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Osteomyelitis of the navicular bone is not common; the few reported cases are haematogenous osteomyelitis of the navicular bone and were mostly seen in children and another case seen in an adult. We are presenting a case of domestic accident resulting in chronic osteomyelitis of the navicular bone in an adult caused by direct inoculation of infection following traditional bone setter’s mismanagement and subsequent surgery on the same foot. Consent is duly obtained from the patient to present this case report. The aim of this case presentation is to highlight the need for high index of suspicion of osteomyelitis of the bones of the foot in adult which are not necessarily secondary to haematogenous spread as seen in children but due to direct inoculation of micro- organisms, the study also seeks to demonstrate a complete cure of chronic osteomyelitis following proper debridement of the sequestrum with adequate use of the relevant antibiotics for the specified durations of administration. The patronage of traditional bone setters by most patients in Africa is still worrisome because this results in delayed presentation and attendant complications as seen in this index patient. In conclusion, chronic osteomyelitis of navicular in adults tend to follow direct inoculation of micro-organism but with a radical debridement with appropriate administration of antibiotics can result in cure. However, health education is necessary to discourage patients’ patronage of traditional bone setters and encouraging early presentation with good outcomes.

Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many pathological cases. it is implicated in both organ and systemic dysfunction. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a pathological condition with first onset observed during pregnancy. It causes pregnancy complications and affects 2-7% of pregnant women. For that purpose, this studywas performed with 94 pregnant women with informed consent,51 were diagnosed with GDMand 43 apparently healthy pregnant women. The following parameters were assessed: Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), Total Plasma Peroxide (TPP) and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI). MDA, TPP, and TAC were determined colorimetrically and OSI calculated. Anthropometric indices (weight, height, BMI) and socio-demographic data were determined using standard methods. Data generated were analysed using ANOVA, Student t-test, LSD post hoc and Pearson correlation at P

Malnutrition is a leading cause of decreased school performance and an array of conditions, including delayed puberty. This study was conducted to assess the nutritional status and the serum testosterone, estradiol and prolactin levels in secondary school students aged 11-16 years. A total of 176 secondary school students within Calabar metropolis participated in this study of which 49.4% were male and 50.6% were female. The pubertal status—puberche, thelarche and menarche of the subjects were documented. Nutritional status was determined using standardized technique for anthropometry and WHO Anthroplus software. Sex hormone levels were assayed using ELISA. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS. Analysis of the results showed that 51% of the boys exhibited some degree of pubarche compared to 47.2% of the females. Thelarche and menarche were exhibited by 73% and 49.4% of girls respectively. A comparison of age, anthropometric indices, prolactin, estradiol and testosterone in male and female subjects in the study showed that girls had significantly higher body mass index (p = 0.023), estradiol (p = 0.0001) and prolactin (p=0.007) but significantly lowered testosterone (p=0.0001) compared to their male counterparts. There was however, no statistical significant difference (p>0.05) in the mean height and weight of both groups. The nutritional status in the study showed that 3.4% of the adolescents were stunted, 6.8% were wasting, 89.2% were normal, 3.4% were overweight while 0.6% were obese. The boys and girls had comparable frequencies of stunting, thinness/wasting, normal, overweight and obesity. Five adolescent girls and seven adolescent boys showed predisposition to delayed puberty. Poor nutritional status and low sex hormones were found to be predisposing factors for delayed puberty, and more male were so disposed.

Introduction: Hypertension is a long-term medical condition which when not detected and managed properly and on time often results to complications leading to disabilities and mortality. Gender has been known to affect the interpretation of some variables necessitating the need for gender-specific ranges. Objectives:This study evaluated total creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme activities of hypertensive subjects in Calabar, Nigeria and to assess if gender has influence on the activities of these enzymes. Methodology:One hundred and two participants were consecutively enrolled in this case control study. Serum total serum CK and CK-MB activity were evaluated in fifty one hypertensive and 51 normotensive subjects. The total CK levels were assessed using a spectrophotometric method while immunoinhibition method was used to determine the activity of CK-MB. Data was analyzed using Student’s t-test and Pearson’s correlation. Statistical significance was set at p0.05). There was also no significant correlation (p>0.05) between blood pressure, body mass index and the levels of CK and CK-MB. Conclusion:CK-MB activities were significantly higher in hypertensive subjects compared to normotensive controls. There were no gender specific differences in the CK-MB levels of male and female hypertensives. This cardiac marker should be included in the routine assessment of hypertensives and gender-specific considerations may not be necessary in the interpretation of the data.

Context: the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on renal function of diabetics is unclear. Objective: This study investigated the relationship between VEGF, PEDF and urea, creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in type 2 diabetics. Materials and Methods: 100 type 2 diabetics and 50 controls were recruited into this case-control study. Analytes were determined by standard methods. Statistical significance was set at p0.05) in both groups. VEGF and PEDF were comparable (p>0.05) in the diabetics with eGFR60 ml/min. Renal function parameters did not correlate with either VEGF or PEDF. Conclusion: plasma VEGF and PEDF are higher in diabetics but there seem to be no association between renal function determinants and either VEGF and PEDF.

Bryophyllum pinnatum is an important enthnomedicinal plant. The study assessed the effect of crude aqueous leaves extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum (CALEBP) on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), antioxidant status, lipid profile, liver and renal function indices in albino rats. The rats were housed under standard laboratory conditions (12h light: 12h dark photoperiod), 23± 2 ºC and were given rat pellets and tap water ad libitum. Twenty four rats weighing 190-232g were randomized into four groups (A-D) of six rats each. Group A (control) received normal feed and water only. Groups B, C and D received orally 180, 360 and 540 mg/kg body weight respectively of CALEBP for 28 days. Serum aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase, catalase, FPG, lipid profile, urea, creatinine, bilirubin, proteins, malondialdehyde, glutathione (GSH) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and electrolytes were assessed by standard methods. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and p

