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This research aimed to determine the impact of the identical inoculant mixture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the silage quality of five different corn hybrids (Zea mays), which were ensiled separately. The hybrids (Pioneer Hi-Bred DuPont) differed in terms of FAO maturity group (from early H1, mid-early H2, medium H3, mid-late H4 to late H5). The inoculant consisted of a mixture homofermentative and heterofermentative LAB: Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Enterococcus faecium. Ensiling was done in laboratory conditions, where the green mass of corn hybrids was ensiled with and without LAB. The process of ensiling lasted 60 days. The addition of the inoculant had a significant positive effect on the content of crude protein (CP, P<0.05) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC, P<0.05) in the silages obtained. Application of the inoculant also reduced acid detergent lignin, P<0.05) in the experimental silages. The chemical characteristics of the hybrids and inoculant composition affected the energy content. However, a positive influence of LAB inoculation on net energy for lactation (NEL) content was only determined in early-maturity hybrid H1 (P<0.05). This silage had the highest value for NEL concentration, with the lowest Neutral Detergent Fiber (aNDF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) content. The addition of LAB inoculates influenced the health safety of the silages by increasing the content of acetic acid, with the potential of extending the duration of their aerobic stability and resistance to microbial degradation., Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj identične inokulantne smjese bakterija mliječne kiseline (LAB) na kvalitetu silaže pet različitih hibrida kukuruza (Zea mays). Hibridi (Pioneer Hi-Bred DuPont) razlikovali su se prema FAO skupini zrelosti (od ranog H1, sredine ranog H2, srednjeg H3, srednjeg kraja H4 do kasnog H5). Inokulant se sastojao od mješavine homofermentativnog i heterofermentativnog LAB-a: Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum i Enterococcus faecium. Siliranje je obavljeno u laboratorijskim uvjetima, gdje je zelena masa hibrida kukuruza odvojeno silirana sa i bez LAB-a. Proces siliranja trajao je 60 dana. Dodavanje inokulanta imalo je znakovito pozitivan učinak na sadržaj sirovih proteina (CP, P<0,05) i ugljikohidrata bez vlakana (NFC, P<0,05) u dobivenim silažama. Primjena inokulanta također je smanjila sadržaj lignina (ADL- kiselinski deterdžent lignin, P<0,05) u eksperimentalnim silažama. Kemijska svojstva hibrida i sastav inokulanata utjecali su na energetski sadržaj. Međutim, pozitivan utjecaj LAB inokulacije na sadržaj NEL (neto energija za laktaciju) određen je samo u hibridu H1 rane zrelosti (P<0,05). Ova silaža imala je najveću vrijednost za koncentraciju NEL-a, s najnižim sadržajem aNDF-a (neutralna vlakna deterdženta) i ADL-om. Dodavanje LAB inokulanta utjecalo je na zdravstvenu sigurnost silaže povećanjem sadržaja octene kiseline, s potencijalom produljenja trajanja aerobne stabilnosti i otpornosti na razgradnju mikroba.

The paper gives an overview of aspects of enteric methane emission, pointing out the importance of climate change mitigation practices. Enteric methane is formed as a by product of the digestion of feed, primarily in ruminants by enteric fermentation. Ruminants emit methane created by enteric fermentation in the rumen, mostly by eructation. Nutritional interventions to mitigate enteric methane (ECH4) have been thoroughly investigated and many innovative solutions are being tested and considered. To meet the increasing demand for meat and milk, the livestock industry has to increase its production, which is followed by increasing ECH4 emissions. Continuous research and development are needed to develop ECH4 mitigation strategies that are locally applicable. Climate change mitigation and adaptation policies play a crucial role in the political agendas of local authorities who have to support the development and implementation of innovative products or methods for ECH4 mitigation. Addressing these challenges at local levels requires collaboration among many organizations and across different sectors, followed by cross-border and worldwide cooperation.

Intensive plant production, necessary for the nutrition of mankind, is the main cause of degradation of agroecosystems and environmental pollution. The results of a huge number of scientific research unequivocally indicate that nitrogen originating from mineral fertilizers is the most significant factor affecting the biological productivity of agroecosystems. However, optimal and rational application of these fertilizers is necessary. In addition to the optimal application of fertilizers, the most significant factor that affects the height of plant yields includes the effect of environmental factors in a given agroecosystem. Climate change and extreme weather conditions, especially floods and droughts and their consequences, represent a challenge in the production of cultivated plants in recent decades. In this paper, the ecological and economic challenges of crop production in conditions of climate change are discussed.

