranijoj literaturi o ovom konstruktu. Rezultati su pokazali da je od 20 ispitanih obilježja njih 12 preko 70% ispitanih starijih osoba procijenilo važnima za uspješno starenje. Najveći postotak sudionika je važnim za uspješno starenje procijenio dobro zdravlje, sposobnost pojedinca da se brine o sebi i da se osjeća dobro sa samim sobom. Najmanje važnima za uspješno starenje pokazali su se dugovječnost, radni angažman nakon umirovljenja te učenje novih stvari i u starijoj dobi. Utvrđene su i razlike u procjeni važnosti nekih obilježja uspješnog starenja s obzirom na neka sociodemografska obilježja sudionika. Tako se pokazalo da je značajno više žena negoli muškaraca važnim za uspješno starenje procijenilo podršku obitelji i prijatelja, dok su osobe višeg u odnosu na one nižeg stupnja obrazovanja kontinuirano učenje novih stvari procjenjivale važnijim za uspješno starenje. Pokušaji objašnjenja konstrukta uspješnog starenja svakako bi trebali uzeti u obzir i kako same starije osobe vide uspješno starenje., Successful aging is in a way controversial concept which is not easy to measure. Different theoretical approaches use different criteria or definitions of successful aging on which different ways of operationalization of this construct are based upon. This study uses subjective or laypersons’ conceptions of successful aging or the way that older people themselves understand successful aging. The study with the aim of exploring the older adults’ perception of successful aging was conducted on a sample of 235 community-dwelling subjects older than 60. The Croatian translation (Ambrosi-Randić and Plavšić, 2008) of the list of 20 attributes of successful aging, which Phelan et al. (2004) identified in published literature on successful aging, was used in the study. Results showed that 12 out of 20 attributes were rated as important to successful aging by more than 70% of respondents. Good health, being able to take care of oneself and feeling good about oneself were rated as important by the greatest number of respondents. Living a very long time, being able to work after usual retirement age and continuing to learn new things were rated as the least important to successful aging. Additionally, differences in ratings of importance of some attributes of successful aging regarding some sociodemographic characteristics were found. Precisely, significantly more women than men considered support from family and friends as important for successful aging, while participants with higher, compared to those with lower educational background, continuing to learn new things rated as more important to successful aging. Efforts to define successful aging should undoubtedly consider older adults’ beliefs about successful aging as well.

Uspješno starenje je višedimenzionalan konstrukt, ali konsenzus u pogledu njegovih komponenti i operacionalne definicije još nije postignut. U ranijim su istraživanjima ispitane njegove brojne determinante i korelati, ali istraživanja roditeljstva i generativnosti ili brige za dobrobit mlađih generacija u kontekstu uspješnog starenja zasada su vrlo rijetka. Stoga je provedeno istraživanje s ciljem ispitivanja povezanosti i doprinosa roditeljskog zadovoljstva i generativnosti starijih osoba njihovu uspješnom starenju. U istraživanju su sudjelovala 444 starija roditelja u dobi od 60 do 95 godina iz različitih dijelova Hrvatske. Tri dimenzije roditeljskog zadovoljstva (zadovoljstvo sobom kao roditeljem, svojom djecom i odnosima s njima) ispitane su po jednim pitanjem za svaku. Generativnost je ispitana adaptiranom Loyola skalom generativnosti, a uspješno starenje Skalom samoprocjene uspješnog starenja. Rezultati su pokazali da sudionici daju visoke procjene na sve tri dimenzije roditeljskog zadovoljstva. Rezultati na skali uspješnog starenja bili su značajno povezani s ispitanim dimenzijama roditeljskog zadovoljstva i s generativnošću. Nadalje, pokazalo se da, nakon kontrole sociodemografskih varijabli, generativnost, zadovoljstvo sobom kao roditeljem i odnosima s vlastitom odraslom djecom značajno doprinose uspješnom starenju sudionika istraživanja. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja upućuju na važnost brige za mlađe generacije i vlastite doprinose društvu te roditeljskog zadovoljstva i u starijoj dobi za uspješno nošenje s promjenama povezanima sa starenjem., Successful aging is a multidimensional construct, but there is no consensus regarding its components and operationalization. In previous research, many determinants and correlates of successful aging were examined, but research on the role of parenting and generativity or a concern for the welfare of the next generation, in the context of successful aging was rather scarce so far. Therefore, we conducted a study with the purpose of examining the relationship and contribution of parental satisfaction and generativity to successful aging of older parents. The subjects in the study were 444 older parents, 60 to 95 years old, from various parts of Croatia. Three dimensions of participants’ parental satisfaction were measured using one question for each. Generativity was examined by an adapted version of the Loyola Generativity Scale and successful aging by the Self-Rated Successful Aging Scale. Results have shown that subjects scored high on all three dimensions of parental satisfaction. Results on the successful aging scale correlated significantly with the examined dimensions of parental satisfaction and with generativity. Furthermore, results have shown that after controlling for sociodemographic variables, participants’ generativity and satisfaction with themselves as parents and with the relations they have with their adult children significantly contribute to successful aging. The findings of the study indicate the importance of generative concern for the next generation and one’s lasting contribution to society, as well as the importance of parental satisfaction of older parents for their successful adaptation to age related changes.