INTRODUCTION The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) has the goal of better understanding the burden of prostate cancer among Black men of West African descent. While prostate cancer disproportionately affects Blacks around the world, little research is done to understand what mental health and social support play a role in prostate cancer risk factors. The purpose of this 10-year longitudinal study is to establish a cohort of U.S.-born Black men, West African-born Black men who reside in the U.S, and West African Black men in Africa who would be prospectively and longitudinally followed to better understand the cause of prostate cancer and how different factors might influence it. METHODS Study staff partnered with community-based organizations, events, and stakeholders to engage with the priority population. Snowball sampling was also used for recruitment. All participants were made aware of the longitudinal nature of the study and that they would be contacted every two years for follow-up. Informed consent was done in community settings electronically and on paper. Once consent was received, participants completed the survey with a unique identifier and filled out a Cohort Contact sheet. They were given the option to complete this on their own or with the help of the study staff. Study Staff would then measure participants’ weight, height, and waistline, to be recorded on the survey form. After this, participant saliva was collected and tracked with the unique identifier. All collected data was stored on RedCap and a Chi-squared test was utilized to identify statistical significance. RESULTS 803 participants are included in this data with 77 in Cameroon, 663 in Nigeria, and 59 in the United States. When asked about emotional support, 13.6% (US) 11.8% (Nigeria), and 14.3% (Cameroon) indicated never or rarely having emotional support. 5.8% of those in the United States, 5.6% of those in Nigeria, and 7.8% of those in Cameroon felt dissatisfied or very dissatisfied with their lives. The p-value for both was found to be Citation Format: Jessica Otero, Emeka Iweala, Ademola Popoola, Paul Jibrin, Mohammed Faruk, Anthonia Sowumi, Omolara Fatiregun, Nkegoum Blaise, Catherine Oladoyinbo, Ifeoma Okoye, Abdulkadir Ayo Salako, Abidemi Omonisi, Iya Eze Bassey, Kayode Adenji, Nggada Haruna Asura, Ernest Kaninjing, Oluwole Kukoyi, Parisa Fathi, Ruth Enuka, Oluwaseyi Toye, Jennifer Crook, Folakemi Odedina. Quality of life indicators including mental health factors in CaPTC prostate cancer familial cohort study of men of African Ancestry in Nigeria, Cameroon, and United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B073.

BACKGROUND Black populations are disproportionately affected by prostate cancer globally. The leading countries in prostate cancer mortality are found in Africa and the Caribbean. This data is being presented as part of the Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) Prostate Cancer Familial Cohort Study of African Ancestry study with the purpose of identifying the various factors that influence prostate cancer risk factors. Access to care, a known cancer risk factor, not only affects a person’s ability to receive treatment but to receive accurate health information, preventative care, diagnoses, and more. Researching exactly how different social determinants, such as this one, affect cancer risk factors for specific populations is imperative to reducing their cancer burden. METHODS: This ten-year prospective study started in 2017 and has been conducted in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the United States. Participants have been recruited in clinics and different community settings. Upon consent, participants were asked to complete a validated survey with a unique identifier on epidemiological, behavioral, clinical, and anthropometric variables. They were then asked to provide a saliva sample that was also given a unique identifier. Associations of characteristics from the survey were evaluated using logistic regression models. Others were tested for statistical significance using a Chi-Squared test. RESULTS: A total of 803 responses are included in this dataset. Of these participants, 9.6% were from Cameroon, 82.6% from Nigeria, and 7.3% from the United States. More than half of the participants (54.9%) shared they did not have healthcare coverage. In addition, a chi-squared test showed 10.2% in the United States, 13.9% in Nigeria and 35.1% in Cameroon were unable to see a physician due to cost with a p-value of less than .001 indicating statistical significance. While participants in the United States did not report any cancer diagnoses, logistical regression found a significant inverse relationship between health literacy and increased risk of a cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSION Research shows a relationship between health access factors and cancer risk factors, but little research is done for specific populations. Further research should be done to measure the exact impact access to care has on cancer diagnoses for specific communities. It is very important that health equity researchers assess exactly how these factors affect the specific populations they work with to tailor evidence-based interventions to their needs. Citation Format: Jessica Otero, Emeka Iweala, Ademola Popoola, Paul Jibrin, Mohammed Faruk, Anthonia Sowumi, Omolara Fatiregun, Nkegoum Blaise, Catherine Oladoyinbo, Ifeoma Okoye, Abdulkadir Ayo Salako, Abidemi Omonisi, Iya Eze Bassey, Kayode Adenji, Nggada Haruna Asura, Ernest Kaninjing, Oluwole Kukoyi, Parisa Fathi, Ruth Enuka, Oluwaseyi Toye, Jennifer Crook, Folakemi Odedina. Influence of access to care on cancer diagnoses in the CaPTC Prostate Cancer Familial Cohort Study of African Ancestry in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the United States [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B072.

Cigarette smoking has been linked to atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disorders and various malignancies. However, the mechanism by which smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases is still controversial. One hundred and forty one apparently healthy male cigarette smokers and sixty apparently healthy non-smokers aged 18 to 65 years were enrolled into the study. The smokers were sub-divided into light (30 pack years) smokers. Anthropometric indices and blood pressure were measured. Fasting plasma glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides and High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were estimated using colorimetric test methods while low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein were calculated using Friedewald’s equation. Serum insulin was estimated using ELISA. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0; level of significance was set at p

Objectives: The disruption of the reciprocal regulation between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study assessed the levels of VEGF, PEDF, indices of glycemia, and lipid profile in diabetic patients with retinopathy. Methods: One hundred fifty participants comprised 50 type 2 diabetic patients with DR, 50 without DR and 50 non-diabetic normotensive controls, aged 30–80 years, were randomly recruited for this case-control study. The study was carried out from November 2017 to December 2018. VEGF, PEDF, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profile were determined using standard methods. Blood pressures (BP) and anthropometric indices were measured. Chi-squared test of independence, analysis of variance, and Pearson’s correlation were used to analyze data. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Results: Both diabetic groups had significantly higher (P = 0.001) systolic and diastolic BP, VEGF, PEDF, HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, total, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and significantly lower (P = 0.005) VEGF/PEDF than the controls. However, the diabetics with retinopathy had significantly higher (P = 0.001) HDL-C, LDL-C, VEGF, and PEDF levels compared to the diabetics without retinopathy. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the levels of VEGF, PEDF, and VEGF/PEDF in both groups of diabetics that had good glycemic control and poor glycemic control. There was also no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the levels of VEGF and PEDF between the dyslipidemic and non-dyslipidemic subjects in both diabetic groups. Conclusion: DR is associated with higher levels of VEGF and PEDF while good glycemic control and dyslipidemia seem not to have a profound effect on VEGF and PEDF levels in diabetics with or without DR. Higher PEDF levels are associated with higher atherogenic risk in the diabetics with retinopathy.