Plant production, based on scientific principles, and especially the application of fertilizers, enables the nutrition of the growing human population on the planet. However, intensive application of mineral fertilizers in agricultural production, especially nitrogen fertilizers, has led to environmental pollution. Primarily, nitrates and heavy metals accumulate in the soil, groundwater and plants. Also, the increased application of mineral fertilizers has a negative impact on the economic aspects of plant production. Mineral fertilizers are very expensive due to the reduced exploitation of fossil fuels, and the costs of fertilization in the total price of the cost of agricultural products range up to 25%.

Plant protection agents (pesticides) are products of chemical or biological origin, intended for the prevention, suppression and destruction of organisms harmful to cultivated plants (pests, pathogens and weeds) and are intensively used in agriculture and forestry. Decades of systematic and improper application of pesticides caused their accumulation in the environment and, through the food chain, pesticides also accumulated in living organisms, where they exhibit negative biological effects. Pesticides exhibit their biological effects on the members of all biocenosis, including the community of microorganisms (microbiocenosis), and especially on soil microorganisms.

During the period of several thousand years, traditional agricultural production has come a long way from the first domestication of wild plants to planned cultivation, which led to a great increase in the yield and quality of plant products. On the other hand, the survival of most cultivated plants today almost entirely depends on the application of pesticides and fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers, in addition to increasing the yield of cultivated plants, exert very complex and often negative effects on agroecosystems and members of the agrobiocenosis. They also manifest a very complex influence on soil microorganisms.

U savremenoj živinarskoj proizvodnji koriste se brojni programi kojima se “namerno” izaziva ograničavanje rasta u određenom periodu, nakon čega životinja ispoljava ubrzani rast. Pored poboljšanja intenziteta porasta, na ovaj način mogu se ostvariti i drugi efekti, poput poboljšanja konverzije hrane, manjeg deponovanja masnog tkiva u telu životinje i smanjenja ukupnih troškova proizvodnje. Novija istraživanja potvrdila su i njihov pozitivan uticaj u kontroli nastanka pojedinih metaboličkih poremećaja (ascites, sindrom iznenadne smrti i tibijalna dishondroplazija). Najčešća tehnika za ograničavanje rasta brojlera predstavlja kontrolisano smanjenje unosa hrane tokom ranog perioda tova. To se postiže primenom različitih programa kvantitativne i kvalitativne restrikcije unosa hrane, odnosno hranljivih materija. Bez obzira na vrstu primenjenog programa uvek treba biti veoma oprezan, s obzirom da veliki broj faktora utiče na sposobnost jedinke da ispolji kompenzatorni rast i ostvari dobre proizvodne rezultate. Pri tome je posebno važno pronaći optimalan odnos između intenziteta i dužine trajanja ograničenog unosa hrane. Takođe, treba uzeti u obzir da, ukoliko se primenom određenog programa restrikcije ne ostvare uvek zadovoljavajući efekti u pogledu ostvarenih proizvodnih rezultata, ne treba ih odmah odbaciti kao neefikasne. Naime, potrebno je razmotriti njihovu ekonomsku isplativost, odnosno utvrditi da li tržišna cena dobijenog proizvoda (živinskog mesa) sa smanjenim sadržajem masti opravdava nižu telesnu masu brojlera ostvarenu na kraju tova.

Biljke se od davnina koriste u tretmanu raznih bolesti, među kojima su i one koje izazivaju spoljašnji i unutrašnji paraziti životinja i ljudi. Jedno vreme zanemareno, njihovo korišćenje danas sve više ponovo dobija na značaju u odnosu na sintetske antiparazitske preparate. Mnoge lekovite biljke koriste se kao začini u hrani za ljude, ali se dodaju i u hranu za životinje, gde mogu da ispolje svoje antiparazitsko dejstvo. U ovom radu prikazane su neke od mnogobrojnih biljnih vrsta sa antiparazitskim efektom, koje rastu na našem području ili se mogu naći u prodaji u vidu gotovih preparata.

