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258 results on '"Jülich Research Centre"'

1. How to verify the precision of density-functional-theory implementations via reproducible and universal workflows

Author: European Commission, Swiss National Science Foundation, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Vienna University of Technology, Jülich Research Centre, Helmholtz Platform for Research Software Engineering, Commissariat à l'Ènergie Atomique et aux Ènergies Alternatives (France), Fonds de La Recherche Scientifique (Belgique), Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Villum Fonden, Technical University of Denmark, Ghent University, Research Foundation - Flanders, Flemish Government, Bosoni, Emanuele [0000-0003-4585-5478], Blaha, Peter [0000-0001-5849-5788], Blügel, Stefan [0000-0001-9987-4733], Bröder, Jens [0000-0001-7939-226X], Cottenier, Stefaan [0000-0003-2541-8043], Eimre, Kristjan [0000-0002-3444-3286], Fornari, Marco [0000-0001-6527-8511], García Arribas, Alberto [0000-0001-5138-9579], Giantomassi, Matteo [0000-0002-7007-9813], Huber, Sebastiaan P. [0000-0001-5845-8880], Janssen, Henning [0000-0003-3558-9487], Kastlunger, Georg [0000-0002-3767-8734], Krack, Matthias [0000-0002-2082-7027], Kresse, Georg [0000-0001-9102-4259], Kühne, Thomas D. [0000-0001-5471-2407], Lejaeghere, Kurt [0000-0002-4462-8209], Marzari, Nicola [0000-0002-9764-0199], Michalicek, Gregor [0000-0003-4719-188X], Müller, Tiziano M.A. [0000-0002-1387-5717], Pickard, Chris J. [0000-0002-9684-5432], Rignanese, Gian Marco [0000-0002-1422-1205], Ruh, Thomas [0000-0001-7577-0198], Vanpoucke, Danny E.P. [0000-0001-5919-7336], Wolloch, Michael [0000-0002-3419-5526], Wortmann, Daniel [0000-0002-2248-1904], Yu, Jusong [0000-0001-9246-6067], Zhu, Bonan [0000-0001-5601-6130], Pizzi, Giovanni [0000-0002-3583-4377], Bosoni, Emanuele, Beal, Louis, Bercx, Marnik, Blaha, Peter, Blügel, Stefan, Bröder, Jens, Callsen, Martin, Cottenier, Stefaan, Degomme, Augustin, Dikan, Vladimir, Eimre, Kristjan, Flage-Larsen, Espen, Fornari, Marco, García Arribas, Alberto, Genovese, Luigi, Giantomassi, Matteo, Huber, Sebastiaan P., Janssen, Henning, Kastlunger, Georg, Krack, Matthias, Kresse, Georg, Kühne, Thomas D., Lejaeghere, Kurt, Madsen, Georg K.H., Marsman, Martijn, Marzari, Nicola, Michalicek, Gregor, Mirhosseini, Hossein, Müller, Tiziano M.A., Petretto, Guido, Pickard, Chris J., Poncé, Samuel, Rignanese, Gian Marco, Rubel, Oleg, Ruh, Thomas, Sluydts, Michael, Vanpoucke, Danny E.P., Vijay, Sudarshan, Wolloch, Michael, Wortmann, Daniel, Yakutovich, Aliaksandr V., Yu, Jusong, Zadoks, Austin, Zhu, Bonan, Pizzi, Giovanni, European Commission, Swiss National Science Foundation, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Vienna University of Technology, Jülich Research Centre, Helmholtz Platform for Research Software Engineering, Commissariat à l'Ènergie Atomique et aux Ènergies Alternatives (France), Fonds de La Recherche Scientifique (Belgique), Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Villum Fonden, Technical University of Denmark, Ghent University, Research Foundation - Flanders, Flemish Government, Bosoni, Emanuele [0000-0003-4585-5478], Blaha, Peter [0000-0001-5849-5788], Blügel, Stefan [0000-0001-9987-4733], Bröder, Jens [0000-0001-7939-226X], Cottenier, Stefaan [0000-0003-2541-8043], Eimre, Kristjan [0000-0002-3444-3286], Fornari, Marco [0000-0001-6527-8511], García Arribas, Alberto [0000-0001-5138-9579], Giantomassi, Matteo [0000-0002-7007-9813], Huber, Sebastiaan P. [0000-0001-5845-8880], Janssen, Henning [0000-0003-3558-9487], Kastlunger, Georg [0000-0002-3767-8734], Krack, Matthias [0000-0002-2082-7027], Kresse, Georg [0000-0001-9102-4259], Kühne, Thomas D. [0000-0001-5471-2407], Lejaeghere, Kurt [0000-0002-4462-8209], Marzari, Nicola [0000-0002-9764-0199], Michalicek, Gregor [0000-0003-4719-188X], Müller, Tiziano M.A. [0000-0002-1387-5717], Pickard, Chris J. [0000-0002-9684-5432], Rignanese, Gian Marco [0000-0002-1422-1205], Ruh, Thomas [0000-0001-7577-0198], Vanpoucke, Danny E.P. [0000-0001-5919-7336], Wolloch, Michael [0000-0002-3419-5526], Wortmann, Daniel [0000-0002-2248-1904], Yu, Jusong [0000-0001-9246-6067], Zhu, Bonan [0000-0001-5601-6130], Pizzi, Giovanni [0000-0002-3583-4377], Bosoni, Emanuele, Beal, Louis, Bercx, Marnik, Blaha, Peter, Blügel, Stefan, Bröder, Jens, Callsen, Martin, Cottenier, Stefaan, Degomme, Augustin, Dikan, Vladimir, Eimre, Kristjan, Flage-Larsen, Espen, Fornari, Marco, García Arribas, Alberto, Genovese, Luigi, Giantomassi, Matteo, Huber, Sebastiaan P., Janssen, Henning, Kastlunger, Georg, Krack, Matthias, Kresse, Georg, Kühne, Thomas D., Lejaeghere, Kurt, Madsen, Georg K.H., Marsman, Martijn, Marzari, Nicola, Michalicek, Gregor, Mirhosseini, Hossein, Müller, Tiziano M.A., Petretto, Guido, Pickard, Chris J., Poncé, Samuel, Rignanese, Gian Marco, Rubel, Oleg, Ruh, Thomas, Sluydts, Michael, Vanpoucke, Danny E.P., Vijay, Sudarshan, Wolloch, Michael, Wortmann, Daniel, Yakutovich, Aliaksandr V., Yu, Jusong, Zadoks, Austin, Zhu, Bonan, and Pizzi, Giovanni
Abstract: Density-functional theory methods and codes adopting periodic boundary conditions are extensively used in condensed matter physics and materials science research. In 2016, their precision (how well properties computed with different codes agree among each other) was systematically assessed on elemental crystals: a first crucial step to evaluate the reliability of such computations. In this Expert Recommendation, we discuss recommendations for verification studies aiming at further testing precision and transferability of density-functional-theory computational approaches and codes. We illustrate such recommendations using a greatly expanded protocol covering the whole periodic table from Z = 1 to 96 and characterizing 10 prototypical cubic compounds for each element: four unaries and six oxides, spanning a wide range of coordination numbers and oxidation states. The primary outcome is a reference dataset of 960 equations of state cross-checked between two all-electron codes, then used to verify and improve nine pseudopotential-based approaches. Finally, we discuss the extent to which the current results for total energies can be reused for different goals.
Published: 2023

2. Direct observation of dynamic tube dilation in entangled polymer blends: A combination of neutron scattering and dielectric techniques

Author: Eusko Jaurlaritza, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, Jülich Research Centre, Malo de Molina, Paula, Alegría, Ángel, Allgaier, Jürgen, Kruteva, Margarita, Hoffmann, Ingo, Prévost, Sylvain, Monkenbusch, Michael, Richter, Dieter, Arbe, Arantxa, Colmenero de León, Juan, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, Jülich Research Centre, Malo de Molina, Paula, Alegría, Ángel, Allgaier, Jürgen, Kruteva, Margarita, Hoffmann, Ingo, Prévost, Sylvain, Monkenbusch, Michael, Richter, Dieter, Arbe, Arantxa, and Colmenero de León, Juan
Abstract: We report a microscopic observation of the time-dependent dynamic tube dilation process on isofrictional bidisperse melts. By applying neutron spin echo (NSE) and dielectric techniques on blends of long polyisoprene (PI) chains with short PI additives with different topology, we access the dynamics of the tube dilation process on a molecular scale. The time-dependent tube dilation is directly revealed by NSE as an additional time dependence of the dynamic structure factor in the local reptation regime. We identify the characteristic time of tube dilation as the terminal time of the additive.
Published: 2019

3. Development and analysis of the Soil Water Infiltration Global database

Author: University of Maragheh, Jülich Research Centre, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Czech Science Foundation, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Rahmati, Mehdi [0000-0001-5547-6442], López Sánchez, María Victoria [0000-0003-4113-0381], Moret-Fernández, David [0000-0002-6674-0453], Rahmati, Mehdi, Castellano, Clara, Jiménez, Juan José, López Sánchez, María Victoria, Moret-Fernández, David, University of Maragheh, Jülich Research Centre, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Czech Science Foundation, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Rahmati, Mehdi [0000-0001-5547-6442], López Sánchez, María Victoria [0000-0003-4113-0381], Moret-Fernández, David [0000-0002-6674-0453], Rahmati, Mehdi, Castellano, Clara, Jiménez, Juan José, López Sánchez, María Victoria, and Moret-Fernández, David
Abstract: In this paper, we present and analyze a novel global database of soil infiltration measurements, the Soil Water Infiltration Global (SWIG) database. In total, 5023 infiltration curves were collected across all continents in the SWIG database. These data were either provided and quality checked by the scientists who performed the experiments or they were digitized from published articles. Data from 54 different countries were included in the database with major contributions from Iran, China, and the USA. In addition to its extensive geographical coverage, the collected infiltration curves cover research from 1976 to late 2017. Basic information on measurement location and method, soil properties, and land use was gathered along with the infiltration data, making the database valuable for the development of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for estimating soil hydraulic properties, for the evaluation of infiltration measurement methods, and for developing and validating infiltration models. Soil textural information (clay, silt, and sand content) is available for 3842 out of 5023 infiltration measurements ( ∼ 76%) covering nearly all soil USDA textural classes except for the sandy clay and silt classes. Information on land use is available for 76 % of the experimental sites with agricultural land use as the dominant type (∼ 40%). We are convinced that the SWIG database will allow for a better parameterization of the infiltration process in land surface models and for testing infiltration models. All collected data and related soil characteristics are provided online in *.xlsx and *.csv formats for reference, and we add a disclaimer that the database is for public domain use only and can be copied freely by referencing it. Supplementary data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885492 (Rahmati et al., 2018). Data quality assessment is strongly advised prior to any use of this database. Finally, we would like to encourage scientists to extend and update the SWI
Published: 2018

4. Quasielastic neutron scattering study on the effect of blending on the dynamics of head-to-head poly(propylene) and poly(ethylene−propylene)

Author: Universidad del País Vasco, European Commission, Donostia International Physics Center, Jülich Research Centre, Pérez Aparicio, R., Arbe, Arantxa, Colmenero de León, Juan, Frick, Bernhard, Willner, Lutz, Richter, Dieter, Fetters, L. J., Universidad del País Vasco, European Commission, Donostia International Physics Center, Jülich Research Centre, Pérez Aparicio, R., Arbe, Arantxa, Colmenero de León, Juan, Frick, Bernhard, Willner, Lutz, Richter, Dieter, and Fetters, L. J.
Abstract: By means of quasielastic neutron scattering, we have investigated the dynamics of two polymers, head-to-head poly(propylene) (HHPP) and poly(ethylene−propylene) (PEP), through the incoherent scattering function of hydrogens, i.e., the H self-correlation function. Backscattering techniques have allowed us to cover mesoscopic time scales in the momentum transfer region 0.2 ≤ Q ≤ 1.8 Å-1. For both polymers, the glassy dynamics below the glass-transition temperature Tg (HHPP: Tg = 248 K; PEP: Tg = 213 K) is dominated by the methyl group rotations. In the temperature region investigated in the supercooled liquid statewell above the glass transitionwe have observed a qualitatively similar behavior for both systems: anomalous sublinear diffusion with deviations from Gaussian behavior in the high-Q range. Because of the differences in Tg, the time scales associated with HHPP are slower than those observed for PEP in this regime. These results have been taken as reference to address the question of the dynamic miscibility in the blend system composed by a mixture of 50% HHPP/50% PEP. Exploiting isotopic labeling, we could experimentally isolate the HHPP-component dynamics in the blend by using a mixture of protonated HHPP and deuterated PEP. In the glassy state, we found that the methyl group dynamics of HHPP is not affected by blending. On the other hand, well above the average glass transition of the blend, the hydrogen motions in HHPP become faster in the presence of PEP. The combined analysis of these results and measurements on the fully protonated blend allowed us finally to deduce also the PEP-component dynamics in the blend in the supercooled liquid state. This dynamics is slowed down by blending but remains faster than that shown by the HHPP component in the blend. These results are discussed in the light of a recent model for blend dynamics proposed by Lodge and McLeish based on the concept of self-concentration. The experimentally observed behavior is well pred
Published: 2006

5. Hydrogen-bond network probed by time-resolved optoacoustic spectroscopy: photoactive yellow protein and the effect of E46Q and E46A mutations

Author: LosiPermanent address: Department of Physics, Aba, Parma, University of, CNR-INFM, Sci, Parco Area delle, GenschPermanent address: Institute of Biological Information Processing 1, Thomas, Jülich, Research Centre, D, van der Horst, Michael A., Hellingwerf, Klaas J., and Braslavsky, Silvia E.
Abstract: The enthalpy and structural volume changes ΔHiand ΔVi produced upon photoinduced formation and decay of the red-shifted intermediate pR I1 in the photoactive yellow protein WT-PYP from Halorhodospira halophilaand the mutated E46Q-PYP and E46A-PYP, were determined by laser-induced optoacoustic spectroscopy LIOAS using the two-temperatures method, at pH 8.5. These mutations alter the hydrogen bond between the phenolate oxygen of the chromophore and the residue at position 46. Hydrogen bonding is still possible in E46Q-PYP viathe δ-NH2group of glutamine, whereas it is no longer possible with the methyl group of alanine in E46A-PYP. In all three proteins, pR decays within hundreds of ns to µs into the next intermediate, pR′. The ΔHvalues for the formation of pR ΔHpR and for its decay into pR′ΔHpR→pR′ are negligibly affected by the E46Q and the E46A substitution. In all three proteins the large ΔHpRvalue drives the photocycle. Whereas ΔVpRis a similar contraction of ca.15 ml mol−1for E46Q-PYP and WT-PYP, attributed to strengthening the hydrogen bond network between 4 and 5 hydrogen bonds inside the protein chromophore cavity, an expansion is observed for E46A-PYP, indicating just an enlargement of the chromophore cavity upon chromophore isomerization. The results are discussed in the light of the recent time-resolved room temperature, crystallographic studies with WT-PYP and E46Q-PYP. Formation of pR′ is somewhat slower for E46Q-PYP and much slower for E46A-PYP. The structural volume change for this transition, ΔVpR→pR′, is relatively small and positive for WT-PYP, slightly larger for E46Q-PYP, and definitely larger for the hydrogen-bond lacking E46A-PYP. This indicates a larger entropic change for this transition in E46A-PYP, reflected in the large pre-exponential factor for the pR to pR′ decay rate constant determined in the 5–30 °C temperature range. This decay also shows an activation entropy that compensates the larger activation energy in E46A-PYP, as compared to the values for WT-PYP and E46Q-PYP.
Published: 2005
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6. Characterization of regional differences in resting-state fMRI with a data-driven network model of brain dynamics

Author: Viktor Sip, Meysam Hashemi, Timo Dickscheid, Katrin Amunts, Spase Petkoski, Viktor Jirsa, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Jülich Research Centre, ANR-17-RHUS-0004,EPINOV,Improving EPilepsy surgery management and progNOsis using Virtual brain technology(2017), and European Project: 945539,H2020,H2020-SGA-FETFLAG-HBP-2019,HBP SGA3(2020)
Subjects: Multidisciplinary, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, ddc:500
Abstract: International audience; Model-based data analysis of whole-brain dynamics links the observed data to model parameters in a network of neural masses. Recently, studies focused on the role of regional variance of model parameters. Such analyses however necessarily depend on the properties of preselected neural mass model. We introduce a method to infer from the functional data both the neural mass model representing the regional dynamics and the region-and subject-specific parameters while respecting the known network structure. We apply the method to human resting-state fMRI. We find that the underlying dynamics can be described as noisy fluctuations around a single fixed point. The method reliably discovers three regional parameters with clear and distinct role in the dynamics, one of which is strongly correlated with the first principal component of the gene expression spatial map. The present approach opens a novel way to the analysis of resting-state fMRI with possible applications for understanding the brain dynamics during aging or neurodegeneration.
Published: 2023
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7. Towards an efficient validation of dynamical whole-brain models

Author: Kevin J. Wischnewski, Simon B. Eickhoff, Viktor K. Jirsa, Oleksandr V. Popovych, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour [Jülich, Germany] (INM-7), Jülich Research Centre, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf = Heinrich Heine University [Düsseldorf], Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), The authors thank F. Jarre and C. Helzel for helpful ideas and comments on the study design and K. Jung and J. Domhof for many practical advices. This study was supported by the Portfolio Theme Supercomputing and Modeling for the Human Brain of the Helmholtz Association (https://www.helmholtz.de/en), and the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant Agreement No. 785907 (HBP SGA2), 945539 (HBP SGA3) and 826421 (VirtualBrainCloud). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors gratefully acknowledge the computing time granted through JARA on the supercomputer JURECA at Forschungszentrum Julich. Data were provided by the Human Connectome Project, WU-Minn Consortium (Principal Investigators: D. Van Essen and K. Ugurbil, 1U54MH091657) funded by the 16 NIH Institutes and Centers that support the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research, and by the McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience at Washington University., European Project: 785907,H2020,HBP SGA2(2018), European Project: 945539,H2020,H2020-SGA-FETFLAG-HBP-2019,HBP SGA3(2020), and European Project: 826421,TVB-Cloud (2018)
Subjects: Benchmarking, Multidisciplinary, Brain, Humans, Bayes Theorem, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Models, Theoretical, ddc:600, Algorithms
Abstract: Simulating the resting-state brain dynamics via mathematical whole-brain models requires an optimal selection of parameters, which determine the model’s capability to replicate empirical data. Since the parameter optimization via a grid search (GS) becomes unfeasible for high-dimensional models, we evaluate several alternative approaches to maximize the correspondence between simulated and empirical functional connectivity. A dense GS serves as a benchmark to assess the performance of four optimization schemes: Nelder-Mead Algorithm (NMA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMAES) and Bayesian Optimization (BO). To compare them, we employ an ensemble of coupled phase oscillators built upon individual empirical structural connectivity of 105 healthy subjects. We determine optimal model parameters from two- and three-dimensional parameter spaces and show that the overall fitting quality of the tested methods can compete with the GS. There are, however, marked differences in the required computational resources and stability properties, which we also investigate before proposing CMAES and BO as efficient alternatives to a high-dimensional GS. For the three-dimensional case, these methods generated similar results as the GS, but within less than 6% of the computation time. Our results contribute to an efficient validation of models for personalized simulations of brain dynamics.
Published: 2022
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8. Infrared furnace for in situ neutron single-crystal diffraction studies in controlled gas atmospheres at high temperatures