Leprosy reduces quality of life of affected persons. Oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species may play a vital role in the pathogenesis of leprosy. This study evaluated anthropometric indices, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), lipid profile, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total plasma peroxide (TPP), oxidative stress index (OSI), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdg) in leprosy patients. Sixty test participants of both genders, aged 18–65years and diagnosed of multibacillary leprosy and 30 apparently healthy controls were consecutively recruited for this study. The test participants comprised of 30 patients on multidrug therapy (MDT) and 30 patients relieved from therapy (RFT). Body mass index (BMI), Waist-hip ratio (WHR), FPG, lipid profile, TAC, TPP, OSI, MDA, GSH and 8-OHdg were determined using appropriate methods. Data were analyzed using Analysis of variance; p, Author summary This study shows that there are lower levels of total antioxidant capacity and higher levels of total plasma peroxide, malondialdehyde in leprosy patients undergoing multidrug therapy and those relieved from treatment and higher levels of 8-OHdg and oxidative stress index in leprosy patients undergoing multidrug therapy. This is suggestive of increased oxidative stress, in multibacillary leprosy patients irrespective of drug treatment status and increased oxidative DNA damage in those undergoing multidrug therapy. Antioxidants supplementation may be beneficial in the treatment of leprosy to protect against the effects of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Leprosy patients relieved from treatment may be susceptible to cardiovascular events as shown by higher levels of VLDL-cholesterol, triglycerides and atherogenic index of plasma observed in that group compared to controls. It therefore points to the need to monitor cardiovascular comorbidities in patients on multidrug therapy and those released from therapy.

PURPOSE Prostate cancer (CaP) incidence and mortality rate are increasing in Africa. Some have linked oxidative stress with the pathogenesis of cancer. This study assessed the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), total plasma peroxide (TPP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in Nigerian patients with CaP. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred twenty patients with CaP and 100 apparently healthy controls were consecutively recruited into this case-control study. The patients with CaP were divided into treatment-naïve and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)–treated groups. Anthropometric indices were measured, and MDA, NO, TAC, and TPP were assayed by colorimetric methods. The t test and analysis of variance were used in analysis of data; statistical significance was set at P < .05, and 95% CIs were reported. RESULTS The patients with CaP had significantly higher waist-hip ratios and NO ( P = .0001), TPP ( P = .001), oxidative stress index (OSI; P = .003), and MDA values ( P = .002) than controls. The treatment-naive patients with CaP had significantly higher waist-hip ratios ( P = .011) and TPP ( P = .013), MDA ( P = .011), and NO values ( P = .0001) and lower TAC values ( P = .013) compared with the controls. The ADT-treated patients had higher waist-hip ratios ( P = .0001) and TPP ( P = .005), OSI ( P = .005), MDA ( P = .011), and NO values ( P = .0001) than the controls. However, the treatment-naive patients had significantly higher NO values ( P = .05) only compared with the ADT-treated patients. There was a significantly positive correlation between MDA and duration of treatment ( r = 0.280, P = .018) in ADT-treated patients with CaP. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that patients with CaP have higher levels of TPP, MDA, and NO and lower levels of TAC compared with men without CaP. In addition, even in patients with CaP undergoing treatment, TPP and MDA levels remained high.

The study aims to investigate the effect of aqueous fruit pulp of Dialium guineense on hemeoxygenase, and insulin release, inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and possible hypoglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Twenty four male Wistar rats were grouped into control, diabetic (Dm), diabetic + 300 mg/kg body weight Dialium guineese (Dm+ DG) and diabetic + 100 mg/kg metformin (Dm +MET). Apart from the control, other rats were made diabetic by a single dose of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. Dialium and metformin were administered orally three days after induction of diabetes. Result showed significant (p

Background and Aims: Natural dyes and pigments are nontoxic, ecofriendly alternatives to synthetic counterparts and beetroot is one such natural dye. The red color of beetroot derived from betalain pigments confers great advantage to this plant. In this study, the physiochemical and spectrophotometric characteristics of beetroot as well as the histological staining potential of various tissues were carried out to determine its tissue specificity. Methods: The aqueous and ethanol extracts of beetroot were prepared using distilled water and 95% ethanol, respectively. Spectrophotometry, pH, and concentration of both extracts were determined before histological staining with 10% neutral-buffered formalin-fixed, paraffin-wax-embedded tissue sections. Stained sections were viewed with a photomicroscope. Results: The aqueous and ethanol extracts of beetroot were slightly acidic and soluble at concentrations of 381.5 mg/100 g and 253.7 mg/100 g fresh beetroot sample, respectively. Both extracts consist of three betalain pigments with absorbances at different spectrophotometric wavelengths, namely betaxanthins (475 nm), betanin (525 nm), and betanidin (575 nm). The maximum absorbance was 0.925 and 0.615 for the aqueous and ethanol extracts, respectively, at a peak wavelength of 525 nm for each extract. Both extracts stained various tissue structures such as muscles, mucins, red blood cells, keratin, and nerve fibers. Conclusion: Thus, beetroot stain is slightly acidic, contains betalain pigments, stains basic histological tissue structures, and can be used as an ecofriendly alternative to hematoxylin and eosin.

Infertility, a disorder of the reproductive system, is commonly linked to hormonal, pituitary, cervical, uterine, immunological or psychological factors. Besides these factors, it can also be idiopathic or unexplained. Hence, there is a need for more research to unravel the causes of the unexplained infertility. This work aimed at finding out whether there is any relationship between ABO blood group system and female infertility. The study design was cross-sectional. Three hundred women between 18 and 40 years attending fertility clinic at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar between 2011 and 2012 were recruited for this study. Serum progesterone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol were determined using Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) while ABO blood grouping was determined using the tube method. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 18. The confidence level was set at 95% where p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean age of the women was 30.65 ± 5.47 years and the percentage distributions of the blood groups among the women were as follows: 24% A, 12% B, 4% AB and 60% O. The mean FSH levels of blood groups A and O individuals were significantly higher (p0.05) in the mean levels of progesterone, prolactin, LH and estradiol in the respective groups. From this study, 38% of the population had increased levels of progesterone, 58% and 18.7% had elevated prolactin and FSH levels respectively while 11.33% and 43.3% had reduced levels of LH and estradiol levels respectively. Though, there was high prevalence of hyperprolactinemia observed in this study, there was no strong association between ABO blood group and female infertility but, the increased FSH levels observed in blood groups A and O may be a potential link between blood group and infertility and therefore may be beneficial for further study.