Uspješno starenje je pomalo kontroverzan konstrukt kojeg nije lako operacionalizirati. Različiti teorijski pristupi koriste različite kriterije ili definicije uspješnog starenja iz kojih proizlaze različiti pokušaji operacionalizacije ovoga konstrukta. U ovom istraživanju polazi se od subjektivnih ili laičkih koncepcija uspješnog starenja, odnosno od toga kako same starije osobe shvaćaju uspješno starenje. Na prigodnom uzorku od 235 osoba starijih od 60 godina provedeno je istraživanje s ciljem ispitivanja njihove percepcije uspješnog starenja. U istraživanju je korišten hrvatski prijevod (Ambrosi-Randić i Plavšić, 2008) liste od dvadeset obilježja uspješnog starenja za koja su Phelan i sur. (2004) utvrdili da su se najčešće pojavljivala u ranijoj literaturi o ovom konstruktu. Rezultati su pokazali da je od 20 ispitanih obilježja njih 12 preko 70% ispitanih starijih osoba procijenilo važnima za uspješno starenje. Najveći postotak sudionika je važnim za uspješno starenje procijenio dobro zdravlje, sposobnost pojedinca da se brine o sebi i da se osjeća dobro sa samim sobom. Najmanje važnima za uspješno starenje pokazali su se dugovječnost, radni angažman nakon umirovljenja te učenje novih stvari i u starijoj dobi. Utvrđene su i razlike u procjeni važnosti nekih obilježja uspješnog starenja s obzirom na neka sociodemografska obilježja sudionika. Tako se pokazalo da je značajno više žena negoli muškaraca važnim za uspješno starenje procijenilo podršku obitelji i prijatelja, dok su osobe višeg u odnosu na one nižeg stupnja obrazovanja kontinuirano učenje novih stvari procjenjivale važnijim za uspješno starenje. Pokušaji objašnjenja konstrukta uspješnog starenja svakako bi trebali uzeti u obzir i kako same starije osobe vide uspješno starenje.

Internet predstavlja široku arenu mogućnosti u kojoj starije osobe mogu dobiti adekvatnu socijalnu potporu. Strana istraživanja jasno pokazuju da IKT pomaže starijima u održavanju komunikacije s članovima obitelji i prijateljima te da može pomoći i u održavanju psihofizičkog zdravlja. Kako je uspješno starenje višedimenzionalni konstrukt koji uključuje brojne determinante, poput učenja novih stvari, tako korištenje interneta može biti važan čimbenik bolje prilagodbe promjenama koje starenje donosi. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi u kojoj mjeri osobe starije od 60 godina koriste internet i mogu li se individualne razlike u procjeni uspješnosti starenja objasniti korištenjem interneta. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 295 osoba u dobi između 60 i 89 godina iz različitih županija u Republici Hrvatskoj. Od mjernih instrumenata je korištena Skala samoprocjene uspješnog starenja, dok su ostali konstrukti bili zahvaćeni sa po jednom tvrdnjom, što je slučaj i u drugim sličnim istraživanjima (učestalost korištenja interneta, subjektivna dob, tjelesno i mentalno zdravlje). Dobiveno je da 40% osoba starije životne dobi koristi internet u prosjeku jednom tjedno, i to najviše za potrebe čitanja vijesti i ostalih zanimljivosti kao i za komunikaciju s članovima obitelji i prijateljima. Sudionici koji koriste internet su kronološki mlađi, sebe doživljavaju mlađima, obrazovaniji su, boljeg su tjelesnog i mentalnog zdravlja, i procjenjuju da se bolje prilagođavaju promjenama koje starenje donosi, odnosno da uspješnije stare. Nije utvrđen značajan samostalan doprinos učestalosti korištenja interneta uspješnom starenju, nego je taj odnos posredovan dobrim tjelesnim i mentalnim zdravljem i procjenom sudionika da su mlađi nego što kronološki jesu., Internet presents a wide arena of possibilities in which older people can get adequate support in the domains of health and social relations. Studies clearly show that the Internet, information and communication technology help the elderly to maintain communication with family members and friends and that can help in maintaining psychological and physical health. Successful aging is a multidimensional construct that includes a number of determinants, such as learning new things, so Internet use can be an important factor for older people to better adapt to changes that aging brings. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which people over 60 use the Internet and whether the individual differences in successful aging could be explained by the frequency of Internet use. The study included 295 people aged between 60 and 89 years from various counties in the Republic of Croatia. The Scale of Successful Aging was used while other constructs were assessed with single-item measurements, which is the case in other similar studies (frequency of Internet use, subjective age, physical and mental health). The results show that 40% of elderly people use the Internet on average once a week, mainly for reading the news and other points of interest as well as to communicate with family members and friends. Participants who use the Internet are chronologically younger, perceive themselves as younger, more educated, have better physical and mental health and estimated that they age successfully. There was no significant independent contribution of the frequency of Internet use to successful aging, but the relationship was mediated by good physical and mental health and perception of participants that feel younger than their chronological age.

Uspješno starenje je višedimenzionalan konstrukt, ali konsenzus u pogledu njegovih komponenti i operacionalne definicije još nije postignut. U ranijim su istraživanjima ispitane njegove brojne determinante i korelati, ali istraživanja roditeljstva i generativnosti ili brige za dobrobit mlađih generacija u kontekstu uspješnog starenja zasada su vrlo rijetka. Stoga je provedeno istraživanje s ciljem ispitivanja povezanosti i doprinosa roditeljskog zadovoljstva i generativnosti starijih osoba njihovu uspješnom starenju. U istraživanju su sudjelovala 444 starija roditelja u dobi od 60 do 95 godina iz različitih dijelova Hrvatske. Tri dimenzije roditeljskog zadovoljstva (zadovoljstvo sobom kao roditeljem, svojom djecom i odnosima s njima) ispitane su po jednim pitanjem za svaku. Generativnost je ispitana adaptiranom Loyola skalom generativnosti, a uspješno starenje Skalom samoprocjene uspješnog starenja. Rezultati su pokazali da sudionici daju visoke procjene na sve tri dimenzije roditeljskog zadovoljstva. Rezultati na skali uspješnog starenja bili su značajno povezani s ispitanim dimenzijama roditeljskog zadovoljstva i s generativnošću. Nadalje, pokazalo se da, nakon kontrole sociodemografskih varijabli, generativnost, zadovoljstvo sobom kao roditeljem i odnosima s vlastitom odraslom djecom značajno doprinose uspješnom starenju sudionika istraživanja. Rezultati ovoga istraživanja upućuju na važnost brige za mlađe generacije i vlastite doprinose društvu te roditeljskog zadovoljstva i u starijoj dobi za uspješno nošenje s promjenama povezanima sa starenjem. Ključne riječi: roditeljsko zadovoljstvo, generativnost, uspješno starenje

Postupak medicinski potpomognute oplodnje (MPO) može biti i za muškarce i žene prilično izazovan. Tako dijagnoza i liječenje neplodnosti može imati značajne psihološke posljedice za svakog partnera, a opseg tih reakcija vodi zaključku da je taj cijeli proces prilično stresan. Međutim, većina autora smatra da su žene rizičnija skupina za razvoj nekih oblika negativnih emocionalnih stanja poput depresivnosti. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja bio utvrditi neke odrednice depresivnosti žena koje se nalaze u procesu medicinski potpomognute oplodnje. Na uzorku od 58 žena primijenjeni su sljedeći mjerni instrumenti: Podljestvica percipiranog stresa, Podljestvica depresivnosti i Upitnik suočavanja sa stresom. Sudionice su se nalazile u procesu pripreme za novi postupak MPO-a, a do tada su u prosjeku bile oko dvije godine u procesu MPO-a, te su iskusile dva neuspjela pokušaja. Rezultati pokazuju da su više razine depresivnosti pozitivno povezane s trajanjem liječenja neplodnosti i s brojem neuspjelih ishoda MPO-a, te s percepcijom stresa i izbjegavanjem kao strategijom suočavanja, što je u skladu s dosadašnjim istraživanjima. I na kraju, jedino je viša razina percipiranog stresa bila prediktivna za pojavu depresivnosti kod žena u procesu MPO-a.