Aim of study: To evaluate corn grain micronization for calves fed a grower diet. Area of study: Padinska Skela – Belgrade, Serbia. Material and methods: Thirty weaned Holstein dairy calves (65–74 days of age) were randomly assigned to one of two treatments with growers containing micronized (MCG) or untreated corn grain (UCG). The experimental period lasted for 60 days. Main results: The values of total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), and nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) were higher for calves fed MCG versus those within the UCG treatment by 3.9% (p<0.05), 7.0% (p<0.01), 7.1% (p<0.01) and 7.5% (p<0.05), respectively, for the days 25–30 of the experimental period. In addition, the values of digestibility of OM, CP, and NFC were higher by 4.9% (p<0.05), 5.7% (p<0.05), and 6.0% (p<0.05), respectively, for the days 55–60 of the experimental period. The density of metabolizable energy, net energy for maintenance and gain in consumed dietary DM was higher (p<0.001) by 4.7, 5.5, and 7.2%, respectively for calves fed on the grower containing micronized corn grain (MCG), during the first digestibility period, and by 3.0, 3.6, and 4.6%, respectively, during the second digestibility period. Energy intake was lower (p<0.05) during the second digestibility period, for calves fed a diet with micronized corn. Blood urea N was affected (p<0.001) by dietary treatments. Lower values (10.2%) were observed for calves fed the grower containing MCG. Research highlights: The micronization of corn grain is a useful tool for optimizing weaned calf production due to the improvement in the digestibility and energy content of the ration.

Procena i ublažavanje emisije metana iz govedarstva, posebno od mlečnih krava, dobile su globalni značaj za klimatski održivu govedarsku proizvodnju. Metan je gas koji ima 28 puta veći negativan uticaj na globalno zagrevanje od ugljen dioksida. Udeo enteričnog metana u globalnoj emisiji metana iznosi 27 procenata. On nastaje kao nusproizvod varenja hrane prvenstveno kod preživara enteričnom fermentacijom u buragu. Preživari (gajeni ili divlji) emituju metan najvećim delom eruktacijom. Proizvedeni enterični metan predstavlja gubitak energije hrane kod životinja. Količina enteričnog metana koja se emituje zavisi od tipa digestivnog trakta, starosti i težine životinje, kao i od kvaliteta i količine unete hrane. Istraživanjima brojnih autora u proteklom periodu je razvijeno više metoda za procenu stvarnih emisija ECH4 i to su: komore za disanje, tehnika praćenja sa sumpor heksafluoridom (SF6), uzimanje uzoraka izdisaja tokom muže ili ishrane, “Green Feed” sistem i mnoge druge. Od navedenih, komora za disanje predstavlja zlatni standard i referentnu metodu za studije metabolizma životinja i emisije gasova. Direktno merenje ECH4 je složeno i nepraktično na većem broju grla i zbog toga se za procenu proizvodnje CH4 koriste predikcioni modeli. Definisanje i primena matematičkih modela predikcije ima za cilj da omogući preciznost i adekvatno prilagođavanje prema uslovima odgajivanja, kako bi se dobila što realnija vrednost emisije ECH4 . Međutim, definisanje preciznih modela predviđanja zahteva opsežne podatke. Složeni modeli koji koriste DMI, NDF, EE, MF i BW su imali najbolje performanse za predviđanje proizvodnje ECH4 . Modeli koji zahtevaju samo podatke o DMI ili DMI sa NDF su imali najbolje prediktivne sposobnosti i predstavljaju alternativu složenim modelima. Dobra predikciona jednačina ukupne proizvodnje ECH4 u skupu podataka je usko povezana sa informacijama o unosu suve materije, a zatim sa sadržajem NDF u obroku. Do danas su razvijeni različiti matematički modeli

This study examined the in vitro crude protein (CP) degradability of wilted, dried for hay and ensiled Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense and Sorghum sudanense, as well as of ensiled legume-sudan grass mixtures. The rumen degradable protein (RDP) was estimated using the latest Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS v6.5) and with the Streptomyces griseus protease assay (48 h of incubation). Sudan grass forages were the lowest in moderately degradable CP and the highest in CP fraction C, while red clover showed the least values for the soluble true protein like alfalfa forages for slowly degradable protein bound in neutral detergent fibre (NDF). Ensiling of legume-sudan grass mixtures decreases N-NH3 content by 12.2 and 5.1% in comparison with alfalfa and red clover silages, respectively. The RDP values for sudan grass (fresh, wilted, hay) were lower by 7.2 to 7.9% or 10.4 to 15.7% (CNCPS or S. griseus procedure) and up to 0.8 or 5.3 to 9.7% in comparison with alfalfa and red clover, respectively. The reduction of protein degradability in ensiled legume-sudan grass mixtures was 5.5 or 6.1% and 1.5 or 3% compared to alfalfa and red clover silages, respectively. Due to higher rumen undegradable protein content, the sudan grass and legume-sudan grass mixtures may be efficiently used to improve the protein utilization in ruminant nutrition.