Author: Martin Meven, Fernando Magro, Werner Paulus, Monica Ceretti, Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux de Montpellier (ICGM ICMMM), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institute of Crystallography, RWTH Aachen University, and Jülich Research Centre
Subjects: Materials science, Diffusion, Neutron diffraction, chemistry.chemical_element, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 02 engineering and technology, Partial pressure, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Oxygen, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 0104 chemical sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Chemical physics, ddc:540, Neutron, 0210 nano-technology, Anisotropy, Stoichiometry, Phase diagram
Abstract: To understand oxygen diffusion mechanisms in non-stoichiometric oxides, the possibility to explore structural changes as a function of the oxygen partial pressure with temperature and related oxygen bulk stoichiometry is mandatory. This article reports on the realization of a high-temperature furnace, suitable for single-crystal neutron diffraction, working continuously at temperatures of up to 1000°C at different and adjustable partial gas pressures of up to 2 bar (1 bar = 100 kPa). This allows exploration of the phase diagrams of non-stoichiometric oxides under in situ conditions and controlled oxygen partial pressure. As a pilot study, the structural changes of Pr2NiO4+δ were explored at room temperature (δ ≃ 0.24) and at 900°C under 1 bar P(O2) (δ ≃ 0.13) as well as under secondary vacuum (approximately 10−5 mbar) conditions yielding a δ close to zero. The strong anharmonic displacements of the apical oxygen atoms along the [110] shallow diffusion pathway, which were previously observed at room temperature and 400°C, become more isotropic at 900°C. The study shows that the anisotropic oxygen displacements, here related to lattice instabilities, play a major role in understanding oxygen diffusion pathways and related activation energies at moderate temperatures. This also shows the importance of the availability of reaction cells for single-crystal neutron diffraction to explore the phase diagram and associated structural changes of non-stoichiometric oxygen ion conductors and respective diffusion mechanisms.
Published: 2021
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9. MNE-BIDS: Organizing electrophysiological data into the BIDS format and facilitating their analysis

Author: Eric Larson, Chris Holdgraf, Alexander P. Rockhill, Matthew Sanderson, Dominik Welke, Richard Höchenberger, Teon L Brooks, Ezequiel Mikulan, Stefan Appelhoff, Alexandre Gramfort, Mainak Jas, Kambiz Tavabi, Marijn van Vliet, Maximilien Chaumon, Clemens Brunner, Romain Quentin, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Macquarie University, Mozilla, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, National Institutes of Health, University of California Berkeley, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, University of Milan, University of Washington Seattle, Jülich Research Centre, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Graz University of Technology, University of Oregon, University of Washington, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Université Paris-Saclay, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke [Bethesda] (NINDS), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), University of Washington [Seattle], Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine [Jülich] (INM-1), Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics [Frankfurt am Main], Graz University of Technology [Graz] (TU Graz), University of Oregon [Eugene], Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), and Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston]
Subjects: neuroimaging, MEG, medicine.diagnostic_test, Computer science, iEEG, education, Magnetoencephalography, Electroencephalography, Python (programming language), Settore BIO/09 - Fisiologia, BIDS, Electrophysiology, [SCCO]Cognitive science, Neuroimaging, medicine, EEG, ddc:004, Neuroscience, computer, computer.programming_language, MNE
Abstract: International audience; The development of the Brain Imaging Data Structure (BIDS; Gorgolewski et al., 2016) gave the neuroscientific community a standard to organize and share data. BIDS prescribes file naming conventions and a folder structure to store data in a set of already existing file formats. Next to rules about organization of the data itself, BIDS provides standardized templates to store associated metadata in the form of Javascript Object Notation (JSON) and tab separated value (TSV) files. It thus facilitates data sharing, eases metadata querying, and enables automatic data analysis pipelines. BIDS is a rich system to curate, aggregate, and annotate neuroimaging databases. While BIDS was originally intended for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data, it has extensions for other data modalities including: magnetoencephalography (MEG; Niso et al., 2018), electroencephalography (EEG; Pernet et al., 2019), and intracranial encephalography (iEEG; Holdgraf et al., 2019). Software packages analyzing MEG, EEG, and iEEG are now starting to support data organized using the BIDS standard, thereby becoming “BIDS compatible”. Within the Python ecosystem, MNE-Python (Gramfort et al., 2013) is a major software package for electrophysiology data analysis, and extending its functionality to support BIDS would be a great benefit for its growing user base. For this reason, we developed a dedicated Python software package MNE-BIDS with the goal of providing a programmable interface for BIDS datasets in electrophysiology with MNE-Python. MNE-BIDS allows users to re-organize data into BIDS formats, store associated metadata after anonymization, extract information necessary for preprocessing, and read the data into MNE-Python objects, ready for source localization. Starting with a single directory full of data files with arbitrary names, MNE-BIDS can be used to extract existing metadata, reorganize the files into the BIDS format, and write additional
Published: 2022
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10. Resting state EEG power spectrum and functional connectivity in autism: a cross-sectional analysis

Author: Garcés, Pilar, Baumeister, Sarah, Mason, Luke, Chatham, Christopher, Holiga, Stefan, Dukart, Juergen, Jones, Emily, Banaschewski, Tobias, Baron-Cohen, Simon, Bölte, Sven, Buitelaar, Jan, Durston, Sarah, Oranje, Bob, Persico, Antonio, Beckmann, Christian, Bougeron, Thomas, Dell’acqua, Flavio, Ecker, Christine, Moessnang, Carolin, Charman, Tony, Tillmann, Julian, Murphy, Declan, Johnson, Mark, Loth, Eva, Brandeis, Daniel, Hipp, Joerg, Ahmad, Jumana, Ambrosino, Sara, Auyeung, Bonnie, Bourgeron, Thomas, Bours, Carsten, Brammer, Michael, Brogna, Claudia, de Bruijn, Yvette, Chakrabarti, Bhismadev, Cornelissen, Ineke, Crawley, Daisy, Dumas, Guillaume, Faulkner, Jessica, Frouin, Vincent, Goyard, David, Ham, Lindsay, Hayward, Hannah, Holt, Rosemary, Kundu, Prantik, Lai, Meng-Chuan, Ardhuy, Xavier Liogier D’, Lombardo, Michael, Lythgoe, David, Mandl, René, Marquand, Andre, Mennes, Maarten, Meyer-Lindenberg, Andreas, Mueller, Nico, Oakley, Bethany, O’dwyer, Laurence, Oldehinkel, Marianne, Pandina, Gahan, Ruggeri, Barbara, Ruigrok, Amber, Sabet, Jessica, Sacco, Roberto, Cáceres, Antonia San José, Simonoff, Emily, Spooren, Will, Toro, Roberto, Tost, Heike, Waldman, Jack, Williams, Steve, Wooldridge, Caroline, Zwiers, Marcel, Leap Group, The Eu-Aims, Garcés, Pilar [0000-0003-4989-0123], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Roche Innovation Center [Basel, Switzerland], Heidelberg University, University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, University of London [London], Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour [Jülich, Germany] (INM-7), Jülich Research Centre, Autism Research Centre [Cambridge, Royaume-Uni], University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Centre for Psychiatry Research [Stockholm], Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University [Nijmegen], University Medical Center [Utrecht], Università degli Studi di Messina = University of Messina (UniMe), Génétique humaine et fonctions cognitives - Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions (GHFC (UMR_3571 / U-Pasteur_1)), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), King‘s College London, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Central Institute of Mental Health [Mannheim], This work was supported by EU-AIMS (European Autism Interventions), which receives support from the Innovative Medicines Initiative Joint Undertaking under grant agreement no. 115300, the resources of which are composed of financial contributions from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (grant FP7/2007–2013), from the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations companies’ in-kind contributions and from Autism Speaks. AIMS-2-TRIALS is funded by the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking (IMI 2 JU) under grant agreement no. 777394. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, EFPIA, Autism Speaks, Autistica, and SFARI. PG was supported by the Roche Postdoctoral Fellowship (RPF) program., European Project: 115300,EC:FP7:SP1-JTI,IMI-JU-03-2010,EU-AIMS(2012), European Project: 777394,H2020-JTI-IMI2-2016-10-two-stage,AIMS-2-TRIALS(2018), and University of Zurich
Subjects: Adult, Adolescent, Stress-related disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 13], Autism spectrum disorder, EEG, Resting state, Power spectrum, Functional connectivity, 610 Medicine & health, 1309 Developmental Biology, 2806 Developmental Neuroscience, 2738 Psychiatry and Mental Health, Developmental Neuroscience, 130 000 Cognitive Neurology & Memory, 1312 Molecular Biology, Humans, ddc:610, 10064 Neuroscience Center Zurich, Autistic Disorder, Child, Molecular Biology, Brain Mapping, Neurodevelopmental disorders Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience [Radboudumc 7], Research, 220 Statistical Imaging Neuroscience, Brain, Reproducibility of Results, Electroencephalography, 10058 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Psychiatry and Mental health, Cross-Sectional Studies, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], Developmental Biology
Abstract: Background Understanding the development of the neuronal circuitry underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is critical to shed light into its etiology and for the development of treatment options. Resting state EEG provides a window into spontaneous local and long-range neuronal synchronization and has been investigated in many ASD studies, but results are inconsistent. Unbiased investigation in large and comprehensive samples focusing on replicability is needed. Methods We quantified resting state EEG alpha peak metrics, power spectrum (PS, 2–32 Hz) and functional connectivity (FC) in 411 children, adolescents and adults (n = 212 ASD, n = 199 neurotypicals [NT], all with IQ > 75). We performed analyses in source-space using individual head models derived from the participants’ MRIs. We tested for differences in mean and variance between the ASD and NT groups for both PS and FC using linear mixed effects models accounting for age, sex, IQ and site effects. Then, we used machine learning to assess whether a multivariate combination of EEG features could better separate ASD and NT participants. All analyses were embedded within a train-validation approach (70%–30% split). Results In the training dataset, we found an interaction between age and group for the reactivity to eye opening (p = .042 uncorrected), and a significant but weak multivariate ASD vs. NT classification performance for PS and FC (sensitivity 0.52–0.62, specificity 0.59–0.73). None of these findings replicated significantly in the validation dataset, although the effect size in the validation dataset overlapped with the prediction interval from the training dataset. Limitations The statistical power to detect weak effects—of the magnitude of those found in the training dataset—in the validation dataset is small, and we cannot fully conclude on the reproducibility of the training dataset’s effects. Conclusions This suggests that PS and FC values in ASD and NT have a strong overlap, and that differences between both groups (in both mean and variance) have, at best, a small effect size. Larger studies would be needed to investigate and replicate such potential effects., Molecular Autism, 13
Published: 2022
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11. Editorial: From Structure to Function in Neuronal Networks: Effects of Adaptation, Time-Delays, and Noise

Author: Joana Cabral, Viktor Jirsa, Oleksandr V. Popovych, Alessandro Torcini, Serhiy Yanchuk, Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour (INM7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany, Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modélisation (LPTM - UMR 8089), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-CY Cergy Paris Université (CY), Research Department Complexity Science, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany, Otten, Lisa, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behaviour [Jülich, Germany] (INM-7), and Jülich Research Centre
Subjects: noise, neuronal activity patterns, multi-scale, Cognitive Neuroscience, education, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), time-delay, adaptation, [SCCO] Cognitive science, 004 Informatik, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, [SCCO]Cognitive science, Developmental Neuroscience, structure and function, neuronal networks, ddc:004, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2022
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12. The chaos in calibrating crop models

Author: Daniel Wallach, Taru Palosuo, Peter Thorburn, Zvi Hochman, Emmanuelle Gourdain, Fety Andrianasolo, Senthold Asseng, Bruno Basso, Samuel Buis, Neil Crout, Camilla Dibari, Benjamin Dumont, Roberto Ferrise, Thomas Gaiser, Cecile Garcia, Sebastian Gayler, Afshin Ghahramani, Santosh Hiremath, Steven Hoek, Heidi Horan, Gerrit Hoogenboom, Mingxia Huang, Mohamed Jabloun, Per-Erik Jansson, Qi Jing, Eric Justes, Kurt Christian Kersebaum, Anne Klosterhalfen, Marie Launay, Elisabet Lewan, Qunying Luo, Bernardo Maestrini, Henrike Mielenz, Marco Moriondo, Hasti Nariman Zadeh, Gloria Padovan, Jørgen Eivind Olesen, Arne Poyda, Eckart Priesack, Johannes Wilhelmus Maria Pullens, Budong Qian, Niels Schütze, Vakhtang Shelia, Amir Souissi, Xenia Specka, Amit Kumar Srivastava, Tommaso Stella, Thilo Streck, Giacomo Trombi, Evelyn Wallor, Jing Wang, Tobias K.D. Weber, Lutz Weihermüller, Allard de Wit, Thomas Wöhling, Liujun Xiao, Chuang Zhao, Yan Zhu, Sabine J. Seidel, INRAE, Luke Natural Resources Institute Finland, CSIRO, Arvalis Institut du Végétal, Technical University of Munich, Michigan State University, University of Nottingham, University of Florence, University of Liege, University of Bonn, University of Hohenheim, University of Southern Queensland, Department of Computer Science, Wageningen University and Research Centre, University of Florida, China Agricultural University, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, Jülich Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Hillridge Technology Pty Ltd, Institute for Crop and Soil Science, CNR-ENEA-EURATOM Association, Aarhus University, Kiel University, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Technische Universität Dresden, University of Carthage, Nanjing Agricultural University, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Structure (mathematical logic), Estimation, Mathematical optimization, Process modeling, Estimation theory, Computer science, Calibration recommendations, Experimental data, Process-based models, CHAOS (operating system), Phenology, Calibration, Range (statistics), Parameter estimation
Abstract: Funding Information: This work was in part supported by the Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (Project 7: Stochastic Modeling Framework), funded by the German Research Foundation ( DFG , Grant Agreement SFB 1253/1 2017 ), the Academy of Finland through projects AICropPro ( 316172 ) and DivCSA ( 316215 ) and Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) through a strategic project BoostIA, the BonaRes project ''Soil3'' ( BOMA 03037514 ) of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ), Germany, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ( DFG , German Research Foundation ) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2070–390732324 EXC (PhenoRob), the project BiomassWeb of the GlobeE programme (Grant number: FKZ031A258B ) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF , Germany), the INRA ACCAF meta-programme, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) in the framework of the funding measure “Soil as a Sustainable Resource for the Bioeconomy – BonaRes”, project “BonaRes (Module B): BonaRes Centre for Soil Research , subproject B” (grant 031B0511B ), the National Key Research and Development Program of China ( 2017YFD0300205 ), the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars ( 31725020 ), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions ( PAPD ), the 111 Project ( B16026 ), and China Scholarship Council , the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Project 1387 under he Canadian Agricultural Partnership, the DFG Research Unit FOR 1695 ‘Agricultural Landscapes under Global Climate Change – Processes and Feedbacks on a Regional Scale, the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture (award no. 2015-68007-23133 ) and USDA / NIFA HATCH grant N. MCL02368 , the National Key Research and Development Program of China ( 2016YFD0300105 ), The Broadacre Agriculture Initiative, a research partnership between University of Southern Queensland and the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries , the Academy of Finland through project AI-CropPro ( 315896 ), the JPI FACCE MACSUR2 project, funded by the Italian Ministry for Agricultural, Food, and Forestry Policies ( D.M. 24064/7303/15 of 6/Nov/2015), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Czech Republic through SustES - Adaption strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (project no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/000797 ). The order in which the donors are listed is arbitrary. Funding Information: This work was in part supported by the Collaborative Research Center 1253 CAMPOS (Project 7: Stochastic Modeling Framework), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, Grant Agreement SFB 1253/1 2017), the Academy of Finland through projects AICropPro (316172) and DivCSA (316215) and Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) through a strategic project BoostIA, the BonaRes project ''Soil3'' (BOMA 03037514) of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Germany, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy - EXC 2070?390732324 EXC (PhenoRob), the project BiomassWeb of the GlobeE programme (Grant number: FKZ031A258B) funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Germany), the INRA ACCAF meta-programme, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the funding measure ?Soil as a Sustainable Resource for the Bioeconomy ? BonaRes?, project ?BonaRes (Module B): BonaRes Centre for Soil Research, subproject B? (grant 031B0511B), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFD0300205), the National Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars (31725020), the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD), the 111 Project (B16026), and China Scholarship Council, the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Project 1387 under he Canadian Agricultural Partnership, the DFG Research Unit FOR 1695 ?Agricultural Landscapes under Global Climate Change ? Processes and Feedbacks on a Regional Scale, the U.S. Department of Agriculture National Institute of Food and Agriculture (award no. 2015-68007-23133) and USDA/NIFA HATCH grant N. MCL02368, the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFD0300105), The Broadacre Agriculture Initiative, a research partnership between University of Southern Queensland and the Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, the Academy of Finland through project AI-CropPro (315896), the JPI FACCE MACSUR2 project, funded by the Italian Ministry for Agricultural, Food, and Forestry Policies (D.M. 24064/7303/15 of 6/Nov/2015), the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of Czech Republic through SustES - Adaption strategies for sustainable ecosystem services and food security under adverse environmental conditions (project no. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/000797). The order in which the donors are listed is arbitrary. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Elsevier Ltd Calibration, the estimation of model parameters based on fitting the model to experimental data, is among the first steps in many applications of process-based models and has an important impact on simulated values. We propose a novel method of developing guidelines for calibration of process-based models, based on development of recommendations for calibration of the phenology component of crop models. The approach was based on a multi-model study, where all teams were provided with the same data and asked to return simulations for the same conditions. All teams were asked to document in detail their calibration approach, including choices with respect to criteria for best parameters, choice of parameters to estimate and software. Based on an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the various choices, we propose calibration recommendations that cover a comprehensive list of decisions and that are based on actual practices.
Published: 2021