Cigarette smoke contains noxious substances associated with alteration in thyroid gland function and bone metabolism in smokers. Serum cotinine, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH), calcium, phosphate and vitamin D levels were estimated in 100 smokers and 50 non-smokers. The smokers were classified into light and moderate smokers based on smoking pack-years. Serum cotinine, T3, T4 and TSH were determined using ELISA, calcium and phosphate by colorimetric methods and Vitamin D by HPLC. Statistical analysis was done using analysis of variance, Students t-test and Pearsons correlation. The level of significance was set at p< 0.05. The mean diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.002), cotinine (p = 0.0001), T4 (p = 0.014) was significantly higher in smokers compared to non smokers. While vitamin D was significantly lower (p = 0.0001) in smokers compared to non smokers. There was however no significant difference (p [J Med Allied Sci 2018; 8(1.000): 7-12]

Context: Deleterious effects of diabetes on seminal quality, serum metals and antioxidants have been confirmed.Objective: This study evaluated the effect of combined calcium, magnesium, vitamin C and E supplementation on seminal parameters, serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC), nitric oxide (NO), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), calcium and magnesium in fructose-induced diabetic rats.Materials and methods: Thirty rats were grouped into non-diabetic controls, diabetic controls, diabetic rats given vitamin E + C, calcium + magnesium and vitamin E + C + calcium + magnesium. The analytes were evaluated using standard methods. Statistical significance was set at p < .05.Results: The diabetic controls had significantly higher MDA (p = .036) but lower (p = .0001) TAC, calcium, magnesium, sperm count, and %motility than the non-diabetic controls. The Vitamin C + E group showed the greatest improvement as they had the highest values of seminal parameters compared to other supplemented groups.Conclusion: Combined Vitamin C + E supplementation may provide better ameliorative benefits than a combination of Vitamin C, E, calcium and magnesium in diabetics.

Introduction One of the confirmed risk factors for prostate cancer (CaP) is race, with Black men (BM) more likely to get and die from CaP globally. Although CaP affects BM globally, little is known about CaP and its risk factors in foreign-born BM and the source population of US BM in Africa. The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) studies CaP in BM globally and has an ongoing familial cohort study of West African men in the US, Nigeria and Cameroon. The CaPTC cohort data provides an opportunity to examine the impact of migration on CaP behavioral risk factors. This study focuses on oxidative stress, which has been linked to CaP. The primary objective was to examine nutrients and supplements that inhibit oxidative stress among West African men. Methods The CaPTC cohort study is a prospective, longitudinal study of West African men, between ages 35 -70. Participants were recruited from diverse community settings and clinics. Data collection included the use of structured survey for behavioral and epidemiological data, and saliva samples for biological data. For this study, the variables were: known foods with high levels of antioxidants (vitamins); and dietary polyphenols such as berries, beans, leafy vegetables and tea. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize the study results while ANOVA was used to compare study variables among West African men in the US, Nigeria and Cameroon. Results A total of 704 West African men (WAm) participated in the study, with 9% recruited in the US, 81% in Nigeria and 10% in Cameroon. Most of the participants were married (93%) and in the middle-income SES. Participants in Cameroon were older with a mean age of 53, followed by those in Nigeria (48) and participants in the US (47). WAm in Nigeria were more likely to have prostatitis compared to the other two groups. There was no differences among the three groups with respect to history of CaP and BPH. The three groups were significantly different statistically for the following food groups: (1) sweet potato, mostly consumed by WAm in Cameroon; (2) beans, mostly consumed by WAm in Nigeria; and (3) berries, mostly consumed by WAm in the US. There was no differences among the groups with respect to leafy greens, grape, tea and Vitamin E. The most popular food reported by the WAm were: beans in Nigeria and berries in the US. In Cameroon, the most popular food tied between beans and sweet potatoes. Conclusion Dietary intake of foods rich with antioxidants and polyphenols have been known to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as CaP. It is interesting to note that the WAm in the different countries consume different types of food groups rich in antioxidants. More research is needed on the antioxidant content of the food as the preparation of the meals may affect content. Also, there needs to be an emphasis on increasing these nutrient rich foods in diets of WAm, given that they are also disproportionately affected by CaP. Citation Format: Folakemi Odedina, Adaora Ezeani, Ernest Kaninjing, Malcom Ingraham, Catherine Badejo, Anthonia Sowunmi, Omolara Fatiregun, Ayo Salako, A.A. Popoola, Mohammed Faruk, Emeka Iweala, Iya Bassey, Chidiebere Ogo, O.P. Oluwole, H.A. Nggada, Jubrin Paul, Oluwole Kukoyi, Ifeoma Okoye, Abidemi Omonisi, Iheanyi Okpala, Lasebikan Nwamaka, Adeniji Adebanji, Ruth Agaba, Toye Adeniji, Yaseen Elhag. Oxidative stress-inhibiting nutrients and supplements among West African men: The CaPTC prostate cancer cohort study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr C028.