Mnoga istraživanja pokazuju da životni ciljevi doprinose dobrobiti i zdravlju, dok je nedostatak životnih ciljeva, ambivalencija ili konflikt povezan s njima, dovođen u vezu s brojnim negativnim utjecajima na tjelesno i psihičko zdravlje. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati doprinos važnosti koju odrasli pridaju životnim ciljevima usmjerenima moći, postignuću, intimnosti i altruizmu, uz kontrolu nekih sociodemografskih varijabli, objašnjenju nekih aspekata njihove psihičke dobrobiti (tj. zadovoljstva životom, samopoštovanja i integriteta) i općeg zdravstvenog statusa. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 300 osoba u dobi od 25 do 75 godina iz različitih regija Hrvatske. Rezultati su pokazali da su četiri ispitane kategorije životnih ciljeva pozitivno i uglavnom značajno korelirale s ispitanim aspektima psihičke dobrobiti i sa samoprocjenom zdravlja. Nakon kontrole doprinosa nekih sociodemografskih varijabli, ispitani životni ciljevi su u regresijskim analizama zajedno objasnili statistički značajan, iako skroman, postotak varijance životnog zadovoljstva, samopoštovanja, integriteta i zdravlja. Pri tome su se ciljevi usmjereni altruizmu i postignuću pokazali općenito najboljim prediktorima ispitanih aspekata dobrobiti i zdravlja., Numerous studies have found that life goals contribute to well-being and health, while the absence of life goals, ambivalence, or conflict regarding them has been linked to a variety of negative effects on physical and mental health. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of the importance of life goals of power, achievement, intimacy, and altruism to some aspects of psychological well-being (i. e. life satisfaction, self-esteem, and integrity) and general health status, together with the control of some sociodemographic variables. Three hundred adults, aged 25 to 75 years, from different regions of Croatia took part in the study. The results have shown that four categories of life goals correlated positively and mainly significantly with the examined aspects of psychological well-being and self-rated health. After controlling the contribution of some sociodemographic variables, the examined life goals together with regression analysis explained a statistically significant, even though modest, proportion of life satisfaction variance, self-esteem, integrity, and health. At the same time, altruism and achievement goals were shown to be the best general predictors of examined aspects of psychological well-being and health.

Introduction & objectives: One of the most significant indicators of sexual well-being is sexual satisfaction, i.e. the degree to which a person is satisfied with sexual aspects of a romantic relationship. It is well known that emotional aspects of relationship as such have significant role for female sexual satisfaction. However, nonsexual aspect of relationship is not the only component considered to be important for female sexual satisfaction so the aim of this study was to examine the role of sexual subjectivity, use of sexually explicit material and intimacy in sexual satisfaction of women in long-term relationships. Population sample: The research was conducted on a sample of 229 heterosexual young women, with average age of 25. Average length of a relationship was 3.5 years. Method: The following instruments were used: New sexual satisfaction scale, The Female Sexual Subjectivity Inventory, Miller Social Intimacy Scale, number of sexual intercourse/orgasms, and couple of questions regarding experience of using sexual explicit material. Results: Positive correlation was determined between sexual satisfaction and sexual subjectivity, frequency of orgasms and sexual intercourse, intimacy and negative with frequency of sexually explicit material (SEM). Sexual satisfaction was higher in the group which use SEM with partner. Significant predictors for sexual satisfaction were the number of sexual intercourse in the last month, frequency of orgasms, intimacy, sexual subjectivity and using SEM. Conclusion & recommendations: For women in long term relationships it is important to experience orgasm and frequent sexual intercourse, as well as to feel that they are subject of their sexuality and to feel intimacy with partner, but not to watch SEM frequently. It would be useful to collect data from partners so these predictors of sexual satisfaction can be examined in dyadic manner.