13. Modelling of tungsten contamination and screening in WEST plasma discharges

Author: S. Di Genova, A. Gallo, N. Fedorczak, H. Yang, G. Ciraolo, J. Romazanov, Y. Marandet, H. Bufferand, C. Guillemaut, J.P. Gunn, C. Gil, E. Serre, S. Brezinsek, null the WEST Team, Laboratoire de Mécanique, Modélisation et Procédés Propres (M2P2), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Jülich Research Centre, Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 633053,H2020,EURATOM-Adhoc-2014-20,EUROfusion(2014), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Tokamak, chemistry.chemical_element, Tungsten, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], law, Sputtering, Impurity, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Divertor, [SPI.FLUID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Reactive fluid environment, [SPI.PLASMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Plasmas, Plasma, Contamination, Condensed Matter Physics, equipment and supplies, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation, Computational physics, Penetration factor, chemistry
Abstract: International audience; The WEST experiment is currently operating with tungsten plasma-facing components and testing ITER-like divertor monoblocks. In order to support WEST experiments interpretation, numerical analyses were carried out. Starting from WEST experimental data, realistic background plasma conditions were reproduced through SolEdge-EIRENE and used as input for ERO2.0 simulations to investigate tungsten migration. Tungsten contamination due to the different plasma-facing components was modelled under different plasma conditions, highlighting a non-negligible contribution of tungsten coming from the tokamak main chamber. Tungsten penetration factor was computed and used as an indication for tungsten screening by the background plasma at the different tokamak plasma-facing components. Simulations showed the main chamber components to be very weakly screened. Light impurities charge was showed to influence not only tungsten sputtering, but also its probability to enter the confined plasma. Simulations results indicated that even when the tungsten source is not heavily influenced by self-sputtering, contamination of the confined plasma can be strongly impacted by it in low density background plasma conditions. Finally, a one-to-one comparison between tungsten visible spectroscopy at the lower divertor from experimental data and from synthetic diagnostics was performed, showing that it is possible to reproduce a realistic lower divertor signal following experimental evidence on light impurities asymmetry between the targets.
Published: 2021
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14. Centering inclusivity in the design of online conferences - An OHBM - Open Science perspective

Author: Elizabeth Levitis, Cassandra Doris Gould van Praag, Remi Gau, Stephan Heunis, Elizabeth DuPre, Greg Kiar, Katherine L Bottenhorn, Tristan Glatard, Aki Nikolaidis, Kirstie Jane Whitaker, Matteo Mancini, Guiomar Niso, Soroosh Afyouni, Eva Alonso Ortiz, Stefan Appelhoff, Aurina Arnatkeviciute, Melvin Selim ATAY, Tibor Auer, Giulia Baracchini, Johanna Margarete Marianne Bayer, Michael J. S. Beauvais, Janine Diane Bijsterbosch, Isil Poyraz Bilgin, Saskia Bollmann, Steffen Bollmann, Rotem Botvinik-Nezer, Molly G Bright, Vince D Calhoun, Xiao Chen, Sidhant Chopra, Hu Chuan-Peng, Thomas Close, Savannah Cookson, Cameron Craddock, Alejandro De La Vega, Benjamin De Leener, Damion Demeter, Paola Di Maio, Erin W Dickie, Simon B Eickhoff, Oscar Esteban, Karolina Finc, Matteo Frigo, Saampras Ganesan, Melanie Ganz, Kelly Garner, Eduardo A. Garza-Villarreal, Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla, Rohit Goswami, John David Griffiths, Tijl Grootswagers, Samuel Guay, Olivia Guest, Daniel A. Handwerker, Peer Herholz, Katja Heuer, Dorien Huijser, Vittorio Iacovella, Michael Joseph, Agah Karakuzu, David Keator, Xenia Kobeleva, Manoj Kumar, Angie Laird, Linda J. Larson-Prior, Alexandra Lautarescu, Alberto Lazari, Jon Haitz Legarreta Gorroño, Jeff jeffers, Jinglei Lv, Sina Mansour L., David Meunier, Dustin Moraczewski, Tulika Nandi, Samuel A. Nastase, Matthias Nau, Stephanie Noble, Martin Norgaard, Johnes Obungoloch, Robert Oostenveld, Edwina R Orchard, Ana Luísa Pinho, Russell Poldrack, Anqi Qiu, Pradeep Reddy Raamana, Ariel Rokem, Saige Rutherford, Malvika Sharan, Thomas Shaw, Warda T Syeda, Meghan M. Testerman, Roberto Toro, Sofie L. Valk, Sofie Van Den Bossche, Gael P. Varoquaux, Frantisek Vasa, Michele Veldsman, Jakub Vohryzek, Adina Svenja Wagner, Reubs J Walsh, Tonya White, null zuxfoucault, Xihe Xie, Chao-Gan Yan, Yu-Fang Yang, Yohan Yee, Gaston E Zanitti, Ana Van Gulick, Eugene Duff, Camille MAUMET, National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), University College of London [London] (UCL), University of Oxford, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), Concordia University [Montreal], Child Mind Institute, The Alan Turing Institute, University of Sussex, Cardiff University, École Polytechnique de Montréal (EPM), Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Monash University [Melbourne], Middle East Technical University [Ankara] (METU), University of Surrey (UNIS), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, University of Melbourne, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre [Melbourne], Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), University of Reading (UOR), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Dartmouth College [Hanover], Northwestern University [Evanston], Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), Institute of Psychology [Beijing], Chinese Academy of Sciences [Changchun Branch] (CAS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (UCAS), Nanjing Normal University (NNU), The University of Sydney, University of California (UC), University of Texas at Austin [Austin], CHU Sainte Justine [Montréal], Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education (IGDORE ), Centre for Addiction and Mental Health [Toronto] (CAMH), University of Toronto, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf = Heinrich Heine University [Düsseldorf], Jülich Research Centre, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Nicolaus Copernicus University [Toruń], Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Computational Imaging of the Central Nervous System (ATHENA), Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée (CRISAM), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Rigshospitalet [Copenhagen], Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), University of Birmingham [Birmingham], Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz = Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU), University of Iceland [Reykjavik], Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IIT Kanpur), Western Sydney University, Université de Montréal (UdeM), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire / Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity [Paris, France] (CRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences [Leipzig] (IMPNSC), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Universiteit Leiden, University of Trento [Trento], Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), University Hospital Bonn, German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Princeton University, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Arkansas Children's Research Institute, King‘s College London, Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Yale University [New Haven], Stanford University, Mbarara University of Science and Technology [Mbarara] (MUST), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Université Paris-Saclay, National University of Singapore (NUS), Johns Hopkins University (JHU), University of Pittsburgh (PITT), Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), University of Washington [Seattle], Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Academia Sinica, Weill Medical College of Cornell University [New York], Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Würzburg, The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids), Carnegie Mellon University [Pittsburgh] (CMU), Neuroimagerie: méthodes et applications (Empenn), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SIGNAUX ET IMAGES NUMÉRIQUES, ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), R25-DA051675, National Institutes of Health, 1631325, National Science Foundation, 5R21MH118556-02, National Institute of Mental Health, BB/S008314/1, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, G036716N, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, University of Oxford [Oxford], University of California, University of Lausanne (UNIL), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Johannes Gutenberg - Universität Mainz (JGU), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Paris (UP), Leiden University, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Empenn, Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Maumet, Camille
Subjects: SDG 16 - Peace, collaborative events, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, SDG 16 - Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Review, Justice and Strong Institutions, online conferences, diversity, World Wide Web, inclusivity, open science, ddc:610, Sociology
Abstract: As the global health crisis unfolded throughout the world, many academic conferences moved online in 2020. This move has been hailed as a positive step towards inclusivity in its attenuation of economic, physical and legal barriers and effectively enabled many individuals who have traditionally been underrepresented to join and participate. A number of studies have outlined how moving online made it possible to gather a more global community and has increased opportunities for individuals with various constraints, e.g. caregiving responsibilities. Yet, the mere existence of online conferences is unfortunately no guarantee that everyone can attend and participate meaningfully. In fact, many elements of an online conference are still significant barriers to truly diverse participation: the tools used can be inaccessible for some individuals; the scheduling choices can favour some geographical locations; the setup of the conference can provide more visibility to well-established researchers and reduce opportunities for early career researchers. While acknowledging the benefits of an online setting, especially for individuals who have traditionally been underrepresented or excluded, we recognize that fostering social justice requires inclusivity to actively be centered in every aspect of online conference design.Here, we draw from the literature and from our own experiences to identify practices that purposefully encourage a diverse community to: attend, participate in, and lead online conferences. Reflecting on how to design more inclusive online events is especially important as multiple scientific organizations have announced that they will continue offering an online version of their event when in-person conferences can resume.
Published: 2021
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15. Nitrogen molecular break-up and transport simulations in the JET divertor

Author: Roni Mäenpää, Henri Kumpulainen, Mathias Groth, Juri Romazanov, Bartosz Lomanowski, Jet, Contributors, Department of Applied Physics, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Jülich Research Centre, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Abstract: openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion The density of N+ ions is predicted to decrease by 25 % and the density of N2+ ions to increase by 50 % if nitrogen is assumed to recycle from the divertor walls as molecules in partially detached JET L-mode plasma simulations performed with the 3D Monte Carlo trace impurity code ERO2.0 [1]. These findings are attributed to the kinetic energy gained by the molecular dissociation fragments in the Franck-Condon process and the resulting increase in plasma penetration of the atoms. Non
Published: 2021

16. Photopenic Defects in Gliomas With Amino-Acid PET and Relative Prognostic Value

Author: Zaragori, Timothée, Castello, Angelo, Guedj, Eric, Girard, Antoine, Galldiks, Norbert, Albert, Nathalie, Lopci, Egesta, Verger, Antoine, Imagerie Adaptative Diagnostique et Interventionnelle (IADI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Service de Médecine Nucléaire [CHRU Nancy], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Nancyclotep- Experimental Imaging Platform = Plate-forme d'imagerie moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Service de médecine nucléaire [Marseille], Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie médicale (CERIMED), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Imagerie MOléculaire pour applications THéranostiques personnalisées (IMOTHEP), Institut FRESNEL (FRESNEL), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), CRLCC Eugène Marquis (CRLCC), Université de Rennes (UR), Universitätsklinikum Köln (Uniklinik Köln), Jülich Research Centre, University-Hospital Munich-Großhadern [München], Service de Médecine Nucléaire [Nancy], Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), and Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)
Subjects: ddc:610, neoplasms, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology, nervous system diseases
Abstract: International audience; The aim is to explore the concept of photopenic defects in newly diagnosed glioma patients with the 2 widely used C-MET and F-FDOPA PET amino acid tracers. Thirty-two C-MET and 26 F-FDOPA PET scans with amino acid PET-negative gliomas were selected in this European multicentric study. Of these gliomas, 16 C-MET and 10 F-FDOPA PET scans with photopenic defects were identified, exhibiting lower mean tumor-to-background ratio as compared with isometabolic gliomas (P < 0.001). Gliomas with photopenic defects had no different progression-free survival than isometabolic gliomas in the whole population (P = 0.40), but shorter progression-free survival in the subgroup of World Health Organization grade II IDH-mutant astrocytomas (35 vs 68 months; P = 0.047).
Published: 2021
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17. Large-Deviation Approach to Random Recurrent Neuronal Networks : Parameter Inference and Fluctuation-Induced Transitions

Author: Alexander, van Meegen, Tobias, Kühn, Moritz, Helias, Jülich Research Centre, Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris (LPENS (UMR_8023)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], FOS: Biological sciences, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition, FOS: Physical sciences, Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC), ddc:530, Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn), Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks
Abstract: We here unify the field theoretical approach to neuronal networks with large deviations theory. For a prototypical random recurrent network model with continuous-valued units, we show that the effective action is identical to the rate function and derive the latter using field theory. This rate function takes the form of a Kullback-Leibler divergence which enables data-driven inference of model parameters and calculation of fluctuations beyond mean-field theory. Lastly, we expose a regime with fluctuation-induced transitions between mean-field solutions., Extension to multiple populations
Published: 2021
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18. Interpretation of the hydrogen isotope effect on the density limit inJET-ILW L-mode plasmas using EDGE2D-EIRENE

Author: Solokha, V., Groth, M., Corrigan, G., Wiesen, S., JET Contributors, Department of Applied Physics, Fusion and Plasma Physics, JET-EFDA, Jülich Research Centre, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Materials science, Hydrogen, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Dissociation (chemistry), 010305 fluids & plasmas, Physics::Plasma Physics, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Physics::Atomic Physics, 010306 general physics, tokamak, Mathematical Physics, Jet (fluid), Isotope, density limit, Plasma, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, chemistry, Deuterium, Physics::Space Physics, L-mode, Atomic physics, isotope effect
Abstract: openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion Experiments in JET with the Be/W ITER-like wall show that in pure hydrogen low-confinement mode (L-mode) plasmas the density limit is approximately 20% higher than their corresponding deuterium plasmas. The maximum achievable density in L-mode plasmas is limited by the magnetohydrodynamic stability of the m/n = 2/1 tearing mode. Studies with the edge fluid-neutral Monte-Carlo code package EDGE2D-EIRENE show that the density of hydrogen atoms inside the separatrix is two times lower than for deuterium in plasma conditions preceding the density limit. The difference between the isotopes is caused by the non-linear process at density limit onset which leads to more efficient dissociation and ionization of hydrogen molecules and atoms in hydrogen than in deuterium plasmas at the high-field X-point region at electron temperatures lower than 2 eV. The m/n = 2/1 island size is estimated to be 30% smaller islands for hydrogen than for deuterium cases for equal fuelling conditions and radial transport assumptions.
Published: 2021
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19. Structural changes of Nd- and Ce-doped ammonium diuranate microspheres during the conversion to U1−yLnyO2±x

Author: Nicolas Clavier, Renaud Podor, Giuseppe Modolo, Thomas Cardinaels, Koen Binnemans, J. Lautru, Gregory Leinders, Christian Schreinemachers, Marc Verwerft, Centre d'Etude de l'Energie Nucléaire (SCK-CEN), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Etude de la Matière en Mode Environnemental (L2ME), Institut de Chimie Séparative de Marcoule (ICSM - UMR 5257), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interfaces de Matériaux en Evolution (LIME), Jülich Research Centre, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Thermogravimetric analysis, Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, Thermal treatment, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 12. Responsible consumption, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, Ammonium diuranate, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Calcination, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Sol-gel, Dopant, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Cerium, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Particle, ddc:620, 0210 nano-technology, [CHIM.RADIO]Chemical Sciences/Radiochemistry, Nuclear chemistry
Abstract: The structural changes of ammonium diuranate (ADU) microspheres, prepared by the sol–gel route via internal gelation, were investigated during thermal treatments in oxidative and reducing conditions. In particular, in-situ simultaneous thermogravimetric analyses and in-situ high-temperature scanning electron microscopy investigations were carried out on un-doped ADU microspheres, and ADU microspheres doped with 10 mol% neodymium or 10 mol% cerium. Calcination in air caused the surface of the particles to crack, but with increasing temperature up to 900 °C some healing, and additionally, shrinkage occurred. The extent of the fractures and the amount of shrinkage was, however, significantly more pronounced in a particle prepared with a tetravalent Ce precursor, as compared to particles prepared with a trivalent Nd or Ce precursor. The macroscopic behaviour could be related to the release of volatile decomposition products and the calcined compositions were identified as (Ln-doped) α − U 3 O 8 by X-ray powder diffraction. During thermal treatment in reducing conditions a transition from a (Ln-doped) α − U 3 O 8 phase to a (Ln-doped) UO2±x phase was observed. After exposure to a hydrogen containing gas mixture, this transition occurred rapidly in un-doped particles, and in particles prepared with trivalent Nd or Ce dopant precursors at 700 °C. Despite the fast reduction reaction, severe fractures appeared in the particles above temperatures of 850 °C, indicating that such behaviour is mainly attributed to sintering effects and less to the phase transition. In contrast, a more delayed reduction reaction was observed in particles prepared with a tetravalent dopant precursor and the described effects appeared less severe.
Published: 2020
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20. Variability in the analysis of a single neuroimaging dataset by many teams