INTRODUCTION Prostate Cancer (CaP) disproportionately overburden men of African ancestry, especially Black men (BM). Unfortunately, few CaP studies have focused on the heterogeneity of BM within the US as well as the source population of US BM in Africa. The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) team has documented differences in CaP-related behavioral factors, health-seeking behaviors and experiences between US-born and foreign-born Blacks since 2005. The CaPTC familial cohort study was developed to understand the genetic, environmental and behavioral etiology of CaP in West African men (WAm). This presentation focuses on the impact of migration on prostate health factors among WAm. Methodology The CaPTC cohort study in a longitudinal study and is still ongoing. The inclusion criteria are WAm, age 35-70 years, and residing in the US, Nigeria and Cameroon. Participants were recruited in diverse community settings. Data were collected from participants who provided informed consent using the CaPTC-AC3 Global Prostate Cancer Measure. The variables included in this presentation are general demographics, cultural beliefs and values, health beliefs, sun exposure, vitamins, body shape, and baldness. In addition, self-reported measures of prostate health were assessed. In addition to descriptive analyses, ANOVA/comparative analyses was used to examine differences among WAm in the US, Nigeria and Cameroon. Results The scales employed for the construct were highly reliable (alpha over 0.80). By December 2018, the sample size was 704 WAm with 81% recruited in Nigeria, 10% recruited in Cameroon and 9% recruited in the US. The average age was 48. Most of the WAm live in Nigeria, are married, middle-income level, Christian by faith and had never been screened for CaP. There was statistically significant differences among the WAm based on their country of residence with respect to CaP history (Nigeria), skin color (darker skin color in Cameroun), vitamin use (mostly by WAm in US), and pattern of baldness at age 30 (WAm in Nigeria). In addition, there was statistically significantly differences relative to cultural beliefs and values (cancer fatalism, religiosity, temporal orientation) and health beliefs (perceived barrier, perceived benefit). Cancer fatalism was lowest among WAm in US; religiosity was highest among WAm in Nigeria; WAm in the US were more future-oriented and WAm in Cameroun more present-oriented; perceived barrier was lowest for WAm in US; and perceived benefit highest for WAm in the US. Conclusion The increasing number of the African immigrant group in the US underscores the need to study within group difference among Blacks in the US. Unfortunately, this group is understudied and may offer a novel approach to fully understand cancer disparities in Blacks. Studying the impact of migration on CaP burden in this population provides several advantages, including identification of CaP risk factors. Our study confirms that migration impacts prostate health factors among WAm. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Folakemi Odedina, Getachew Dagne, Adaora Ezeani, Ernest Kaninjing, Catherine Badejo, Anthonia Sowunmi, Omolara Fatiregun, Ayo Salako, Ademola Popoola, Mohammed Faruk, Emeka Iweala, Iya Bassey, Chidiebere Ogo, HA Nggada, Paul Jibrin, Oluwole Kukoyi, Ifeoma Okoye, Abidemi Omonisi, Iheanyi Okpala, Kayode Adeniji, Ruth Agaba, Oluwaseyi Adeniji, Desiree Rivers, Renee Reams, Clayton Yates. Impact of migration on prostate health factors among West African men in US, Nigeria and Cameroon: Findings from the CaPTC familial cohort study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr C024.

Background Healthcare disparities among racial and ethnic groups have been well documented across all aspects of clinical healthcare, and disparities in attainment of preventive services are particularly prevalent. African immigrants may be particularly susceptible to factors that contribute to healthcare disparities but little is known about this population. The purpose of this study was to assess patient-provider concordance and trust of health care providers among West African immigrants in the US. In addition, we explored the relationship between these variables and the prostate cancer (CaP) screening behavior of participants. Methods Data collection was part of a global study of prostate cancer in West African men. A study questionnaire was used to collect data from West African male immigrants in the US between the ages of 35 and 70 years. Survey scales for this study included country of birth, years since immigration, patient–provider concordance, trust of healthcare provider, attitude and cues towards CaP screening (PSA and DRE), and CaP screening history. Results There were 38 African immigrants from Cameroon, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Ghana. Participants’ average age was 46.2 years and they had spent an average of 13.9 years in the US. Most of the participants (over 60%) stated that they had no preference in regards to their provider race, ethnicity or gender. Over 70% indicated that their physician was of different ethnicity and race while 50% indicated that their physician was of a different gender. Furthermore, most respondents noted that they trusted their physicians with health decisions. However, 61% and 68% of participants did not complete PSA or DRE testing, respectively. Most stated that they did not discuss the advantages or disadvantages of prostate cancer screening with their physicians, noting they mostly received cues to getting tested from reading information, radio, and/or TV. Conclusion Although health disparities can be explained by socioeconomic status such as lack of insurance and various other observable impediments to accessing health care, others barriers persist. It is important to explore other contributing factors such as patient-physician relationships. This study suggests that patient-provider concordance may not be a priority. Emphasis should be placed on encouraging physician-initiated discussion on CaP screening. Unfortunately, current physician guidelines do not stress CaP screening and fail to account for the documented increased risk and early onset of CaP in Black men. Citation Format: Nissa Askins, Ruth Agaba, Oluwaseyi Adeniji, Adaora Ezeani, Ernest Kaninjing, Folakemi Odedina, Catherine Badejo, Anthonia Sowunmi, Omolara Fatiregun, Ayo Salako, A. A Popoola, Mohammed Faruk, Emeka Iweala, Iya Bassey, Chidiebere Ogo, O. P. Oluwole, H. A. Nggada, Paul Jibrin, Ifeoma Okoye, Abidemi Omonisi, Iheanyi Okpala, A Adeniji, Toye Adeniji. Patient and provider concordance and trust in providers among West African Immigrants: Findings from the CaPTC Familial Cohort Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr D034.