Mnoga istraživanja pokazuju da je samoprocjena zdravlja dobar pokazatelj objektivnog zdravstvenog stanja odraslih osoba. Na nju mogu utjecati brojni čimbenici, kao što su sociodemografska obilježja, prisutnost kroničnih bolesti, zdravstveno ponašanje, osobnost osobe, socijalna podrška, usamljenost, samoća i drugi. Glavni je cilj ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati spolne i dobne razlike u samoprocjeni zdravlja, te doprinos usamljenosti i preferirane samoće nakon kontrole utjecaja nekih sociodemografskih varijabli, objašnjenju individualnih razlika u samoprocjeni zdravlja u prigodnom nekliničkom uzorku odraslih. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 300 osoba u dobi od 25 do 75 godina iz različitih dijelova Hrvatske. Od instrumenata su korištene kratka verzija UCLA skale usamljenosti i Adaptirana skala preferirane samoće, dok je samoprocjena zdravlja ispitana jednim pitanjem („Kako biste ocijenili svoje sadašnje zdravlje?“). Suprotno nekim ranijim nalazima, rezultati našeg istraživanja pokazali su da se muškarci i žene značajno ne razlikuju u samoprocjeni zdravlja. Starije osobe su svoje zdravlje procjenjivale značajno gorim u odnosu na mlađe i sredovječne odrasle. Usamljenost je značajno negativno, iako relativno nisko, korelirala sa samoprocjenom zdravlja. Nakon kontrole doprinosa nekih sociodemografskih varijabli, usamljenost je vrlo skromno, iako značajno, pridonijela objašnjenju varijance samoprocjene zdravlja. Samoća nije značajno korelirala sa samoprocjenom zdravlja, te ni njezin doprinos objašnjenju ove kriterijske varijable nije bio značajan. Zaključile smo da usamljenost i, još više, samoća, nemaju veću ulogu u objašnjenju samoprocjene zdravlja sudionika ovoga istraživanja., Numerous studies have found self-rated health to be a valid indicator of objective health status of adults. The self-rated health can be affected by many factors, such as sociodemographic characteristics, presence of a chronic condition, health behaviors, personality, social support, loneliness, solitude, etc. The main aim of this study was to test sex and age differences in self-rated health, and to determine the contribution of loneliness and preferred solitude to the explanation of individual differences in self-rated health, after controlling the influence of some sociodemographic variables, in appropriate, non-clinical sample of adults. Three hundred adults, 25 to 75 years of age, from different regions of Croatia participated in the research. The short version of UCLA Loneliness Scale and Adapted Scale of Preferred Solitude were administered, while the self-rated health was assessed by a single question ("How would you rate your current health?"). Contrary to some previous findings, the results of our research demonstrated that men and women do not differ significantly regarding their self-rated health. The older adults rated their health as a significantly worse than younger and middle-aged adults. Loneliness correlated significantly and negatively, although relatively low, with self-rated health. After controlling the contribution of some sociodemographic variables, loneliness contributed very modestly, although significantly, to the explanation of self-rated health variance. Solitude did not correlate significantly with self-rated health, so the contribution of solitude to the explanation of this criterion variable was not significant. We concluded that loneliness, and particularly solitude, do not have a greater role in the explanation of self-rated health of the participants in this study.

The study was conducted with the first aim to examine the relation of the four categories of motivation for parenthood, toward Rabin (Rabin, 1965), with generative concern or the concern for the welfare of the next generation. Parenthood is the most common, although not the only way of expressing generativity, for which it was assumed to be one of the sources of motivation for parenthood. The other aim was to test gender and age differences in motivation for parenthood. 225 parents, 20 to 60 years old, participated in the study. Their reasons for heaving child/children were assessed using the Motivation for Parenthood Scale, while generative concern was measured by the adapted Loyola Generativity Scale. The results have shown that generative concern correlates significantly, but lowly, with altruistic and instrumental motivation for parenthood, while correlations of generative concern with fatalistic and narcissistic motives were not significant. Women have higher altruistic motivation than men, while men had higher instrumental motivation than women. While controlling for number of children, younger and middle aged parents did not differ significantly in their assessment of the categories of motivation for parenthood. However, in interaction with gender, subjects' age had significant effect on altruistic and instrumental motivation.