Aerobic stability is a term that indicates the length of the time that silage remains cool and does not spoil after it is exposed to air. Therefore, rapid removal of air from forage mass and prevention of air infiltration into the silage during storage and feed out are the important factors that determine the duration of the silage aerobic stability. The measurement of CO2 production, separately or in combination with other measurements such as temperature, pH, lactic acid and volatile fatty acids and microbial examination, can serve as a reliable laboratory method to determine the duration of silages aerobic stability in silages. This paper work has aim to point on the importance of determination the duration of aerobic stability of silages, because quality changes and losses in the case of aerobic degradation., Aerobna stabilnost je termin kojim se definiše dužina vremena za koje silaža ostaje hladna i ne kvari se po izlaganju vazduhu. Zbog toga, brzo otklanjanje vazduha iz silaže tokom siliranja i smanjeno izlaganje vazduhu po otvaranju silosa su dva važna faktora koji određuju dužinu aerobne stabilnosti silirane stočne hrane. U proceni aerobnog kvarenja,merenje proizvodnje CO2, odvojeno ili u kombinaciji sa drugim parametrima kao što je temperatura silaže, pH vrednost, sadržaj mlečne i sirćetne kiseline i mikrobiološka analiza, mogu se koristiti kao pouzdani laboratorijski metod. Ovaj rad ima za cilj da ukaže na značaj procene vremena trajanja aerobne stabilnosti stočne hrane,zbog promena i gubitaka kvaliteta pri aerobnoj degradaciji.

Feeding behavior of dairy cows in the captive, industrials systems of rearing is different than natural, because when animals feel hunger, behavior realization of the basic instincts is deprived. In addition, depending from the way of raising, differences exist in behavior of dairy cows during the feeding. Aim of this study was to explore this difference with statistical approach. In the experiment, feeding behavior of 35 dairy cows was observed, black - white breed in the Holstein type. Dairy cows were divided into two groups, group of 15 dairy cows raised in the farm with tied system and 20 dairy cows raised in the farm with free system. With sequentional analyses and with statistical data processing we determinate numerical values of high statistical significant interactions between activities inside each farm, and on the contrary we do not determinate statistical significant interaction in feeding behavior of dairy cows between farms., Hranidbeno ponašanje krava u laktaciji u zatvorenim, intenzivnim sistemima je drugačije od prirodnog, zbog uskraćenosti realizacije osnovnih nagona pri osećaju gladi. Takođe, u zavisnosti od načina gajenja, postoje razlike u ponašanju krava u laktaciji tokom ishrane. Cilj istraživanja hranidbenog ponašanja krava u laktaciji je bio da se metodom sekvencione analize utvrde razlike. U ogledu su korišćene krave u laktaciji, crno bele rase u tipu Holštajna, 15 gajenih u vezanom i 20 gajenih na farmi sa slobodnim sistemom gajenja. Sekvencionom analizom i statističkom obradom podataka, odredili smo brojne visoko statistički signifikantne interakcije aktivnosti u hranidbenom ponašanju krava u laktaciji u okviru svake farme, dok između farmi nije dobijen statistički signifikantan broj interakcija.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of a diet particle size on nutrient digestibility in cows in early lactation. Treatments were diets with forage to concentrate ratio 43:57% in diet dry matter, with four different physically effective fibres (peNDF) content based on different cut length of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. The physical effectiveness factors (pef) and peNDF content of TMRs (total mixed ration) were determined using Penn State Particle Separator (PSPS) with two (pef(8.0), peNDF(8.0)) or three (pef(1.18), peNDF(1.18)) sieves. The reducing of cut length of forages and particle size of diets did not affect on dry matter intake, while decreased peNDF intake by 16.34 and 8.83%, for peNDF(8.0) and peNDF(1.18) respectively. Apparent total tract digestibility of the nutrients was measured using two indicators: acid insoluble ash (AIA) and acid detergent insoluble lignin (ADL). Decreasing of forages cut length significantly increased apparent total tract digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) from 48.39% to 53.84% and from 53.9% to 58.66%, of crude protein from 73.96% to 79.24% and from 71.56% to 77.90%, with contemporary decreasing of non-fibre carbohydrate from 90.89% to 84.81% and from 91.99% to 86.80%, with AIA or ADL as indicator respectively. Dietary value of net energy for lactation (NEL) and energy intake was not affected by the peNDF content of the diet.