Author: Richard C. Reynolds, Jeremy Hogeveen, Joseph T. McGuire, Vittorio Iacovella, Gregory R. Samanez-Larkin, Cemal Koba, Paolo Avesani, Mikella A. Green, Margaret L. Schlichting, Claudio Toro-Serey, Tristan Glatard, Phui Cheng Lim, Emily A. Yearling, Simon B. Eickhoff, Katherine L. Bottenhorn, Susanne Weis, Andrew Erhart, Doris Pischedda, Mauricio R. Delgado, William A. Cunningham, Robert Langner, Matthew B. Wall, Amr Eed, Jorge Moll, Jeffrey B. Dennison, Wouter D. Weeda, Annabel B. Losecaat Vermeer, Anthony C. Juliano, Felix Hoffstaedter, Julia A. Camilleri, Nadège Bault, Cristian Buc Calderon, Xu Zhang, Gustav Tinghög, Vuong Truong, Leah Bakst, Stephan Heunis, Bertrand Thirion, Colin F. Camerer, Bradley C. Love, Tom Verguts, Luca Cecchetti, Patricia A. Reuter-Lorenz, Camille Maumet, Gabrielle Herman, Giacomo Handjaras, Michalis Kassinopoulos, Anthony Romyn, Xiangzhen Kong, Michael Notter, Nina Lauharatanahirun, Claire Donnat, Norberto Malpica, Jelle J. Goeman, Kamalaker Dadi, Michael Mack, Joke Durnez, Alberto De Luca, Margaret A. Sheridan, Shruti Ray, Colin Hawco, Enrico Glerean, J. Paul Hamilton, Qiang Shen, Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez, Andrea Leo, David Wisniewski, Ayse Ilkay Isik, Lei Zhang, Bharat B. Biswal, Rotem Botvinik-Nezer, Flora Li, Bronson Harry, Andrew Jahn, Elise Lesage, Jean M. Vettel, Marco Barilari, Adrian I. Onicas, Susan Holmes, Khoi Vo, Aahana Bajracharya, Matthew Hughes, Rui Yuan, Nuri Erkut Kucukboyaci, Remi Gau, Sangsuk Yoon, Hongmi Lee, Alexandru D. Iordan, John Thorp, Russell A. Poldrack, Anna Dreber, Joshua E. Zosky, Dylan M. Nielson, Adriana S. Méndez Leal, Erin W. Dickie, Roeland Hancock, Tiago Bortolini, Kaustubh R. Patil, Monica Y.C. Li, Kristin N. Meyer, Fu Shiguang, Kenny Skagerlund, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Jennifer A. Silvers, R. Alison Adcock, Gustav Nilsonne, Zachary J. Cole, Emilio Sanz-Morales, Charles P. Davis, Michael Joseph, Sangil Lee, Tom Johnstone, Peder M. Isager, Jonathan E. Peelle, Emiliano Ricciardi, Scott A. Huettel, G. Matthew Fricke, Leonardo Tozzi, Brice A. Kuhl, Sagana Vijayarajah, Alexander Bowring, Jeanette A. Mumford, Blazej M. Baczkowski, Shabnam Hakimi, Sebastian Kupek, Michael Kirchler, Yanina Prystauka, Niall W. Duncan, Anna van 't Veer, Emily G. Brudner, Jamil P. Bhanji, Sarah M. Tashjian, Senne Braem, Paolo Papale, Simon R. Steinkamp, Georgios D. Mitsis, Kenneth S. L. Yuen, Magnus Johannesson, David J. White, Alec Smith, Krzysztof J. Gorgolewski, Alexander Leemans, Robert W. Cox, Emanuele Olivetti, Luca Turella, Juergen Huber, Tom Schonberg, David V. Smith, Lysia Demetriou, Peter Sokol-Hessner, Juergen Dukart, Glad Mihai, Taylor Salo, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Angela R. Laird, Sergej A.E. Golowin, Sarah Genon, Adriana Galván, Claus Lamm, Joseph W. Kable, Roni Iwanir, Theo Marins, Matthew R. Johnson, Anais Rodriguez-Thompson, Benjamin Meyer, Stefan Czoschke, Loreen Tisdall, Douglas H. Schultz, Evan N. Lintz, Derek Beaton, Peer Herholz, Olivia Guest, Jenny R. Rieck, Laura Fontanesi, Ekaterina Dobryakova, Alexandre Pérez, Olivier Collignon, Xin Di, Ruud Berkers, Sheryl B. Ball, Carlos González-García, Schuyler W. Liphardt, Edna C. Cieslik, Roland G. Benoit, João F. Guassi Moreira, Helena Melero, Jaime J. Castrellon, Hayley R. Brooks, Chuan-Peng Hu, Felix Holzmeister, Cheryl L. Grady, Thomas E. Nichols, Alba Xifra-Porxas, Steven H. Tompson, Kelsey McDonald, Julia Beitner, Timothy R. Koscik, Tel Aviv University (TAU), Dartmouth College [Hanover], Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck, California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Stockholm School of Economics (SSE), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Duke University [Durham], Fondazione Bruno Kessler [Trento, Italy] (FBK), University of Trento [Trento], Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences [Leipzig] (IMPNSC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Washington University in Saint Louis (WUSTL), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Virginia Tech [Blacksburg], Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Plymouth University, Rotman Research Institute at the Baycrest Centre (RRI), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Rutgers University [Newark], Rutgers University System (Rutgers), New Jersey Institute of Technology [Newark] (NJIT), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China [Chengdu] (UESTC), University College of London [London] (UCL), D'Or Institute for Research and Education [Rio de Janeiro], Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), University of Oxford, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), University of Denver, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf = Heinrich Heine University [Düsseldorf], Jülich Research Centre, School for Advanced Studies Lucca (IMT), University of Nebraska–Lincoln, University of Nebraska System, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), University of Toronto, Modelling brain structure, function and variability based on high-field MRI data (PARIETAL), Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Lancashire Teaching Hospital, University of Connecticut (UCONN), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Imperial College London, Temple University [Philadelphia], Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Kessler Foundation [East Hanover], Stanford University, Taipei Medical University, TMU-ShuangHo Hospital [New Taipei City], Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, University of Basel (Unibas), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], Zhejiang University of Technology, University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California (UC), Université catholique de Lille (UCL), Concordia University [Montreal], Aalto University, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Universiteit Leiden, Linköping University (LIU), Western Sydney University, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health [Toronto] (CAMH), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Eindhoven University of Technology [Eindhoven] (TU/e), Epilepsy Centre Kempenhaeghe [Heeze], Leibniz-Institut für Resilienzforschung [Mainz] (LIR), Swinburne University of Technology (Hawthorn campus), University of Michigan [Ann Arbor], University of Michigan System, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics [Frankfurt am Main], University of Pennsylvania, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (NJMS), University of Oregon [Eugene], University of Vienna [Vienna], Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Nanjing University (NJU), Haskins Laboratories, The Alan Turing Institute, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Neuroimagerie: méthodes et applications (Empenn), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SIGNAUX ET IMAGES NUMÉRIQUES, ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), University of North Carolina [Chapel Hill] (UNC), University of North Carolina System (UNC), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne (UNIL), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Humboldt University Of Berlin, Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin (TU), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), Columbia University [New York], Human Research and Engineering Directorate [Aberdeen Proving Ground], Stanford School of Medicine [Stanford], Stanford Medicine, Stanford University-Stanford University, University of California [Santa Barbara] (UC Santa Barbara), University of Dayton, Maumet, Camille, Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Leiden University, European Commission, Fundación 'la Caixa', Tel Aviv University [Tel Aviv], University of Innsbruck, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), University of Oxford [Oxford], Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), University of Nebraska [Lincoln], Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, University of California, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Empenn, Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, University of California [Berkeley], University of California [Santa Barbara] (UCSB), Signal Processing Systems, and Human Technology Interaction
Subjects: Data Analysis, Male, Scientific community, Computer science, Decision, Datasets as Topic, Variation (game tree), Field (computer science), 0302 clinical medicine, Multidisciplinary approach, Data Science/methods, Models, Meta-Analysis as Topic, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, Brain, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Research Personnel, Datasets as Topic/statistics & numerical data, Neurological, Female, ddc:500, Research Personnel/organization & administration, Models, Neurological, BF, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Neuroimaging, Functional neuroimaging, Human behaviour, medicine, Humans, 030304 developmental biology, Statistical hypothesis testing, Flexibility (engineering), [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Functional Neuroimaging, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Data Science, Reproducibility of Results, Brain/diagnostic imaging, Pipeline (software), Data science, Workflow, Logistic Models, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Decision making, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Software
Abstract: Botvinik-Nezer, Rotem et al., Data analysis workflows in many scientific domains have become increasingly complex and flexible. Here we assess the effect of this flexibility on the results of functional magnetic resonance imaging by asking 70 independent teams to analyse the same dataset, testing the same 9 ex-ante hypotheses. The flexibility of analytical approaches is exemplified by the fact that no two teams chose identical workflows to analyse the data. This flexibility resulted in sizeable variation in the results of hypothesis tests, even for teams whose statistical maps were highly correlated at intermediate stages of the analysis pipeline. Variation in reported results was related to several aspects of analysis methodology. Notably, a meta-analytical approach that aggregated information across teams yielded a significant consensus in activated regions. Furthermore, prediction markets of researchers in the field revealed an overestimation of the likelihood of significant findings, even by researchers with direct knowledge of the dataset. Our findings show that analytical flexibility can have substantial effects on scientific conclusions, and identify factors that may be related to variability in the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging. The results emphasize the importance of validating and sharing complex analysis workflows, and demonstrate the need for performing and reporting multiple analyses of the same data. Potential approaches that could be used to mitigate issues related to analytical variability are discussed., European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en) under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 665501. A. Eed was supported by a predoctoral fellowship La Caixa-Severo Ochoa from Obra Social La Caixa. S.B.E. was supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no. 785907 (HBP SGA2).
Published: 2020
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21. Linking Brain Structure, Activity, and Cognitive Function through Computation

Author: Katrin Amunts, Javier DeFelipe, Cyriel Pennartz, Alain Destexhe, Michele Migliore, Philippe Ryvlin, Steve Furber, Alois Knoll, Lise Bitsch, Jan G. Bjaalie, Yannis Ioannidis, Thomas Lippert, Maria V. Sanchez-Vives, Rainer Goebel, Viktor Jirsa, Jülich Research Centre, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf = Heinrich Heine University [Düsseldorf], Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, CRN, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois [Lausanne] (CHUV), University of Manchester [Manchester], Technische Universität München = Technical University of Munich (TUM), Danish Board of Technology Foundation, University of Oslo (UiO), ATHENA - Research and Innovation Center in Information, Communication and Knowledge Technologies, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute - IDIBAPS [Barcelona, Spain], Maastricht University [Maastricht], Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Vision, and RS: FPN CN 1
Subjects: DYNAMICS, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, MESH: Cognition, Brain complexity, HUMAN CONNECTOME, MECHANISMS, MESH: Brain, Cognition, CONNECTIVITY, multiscale brain organization, Humans, ddc:610, NETWORK, MESH: Robotics, ARCHITECTURE, PERCEPTION, Connectivity, MESH: Humans, neuro-inspired technology, [SDV.NEU.PC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Psychology and behavior, brain complexity, General Neuroscience, Neurosciences, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, Brain, human brain mapping, Robotics, General Medicine, MESH: Neurosciences, FRAMEWORK, ddc, VARIABILITY, MESH: Neural Networks, Computer, Artificial neuronal networks, Neural Networks, Computer, Neuro-inspired technology, PROJECT, Human brain mapping, Multiscale brain organization, artificial neuronal networks
Abstract: Understanding the human brain is a "Grand Challenge" for 21st century research. Computational approaches enable large and complex datasets to be addressed efficiently, supported by artificial neural networks, modeling and simulation. Dynamic generative multiscale models, which enable the investigation of causation across scales and are guided by principles and theories of brain function, are instrumental for linking brain structure and function. An example of a resource enabling such an integrated approach to neuroscientific discovery is the BigBrain, which spatially anchors tissue models and data across different scales and ensures that multiscale models are supported by the data, making the bridge to both basic neuroscience and medicine. Research at the intersection of neuroscience, computing and robotics has the potential to advance neuro-inspired technologies by taking advantage of a growing body of insights into perception, plasticity and learning. To render data, tools and methods, theories, basic principles and concepts interoperable, the Human Brain Project (HBP) has launched EBRAINS, a digital neuroscience research infrastructure, which brings together a transdisciplinary community of researchers united by the quest to understand the brain, with fascinating insights and perspectives for societal benefits.
Published: 2022
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22. Comparative H-mode density limit studies in JET and AUG

Author: T. Eich, M. Brix, G. Sips, E. Joffrin, J. Schweinzer, M. Groth, E. Viezzer, Gennady Sergienko, G. Calabrò, H. Zohm, S. Wiesen, Aaro Järvinen, M. Wischmeier, P. Abreu, M.F. Stamp, E. Delabie, V. Huber, M. N. A. Beurskens, A. Kallenbach, C.G. Lowry, M. Bernert, D. Carralero, S. Jachmich, A. V. Chankin, F. Reimold, U. Kruezi, Ph. Mertens, S. Brezinsek, A. G. Meigs, H. G. Esser, Peter Lang, A. Huber, C. Guillemaut, G. F. Matthews, Ch. Linsmeier, A. Boboc, Jet Contributors, C. F. Maggi, Culham Science Centre, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Jülich Research Centre, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Military Academy, CEA, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Universidad de Sevilla. RNM138: Física Nuclear Aplicada, and JET Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Tokamak, Detachment, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Radiation, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Subatomär fysik, ASDEX Upgrade, law, Phase (matter), Subatomic Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Limit (mathematics), 010306 general physics, Scaling, Physics, Jet (fluid), Plasma, lcsh:TK9001-9401, H-mode, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, JET, Density limit, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Greenwald fraction, Atomic physics
Abstract: Identification of the mechanisms for the H-mode density limit in machines with fully metallic walls, and their scaling to future devices is essential to find for these machines the optimal operational boundaries with the highest attainable density and confinement. Systematic investigations of H-mode density limit plasmas in experiments with deuterium external gas fuelling have been performed on machines with fully metallic walls, JET and AUG and results have been compared with one another. Basically, the operation phases are identical for both tokamaks: the stable H-mode phase, degrading H-mode phase, breakdown of the H-mode with energy confinement deterioration usually accompanied by a dithering cycling phase, followed by the l -mode phase. The observed H-mode density limit on both machines is found close to the Greenwald limit (n/n GW = 0.8-1.1 in the observed magnetic configurations). The similar behavior of the radiation on both tokamaks demonstrates that the density limit (DL) is neither related to additional energy losses from the confined region by radiation, nor to an inward collapse of the hot discharge core induced by overcooling of the plasma periphery by radiation. It was observed on both machines that detachment, as well as the X-point MARFE itself, does not trigger a transition in the confinement regime and thus does not present a limit on the plasma density. It is the plasma confinement, most likely determined by edge parameters, which is ultimately responsible for the transition from H-to L-mode. The measured Greenwald fractions are found to be consistent with the predictions from different theoretical models [16,30] based on MHD instability theory in the near-SOL. For complete list of authors see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2017.01.005
Published: 2017
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23. A study of the atomic and molecular power loss terms in EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations of JET ITER-like wall L-mode discharges

Author: A. G. Meigs, Detlev Reiter, S. Menmuir, S. Brezinsek, K. D. Lawson, D. Harting, G. Corrigan, P. Drewelow, S. Wiesen, Contributors, C. F. Maggi, J. Simpson, M.F. Stamp, M. Groth, Culham Science Centre, Department of Applied Physics, Jülich Research Centre, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and Contributors
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Divertor diagnostic, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, Effective radiated power, Radiation, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, ILW, Physics::Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Divertor modelling, Power loss, Jet (fluid), ta114, Chemistry, Divertor, Mode (statistics), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, EDGE2D, lcsh:TK9001-9401, Computational physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Deuterium, JET, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: A discrepancy in the divertor radiated powers between EDGE2D-EIRENE simulations and JET-ILW experiments employing a set of NBI-heated L-mode discharges with step-wise density variation is investigated. The analysis shows the importance of the contributions from the deuterium fuel to the divertor radiated power, making these discharges ideal for this study. Molecular radiation losses from D2 molecules have been included for the first time and the present simulations allow the atomic and molecular electron power loss terms in EIRENE to be independently scaled in order to understand their importance in determining the simulated electron temperatures and distribution of radiated power. PSI-22 keywords: Divertor modelling, Divertor diagnostic, EDGE2D, JET, ILW
Published: 2017

24. SOL parallel momentum loss in ASDEX Upgrade and comparison with SOLPS

Author: I. Paradela Pérez, A. Scarabosio, M. Groth, M. Wischmeier, F. Reimold, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Department of Applied Physics, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Jülich Research Centre, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, and ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society
Subjects: Radial position, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Momentum (technical analysis), ta114, Separatrix, Chemistry, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Plasma, Electron, Scrape-off layer, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:TK9001-9401, SOLPS, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, Momentum removal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, ASDEX Upgrade, 0103 physical sciences, Divertor detachment, ddc:333.7, lcsh:Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Momentum loss, 010306 general physics
Abstract: An H-mode database of ASDEX Upgrade plasmas with improved diagnostics for a variety of different plasma conditions has been analysed to study the momentum removal in the Scrape-Off Layer (SOL). A strong reduction, up to a factor of 100, of the electron pressure is observed close to the separatrix. Sets of L-mode and H-mode like plasma simulations with the SOLPS5.0 code package have supported the interpretation of the experimental observations (e.g., apparent momentum gain, strong radial position dependence) and helped to clarify the role of ion-neutral interactions. The experimental data are in turn used to check the SOLPS predictions, which differ quantitatively, suggesting that important pieces of physics are still not successfully captured by the code. Keywords: Momentum removal, Scrape-off layer, SOLPS, Divertor detachment
Published: 2017
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25. Unconventional Ferroelectric Switching via Local Domain Wall Motion in Multiferroic ε‐Fe2O3 Films

Author: Sebastiaan van Dijken, Richeng Yu, Konstantin Z. Rushchanskii, Xiangxiang Guan, Marjana Ležaić, Sampo Inkinen, Martí Gich, Florencio Sánchez, Lide Yao, Academy of Finland, European Research Council, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), European Commission, Generalitat de Catalunya, German Research Foundation, Jülich Research Centre, National Key Research and Development Program (China), National Natural Science Foundation of China, Nanomagnetism and Spintronics, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CSIC - Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Materials science, ddc:621.3, media_common.quotation_subject, European research, Multiferroics, Library science, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Excellence, Ferroelectric switching, ε-Fe O, Local domain, ε‐Fe 2O 3, Christian ministry, Wall motion, 0210 nano-technology, media_common
Abstract: Deterministic polarization reversal in ferroelectric and multiferroic films is critical for their exploitation in nanoelectronic devices. While ferroelectricity has been studied for nearly a century, major discrepancies in the reported values of coercive fields and saturation polarization persist in literature for many materials. This raises questions about the atomic‐scale mechanisms behind polarization reversal. Unconventional ferroelectric switching in ε‐Fe2O3 films, a material that combines ferrimagnetism and ferroelectricity at room temperature, is reported. High‐resolution in situ scanning transmission electron microscopy experiments and first‐principles calculations demonstrate that polarization reversal in ε‐Fe2O3 occurs around pre‐existing domain walls only, triggering local domain wall motion in moderate electric fields of 250–500 kV cm−1. Calculations indicate that the activation barrier for switching at domain walls is nearly a quarter of that corresponding to the most likely transition paths inside ε‐Fe2O3 domains. Moreover, domain walls provide symmetry lowering of the polar structure near the domain boundary, which is shown to be necessary for ferroelectric switching in ε‐Fe2O3. Local polarization reversal in ε‐Fe2O3 limits the macroscopic ferroelectric response and offers important hints on how to tailor ferroelectric properties by domain structure design in other relevant ferroelectric materials., This work was supported by the Academy of Finland (Grant Nos. 293929, 304291, 319218 and 316857) and by the European Research Council (ERC‐2012‐StG 307502 and ERC‐2018‐CoG 819623). STEM analysis was conducted at the Aalto University OtaNano‐Nanomicroscopy Center (Aalto‐NMC). ICMAB acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Competitiveness and Universities, through the “Severo Ochoa” Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV‐ 2015‐0496) and the project MAT2017‐85232‐R co‐financed with the EU FEDER program, as well as the Generalitat de Catalunya (projects 2017SGR1377 and 2017SGR765). The authors thank Jaume Gàzquez for discussions about the work and critical reading of the manuscript. K.Z.R. and M.L. gratefully acknowledge the financial support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through DFG‐ANR GALIMEO project (LE 2504/2‐1), as well as the support of Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC, project jiff38) and JARA‐HPC Partition (projects jara0081 and jara0126). R.C.Y. and X.X.G. acknowledge the financial support by the National Key Research Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFA0206200) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 11874413). We thank Prof. Nathalie Viart for valuable discussions.
Published: 2020
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26. Iuliacumite: A Novel Chemical Short-Range Order in a Two-Dimensional Wurtzite Single Monolayer InAs 1– x Sb x Shell on InAs Nanowires