Generativnost je danas širok koncept koji uključuje stvaranje i brigu o djeci, materijalnim produktima i idejama, koncept koji će nadživjeti pojedinca i koji doprinosi dobrobiti i održavanju kontinuiteta društva, a idejni mu je začetnik Erik Erikson. Jedan je od ciljeva ovoga rada bio unijeti više jasnoće u različita tumačenja generativnosti sustavnim prikazom najutjecajnijih teorijskih pristupa i modela. Krenulo se s Eriksonovim objašnjenjem, a zatim su prikazani Vaillantov pristup generativnosti, konceptualizacije generativnosti u terminima orijentacija djelovanju i zajedništvu te se na kraju daju značajke najnovijih modela generativnosti (Bradley, 1997; McAdams i de St. Aubin, 1992; Stewart i Vandewater, 1998). Drugi je cilj ovoga rada bio prikazati različite metodološke pristupe istraživanju generativnosti. Stoga su prezentirane i uspoređene transverzalne, longitudinalne i studije slučaja u istraživanjima generativnosti. Na kraju su opisane različite metode i instrumenti koji su korišteni u svrhu ispitivanja ovoga konstrukta, s posebnim osvrtom na njihovu primjenu u istraživanjima na hrvatskim uzorcima. Dane su i smjernice za buduća istraživanja., Originally formulated by Erik Erikson, generativity is today wide concept which involves creating and caring for children, material products, and ideas that will outlive the self, and that contribute to well-being and to maintaining the continuity of the society. One of the aims of this article was to bring in more clarity in various explanations of generativity by systematic review of the most influential theoretical approaches and models. The review begins with Erikson's description of generativity, and then Vaillant's approach. Further conceptualizations of generativity in terms of agency and communion orientations, and the newest models of generativity (Bradley, 1997; McAdams & de St. Aubin, 1992; Stewart & Vandewater, 1998) were also presented. The other aim of this article was to present different methodological approaches present in research on generativity. Cross-sectional, longitudinal and case studies of generativity were presented and compared. Finally, different methods and instruments used for examining the construct of generativity were described, with the special emphasis on their use in studies of Croatian subject samples. Guidelines for future research were also presented.

Eriksonov koncept generativnosti odnosi se na brigu za mlađe generacije i za vlastite trajne doprinose društvu, koja je glavno obilježje srednje dobi. Konstrukt generativnosti je nakon Eriksona doživio brojna proširenja, a njegovu najširu razradbu predstavlja McAdamsov i de St. Aubinov model generativnosti (1992.). U ranijim provjerama modela ispitivani su odnosi između manjega broja njegovih komponenti. Stoga je provedeno istraživanje kojemu je cilj bio provjeriti odnose između pet, od ukupno sedam, komponenti modela (generativne želje, brige, predanosti, vjere u vrstu i generativnoga djelovanja) te spolne i dobne razlike u tim komponentama. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 300 osoba od 25 do 75 godina. Komponente generativnosti ispitane su skalama, njihovim adaptiranim i kulturno prilagođenim verzijama ili novokonstruiranim skalama. U skladu s očekivanjima, analize su pokazale da su gotovo sve ispitane komponente generativnosti značajno i pozitivno povezane. Dobiveni rezultati također sugeriraju da generativnost nije razvojno obilježje samo srednje nego čitave odrasle dobi. Nadalje, nisu utvrđene značajne spolne razlike u većini ispitanih komponenti generativnosti. Jedino su orijentacija zajedništvu (kao dio generativne želje) i generativno djelovanje bili značajno izraženiji u žena. Dobiveni rezultati interpretirani su u skladu s teorijskim pristupima generativnosti, primarno Eriksonovim te McAdamsovim i de St. Aubinovim, kao i u kontekstu teorija razvoja u odrasloj dobi., Erikson's concept of generativity refers to the concern for younger generations and for one's lasting contributions to society, which is the main issue of middle adulthood. After Erikson, the construct of generativity was elaborated by many authors, and its widest elaboration is presented in McAdams and de St. Aubin's model of generativity (1992). In previous testing of the model, the relations among a few of its components were tested. Therefore, the study was conducted with the aim to test the relations among five, out of seven, components of the model (generative desire, concern, commitment, belief in the species, and generative action), and to explore sex and age differences in those components. A sample of 300 adults 25 to 75 years old participated in the study. Components of generativity were measured by the previously developed scales, their adapted and culturally adjusted versions, or by the newly constructed scales. In line with the assumptions, the analyses showed that almost all of the generativity components correlated significantly and positively. The results also suggest that generativity is a developmental issue not only of the middle, but of the entire period of adulthood. Furthermore, sex differences in the majority of the components of generativity were not significant. Only communion orientation (as an aspect of generative desire), and generative action were more pronounced in women. The study results were interpreted in line with the theoretical approaches to generativity, primarily with those proposed by Erikson and McAdams and de St. Aubin, as well as in the context of theories of development in adulthood., Eriksons