Background African immigrants represent one of the fastest growing groups of immigrants in the US, resulting in increased diversity of Blacks in the US. Therefore, there is a growing need to assess the healthcare needs and practices of this population. The main public health concern has been on infectious disease but priority should also focus on chronic disease. Specifically, the literature has yet to provide consistent results regarding the “healthy immigrant effect”, specifically that immigrants are in relatively better health on arrival before their health converges with native-born levels after time. Using the data collected by the Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC), this study explores chronic disease history and healthy behaviors of male immigrants from West Africa with length of residence in the US. Methods A study questionnaire was used to collect data on West African (WA) Black men residing in Nigeria, Cameroon, and the United States. Data from 709 respondents, Black men between the ages of 35-70 years, recruited from community settings, was collected. Variables analyzed included age, education level, income, smoking and alcohol use, weight, height, physical activity levels, country of birth, country of residence, years since immigration, chronic disease history, and health insurance status. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the frequency of each condition among participants. Results There were 37 respondents, WA males, residing in the US; 26 born in Cameroon, 10 born in Nigeria, 1 born in Sierra Leone, 1 born in Ghana. The average age was 46.2 years and the average length of residency was 13.9 years. Participants were placed in two groups: length of residence in the US of less than or equal to 10 years (LT10Y) and greater than 10 years (GT10Y). This study focused on the most common chronic diseases in the US: high blood pressure (HB), high cholesterol (HC), diabetes (D), stroke/transient ischemic attack (ST), COPD, Alzheimer’s (AZ), and arthritis (AT). Although there was no statistical significant differences between participants who lived greater than 10 years in the US compared to those who resided 10 years or less, there was practical differences. For example, 39% in the LT10Y group had been diagnosed with HBP versus 42% in the GT10Y group. With larger sample size, it is likely that there may be statistical differences. There was statistical significant differences in HC diagnosis with 5% in LT10Y and 22.2% in GT10Y. The GT10Y group showed decreased alcohol use, increased frequency of physical activity, and frequent annual physician visits and had higher income and education level. Conclusion Based on our results, we found length of stay of WA Black males in the US to impact HC diagnosis, alcohol use, physical activity, and physician visits. The “healthy immigrant” phenomenon is likely to be moderated by several factors and need to be studied more among African immigrants. Citation Format: Adaora Ezeani, Ernest Kaninjing, Folakemi Odedina, Catherine Badejo, Anthonia Sowunmi, Omolara Fatiregun, Ayo Salako, A. A. Popoola, Mohammed Faruk, Emeka Iweala, Iya Bassey, Chidiebere Ogo, O. P. Oluwole, H. A Nggada, Paul Jibrin, Oluwole Kukoyi, Ifeoma Okoye, Abidemi Omonisi, Iheanyi Okpala, Lasebikan Nwamaka, A. Adeniji, Nissa Askins, Ruth Agaba, Oluwaseyi Adeniji. The effect of length of residence in the US on risk of developing chronic disease in West African male immigrants [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr C086.

Smoking is an extremely lethal act and is associated with many illnesses. Lately, major concerns that passive smokers face the same health risks as (if not higher than) active smokers have been raised. Some studies have shown that active smoking is associated with low serum levels of vitamins and testosterone. Are these facts also valid in passive smokers? This study investigated the levels of cotinine, testosterone, follicle stimulating (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), prolactin and vitamin E in male active smokers and compare these with male passive smokers. Serum levels of cotinine, testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin and vitamin E were determined in 60 cigarette smokers, 60 passive smokers and 60 non-smokers recruited from Calabar metropolis. The hormones were assayed using ELISA and Vitamin E using high performance liquid chromatography. Socio-demographic and anthropometric indices were obtained and data analyzed using PAWstatistic 18. Cotinine levels were significantly (p

Background: Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease afflicting humans. It has been reported that hypertensive patients may have a tendency for impaired thyroid function but, these results have not always been confirmed. The aim of this study therefore was to determine the serum level of thyroid hormones in hypertensive subjects and any possible relationship between serum thyroid hormone levels and hypertension. Methods: Blood samples were consecutively obtained from One hundred and seventy (170) consenting subjects. One hundred were hypertensive subjects while seventy subjects were normotensive controls. Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) and Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were analyzed using ELISA kits. Data was analyzed using student “t” test and analysis of variance. The difference was considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Results: The mean serum TSH value for hypertensive subjects was 3.01±2.42 µIu/ml and was significantly higher (p

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders in the newborn; early diagnosis and treatment have resulted in normal growth and development in nearly all cases. Data on congenital hypothyroidism in Nigeria is limited, hence, this study aims at establishing the baseline values and prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism as a prelude to a screening centre in our locality. Methods: Cord blood samples were consecutively obtained from two hundred and eighty nine neonates born in the Delivery ward of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital (UMTH). 152 (52.8%) of the neonates were males and 137 (47.2%) were females. Nineteen were preterm and 270 were full term. Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) and Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were analyzed using ELISA kits. Data was analyzed using student “t” test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The difference was considered statistically significant at p 0.05). Triiodothyronine (T3) was undetectable in 75.8% of the neonates and very low in 24.2%. Twelve (4.2%) of the neonates had TSH levels >40µIU/ml with a mean TSH of 61.7±14.7 µIU/ml and a mean T4 of 7.7±3.7µg/dl. Conclusions: About 4.2% of neonates are at risk of congenital hypothyroidism with High TSH and low T4 values, T3 values are undetectable or very low in late prenatal life.

Prolonged or repeated exposure to cement dust, depending on the duration, level of exposure and individual sensitivity has health implications on the skin, eyes, respiratory and haematological systems. This study assessed cardiovascular disease risk factors and cardiac markers among cement workers of Nigerian origin to determine the effects of duration of exposure to cement dust on these parameters. Troponin I, Creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), anthropometric indices, lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) were determined in 50 cement workers and 40 controls. The cement workers were sub-grouped based on their duration of exposure. Significance level for statistical analyses was set at P < 0.05. The mean total cholesterol (P < 0.0001), HDL-cholesterol (P = 0.030), LDL-cholesterol (P = 0.004), VLDL-cholesterol (P < 0.0001), Triglycerides (P < 0.0001), troponin (P < 0.0001), CK-MB (P = 0.001) and AIP (P = 0.004) values were significantly higher in cement workers when compared with controls. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in FPG levels and the anthropometric indices measured. Cement workers with duration of exposure > 8years had higher mean values of FPG, CK-MB, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol. This study has shown that lipid profile, troponin and CK-MB levels are significantly higher in cement workers compared to controls. Cement workers may be at a greater risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Background: Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance have been associated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in Caucasian populations. It is therefore relevant to determine this also holds true in a native African population. Methods and Findings: The design of the study was cross sectional, 153 prostate cancer patients and 80 controls were recruited. Prostate specific antigen (PSA), insulin and glucose were determined using ELISA and colorimetric methods. Homeostasis assessment model for insulin resistance (HOMA IR) and HOMA2 IR were calculated. The prostate cancer patients were sub-grouped into treatment-naive prostate cancer cases and those on androgen deprivation therapy. Statistical analysis was carried out using Analysis of variance and least significant difference, p 0.05) in the mean insulin, glucose, HOMA IR and HOMA2 IR among the treatment-naive prostate cancer patients and prostate cancer patients on treatment and controls. In addition, there were no significant variations (p>0.05) in these parameters among patients treated with different types and durations of ADT. There was no significant correlation (p>0.05) between PSA and insulin, glucose, HOMA IR and groups HOMA2 IR in any of the groups. Conclusion: Androgen deprivation therapy does not result in elevated blood glucose, insulin and insulin resistance in native African men.