Author: J.P. Nys, Sebastien Plissard, Maxime Berthe, Rafal E. Dunin-Borkowski, Ph. Ebert, Tao Xu, I. Lefebvre, Bruno Grandidier, Holger Eisele, M. Schnedler, Jülich Research Centre, Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Équipe Matériaux et Procédés pour la Nanoélectronique (LAAS-MPN), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Technische Universität Berlin (TU), Physique-IEMN (PHYSIQUE-IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Physique - IEMN (PHYSIQUE - IEMN), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin (TU), ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors thank P. Caroff for his involvement in thenanowire growth and the European Community’s H2020program (Grant No. PITN-GA-2016-722176, Indeed Project),the EQUIPEX programs Excelsior (Grant No. ANR-11-EQPX-0015), the RENATECH network, the Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft (DFG, German research foundation, 390247238), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(19ZR1419500) and of the Region Nord-Pas-de-Calais for financial support., RENATECH network, and ANR-11-EQPX-0015,Excelsior,Centre expérimental pour l'étude des propriétés des nanodispositifs dans un large spectre du DC au moyen Infra-rouge.(2011)
Subjects: Materials science, Condensed matter physics, Chemical ordering, Single monolayer, Mechanical Engineering, Shell (structure), Nanowire, Nanowire shell, Bioengineering, In(As, 02 engineering and technology, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Sb), Monolayer, ddc:660, Short range order, General Materials Science, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 0210 nano-technology, Wurtzite, Wurtzite crystal structure
Abstract: International audience; A chemical short range order is found in single monolayer InAs 1-x Sb x shells, which inherit a wurtzite structure from the underlying InAs nanowire, instead of crystallizing in the energetically preferred zincblende structure. The chemical order is characterized by an anti-correlation ordering vector in 1120 direction and arises from strong Sb-Sb repulsive interactions along the atomic chains in 1120 direction.
Published: 2019
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27. The very large electrode array for retinal stimulation (VLARS)—A concept study

Author: Florian Waschkowski, Thomas Laube, Kim Schaffrath, Cláudia Werner, Florent Haiss, Norbert Bornfeld, Anne-Christine Schnitzler, Gernot F. Rößler, Wilfried Mokwa, Sandra Johnen, Claudia S Barz, Tibor Karl Lohmann, Anna-Marina van der Meer, Peter Walter, Babak Mazinani, RWTH Aachen University, Dynamique corticale et prise de décision - Neural circuit dynamics and decision making, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Jülich Research Centre, Universität Duisburg-Essen [Essen], The VLARS project was supported with a grant from the Jackstädt Foundation and with additional funding from the Hans Lamers Foundation., The authors thank Claudia Werner for her outstanding technical support. Rudolph Pivik supported the VLARS team with the rotational stereotactic frame., Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University (RWTH), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Universität Duisburg-Essen = University of Duisburg-Essen [Essen]
Subjects: MESH: Microelectrodes, genetic structures, multielectrode array, Swine, Medizin, MESH: Rabbits, Biocompatible Materials, Stimulation, 02 engineering and technology, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, MESH: Biocompatible Materials, MESH: Animals, MESH: Swine, Visual Cortex, local eld potentials, MESH: Retina, cortical activation, Retinal detachment, MESH: Follow-Up Studies, Electrodes, Implanted, Retinal Tear, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Rabbits, medicine.medical_specialty, 0206 medical engineering, Retinal implant, Biomedical Engineering, retina implant, MESH: Prosthesis Implantation, Retina, Prosthesis Implantation, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, biocompatibility, Ophthalmology, Retinitis pigmentosa, medicine, Electrode array, Animals, ddc:610, business.industry, MESH: Visual Cortex, Retinal, medicine.disease, retinal stimulation, 020601 biomedical engineering, vitreoretinal surgery, eye diseases, chemistry, MESH: Electrodes, Implanted, Implant, sense organs, business, Microelectrodes, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Journal of neural engineering 16(6), 066031 (2019). doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab4113, Published by Institute of Physics Publishing, Bristol
Published: 2019
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28. Functional and structural properties of highly responsive somatosensory neurons in mouse barrel cortex

Author: P.-M. Garderes, Dan Alin Ganea, Dirk Feldmeyer, C. S. Barz, Florent Haiss, Sven Reischauer, Jülich Research Centre, RWTH Aachen University, Dynamique corticale et prise de décision - Neural circuit dynamics and decision making, Institut Pasteur [Paris], University of Basel (Unibas), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen (JLU), Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research (MPI-HLR), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, The Minerva Stiftung Gesellschaft für die Forschung mbH (to D.G.), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SFB-1213 Project B01 (to S.R.), the Helmholtz Society (to D.F.), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Research Unit ``Barrel Cortex Function' (Grant 472/4-2 to D.F.), the EU's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (Grant Agreement No. 720270, HBP SGA1 to D.F.), Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung, Medical Faculty of RWTH Aachen University, Germany (to F.H.), European Project: 720270,H2020 Pilier Excellent Science,H2020-Adhoc-2014-20,HBP SGA1(2016), Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University (RWTH), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), and Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen = Justus Liebig University (JLU)
Subjects: Male, Patch-Clamp Techniques, sparse coding, Green Fluorescent Proteins, Population, Individuality, Sensory system, Somatosensory system, patch clamp, somatosensory, Mice, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Calcium imaging, Physical Stimulation, Biocytin, medicine, Animals, ddc:610, AcademicSubjects/MED00385, education, 030304 developmental biology, Neurons, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Neocortex, AcademicSubjects/SCI01870, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Somatosensory Cortex, Barrel cortex, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Electrophysiology, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Vibrissae, barrel cortex, Original Article, AcademicSubjects/MED00310, Noise, two-photon imaging, Neuroscience, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: SummarySparse population activity is a hallmark of supra-granular sensory neurons in neocortex. The mechanisms underlying sparseness are not well understood because a direct link between the neurons activated in vivo and their cellular properties investigated in vitro has been missing. We used two-photon calcium imaging to identify a subset of neurons in layer L2/3 (L2/3) of mouse primary somatosensory cortex that are highly active following principal whisker vibrotactile stimulation. These high responders were then tagged using photoconvertible green fluorescent protein for subsequent targeting in the brain slice using intracellular patch-clamp recordings and biocytin staining. This approach allowed us to investigate the structural and functional properties of high responders that distinguish them from less active control cells. Compared to less responsive L2/3 neurons, high responders displayed increased levels of stimulus-evoked and spontaneous activity, elevated noise and spontaneous pair-wise correlations, and stronger coupling to the population response. Intrinsic excitability was reduced in high responders, while other electrophysiological and morphological parameters were unchanged. Thus, the choice of which neurons participate in stimulus encoding may largely be determined by network connectivity rather than by cellular structure and function.
Published: 2019
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29. Direct Observation of Dynamic Tube Dilation in Entangled Polymer Blends: A Combination of Neutron Scattering and Dielectric Techniques

Author: Sylvain Prévost, Jürgen Allgaier, Dieter Richter, Margarita Kruteva, Juan Colmenero, Ingo Hoffmann, Michael Monkenbusch, Angel Alegría, Arantxa Arbe, Paula Malo de Molina, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), European Commission, and Jülich Research Centre
Subjects: Materials science, Dynamic structure factor, Direct observation, General Physics and Astronomy, Dielectric, Neutron scattering, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, Neutron spin echo, Reptation, 0103 physical sciences, Dilation (morphology), Polymer blend, 010306 general physics
Abstract: We report a microscopic observation of the time-dependent dynamic tube dilation process on isofrictional bidisperse melts. By applying neutron spin echo (NSE) and dielectric techniques on blends of long polyisoprene (PI) chains with short PI additives with different topology, we access the dynamics of the tube dilation process on a molecular scale. The time-dependent tube dilation is directly revealed by NSE as an additional time dependence of the dynamic structure factor in the local reptation regime. We identify the characteristic time of tube dilation as the terminal time of the additive., Authors from the Materials Physics Center (San Sebastián) gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Basque Government, code IT-1175-19, and the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, code PGC2018-094548-B-I00 (MCIU/AEI/FEDER, UE). P. M. M. gratefully acknowledges the financial support provided by the SoftComp Consortium for a research visit at Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany.
Published: 2019

30. The Scientific Case for Brain Simulations

Author: Sonja Grün, Alain Destexhe, Gaute T. Einevoll, Hans E. Plesser, Felix Schürmann, Viktor K. Jirsa, Michele Migliore, Markus Diesmann, Torbjørn V. Ness, Marc de Kamps, Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay (NeuroPSI), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Jülich Research Centre, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes (INS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institute for Artificial and Biological Intelligence, Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, National Research Council (CNR), and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, simulator, Computer science, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Local field potential, computer.software_genre, 0302 clinical medicine, local-field potentials, generation, Network model, media_common, Neurons, Nevrovitenskap, education.field_of_study, [SDV.NEU.PC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Psychology and behavior, General Neuroscience, Brain, [SDV.NEU.SC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Cognitive Sciences, tool, dynamics, simulation, brain simulation, Brain simulation, Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC), Bridging (networking), Models, Neurological, Population, Machine learning, 03 medical and health sciences, Humans, media_common.cataloged_instance, Computer Simulation, ddc:610, European union, education, Set (psychology), model, Quantitative Biology::Neurons and Cognition, business.industry, Neurosciences, Human Brain Project, neuron, attention, 030104 developmental biology, FOS: Biological sciences, Quantitative Biology - Neurons and Cognition, network, Neural Networks, Computer, Artificial intelligence, business, computer, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: International audience; A key element of the European Union's Human Brain Project (HBP) and other large-scale brain research projects is the simulation of large-scale model networks of neurons. Here, we argue why such simulations will likely be indispensable for bridging the scales between the neuron and system levels in the brain, and why a set of brain simulators based on neuron models at different levels of biological detail should therefore be developed. To allow for systematic refinement of candidate network models by comparison with experiments, the simulations should be multimodal in the sense that they should predict not only action potentials, but also electric, magnetic, and optical signals measured at the population and system levels.
Published: 2019
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31. Parameter dependencies of the experimental nitrogen concentration required for detachment on ASDEX Upgrade and JET

Author: Henderson S.S., Bernert M., Giroud C., Brida D., Cavedon M., David P., Dux R., Harrison J.R., Huber A., Kallenbach A., Karhunen J., Lomanowski B., Matthews G., Meigs A., Pittsf R.A., Reimold F., Reinke M.L., Silburn S., Vianello N., Wiesen S., Wischmeier M., the EUROfusion MST1 team, ASDEX Upgrade team, JET contributors, EUROfusion MST1 Team, ASDEX Upgrade Team, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Max Planck Society, JET Contributors, Henderson, S, Bernert, M, Giroud, C, Brida, D, Cavedon, M, David, P, Dux, R, Harrison, J, Huber, A, Kallenbach, A, Karhunen, J, Lomanowski, B, Matthews, G, Meigs, A, Pitts, R, Reimold, F, Reinke, M, Silburn, S, Vianello, N, Wiesen, S, Wischmeier, M, Culham Science Centre, Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Jülich Research Centre, Department of Applied Physics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ITER, University of Padova, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Concentration, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Electron density, Tokamak, Nitrogen, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Seeding, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Divertor, ASDEX Upgrade, law, 0103 physical sciences, Scaling, Spectroscopy, 010302 applied physics, Physics, Jet (fluid), TK9001-9401, Plasma, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Heat flux, 13. Climate action, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Atomic physics, Impurity
Abstract: While current tokamak experiments are beginning to use real-time feedback control systems to manage the plasma exhaust, future tokamaks still require validation of theoretical models used to predict the threshold impurity concentration required to sufficiently reduce the power and particle fluxes to the divertor. This work exploits new spectroscopic measurements of the divertor nitrogen concentration, c N , in partially detached N2-seeded H-mode plasmas on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) and JET with the ITER-Like Wall (JET-ILW) to test the parameter dependencies of the power flowing to the outer divertor, P div , outer , and the separatrix electron density, n e , sep . A least-squares regression of the AUG measurements demonstrates that the threshold c N required for detachment scales as c N ∝ P div , outer 1.19 ± 0.32 n e , sep - 2.77 ± 0.36 . This scaling of n e , sep is also consistent with the measurements from JET which, at constant P div , outer , show c N ∝ n e , sep - 2.43 ± 0.27 . The dependencies of P div , outer and n e , sep is demonstrated over at least a factor of two change in both parameters and indicates a stronger dependence on n e , sep in comparison to the Lengyel model, which could be due to the assumption in this model that the heat flux channel width is independent of density. This first assessment of detachment scaling with impurity seeding highlights the need for further analysis of the systematic uncertainties of the measurement and more consistent scenarios from more tokamaks to investigate the machine size scaling.
Published: 2021
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32. Brainhack: Developing a culture of open, inclusive, community-driven neuroscience