Begriff der Generativität betrifft Menschen der jüngeren Generation und meint deren erzieherischen Beitrag zum Wohle der Gesellschaft. Das Konstrukt der Generativität hat nach Erikson zahlreiche Erweiterungen erfahren, deren bedeutendste das Generativitätsmodell nach McAdams und De St. Aubin ist (1992). Bisherige Untersuchungen des Modells beschäftigten sich mit den Wechselbeziehungen zwischen einzelnen Komponenten. Mit der vorliegenden Untersuchung sollten die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen fünf von insgesamt sieben Modellkomponenten (Wunsch nach generativem Handeln, Fürsorge, Hingabe, Glaube an die Wirksamkeit des eigenen generativen Engagements sowie an die konkrete Tätigkeit) eingehender betrachtet werden. Des Weiteren wollte man herausfinden, welche geschlechts- und altersbedingten Unterschiede zwischen diesen Komponenten bestehen. An der Untersuchung nahmen 300 Personen zwischen 25 und 75 Jahren teil. Die Generativitätskomponenten wurden anhand bestehender Messskalen untersucht; zum Einsatz kamen ebenso kultural adaptierte Versionen oder ganz neu konstruierte Skalen. Erwartungsgemäß erwies sich, dass nahezu alle untersuchten Generativitätskomponenten in einem wesentlichen und positiven Zusammenhang zueinander stehen. Die Ergebnisse suggerieren außerdem, dass das Phänomen der Generativität nicht nur ein Merkmal von Personen mittleren Alters ist, sondern durchgehend das gesamte Erwachsenenalter begleitet. Bei der Mehrzahl der Generativitätskomponenten konnten keine wesentlichen geschlechtsbedingten Unterschiede nachgewiesen werden. Einzig bei Frauen waren die Orientierung am Gemeinwesen (als den Wunsch nach Generativität auslösendes Moment) sowie generatives Handeln stärker ausgeprägt. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden in Anlehnung an die Generativitätsmodelle von Erikson, McAdams und De St. Aubin sowie vor dem Hintergrund der Entwicklungspsychologie des Erwachsenenalters interpretiert.

Provedeno je istraživanje imalo cilj utvrditi odnose pozitivnih i negativnih vjerovanja o ljudskoj prirodi (tj. povjerenja u ljude i ciničnih vjerovanja o ljudima) s usamljenošću, preferiranom samoćom i zadovoljstvom socijalnim odnosima u odrasloj dobi. Usamljenost se opisuje kao neugodno i emocionalno uznemirujuće iskustvo koje se javlja kao odgovor na diskrepanciju između željene i ostvarene razine socijalnih kontakata, dok se preferirana samoća definira kao želja osobe da bude sama pri čemu ne doživljava neugodne nego ugodne emocije. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 300 osoba u dobi od 25 do 75 godina (M = 50.5) iz različitih dijelova Hrvatske. Relevantni konstrukti mjereni su: Skalom cinizma i povjerenja, adaptiranom kratkom verzijom UCLA–skale usamljenosti, adaptiranom Skalom preferirane samoće i jednom česticom koja zahvaća procjenu zadovoljstva socijalnim odnosima. Suprotno rezultatima nekih ranijih istraživanja na hrvatskim uzorcima koji su pokazali da cinizam i vjerovanje u ljudsku dobrotu ne koreliraju značajno, rezultati su ovoga istraživanja pokazali da su ova dva bazična vjerovanja o ljudskoj prirodi značajno, iako skromno, negativno povezana. Pokazalo se da povjerenje u ljude ne korelira značajno niti s usamljenošću, niti s preferiranom samoćom, dok je pozitivno koreliralo sa zadovoljstvom socijalnim odnosima. S druge strane, cinična vjerovanja o ljudima značajno su pozitivno korelirala s usamljenošću, a negativno sa zadovoljstvom socijalnim odnosima, dok s preferiranom samoćom nisu bila značajno povezana. U radu se također razmatraju odnosi između usamljenosti, preferirane samoće i zadovoljstva odnosima, te spolne i dobne razlike u ispitivanim konstruktima., The study was conducted with the aim of testing the relations of positive and negative beliefs about human nature (i.e. trust in people and cynical beliefs about people) with loneliness, preferred solitude and satisfaction with social relations in adulthood. Loneliness was described as an unpleasant and emotionally disturbing experience that appears as a response to a difference between desired and achieved level of social contacts, while preferred solitude is defined as a person’s desire to be alone while experiencing positive, not negative, emotions. 300 people - 25 to 75 years old (M= 50.5 years) from different regions of Croatia participated in the study. Relevant constructs were measured by: Cynicism and trust scale (Ćubela Adorić and Tucak, 2006), adapted short version of UCLA loneliness scale (Lacković-Grgin, Penezić and Nekić, 2002), Adapted scale of preferred solitude (Lacković-Grgin and Nekić, 2002), and by one item assessing satisfaction with social relations. Contrary to results of some previous studies among Croatian subjects, which demonstrated that cynicism and belief in human good nature did not correlate significantly, the results of this study showed that these two fundamental beliefs about human nature correlate, although modestly, significantly and negatively. Trust in people did not correlate significantly either with loneliness, or with preferred solitude, while it correlated positively with satisfaction with social relations. On the other hand, cynical beliefs about people correlated significantly and positively with loneliness, and negatively with satisfaction in social relations, while their relation with preferred solitude was not significant. Relations between loneliness, preferred solitude and satisfaction with social relations, as well as sex and age differences in examined constructs were also considered in this study.