Last year (2012) will be marked as one of the worst in the History of Agriculture in Republic of Serbia. Heat and drought affected low quantity and quality of forage. In the same year we had lack of hay and maize silage. According weather forecast and anti­cipated climatic changes in the future, farmers need to found new ways to provide forage, especially in the "no irrigation" plant farming. In that way, ensiling of whole-crop cereals could be one of the solutions, because of theirs nutritive values, yields and all risks of heat and drought from planting to harvesting., Protekla 2012. god. u istoriji poljoprivredne proizvodnje u Srbiji biće označena kao jedna od najnepovoljnijih, posebno kada je u pitanju količina i kvalitet kabaste stočne hrane za ishranu preživara, naročito mlečnih krava (nedostatak i slab kvalitet sena i silaža kukuruza). Sa postojećim klimatskim predviđanjima u budućnosti se može očekivati nedostatak kabaste stočne hrane u uslovima "suvog" ratarenja. Jedno od mogućih rešenja je korišćenje strnih žita za pripremanje silaža i sena, kako zbog svojih nutritivnih vrednosti, tako i zbog prinosa i smanjenih rizika od suše i visokih temperatura.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of a total mixed ration (TMR) particle size on digestibility and production performances of the high-yielding cows in early lactation. The treatments were TMRs with forage-to-concentrate ratio 43:57 in diet dry matter, with four different mean particle lengths and physically effective fiber (PENDF) content based on different cut length of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. Determined values of PEF (physical effectiveness factor) and PENDF (through original and modified Penn State Particle Separator, PSPS) were considerably higher for forages and TMRs using the modified PSPS. The cut length of forage and particle size of TMRs did not affect dry matter intake. However reduced forage cut length significantly increased the apparent total tract digestibility of NDF (from 53.9 to 58.66%), and crude protein (from 71.56 to 77.90%), with the decrease in the non-fiber carbohydrate digestibility (from 91.99 to 86.80%). The increase in the milk yield (35.62 vs. 38.36 kg), and decrease in the milk fat (3.50 vs. 3.10%) and protein content (3.11 vs. 2.99%) were observed with the reduction of particle size in forages. There was no effect on milk fat daily yield, but the increase of the milk protein yield (1.08 vs. 1.15 kg) was determined with the reduced forage cut lengths. The milk fat to protein ratio had tendency to decrease with the reduced forage cut length. Decrease in forage particle size improved feed conversion ratio for milk production, improved digestibility and the milk yield, whereas milk protein content was reduced.

In study are determined effects of four different mean lengths of corn silage, alfalfa haylage and total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating cows on physical effectiveness (pef), physically effective fiber content (peNDF) and total chewing activity. High correlations were found between mean particle length of forages and TMR and their physical effectiveness in lactating cows nutrition as also with physically effective fiber content. Significant effect of ration particle size on stimulating total chewing activity of lactating cows was determined., U istraživanju je determinisan uticaj četiri različita stepena usitnjenosti silaže cele biljke kukuruza, senaže lucerke i kompletno mešanog obroka za krave u laktaciji, na fizičku efektivnost (pef), sadržaj fizički efektivnih vlakana (peNDF), i ukupnu aktivnost žvakanja. Utvrđena je visoka povezanost stepena usitnjenosti kabastih hraniva i kompletnog obroka sa njihovom fizičkom efektivnošću u ishrani krava, kao i sa sadržajem fizički efektivnih vlakana. Ustanovljen je statistički značajan efekat stepena usitnjenosti obroka na stimulisanje ukupne aktivnosti žvakanja kod krava u laktaciji.