Author: Selim Melvin Atay, Iska Moxon-Emre, Anders Eklund, Paula P. Brooks, Nandita Vijayakumar, Anibal Sólon Heinsfeld, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Yaroslav O. Halchenko, David Meunier, Daniela M. Hohmann, Martin Szinte, Arshitha Basavaraj, Andrija Štajduhar, Link Tejavibulya, Michael Dayan, Anisha Keshavan, Chao Jiang, Felix Hoffstaedter, Michael P. Milham, Davide Momi, Hua Xie, Ai Wern Chung, Georg Langs, Hao-Ting Wang, Xenia Kobeleva, Robert Oostenveld, Thomas G. Close, Lena Dorfschmidt, Jesse A. Brown, Serge Koudoro, J.P. Manzano-Patron, Isil P. Bilgin, Shreyas Fadnavis, Sylvain Takerkart, R. Cameron Craddock, Stephan Heunis, Scott Peltier, Kathryn Berluti, Hayli Spence, Pablo F. Damasceno, David H. O’Connor, Eleftherios Garyfallidis, Eugene P. Duff, Rudolph Pienaar, Nicolas Traut, AmanPreet Badhwar, Ali R. Khan, Marissa Laws, Abigail S. Greene, Richard A. I. Bethlehem, Angela R. Laird, Krista DeStasio, Ina Thome, Camille Maumet, Alexandru D. Iordan, P. Christiaan Klink, Damion V. Demeter, John A. Onofrey, Cassandra D. Gould van Praag, Jakub Vohryzek, Suzanne T. Witt, Aysha Motala, Valerie Hayot-Sasson, Geetika Gupta, Alexandre Rosa Franco, John W. VanMeter, Michel Thiebaut de Schotten, James M. Shine, Lucina Q. Uddin, Thomas S. Hartmann, Guillaume Flandin, Clara Moreau, Tomislav Lipic, Claire Bradley, Fernando A. Barrios, Daniel S. Margulies, R. Austin Benn, Sofie Van Den Bossche, Lydia Riedl, Xihe Xie, Christopher R. Madan, Roberto Toro, Viviana Siless, Fabrizio De Vico Fallani, Nikoloz Sirmpilatze, Emily Olafson, Anqi Qiu, Theresa W. Cheng, Valentina Borghesani, Sidhant Chopra, Claire Cury, Giorgio Marinato, Horea-Ioan Ioanas, Giorgia Cona, Michael Joseph, Angela Tam, Mathias Scharinger, Daniel A. Handwerker, Katherine L. Bottenhorn, Sina Mansour L, Kathryn L. Mills, Christopher J. Markiewicz, Elizabeth Levitis, Cyril Pernet, Stephanie J. Forkel, Agah Karakuzu, Edwina R Orchard, Sarah L. Dziura, Saige Rutherford, Kamalaker Dadi, Enrico Glerean, Desiree Lussier, Davide Poggiali, Molly Simmonite, Jason Kai, Jessica Flannery, Ting Xu, Jon Haitz Legarreta, Nasim Anousheh, Marco Bedini, Tristan Glatard, Thomas E. Nichols, Joscelin Rocha-Hidalgo, Erin W. Dickie, Dipankar Bachar, Malin Sandström, Xi-Nian Zuo, Pedro Pinheiro-Chagas, Laura C. Rice, Jakša Vukojević, Javier Gonzalez-Castillo, José C. García Alanis, Lorenzo Pasquini, Yu-Fang Yang, Matteo Mancini, Deena Shariq, Chao-Gan Yan, Laura Tomaz da Silva, César Caballero-Gaudes, Yasmine Bassil, Aurina Arnatkeviciute, Dustin Scheinost, Satrajit S. Ghosh, Gaël Varoquaux, Etienne Combrisson, Bramsh Qamar Chandio, Kelly Garner, Tiago Quendera, Patrick Friedrich, Shawn A. Rhoads, Roxane Licandro, Elizabeth DuPre, Aki Nikolaidis, Simon Schwab, Stephanie Noble, Guillaume Auzias, Daniel J. Lurie, Mahboobeh Parsapoor, Eneko Uruñuela, Andrew Doyle, Peer Herholz, Saampras Ganesan, Vincent Koppelmans, Corey Horien, Samir Das, Junaid S. Merchant, Siyuan Gao, Matheus Marcon, Nathalia Bianchini Esper, B.T. Thomas Yeo, Katja Heuer, Caroline O’Brien, Micaela Y. Chan, Sook-Lei Liew, Lindsay D. Oliver, Kirstie Whitaker, Christoph Vogelbacher, Dylan M. Nielson, Krisanne Litinas, Dorien C. Huijser, Pierre Bellec, R. Todd Constable, David N. Kennedy, Julia Sprenger, Lea-Theresa Mais, Oscar Esteban, Patrick J. Park, Patrick Callahan, Christopher R. Nolan, Johanna Bayer, Guillaume Dumas, Elise Bannier, Elizabeth A. McDevitt, Ariel Rokem, Samuel A. Nastase, Olivia W. Stanley, Ruggero Basanisi, Daniele Marinazzo, Gregory Kiar, Lisa Novello, Samuel Guay, John C. Flournoy, Stefano Moia, Kendra Oudyk, Fang-Cheng Yeh, Gustav Nilsonne, Thomas B. Shaw, Steve Wideman, Saskia Bollmann, Steffen Bollmann, Julia M. Huntenburg, Augusto Buchweitz, Matteo Visconti di Oleggio Castello, Dimitra Maoutsa, Lucy B. Whitmore, Catherine Alice Hahn, Antonino Vallesi, Remi Gau, Felipe Meneguzzi, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Yale University [New Haven], Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences [Leipzig] (IMPNSC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Florida International University [Miami] (FIU), University of Reading (UOR), University of Würzburg, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown [Lisbon], University of Melbourne, University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM), Georgetown University [Washington] (GU), Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, Université de Montréal (UdeM), University College of London [London] (UCL), University of Sussex, Universiteit Gent = Ghent University (UGENT), German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Middle East Technical University [Ankara] (METU), McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Modelling brain structure, function and variability based on high-field MRI data (PARIETAL), Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Universiteit Leiden, Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Princeton University, Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), University medical center and campus biotech Geneva, Emory University [Atlanta, GA], Cardiff University's Brain Research Imaging Centre [Cardiff] (CUBRIC), School of Psychology [Cardiff University], Cardiff University-Cardiff University, The University of Sydney, Weill Cornell Medicine [Cornell University], Cornell University [New York], Università degli Studi di Padova = University of Padua (Unipd), Jülich Research Centre, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire / Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity [Paris, France] (CRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Basque Center on Cognition Brain and Language [Gipuzkoa, Espagne] (BCBL), Linköping University (LIU), University of Queensland [Brisbane], University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México = National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), University of Maryland [College Park], University of Maryland System, University of Washington [Seattle], Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Child Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario (UWO), Indiana University [Bloomington], Indiana University System, Monash university, Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neuroimagerie: méthodes et applications (Empenn), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SIGNAUX ET IMAGES NUMÉRIQUES, ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Università degli Studi di Trento (UNITN), Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III [Madrid, Spain] (CNIC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III [Madrid] (ISC), Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul [Porto Alegre] (UFRGS), University of Texas at Dallas [Richardson] (UT Dallas), University of Oregon [Eugene], Monash University [Melbourne], Boston Children's Hospital, Algorithms, models and methods for images and signals of the human brain (ARAMIS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Inria de Paris, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Cerveau = Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives [Bordeaux] (IMN), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neuroimagerie: méthodes et applications (EMPENN), Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SIGNAL, IMAGE ET LANGAGE (IRISA-D6), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), Beijing Normal University (BNU), This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 867458 awarded to Julia M. Huntenburg, from ANR-19-DATA-0025 NeuroWebLab for Katja Heuer, Roberto Toro, and Nicholas Traut, and from NIH K00MH122372 for Stephanie Noble., Brainhack Community: Nasim Anousheh, Aurina Arnatkeviciute, Guillaume Auzias, Dipankar Bachar, Elise Bannier, Ruggero Basanisi, Arshitha Basavaraj, Marco Bedini, Pierre Bellec, R Austin Benn, Kathryn Berluti, Steffen Bollmann, Saskia Bollmann, Claire Bradley, Jesse Brown, Augusto Buchweitz, Patrick Callahan, Micaela Y Chan, Bramsh Q Chandio, Theresa Cheng, Sidhant Chopra, Ai Wern Chung, Thomas G Close, Etienne Combrisson, Giorgia Cona, R Todd Constable, Claire Cury, Kamalaker Dadi, Pablo F Damasceno, Samir Das, Fabrizio De Vico Fallani, Krista DeStasio, Erin W Dickie, Lena Dorfschmidt, Eugene P Duff, Elizabeth DuPre, Sarah Dziura, Nathalia B Esper, Oscar Esteban, Shreyas Fadnavis, Guillaume Flandin, Jessica E Flannery, John Flournoy, Stephanie J Forkel, Alexandre R Franco, Saampras Ganesan, Siyuan Gao, José C García Alanis, Eleftherios Garyfallidis, Tristan Glatard, Enrico Glerean, Javier Gonzalez-Castillo, Cassandra D Gould van Praag, Abigail S Greene, Geetika Gupta, Catherine Alice Hahn, Yaroslav O Halchenko, Daniel Handwerker, Thomas S Hartmann, Valérie Hayot-Sasson, Stephan Heunis, Felix Hoffstaedter, Daniela M Hohmann, Corey Horien, Horea-Ioan Ioanas, Alexandru Iordan, Chao Jiang, Michael Joseph, Jason Kai, Agah Karakuzu, David N Kennedy, Anisha Keshavan, Ali R Khan, Gregory Kiar, P Christiaan Klink, Vincent Koppelmans, Serge Koudoro, Angela R Laird, Georg Langs, Marissa Laws, Roxane Licandro, Sook-Lei Liew, Tomislav Lipic, Krisanne Litinas, Daniel J Lurie, Désirée Lussier, Christopher R Madan, Lea-Theresa Mais, Sina Mansour L, J P Manzano-Patron, Dimitra Maoutsa, Matheus Marcon, Daniel S Margulies, Giorgio Marinato, Daniele Marinazzo, Christopher J Markiewicz, Camille Maumet, Felipe Meneguzzi, David Meunier, Michael P Milham, Kathryn L Mills, Davide Momi, Clara A Moreau, Aysha Motala, Iska Moxon-Emre, Thomas E Nichols, Dylan M Nielson, Gustav Nilsonne, Lisa Novello, Caroline O'Brien, Emily Olafson, Lindsay D Oliver, John A Onofrey, Edwina R Orchard, Kendra Oudyk, Patrick J Park, Mahboobeh Parsapoor, Lorenzo Pasquini, Scott Peltier, Cyril R Pernet, Rudolph Pienaar, Pedro Pinheiro-Chagas, Jean-Baptiste Poline, Anqi Qiu, Tiago Quendera, Laura C Rice, Joscelin Rocha-Hidalgo, Saige Rutherford, Mathias Scharinger, Dustin Scheinost, Deena Shariq, Thomas B Shaw, Viviana Siless, Molly Simmonite, Nikoloz Sirmpilatze, Hayli Spence, Julia Sprenger, Andrija Stajduhar, Martin Szinte, Sylvain Takerkart, Angela Tam, Link Tejavibulya, Michel Thiebaut de Schotten, Ina Thome, Laura Tomaz da Silva, Nicolas Traut, Lucina Q Uddin, Antonino Vallesi, John W VanMeter, Nandita Vijayakumar, Matteo Visconti di Oleggio Castello, Jakub Vohryzek, Jakša Vukojević, Kirstie Jane Whitaker, Lucy Whitmore, Steve Wideman, Suzanne T Witt, Hua Xie, Ting Xu, Chao-Gan Yan, Fang-Cheng Yeh, B T Thomas Yeo, Xi-Nian Zuo, ANR-19-DATA-0025,NeuroWebLab,Un laboratoire de neuroscience collectif: Au delà de FAIR(2019), European Project: 867458,LC-FMR, Maumet, Camille, Un laboratoire de neuroscience collectif: Au delà de FAIR - - NeuroWebLab2019 - ANR-19-DATA-0025 - DONNEES - VALID, Brainhack: Developing a culture of open, inclusive, community-driven neuroscience - LC-FMR - 867458 - INCOMING, Leiden University, Weill Cornell Medicine [New York], Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), University Hospital Bonn, Sherbrooke Connectivity Imaging Lab [Sherbrooke] (SCIL), Département d'informatique [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Faculté des sciences [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Faculté des sciences [Sherbrooke] (UdeS), Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS)-Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS), Videos and Images Theory and Analytics Laboratory (VITAL), Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Origami (Origami), Laboratoire d'InfoRmatique en Image et Systèmes d'information (LIRIS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Lyon-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-École Centrale de Lyon (ECL), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon (INSA Lyon), Université de Lyon-Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2), Princeton Neuroscience Institute [Princeton], Human Neuroscience Platform, Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova = Hospital-University of Padua (AOUP), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine [Jülich] (INM-1), Département de Neuroscience - Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPC), Queensland Brain Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Radboud university [Nijmegen], McGovern Institute for Brain Research [Cambridge], Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), The Brainhack Community - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33932337, Philipps University of Marburg, University of the Basque Country [Bizkaia] (UPV/EHU), Universita degli Studi di Padova, Philipps Universität Marburg, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Empenn, Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, Geochemistry, and University of Padova [Padova, Italy]
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Open science, Community building, Best practice, Neuroscience(all), Brainhack, Article, neuroscience, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, best practices, collaboration, community building, hackathon, inclusivity, open science, reproducibility, training, Congresses as Topic, Neurosciences, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Communication, Internet, Research community, Medical Bioscience, Psychology, ddc:610, Sociology, Brainhack Community, Training, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Scientific progress, organization & administration [Neurosciences], General Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience, [SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience, Medicinsk biovetenskap, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.IB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Bioengineering, Cognitive Sciences, Engineering ethics, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Available online 30 April 2021. Brainhack is an innovative meeting format that promotes scientific collaboration and education in an open, inclusive environment. This NeuroView describes the myriad benefits for participants and the research community and how Brainhacks complement conventional formats to augment scientific progress. The present manuscript is part of a growing community effort to collate Brainhack-related insights and expertise into a Jupyter Book (http://brainhack.org/brainhack_jupyter_book/) that will serve as a centralized set of resources for the community; we acknowledge all the individuals who contributed and will make ongoing contributions to these resources. A pre-print version of the present manuscript is available as part of the Jupyter Book. Moreover, we would like to acknowledge all Brainhack organizers, supporters, presenters, and participants for their contribution to growing and maintaining this community. The benefits described in this manuscript would not be possible without them. We also thank all institutions, labs, and organizations who have helped this community grow, meet in stimulating environments, and add an excellent educational resource pool and agenda. With an expanding community, Brainhack’s support network keeps growing, and we thank all labs and individual researchers for their dedication and expertise offered to this community (see http://brainhack.org/brainhack_jupyter_book/acknowledgments.html for a full list of individual acknowledgments; an updated list will be maintained in the Jupyter Book). Grants and funding bodies: This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement no. 867458 awarded to Julia M. Huntenburg; from ANR-19-DATA-0025 NeuroWebLab for Katja Heuer, Roberto Toro, and Nicholas Traut; and from NIH K00MH122372 for Stephanie Noble. The Brainhack Community member list and contributions of the different authors are detailed at http://brainhack.org/brainhack_jupyter_book/contributors.html. Our crediting system is described here: http://brainhack.org/brainhack_jupyter_book/neuroview_authorship-agreement.html.
Published: 2021
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33. Comparison of a collisional-radiative fluid model of H2 in UEDGE to the kinetic neutral code EIRENE

Author: T.D. Rognlien, A. Holm, P. Börner, W.H. Meyer, M. Groth, Department of Applied Physics, Jülich Research Centre, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Fusion and Plasma Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, TEMPERATURE DECREASE, Materials Science (miscellaneous), Population, Binding energy, Hydrogen molecules, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Dissociation (psychology), 010305 fluids & plasmas, Fluid model, Collisional-radiative model, UEDGE, 0103 physical sciences, EIRENE, Radiative transfer, medicine, education, 010302 applied physics, Physics, education.field_of_study, TK9001-9401, A domain, Plasma, Molecules, Computational physics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, medicine.symptom, ddc:624
Abstract: Funding Information: The author would like to thank Eric Meier of Zap Energy Inc. and Darren Stotler of Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory for the private communication that has enabled this work. This work was performed by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and was also supported by the Fulbright Finland Foundation, the Walter Ahlstr?m Foundation, Svensk-?sterbottniska Samfundet, Svenska Tekniska Vetenskapsakademien i Finland, the Foundation for Aalto University Science and Technology, Waldemar von Frenckell's Foundation, and Academy of Finland grant agreement No 285143. Funding Information: This work was performed by LLNL under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and was also supported by the Fulbright Finland Foundation, the Walter Ahlström Foundation, Svensk-Österbottniska Samfundet, Svenska Tekniska Vetenskapsakademien i Finland, the Foundation for Aalto University Science and Technology, Waldemar von Frenckell's Foundation, and Academy of Finland grant agreement No 285143. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 The Authors Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved. A fluid collisional-radiative model for H2 has been implemented in the edge-fluid code UEDGE and compared to the kinetic neutral code EIRENE on a simple, 2D, orthogonal domain with a constant, static plasma distribution. The novel CRUMPET Python tool was used to implement dissociation and energy rate coefficients that consider molecular-assisted processes, binding energy, and radiation due to molecular processes into the UEDGE fluid molecular model. The agreement between the fluid and kinetic molecular models was found to be within 20% when corresponding rates were used in UEDGE and EIRENE for a domain with absorbing boundaries. When wall recycling was considered, EIRENE predicted up to a factor of 2.2 higher molecular densities than UEDGE at T < 5 eV. The difference is due to the absence of radial gradients driving diffusive wall fluxes and, thus, recycling in UEDGE and molecular self-scattering in EIRENE, and is likely dependent on plasma profiles and domain geometry. Comparison of the molecular energy sources in EIRENE and UEDGE suggest the constant elastic scattering rate coefficient used in UEDGE needs to be updated to a temperature-dependent coefficient and that atom-molecule equipartition should be considered in the EIRENE model for background plasma density in excess of 1×1019m-3. Finally, collisional-radiative CRUMPET simulations indicate that the vibrational molecular populations become comparable to the ground-state molecular population when the plasma temperature decrease below 6 eV and, thus, require time-dependent evaluation.
Published: 2021
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34. Application of spatially hybrid fluid–kinetic neutral model on JET L-mode plasmas

Author: M. Groth, I. Paradela Perez, N. Horsten, S. Wiesen, Jet Contributors, Wouter Dekeyser, Maarten Blommaert, JET Contributors, Department of Applied Physics, KU Leuven, Jülich Research Centre, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Hydrogen, Materials Science (miscellaneous), chemistry.chemical_element, CPU time, Electron, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Molecular physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Neutrals, 0103 physical sciences, 010302 applied physics, Jet (fluid), Fluid approximation, Divertor, TK9001-9401, Mode (statistics), Plasma, Kinetic model, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Nuclear engineering. Atomic power, Plasma edge modeling, ddc:624
Abstract: openaire: EC/H2020/633053/EU//EUROfusion We present a spatially hybrid fluid–kinetic neutral model that consists of a fluid model for the hydrogen atoms in the plasma grid region coupled to a kinetic model for atoms sampled at the plasma–void interfaces and a fully kinetic model for the hydrogen molecules. The atoms resulting from molecular dissociation are either treated kinetically (approach 1) or are incorporated in the fluid model (approach 2). For a low-density JET L-mode case, the hybrid method reduces the maximum fluid–kinetic discrepancies for the divertor strike-point electron densities and electron temperatures from approximately 150% to approximately 20% for approach 1 and to approximately 40% for approach 2. Although the simulations with purely fluid neutral model become more accurate for increasing upstream plasma density, we still observe a significant improvement by using the hybrid approach. When consuming the same CPU time in averaging the electron strike-point densities and temperatures over multiple iterations as for the simulations with fully kinetic neutrals, hybrid approach 1 reduces the statistical error with on average a factor 2.5. Hybrid approach 2 further increases this factor to approximately 3.3, at the expense of accuracy.
Published: 2021
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35. Development and analysis of the Soil Water Infiltration Global database