Ovaj rad predstavlja osvrt na žene u pomorskoj industriji s naglaskom na one u časničkim i ostalim zvanjima koje obnašaju na samim brodovima. Iako je njihov udio u tom segmentu tržišta rada i dalje vrlo mali (svega 2 %), brojke se postepeno povećavaju i sve više žena se odlučuje na karijeru pomorca. Ponekad je ta karijera permanentnog, a najčešće privremenog karaktera. Kakva su im očekivanja, iskustva, problemi i prepreke s kojima se susreću? Cilj ovog rada je dati uvid u trenutni status žena u pomorskoj struci te kakvi se postupci provode kako bi se olakšalo zapošljavanje i poboljšali uvjeti rada. U radu su korišteni statistički podaci Međunarodne pomorske organizacije (IMO) te podaci prikupljeni iz objavljenih članaka i radova. Društvo treba osvijestiti da takvi poslovi nisu rezervirani samo za muškarce te da nema prepreka u zapošljavanju žena na tim pozicijama. Sukladno tome treba nastaviti poticati i ohrabrivati žene na takav izbor karijere te uvesti pomorsku industriju u novu eru u kojoj će spolovi biti nebitna stavka.

Živimo u društvu u kojem postoje negativni stavovi prema različitim manjinskim grupama, primjerice osobama homoseksualne spolne orijentacije ili osobama prekomjerne tjelesne težine. Brojne su odrednice negativnih stavova prema stigmatiziranim grupama. Tako različita istraživanja pokazuju da su neke osobine ličnosti, poput autoritarnosti, otvorenosti za iskustva i ugodnosti, povezane s negativnim stavovima. Cilj je ovoga istraživanja ispitati doprinos podudarnosti u osobinama ličnosti bračnih partnera (osobine ličnosti petofaktorskog modela i autoritarnost) u objašnjenju stavova prema osobama homoseksualne spolne orijentacije i osobama prekomjerne tjelesne težine, nakon kontrole pojedinačnih osobina ličnosti oba partnera. U istraživanju su sudjelovala 103 bračna para. Svaki je partner ispunio Petofaktorski upitnik ličnosti, Skraćenu skalu desničarske autoritarnosti, Revidiranu skalu stavova prema osobama prekomjerne tjelesne težine i Skalu stavova prema osobama homoseksualne spolne orijentacije. Iz rezultata provedenih hijerarhijskih regresijskih analiza može se zaključiti da su kod muškaraca značajni prediktori stava prema osobama homoseksualne spolne orijentacije vlastite osobine ličnosti i to visoka ekstraverzija i autoritarnost. Negativan prediktor stava prema osobama prekomjerne tjelesne težine kod muškaraca je njihova ugodnost. Osobine ličnosti supruge kao niti podudarnost u osobinama ličnosti bračnih partnera nisu se pokazali značajnim prediktorima stava kod muškaraca. Kod žena su rezultati nešto drugačiji. Naime, provedene analize upućuju na važnost podudarnosti u osobinama ličnosti u objašnjenju stavova žena prema osobama homoseksualne spolne orijentacije pri čemu je najvažnija podudarnost u neuroticizmu. Dobiveni rezultati imaju implikacije u kontekstu smanjenja negativnih stavova prema različitim stigmatiziranim grupama.