Context: Oxidative stress, vitamin, and macroelement deficiencies have been implicated in male infertility. It is unknown if diabetes mellitus with its attendant increased oxidative stress makes the seminal quality of the diabetic infertile men worse compared to their nondiabetic counterparts. Aims: The study investigated semen parameters, seminal plasma calcium, magnesium, Vitamins C and E, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in diabetic and nondiabetic infertile men. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study involving 30 infertile men with type 2 diabetes, 30 infertile nondiabetic men and 30 fertile men. Subjects and Methods: Fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, seminal plasma calcium, magnesium, TAC, Vitamin C, Vitamin E, semen analysis, and cultures carried out using the standard procedures. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed by the analysis of variance and Student's t-test; the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Both infertile groups had significantly lower (P < 0.0001) sperm count, percentage motility, TAC, Vitamin E and C, magnesium and calcium when compared to the fertile group. However, there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the mean values of these parameters among the two infertile groups. The infertile men had a significantly higher (P = 0.034) frequency of bacterial isolates compared to the fertile men. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent organism isolated. Conclusions: Seminal calcium, magnesium, TAC, and Vitamin E and C were lower in both infertile diabetic and nondiabetic men as compared to that of fertile men, but the levels of these analytes were comparable in the infertile diabetic and nondiabetic men.

Background: Studies have linked genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer (CaP) to African heritage and familial disease. Also, lifestyle factors, general and central obesity have been identified as risk factors for CaP. Aim: To assess the behavioral risk factors associated with CaP among West-African men and US West African immigrants. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 480 respondents recruited from Nigeria, Cameroon and the United States. The CaPTC Familial Project study instrument was used to collect data on the background information of respondents, country specific residence information, physical activity level, smoking and alcohol consumption pattern, family and personal history of cancer and other types of cancers and knowledge of CaP. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: Majority (85.6%) were recruited from Nigeria, 5.5% from Cameroon and 8.9% from the USA and the mean age is 48.2±9.9. About three quarters (74.4%) have been married only once while 10.8% have been married for about 2-5 times. Few (3.3%) of the respondent's wives had cancer and 0.2% had cervical cancer. Less than 1% of respondent's daughters had cancer, 4.6% of their uncles had cancer. Among the respondent's full brothers and sisters, 0.4% had cancer and 1.5% of their birth mothers had cancer. Also a few (2.3%) of respondent's fathers had cancer and 11.9% of their paternal grandparents had one type of cancer. About 17.2% of respondents have been diagnosed of a prostate condition and 5.9% were diagnosed of CaP with 47.1% of those with CaP are from Nigeria, 49.6% from the USA and 3.3% from Cameroon. One-quarter (25.6%) have smoked at least once in their lifetime, 2.5% smoke daily and the mean age at which smoking commenced is 26.6±19.4. More than half (55.4%) had consumed alcohol at least once in their lifetime and the mean age at which alcohol consumption started is 9.9±11.9. Only 9.8% had adequate knowledge about CaP and 61.0% poor knowledge. About a quarter (25.5%) were obese with 3.3% being morbidly obese. One-third (32.3%) are involved in moderate physical activity and 17.9% in rigorous physical activity. No significant difference ( P = 0.492) was observed in the physical activity level from the different locations. However, a significant relationship was observed between alcohol consumption, smoking, body mass index and country of residence ( P = 0.001, 0.035 and 0.001 respectively). Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption (frequency and quantity) was significantly higher among respondents from the USA. Obesity was also significantly higher among the respondents from Nigeria and the USA. Although not statistically significant, family history of cancer was more among respondents from Nigeria and the USA. Conclusion: Obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption seems to be a common practice among respondents from Nigeria and USA.

Background: Collection of data concerning men's health generally and urological health particularly has always had its challenges, especially in the African setting. Some of the difficulties stem from cultural factors that consider sensitive topics pertaining to men's health as taboo. Aim: To determine how to overcome barriers in conducting a transatlantic prostate cancer familial study in Africans. Methods: After the first phase of the TRANSATLANTIC PROSTATE CANCER FAMILIAL PROJECT STUDY, a survey was carried out among the data collectors and principal investigators using Qualtrix software to collect qualitative feedback on the study. The data from the survey was analyzed using SPSS version 18. Results: Presently, 625 people are enrolled for the study and more are waiting to be recruited in the next phase. About 73% of the participants requested a home or office visit rather than visit a data collection center. On the average, the questionnaire required an average of two hours of personal interview rather than the one hour that had been envisaged. However the participants declared that participant incentives were well worth it. 80% of the participants had no preference for interviewer gender. 80% of the interviewers agreed that answers to questions about participants' sexuality were most difficult to obtain but with an in-depth explanation of the importance of the study and assurance of privacy, the answers were obtained. About 46% of the participants requested that their results be typed and given to them personally, 21% requested results be sent as to them as text messages while 26% requested general results of the study be made available to them in form of booklets, flyers and orally in town hall meetings. Conclusion: The TRANSATLANTIC PROSTATE CANCER FAMILIAL PROJECT STUDY survey questionnaire is a very workable tool that has a high acceptance rate among participants. The best practice for engaging the community for research include community mobilization through sensitization visits and one-on-one talks, use of community 'gatekeepers', introduction by relatives, assurance of privacy of health data obtained, the use of incentives and a promise to give feedback on the results of the study both on a personal and community level.

Background: Smoking is an extremely lethal act and is associated with many illnesses. Lately, major concerns that passive smokers face the same health risks if not higher as active smokers have been raised. Some studies have shown that active smoking is associated with low levels of vitamins and testosterone. Are these facts also valid in passive smokers? Aim: The aim of this research was to estimate the levels of cotinine, testosterone, follicle stimulating (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin, vitamin E and catalase and compare these parameters in male active and passive smokers. Methods: Serum levels of cotinine, testosterone, FSH, LH, prolactin and vitamin E and catalase were estimated in 60 cigarette smokers, 60 passive smokers and 60 nonsmokers recruited from Calabar metropolis. The hormones were assayed using ELISA and vitamin E using HPLC. Sociodemographic and anthropometric indices were obtained and data analyzed using PAWstatistic 18. The level of significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: Cotinine levels were significantly ( P = 0.0001) higher in active smokers than in passive smokers and controls. Vitamin E and testosterone was significantly lower in active ( P = 0.003 and P = 0.0001) and passive smokers ( P = 0.0001 and P = 0.0001) when compared with nonsmokers. The mean catalase level of active smokers only was significantly ( P = 0.043) lower than that of the controls. The FSH of the active smokers were significantly higher ( P = 0.034) than those of the controls while the passive smokers had the highest LH values ( P = 0.0001). However, there were no significant variations in the prolactin levels among the three groups. About 3% of the active smokers had testosterone levels less than 3 ng/mL (hypogonadic) but none of the passive smokers or controls had testosterone levels less than 3 ng/mL. Conclusion: Passive and active smoking depletes vitamins E and lowers testosterone levels. This may be a contributing factor to male infertility both groups of smokers.

Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most common male gender cancer and present with a 5-year prevalence, incidence and mortality rate in Nigerian Black men. There is disproportionate prevalence and poor understanding of CaP in Black men globally. The Prostate Cancer Transatlantic Consortium (CaPTC) has documented significant CaP burden among Nigerian black men in Nigeria and in the Diaspora. Notably, African ancestry is one of the most important risk factors of CaP globally. Increased levels of cortisol, a stress-related catabolic hormone is significantly associated to prostate specific antigen and poor prognosis in prostate cancer patients. Cortisol causes degradation of muscle proteins into amino-acids. Amino acids such as leucine, serves as a source of fuel for aggressive prostate cancer cells in a Warburg effect model through the L-amino acid transporters (LATs). The annexins are calcium and phospholipid binding proteins implicated in cancer development and progression. Overexpression of annexin 1 is one of the mechanisms by which cortisol inhibit inflammation. Annexin V has a high affinity to phosphatidylserine and play important role of inhibiting engulfment of apoptotic cells by macrophages to increase the immunogenicity of tumor cells undergoing apoptosis. PD-L1 is an important membrane-bound costimulatory molecule that inhibits immune responses through its receptor, PD-1. Overexpression of PD-L1 results to cancer cells aggressively evading the host immune system. The Duffy Antigen/Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) is a 7-transmembrane protein atypical chemokine receptor expressed on erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells that binds to and clears angiogenic chemokines. Expression pattern of DARC is associated to cancer growth and metastasis. In this study, we report the expression pattern of tissue Cortisol, Annexin V, PD-L1 and DARC proteins in relationship to Gleason score in Nigerian Black men with Prostate cancer using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. In addition, we assessed salivary cortisol levels by enzyme immunoassay and physical activity by a standardized CaPTC-AC3-MADCaP (C.A.M) CaP measures from 500 subjects recruited by via CaPTC cohort. Results showed significant expression of tissue and salivary cortisol in the CaP patients compared to the normal subjects (p > 0.05). The Tissue cortisol protein expression was higher in CaP cases with Gleason score 8. There was significant overexpression of Annexin protein in virtually the prostate cancer samples studied. We found a negative expression of PD-L1 and DARC proteins in all the CaP tissues studied. Cortisol and Annexin may serve as an important biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis in Nigerian Blacks. Citation Format: Faruk Mohammed, Folakemi T. Odedina, Sani Ibrahim, Abdulmumini Hassan Rafindadi, Ahmed Adamu, Abdullahi Adamu, Ahmad Bello, Surajo Mohammed Aminu, John Idoko, Aishatu Maude Suleiman, Solomon O. Rotimi, Ernie Kaninjing, Getachew A. Dagne, Clayton Yates, Yawale Iliyasu, Nissa Askins, Iya Eze Bassey, Renee Reams, Abdullahi Mohammad, Hussaini Yusuf Maitama, Dauda Maigatari, Mohammed Sani Shehu, Cheh Augustine Awasum, Abdulkadir Lawal Rafinadadi, Danladi Amodu Ameh, Serah Adewunmi, Ruth Agaba, Haruna Mohammad Muktar, Ahmad Mai, Saad Aliyu Ahmed, Ahmad Bello Kumo, Kasimu Umar Adoke, Ahmad Tijjani Lawal, Ahmad Muhammad, Omolora Fatiregun, Sunday Atawodi, Shehu Akuyam, Yusuf Abdulrashid, Mubarak Liman, Aliyu Muhammad, Abidemi Omonisi, Rebecca Gali, Hassan Dogo, Nkegoum Blaise, Anthonia Sowunmi, Titilola Akinremi, Emeka J. Iweala, Jigo Dangude Yaro, Badejo Adebukola Catherine, Akinwumi Oluwole Komolafe. Overexpressions of cortisol, annexin V and Lost in expression of PD-L1 and DARC proteins are associated with aggressive prostate cancer phenotypes in Black men: A CaPTC Cohort Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2638.

Background: Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been suggested to be a reliable alternative to fasting plasma glucose in diagnosing hyperglycemia and monitoring glycemic control especially in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Obesity has been largely incriminated to be a major risk factor for T2DM. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI), anthropometric measurements and glycated hemoglobin (HBA1c) in obese subjects attending the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective comparative study that which compared the levels of glycated hemoglobin in 70 obese and 30 nonobese control participants. Whole blood HbA1c was quantified using kits from Pointe scientific Inc. USA. The method was controlled and validated using Pointe™ control reagents from the manufacturer. Results: The mean HbA1c, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio for obese participants were; 6.13 ± 2.76%, 128.14 ± 12.65 mmHg, 88.56 ± 11.87 mmHg, 106.90 ± 13.52 and 0.87 ± 0.072, respectively. These values were significantly higher than those of the nonobese control subjects with HbA1c, SBP and DBP of 5.34 ± 1.15, 114.00 ± 7.24 mmHg and 88.56 ± 11.87 mmHg (P < 0.05). A significant mean difference was observed between all the classes of obesity (Class I-III) and the control in all the parameters. A positive correlation between BMI, anthropometric measurements and HbA1c was observed in obese participants (r = 0.341 P < 0.05). Conclusion: The findings from this study indicated that obese individuals have higher risk of developing T2DM if appropriate interventions are not considered. Glycated hemoglobin may be used as a reliable, feasible, and fairly accurate tool for screening and assessing blood glycemic control in obese subjects who are at risk of developing T2DM.