Author: M. Rahmati, L. Weihermüller, J. Vanderborght, Y. A. Pachepsky, L. Mao, S. H. Sadeghi, N. Moosavi, H. Kheirfam, C. Montzka, K. Van Looy, B. Toth, Z. Hazbavi, W. Al Yamani, A. A. Albalasmeh, M. Z. Alghzawi, R. Angulo-Jaramillo, A. C. D. Antonino, G. Arampatzis, R. A. Armindo, H. Asadi, Y. Bamutaze, J. Batlle-Aguilar, B. Béchet, F. Becker, G. Blöschl, K. Bohne, I. Braud, C. Castellano, A. Cerdà, M. Chalhoub, R. Cichota, M. Císlerová, B. Clothier, Y. Coquet, W. Cornelis, C. Corradini, A. P. Coutinho, M. B. de Oliveira, J. R. de Macedo, M. F. Durães, H. Emami, I. Eskandari, A. Farajnia, A. Flammini, N. Fodor, M. Gharaibeh, M. H. Ghavimipanah, T. A. Ghezzehei, S. Giertz, E. G. Hatzigiannakis, R. Horn, J. J. Jiménez, D. Jacques, S. D. Keesstra, H. Kelishadi, M. Kiani-Harchegani, M. Kouselou, M. Kumar Jha, L. Lassabatere, X. Li, M. A. Liebig, L. Lichner, M. V. López, D. Machiwal, D. Mallants, M. S. Mallmann, J. D. de Oliveira Marques, M. R. Marshall, J. Mertens, F. Meunier, M. H. Mohammadi, B. P. Mohanty, M. Pulido-Moncada, S. Montenegro, R. Morbidelli, D. Moret-Fernández, A. A. Moosavi, M. R. Mosaddeghi, S. B. Mousavi, H. Mozaffari, K. Nabiollahi, M. R. Neyshabouri, M. V. Ottoni, T. B. Ottoni Filho, M. R. Pahlavan-Rad, A. Panagopoulos, S. Peth, P.-E. Peyneau, T. Picciafuoco, J. Poesen, M. Pulido, D. J. Reinert, S. Reinsch, M. Rezaei, F. P. Roberts, D. Robinson, J. Rodrigo-Comino, O. C. Rotunno Filho, T. Saito, H. Suganuma, C. Saltalippi, R. Sándor, B. Schütt, M. Seeger, N. Sepehrnia, E. Sharifi Moghaddam, M. Shukla, S. Shutaro, R. Sorando, A. A. Stanley, P. Strauss, Z. Su, R. Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, E. Taguas, W. G. Teixeira, A. R. Vaezi, M. Vafakhah, T. Vogel, I. Vogeler, J. Votrubova, S. Werner, T. Winarski, D. Yilmaz, M. H. Young, S. Zacharias, Y. Zeng, Y. Zhao, H. Zhao, H. Vereecken, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences [Jülich] (IBG), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, ISMC International Soil Modeling Consortium, Institute of Bio and Geosciences Forschungszentrum Jülich, USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran], Urmia University, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), University of Pannonia, UAE University, Jordan University of Science and Technology [Irbid, Jordan], Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro Acadêmico do Agreste (CAA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco [Recife] (UFPE), Hellenic Agricultural Organization, Soil and Water Resources Institute, Department of Physics (DFI), Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), University of Tehran, Makerere University (MAK), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Innovative Groundwater Solutions, Interactions et dynamique des environnements de surface (IDES), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Saclay, Eau et Environnement (IFSTTAR/GERS/EE), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-PRES Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (UNAM), Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geographical Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Centre for Water Resource Systems, Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, University of Technology, University of Rostock [Germany], Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (CSIC), Universitat de València (UV), Mount Albert Research Station, New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Czech Technical University in Prague (CTU), The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research (NEW ZEALAND), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering of the University of Perugia, Italy, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), UniRedentor University Center, Embrapa Solos, Ministério da Agricultura, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization Maragheh, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education center, Scientific Member of Soil and Water Research Department, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Centre for Agricultural Research [Budapest] (ATK), Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Geographisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), ARAID Researcher, Spanish National Research Council (IPE-CSIC), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología-CSIC (IPE-CSIC), Enginereed and Geosystems Analysis Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Soil, Water and Land Use Team, Wageningen Environmental Researc, Civil, Surveying and Environmental Engineering, University of Newcastle [Australia] (UoN), Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur), State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Research Soil Scientist, United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Academy of Science [Bratislava] (SAS), Departamento de Suelo y Agua, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Pomology Department, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, Regional Research Station, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, CSIRO Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Soil Science Graduate Program (ufsm.br/ppgcs), Federal University of Santa Maria, Science and Technology of the Amazonas – IFAM, Federal Institute of Education, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, ENGIE, Earth and Life Institute - Environmental Sciences (ELIE), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Department of Environmental Sciences, Urmia Lake Research Institute, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, 2117 TAMU, College Station, Texas A&M University System, Department of Agroecology, Research Centre Foulum, Aarhus University, Shiraz University (Shiraz University ), University of Kurdistan, University of Tabriz, Department of Hydrology, Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM), Department of Water Resources and Environment, Soil and Water Research Department, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Sistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences [Leuven-Heverlee], Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), GeoEnvironmental Research Group, Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Extremadura, Soil Science Department, University of Panonia, Department of Soil Management, UNESCO Chair on Eremology, Ghent University, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran, Soil and Water Research Institute, Instituto de Geomorfología y Suelos, Department of Geography, Universidad de Málaga [Málaga], Department of Physical Geography, Trier University, Civil Engineering Program, Alberto Luiz Coimbra Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research in Engineering (COPPE), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Faculty of Agriculture, United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg (GU), Rural Development Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), RiverLy (UR Riverly), Department of Agricultural and Bio-Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Federal Agency for Water Management, Institute for land and water management research, Department of Water Resources, ITC Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Twente University, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Ardakan University, Department of Rural Engineering, University of Córdoba, Soil Physics, Embrapa Soils, Department of Soil Science, Agriculture Faculty, University of Zanja, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Geography, Escuela Militar de Ingeniería (EMI), Engineering Faculty, Civil Engineering Department, Munzur University, Bureau of Economic Geology, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, University Station, University of Texas at Austin [Austin], Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, ANR-11-BS56-0027,FLOODSCALE,Observation et modélisation multi-échelles pour la compréhension et la simulation des crues éclair(2011), ANR-07-VULN-0001,AVUPUR,Assessing the Vulnerability of Peri-Urban-Rivers.(2007), MEHDI RAHMATI, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran/Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich, Germany, LUTZ WEIHERMÜLLER, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich, Germany, SEYED HAMIDREZA SADEGHI, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, LILI MAO, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, YAKOV A. PACHEPSKY, USDA-ARS Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, JAN VANDERBORGHT, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich, Germany, NILOOFAR MOOSAVI, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich, Germany, HOSSEIN KHEIRFAM, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, CARSTEN MONTZKA, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich, Germany, KRIS VAN LOOY, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich, Germany, ZEINAB HAZBAVI, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, BRIGITTA TOTH, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary/University of Pannonia, Keszthely, Hungary, WAFA AL YAMANI, Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, UAE, AMMAR A. ALBALASMEH, Jordan University of Science and Technology, RAFAEL ANGULO-JARAMILLO, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, ANTÔNIO CELSO DANTAS ANTONINO, UFPE, GEORGE ARAMPATZIS, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, Soil and Water Resources Institute, Greece, ROBSON ANDRÉ ARMINDO, UFLA, HOSSEIN ASADI, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, YAZIDHI BAMUTAZE, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda, JORDI BATLLE-AGUILAR, INRA, AgroParisTech Thiverval-Grignon, France/IDES CNRS/Université Paris-Sud, Orsay CEDEX/Innovative Groundwater Solutions (IGS), South Australia, Australia, BÉATRICE BÉCHET, IFSTTAR, GERS, France, MA'IN Z. ALGHZAWI, Jordan University of Science and Technology, FABIAN BECKER, Freie Universität Berlin, BRENT CLOTHIER, Plant and Food Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand, WIM CORNELIS, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, CORRADO CORRADINI, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, ARTUR PAIVA COUTINHO, UFPE, MURIEL BASTISTA DE OLIVEIRA, UniRedentor, Itaperuna, JOSE RONALDO DE MACEDO, CNPS, MATHEUS FONSECA DURÃES, UFLA, NÁNDOR FODOR, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, GÜNTER BLÖSCHL, Centre for Water Resource Systems, TU Wien, Karlsplatz/Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, ALESSIA FLAMMINI, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, ASGHAR FARAJNIA, East Azerbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Iran, IRAJ ESKANDARI, Dryland Agricultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization Maragheh, East Azerbaijan, Iran, HOJAT EMAMI, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran, KLAUS BOHNE, University of Rostock, Germany, ISABELLE BRAUD, Irstea, UE RiverLy, Lyon-Villeurbanne Center, France, CLARA CASTELLANO, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology-CSIC, ARTEMI CERDÀ, University of Valencia, Spain, MAHA CHALHOUB, INRA AgroParisTech Functional Ecology and Ecotoxicology of Agroecosystems, ROGERIO CICHOTA, Plant and Food Research, Mount Albert Research Station, Auckland, New Zealand, MILENA CÍSLEROVÁ, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, YVES COQUET, INRA AgroParisTech Functional Ecology and Ecotoxicology of Agroecosystems/Université d'Orléans, CNRS, Orléans, France, HAMID KELISHADI, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran, RAINER HORN, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany, EVANGELOS G. HATZIGIANNAKIS, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, Soil and Water Resources Institute, Greece, SIMONE GIERTZ, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany, TEAMRAT A. GHEZZEHEI, University of California, Merced, USA, MOHAMAD HOSSEIN GHAVIMIPANAH, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, MAMOUN GHARAIBEH, Jordan University of Science and Technology, JUAN JOSÉ JIMÉNEZ, ARAID Researcher, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, Spanish National Research Council, SASKIA DEBORAH KEESSTRA, Soil, Water and Land Use Team, Wageningen Environmental Research/the University of Newcastle, Australia, DIEDERIK JACQUES, Enginereed and Geosystems Analysis Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Mol, Belgium, MAHBOOBEH KIANI-HARCHEGANI, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, MEHDI KOUSELOU, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran, MADAN KUMAR JHA, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India, LAURENT LASSABATERE, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, Vaulx-en-Velin, France, XIAOYAN LI, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China, MARK A. LIEBIG, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Mandan, ND, USA, DENIZ YILMAZ, Munzur University, Tunceli, Turkey, MICHAEL H. YOUNG, University of Texas at Austin, University Station, USA, HONG ZHAO, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands, HARRY VEREECKEN, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Agrosphere (IBG-3), Jülich, Germany/ISMC International Soil Modeling Consortium, Institute of Bio and Geosciences Forschungszentrum, Germany., MARÍA VICTORIA LÓPEZ, Departamento de Suelo y Agua, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Spain, DEEPESH MACHIWAL, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Gujarat, India, DIRK MALLANTS, CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia, MICAEL STOLBEN MALLMANN, UFSM, JEAN DALMO DE OLIVEIRA MARQUES, IFAM, MILES R. MARSHALL, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, UK, JAN MERTENS, ENGIE Research and Technologies, Brussels, Belgium, FÉLICIEN MEUNIER, Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute-Environmental Sciences, Louvain-la Neuve, Belgium, MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN MOHAMMADI, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, BINAYAK P. MOHANTY, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, USA, MANSONIA PULIDO-MONCADA, Aarhus University, Department of Agroecology, Research Centre Foulum, Tjele, Denmark, SUZANA MONTENEGRO, UFPE, RENATO MORBIDELLI, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, DAVID MORET-FERNÁNDEZ, Departamento de Suelo y Agua, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (EEAD), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain, ALI AKBAR MOOSAVI, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, MOHAMMAD REZA MOSADDEGHI, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Iran, SEYED BAHMAN MOUSAVI, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran, HASAN MOZAFFARI, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, KAMAL NABIOLLAHI, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, Iran, MOHAMMAD REZA NEYSHABOURI, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, MARTA VASCONCELOS OTTONI, CPRM, THEOPHILO BENEDICTO OTTONI FILHO, UFRJ, MOHAMMAD REZA PAHLAVAN-RAD, Soil and Water Research Department, Sistan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Zabol, Iran, ANDREAS PANAGOPOULOS, Hellenic Agricultural Organization, Soil and Water Resources Institute, Greece, STEPHAN PETH, Department of Soil Science, University of Kassel, Germany, PIERRE-EMMANUEL PEYNEAU, IFSTTAR, Bouguenais, France, TOMMASO PICCIAFUOCO, Centre for Water Resource Systems, Vienna, Austria/University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, JEAN POESEN, Catholic University of Leuven, Geo-Institute, Belgium, MANUEL PULIDO, GeoEnvironmental Research Group, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain, DALVAN JOSÉ REINERT, UFSM, SABINE REINSCH, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, UK, MEISAM REZAEI, Department of Soil Management, UNESCO Chair on Eremology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium/Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran, FRANCIS PARRY ROBERTS, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, UK, DAVID ROBINSON, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, UK, JESÚS RODRIGO-COMINO, University of Málaga, Spain/Trier University, Trier, Germany, OTTO CORRÊA ROTUNNO FILHO, UFRJ, TADAOMI SAITO, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Japan, HIDEKI SUGANUMA, Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan, CARLA SALTALIPPI, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, RENÁTA SÁNDOR, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary, BRIGITTA SCHÜTT, Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geographical Sciences, Berlin, Germany, MANUEL SEEGER, Department of Physical Geography, Trier University, Germany, NASROLLAH SEPEHRNIA, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran, EHSAN SHARIFI MOGHADDAM, Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, MANOJ SHUKLA, Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA, SHIRAKI SHUTARO, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Science, Rural Development Division, Tsukuba, Japan, RICARDO SORANDO, Irstea, UE RiverLy, Lyon-Villeurbanne Center, France, AJAYI ASISHANA STANLEY, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, Nigeria, PETER STRAUSS, Institute for Land and Water Management Research, Federal Agency for Water Management, Austria, ZHONGBO SU, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands, RUHOLLAH TAGHIZADEH-MEHRJARDI, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Yazd Province, Iran, ENCARNACIÓN TAGUAS, University of Córdoba, Spain, WENCESLAU GERALDES TEIXEIRA, CNPS, ALI REZA VAEZI, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran, MEHDI VAFAKHAH, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran, YING ZHAO, Ludong University, China, YIJIAN ZENG, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands, STEFFEN ZACHARIAS, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environment Research, Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, Leipzig, Germany, LUBOMÍR LICHNER, Institute of Hydrology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia, TOMAS VOGEL, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Republic, IRIS VOGELER, Plant and Food Research, Mount Albert Research Station, Auckland, New Zealand, JANA VOTRUBOVA, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Republic, STEFFEN WERNER, Department of Geography, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany, THIERRY WINARSKI, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, Vaulx-en-Velin, France, Jülich Research Centre, European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Czech Science Foundation, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Rahmati, Mehdi, López Sánchez, María Victoria, Moret-Fernández, David, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Rahmati, Mehdi [0000-0001-5547-6442], López Sánchez, María Victoria [0000-0003-4113-0381], Moret-Fernández, David [0000-0002-6674-0453], Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter (HAO Demeter), Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), University of Rostock, Plant & Food Research, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Universiteit Gent = Ghent University [Belgium] (UGENT), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University [Blacksburg], Beijing Normal University (BNU), Slovak Academy of Sciences (SAS), Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Aarhus University [Aarhus], Universidad de Málaga [Málaga] = University of Málaga [Málaga], Programa de Engenharia Civil (COC/COPPE-UFRJ), Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa de Engenharia (COPPE-UFRJ), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)-Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ahmadu Bello University, Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), College of Resources and Environmental Engineering [Yantai], Department of Water Resources, UT-I-ITC-WCC, and Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation
Subjects: Condutividade Hidráulica, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 0208 environmental biotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Silt, computer.software_genre, Soil, RING INFILTROMETERS, 900 Geschichte und Geografie::910 Geografie, Reisen::910 Geografie, Reisen, Hydraulic conductivity, ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY, Agricultural land, ddc:550, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY, Geosciences, Multidisciplinary, database, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 2. Zero hunger, lcsh:GE1-350, Database, IN-SITU, lcsh:QE1-996.5, Geology, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, PE&RC, Pedo-transfer functions, 6. Clean water, Infiltration (hydrology), HYDROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences, INFILTRATION GLOBAL DATABASE, Hidrologia, PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES, SANDY SOIL, TENSION INFILTROMETER, Ecology and Environment, Pedotransfer function, PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS, Life Science, SOIL INFILTRATION MEASUREMENTS, Land surface models, Soil Water Infiltration Global database, ANALYSIS OF THE SOIL WATER, Science & Technology, Land use, Infiltration, 15. Life on land, 020801 environmental engineering, Infiltração, lcsh:Geology, Solo, Infiltration, Land surface models, Land use, Pedo-transfer functions, SWIG, Agriculture and Soil Science, Data quality, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, Earth and Environmental Sciences, INFILTROMETER MEASUREMENTS, Soil water, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Environmental science, Hydrology, ITC-GOLD, computer
Abstract: 27 Pags.- 11 Tabls.- 8 Figs. © Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License., In this paper, we present and analyze a novel global database of soil infiltration measurements, the Soil Water Infiltration Global (SWIG) database. In total, 5023 infiltration curves were collected across all continents in the SWIG database. These data were either provided and quality checked by the scientists who performed the experiments or they were digitized from published articles. Data from 54 different countries were included in the database with major contributions from Iran, China, and the USA. In addition to its extensive geographical coverage, the collected infiltration curves cover research from 1976 to late 2017. Basic information on measurement location and method, soil properties, and land use was gathered along with the infiltration data, making the database valuable for the development of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) for estimating soil hydraulic properties, for the evaluation of infiltration measurement methods, and for developing and validating infiltration models. Soil textural information (clay, silt, and sand content) is available for 3842 out of 5023 infiltration measurements ( ∼ 76%) covering nearly all soil USDA textural classes except for the sandy clay and silt classes. Information on land use is available for 76 % of the experimental sites with agricultural land use as the dominant type (∼ 40%). We are convinced that the SWIG database will allow for a better parameterization of the infiltration process in land surface models and for testing infiltration models. All collected data and related soil characteristics are provided online in *.xlsx and *.csv formats for reference, and we add a disclaimer that the database is for public domain use only and can be copied freely by referencing it. Supplementary data are available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885492 (Rahmati et al., 2018). Data quality assessment is strongly advised prior to any use of this database. Finally, we would like to encourage scientists to extend and update the SWIG database by uploading new data to it., First author thanks the International and Scientific Cooperation Office of the University of Maragheh, Iran, as well as the research committee and board members of the university for their assistance in conducting the current work. The financial support received from the Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH is gratefully acknowledged by the first author. Parts of the database were made available through research work carried out in the framework of LIFE+ projects funded by the EC. The support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy through project CGL2014-53017-C2-1-R is acknowledged. The support of the Czech Science Foundation through project no. 16-05665S is acknowledged. The support of the Slovak Research and Development Agency through project no. APVV-15-0160 is acknowledged.
Published: 2018
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36. Lifetime of racetrack skyrmions

Author: Bessarab, Pavel F., Müller, Gideon P., Lobanov, Igor S., Rybakov, Filipp N., Kiselev, Nikolai S., Jónsson, Hannes, Uzdin, Valery M., Blügel, Stefan, Bergqvist, Lars, Delin, Anna, University of Iceland, St. Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (ITMO), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Jülich Research Centre, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Raunvísindastofnun (HÍ), Science Institute (UI), Verkfræði- og náttúruvísindasvið (HÍ), School of Engineering and Natural Sciences (UI), and Háskóli Íslands
Subjects: Other Physics Topics, lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, Annan fysik, Condensed Matter::Mesoscopic Systems and Quantum Hall Effect, Article, Magnetic properties and materials, ddc:000, Þéttefnisfræði, lcsh:Q, Segulmagn, lcsh:Science, Condensed-matter physics, Reiknirit
Abstract: The skyrmion racetrack is a promising concept for future information technology. There, binary bits are carried by nanoscale spin swirls–skyrmions–driven along magnetic strips. Stability of the skyrmions is a critical issue for realising this technology. Here we demonstrate that the racetrack skyrmion lifetime can be calculated from first principles as a function of temperature, magnetic field and track width. Our method combines harmonic transition state theory extended to include Goldstone modes, with an atomistic spin Hamiltonian parametrized from density functional theory calculations. We demonstrate that two annihilation mechanisms contribute to the skyrmion stability: At low external magnetic field, escape through the track boundary prevails, but a crossover field exists, above which the collapse in the interior becomes dominant. Considering a Pd/Fe bilayer on an Ir(111) substrate as a well-established model system, the calculated skyrmion lifetime is found to be consistent with reported experimental measurements. Our simulations also show that the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor of escape depends only weakly on the external magnetic field, whereas the pre-exponential factor for collapse is strongly field dependent. Our results open the door for predictive simulations, free from empirical parameters, to aid the design of skyrmion-based information technology., e acknowledge financial support from the Icelandic Research Fund (Grant No. 163048-052), the mega-grant of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (grant no. 14. Y26.31.0015), Göran Gustafsson Foundation, the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 18-02-00267 A), Vetenskapsrådet (VR), Carl Tryggers Stiftelse (CTS), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 665095–FET-Open project MAGicSky), Academy of Finland (grant no. 278260), and SwedishEnergy Agency (STEM). Calculations of skyrmion lifetimes were supported by the Russian Science Foundation (Grant No. 17-72-10195). Some of the computations were performed on resources provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC) at the National Supercomputer Center (NSC), Linköping University, the PDC Centre for High Performance Computing (PDC-HPC), KTH, and the High Performance Computing Center North (HPC2N), Umeå University.
Published: 2018
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37. Evaluation of factors influencing 18 F-FET uptake in the brain

Author: Verger, Antoine, Stegmayr, Carina, Galldiks, Norbert, van Der Gucht, Axel, Lohmann, Philipp, Stoffels, Gabriele, Shah, Nadim, Fink, Gereon, Eickhoff, Simon, Guedj, Eric, Langen, Karl-Josef, Service de Médecine Nucléaire [Nancy], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy), Imagerie Adaptative Diagnostique et Interventionnelle (IADI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Nancyclotep- Experimental Imaging Platform = Plate-forme d'imagerie moléculaire, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nancy (CHRU Nancy)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Jülich Research Centre, Universität zu Köln, Lausanne University Hospital, Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen - University Hospital Aachen [Aachen, Germany] (UKA), RWTH Aachen University, Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf = Heinrich Heine University [Düsseldorf], Service de médecine nucléaire [Marseille], Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)- Hôpital de la Timone [CHU - APHM] (TIMONE), Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (INT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Centre Européen de Recherche en Imagerie médicale (CERIMED), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM)-École Centrale de Marseille (ECM)-Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Fédération nationale des Centres de lutte contre le Cancer (FNCLCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Service de Médecine Nucléaire [CHRU Nancy], Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University (RWTH), and Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, lcsh:RC346-429, Body Mass Index, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain/diagnostic imaging, Brain/metabolism, Brain Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging, Brain Neoplasms/metabolism, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Positron-Emission Tomography/methods, Reference Standards, Retrospective Studies, Sex Factors, Tyrosine/analogs & derivatives, Tyrosine/pharmacokinetics, Young Adult, 18F-FET PET, BMI, Gender, Glioma, Quantitative analysis, SUV, ddc:610, lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, Brain Neoplasms, Brain, Regular Article, Positron-Emission Tomography, Tyrosine, lcsh:R858-859.7, [SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology
Abstract: PET using the amino-acid O-(2-18F-fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine (18F-FET) is gaining increasing interest for brain tumour management. Semi-quantitative analysis of tracer uptake in brain tumours is based on the standardized uptake value (SUV) and the tumour-to-brain ratio (TBR). The aim of this study was to explore physiological factors that might influence the relationship of SUV of 18F-FET uptake in various brain areas, and thus affect quantification of 18F-FET uptake in brain tumours. Negative 18F-FET PET scans of 107 subjects, showing an inconspicuous brain distribution of 18F-FET, were evaluated retrospectively. Whole-brain quantitative analysis with Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) using parametric SUV PET images, and volumes of interest (VOIs) analysis with fronto-parietal, temporal, occipital, and cerebellar SUV background areas were performed to study the effect of age, gender, height, weight, injected activity, body mass index (BMI), and body surface area (BSA). After multivariate analysis, female gender and high BMI were found to be two independent factors associated with increased SUV of 18F-FET uptake in the brain. In women, SUVmean of 18F-FET uptake in the brain was 23% higher than in men (p, Highlights • SUVmean of 18F-FET in the normal brain is influenced by gender. • SUVmean of 18F-FET in the normal brain is weekly influenced by BMI. • The influence of these factors on SUV of 18F-FET is similar in all brain areas.
Published: 2018
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38. Root architecture simulation improves the inference from seedling root phenotyping towards mature root systems

Author: Zhao, Jiangsan, Bodner, Gernot, Rewald, Boris, Leitner, Daniel, Nagel, Kerstin, Nakhforoosh, Alireza, Universität für Bodenkultur Wien [Vienne, Autriche] (BOKU), and Jülich Research Centre
Subjects: [SDV.SA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, [SDV.SA.SDS]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Soil study, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2017
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39. Impact of the JET ITER-like wall on H-mode plasma fueling

Author: Wiesen, S., Brezinsek, S., Wischmeier, M., De La Luna, E, Groth, M., Jaervinen, A. E., de la Cal, E., Losada, U., Martin de Aguilera, A., Frassinetti, L, Gao, Y., Guillemaut, C., Harting, D., Meigs, A, Schmid, K, Sergienko, G., JET Contributors, Culham Science Centre, Jülich Research Centre, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, CIEMAT, Department of Applied Physics, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: H-mode, ITER-like wall, JET, integrated modelling, ddc:530, plasma-wall interaction, pedestal fuelling
Abstract: JET ITER-like wall (ILW) experiments show that the edge density evolution is strongly linked with the poloidal distribution of the ionization source. The fueling profile in the JET-ILW is more delocalized as compared to JET-C (JET with carbon-based plasma-facing components PFCs). Compared to JET-C the H-mode pedestal fueling cycle is dynamically influenced by a combination of plasma-wall interaction features, in particular: (1) edge-localized modes (ELMs) induced energetic particles are kinetically reflected on W divertor PFCs leading to distributed refueling away from the divertor depending on the divertor plasma configuration, (2) delayed molecular re-emission and outgassing of particles being trapped in W PFCs (bulk-W at the high field side and W-coated CFCs at the low field side) with different fuel content and (3) outgassing from Be co-deposits located on top of the high-field side baffle region shortly after the ELM. In view of the results of a set of well diagnosed series of JET-ILW type-I ELMy H-mode discharges with good statistics, the aforementioned effects are discussed in view of H-mode pedestal fueling capacity. The ongoing modelling activities with the focus on coupled core-edge plasma simulations and plasma-wall interaction are described and discussed also in view of possible code improvements required.
Published: 2017
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40. Overview of progress in European medium sized tokamaks towards an integrated plasma-edge/wall solution

Author: Eich, T., Beurskens, M., Akers, R., De Masi, G., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Delogu, R. S., Dendy, R., Denner, P., Di Troia, C., Dimitrova, M., D’Inca, R., Dorić, V., Albanese, R., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Dudson, B., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Easy, L., Elmore, S., Erdös, B., Esposito, B., Aledda, R., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fanni, A., Fedorczak, N., Felici, F., Ferreira, J., Février, O., Ficker, O., Fietz, S., Figini, L., Alessi, E., Figueiredo, A., Fil, A., Fishpool, G., Fitzgerald, M., Fontana, M., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Fridström, R., Frigione, D., Fuchert, G., Allan, S., Fuchs, C., Furno Palumbo, M., Futatani, S., Gabellieri, L., Gałązka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Gallo, A., Galperti, C., Alves, D., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia-Lopez, J., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardarein, J.-L., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gauthier, E., Geelen, P., Ambrosino, R., Geiger, B., Ghendrih, P., Ghezzi, F., Giacomelli, L., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Gleason González, C., Gobbin, M., Goodman, T. P., Amicucci, L., Gorini, G., Gospodarczyk, M., Granucci, G., Gruber, M., Gude, A., Guimarais, L., Guirlet, R., Gunn, J., Hacek, P., Hacquin, S., Anand, H., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hauer, V., Havlickova, E., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Anastassiou, G., Heyn, M., Hnat, B., Hölzl, M., Hogeweij, D., Honoré, C., Hopf, C., Horáček, J., Hornung, G., Horváth, L., Huang, Z., Coda, S., Andrèbe, Y., Huber, A., Igitkhanov, J., Igochine, V., Imrisek, M., Innocente, P., Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., Isliker, H., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Angioni, C., Jakubowski, M., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Jeppe Miki Busk, O., Jessen, M., Joffrin, E., Jones, O., Jonsson, T., Apruzzese, G., Kallenbach, A., Kallinikos, N., Kálvin, S., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karpushov, A., Kasilov, S., Kasprowicz, G., Kendl, A., Kernbichler, W., Ariola, M., Kirk, A., Kjer, S., Klimek, I., Kocsis, G., Kogut, D., Komm, M., Korsholm, S. B., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovacic, J., Arnichand, H., Kovarik, K., Krawczyk, N., Krbec, J., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kube, R., Kudlacek, O., Kurki-Suonio, T., Labit, B., Laggner, F. M., Arter, W., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Lalousis, P., Lauber, P., Lazányi, N., Lazaros, A., Le, H. B., Lebschy, A., Leddy, J., Lefévre, L., Baciero, A., Lehnen, M., Leipold, F., Lessig, A., Leyland, M., Li, L., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y. Q., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Loewenhoff, T., Barnes, M., Lomanowski, B., Loschiavo, V. P., Lunt, T., Lupelli, I., Lux, H., Madsen, J., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maggiora, R., Magnussen, M. L., Barrera, L., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, B., Malygin, A., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Maraschek, M., Marchand, B., Marconato, N., Marini, C., Marinucci, M., Behn, R., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marrelli, L., Martin, Y., Martin Solis, J. R., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G., Mavridis, M., Hakola, A., Bencze, A., Mayoral, M.-L., Mazon, D., McCarthy, P., McAdams, R., McArdle, G., McClements, K., McDermott, R., McMillan, B., Meisl, G., Bernardo, J., Merle, A., Meyer, O., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Miron, I. G., Mitosinkova, K., Mlynar, J., Mlynek, A., Molina, D., Molina, P., Bernert, M., Monakhov, I., Morales, J., Moreau, D., Morel, P., Moret, J.-M., Moro, A., Moulton, D., Müller, H. W., Nabais, F., Nardon, E., Bettini, P., Naulin, V., Nemes-Czopf, A., Nespoli, F., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nimb, S., Nocente, M., Nouailletas, R., Bilková, P., Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrčil, T., Olsen, J., Omotani, J., O’Mullane, M. G., Orain, F., Osterman, N., Bin, W., Paccagnella, R., Pamela, S., Pangione, L., Panjan, M., Papp, G., Papřok, R., Parail, V., Parra, F. I., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Birkenmeier, G., Pehkonen, S.-P., Pereira, A., Perelli Cippo, E., Pericoli Ridolfini, V., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petrzilka, V., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Pironti, A., Bizarro, J. P. S., Pisano, F., Pisokas, T., Pitts, R., Ploumistakis, I., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poljak, D., Pölöskei, P., Popovic, Z., Pór, G., Blanchard, P., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Predebon, I., Preynas, M., Primc, G., Pucella, G., Puiatti, M. E., Pütterich, T., Rack, M., Ramogida, G., Blanken, T., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J. Juul, Rasmussen, J., Rattá, G. A., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Réfy, D., Reich, M., Reimerdes, H., Reimold, F., Martin, P., Bluteau, M., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Resnik, M., Reux, C., Ripamonti, D., Rittich, D., Riva, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Rosato, J., Bobkov, V., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Samaddar, D., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Bogar, O., Scannell, R., Scheffer, M., Schneider, B., Schneider, P., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schweinzer, J., Seidl, J., Sertoli, M., Šesnić, S., Böhm, P., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shanahan, B., Sharapov, S., Sheikh, U., Sias, G., Sieglin, B., Silva, C., Silva, A., Silva Fuglister, M., Bolzonella, T., Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spizzo, G., Spolaore, M., Stange, T., Stejner Pedersen, M., Stepanov, I., Boncagni, L., Stober, J., Strand, P., Šušnjara, A., Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tál, B., Tala, T., Tamain, P., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Botrugno, A., Teplukhina, A., Terranova, D., Theiler, C., Thornton, A., Tolias, P., Tophøj, L., Treutterer, W., Trevisan, G. L., Tsironis, C., Tsui, C., Bottereau, C., Tudisco, O., Uccello, A., Urban, J., Valisa, M., Vallejos, P., Valovic, M., Van den Brand, H., Vanovac, B., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Bouquey, F., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhaegh, K., Vermare, L., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Vignitchouk, L., Vijvers, W. A. J., Villone, F., Bourdelle, C., Viola, B., Vlahos, L., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondráček, P., Vu, N. M. T., Walkden, N., Wang, N., Weiland, M., Weinzettl, V., Westerhof, E., Adamek, J., Brémond, S., Wiesenberger, M., Willensdorfer, M., Wischmeier, M., Wodniak, I., Wolfrum, E., Yadykin, D., Zagórski, R., Zammuto, I., Zanca, P., Zaplotnik, R., Brezinsek, S., Zestanakis, P., Zhang, W., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., Meyer, H., Schubert, M., Schneider, M., Wauters, T., Wagner, D., Testa, D., Brida, D., Tripsky, M., Liang, Yunfeng, Lyssoivan, A., Lang, P., Garcia, J., Hall, S., Decker, J., Kim, D., Brochard, F., Buchanan, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Cahyna, P., Calabrò, G., Camenen, Y., Agostini, M., Caniello, R., Cannas, B., Canton, A., Cardinali, A., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carvalho, P., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Aguiam, D., Castejón, F., Castro, R., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chapman, I. T., Ahn, J., Chapman, S., Chernyshova, M., Choi, D., Cianfarani, C., Ciraolo, G., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Aho-Mantila, L., Colas, L., Conway, G., Corre, Y., Costea, S., Crisanti, F., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D’Arcangelo, O., De Angeli, M., European Commission, EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Max Planck Institut für Plasma Physik and Excellence Cluster, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), MilliLab, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Praha 8, Czechia, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa (IST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFP-CNR), University of Napoli Parthenope, Consorzio CREATE, Via Claudio 21, 80125 Napoli, Italy, ENEA-Frascati, Physics Division, National Technical University of Athens, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, European Southern Observatory (ESO), KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), Eindhoven University of Technology, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Energie- und Klimaforschung---Plasmaphysik, 52425 Julich, Germany, Institut Jean Lamour (IJL), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires (PIIM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, University of Warwick [Coventry], Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland, FOM Institute DIFFER - Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, The Netherlands, Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, ITER organization (ITER), Fakultet Elektrotehnike, Strojarstva i Brodogradnje, University of Split (FESB), J. Stefan Institute, York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom, Institute of Nuclear Techniques, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, PO Box 91, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary, Fusion Plasma Physics, EES, KTH, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden, Earth Sciences Division, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Sevilla, Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik (IPE), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca = University of Milano-Bicocca (UNIMIB), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, Laboratory for Plasma Physics Koninklijke Militaire School---Ecole Royale Militaire Renaissancelaan 30 Avenue de la Renaissance B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, Observatoire Royal de Belgique (ORB), Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet = Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, PO Box 14100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, Institut fur Angewandte Physik, Technische Universitat Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrase 8-10, 1040 Wien, Austria, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom, Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), ENEA/CREATE, DIEI, Universita di Cassino, Via Di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino (FR), Italy, University College Cork, Physics Department, National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering (NIPNE), Department of Earth and Space Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden, Institut Charles Sadron (ICS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] (IPP), EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre [Abingdon], Capgènes, Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR (IPP PRAGUE), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (ASCR), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT), Assoc. Euratom-ENEA-CREATE, Universita Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria [Reggio Calabria], Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (UMCE), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique (IRFM), Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics (IEK-4), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Plasma Physics [Praha], Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Universidade do Minho, Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] (IPPLM), Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] (IPFN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (IST), Associazone EURATOM ENEA sulla Fusione, EURATOM, Institut für Physik, University of Basel (Unibas), Ferdinand-Braun-Institut für Höchtstfrequenztechnik (FBH), Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes (IBMP), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement (LGGE), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique du cancer et des maladies neuropsychiatriques (GMFC), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Department of Physics [Stockholm], Stockholm University, Département Recherches Subatomiques (DRS-IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology (LMVI), Institut Pasteur de Shanghai, Académie des Sciences de Chine - Chinese Academy of Sciences (IPS-CAS), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Sygen International Plc, IEAP, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Universités-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Space and Astrophysics [Coventry], Association interdépartementale pour la gestion du réseau automatique de surveillance de la pollution atmosphérique et d'alerte en région Ile-de-France, AIRPARIF, Institute of Plasma Physics, Association EURATOM (IPP PRAGUE), CEA Cadarache, Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw], Forschungszentrum Julich - Institut Energie & Klimaforsch, An-Institut für Qualitätssicherung in der operativen Medizin (gGmbH) an der Otto-von-Guericke Universität Magdeburg (An-Institut), Laboratoire de Conception et d'Intégration des Systèmes (LCIS), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), ITER [St. Paul-lez-Durance], ITER, York Plasma Institute (YPI), University of York [York, UK], Dept. of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Association EURATOM-CEA (CEA/DSM/DRFC), Euratom/UKEAE Fusion Association (JET), UKEA, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Department of Radiology, St. James's Hospital, Department of Electronics, Politecnico di Torino [Torino] (Polito), Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica y Prevención de Desastres Sísmicos [Granada] (IAGPDS), Universidad de Granada (UGR), Etablissement français du sang [Besançon] (EFS), Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125 Milano, Italy, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association-Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Universidade do Minho = University of Minho [Braga], Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. (FVB) (FVB), Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik [Kiel] (IEAP), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Politecnico di Torino = Polytechnic of Turin (Polito), Universidad de Granada = University of Granada (UGR), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Meyer, H., Eich, T., Beurskens, M., Coda, S., Hakola, A., Martin, P., Adamek, J., Agostini, M., Aguiam, D., Ahn, J., Aho-Mantila, L., Akers, R., Albanese, R., Aledda, R., Alessi, E., Allan, S., Alves, D., Ambrosino, R., Amicucci, L., Anand, H., Anastassiou, G., Andrèbe, Y., Angioni, C., Apruzzese, G., Ariola, M., Arnichand, H., Arter, W., Baciero, A., Barnes, M., Barrera, L., Behn, R., Bencze, A., Bernardo, J., Bernert, M., Bettini, P., Bilková, P., Bin, W., Birkenmeier, G., Bizarro, J. P. S., Blanchard, P., Blanken, T., Bluteau, M., Bobkov, V., Bogar, O., Böhm, P., Bolzonella, T., Boncagni, L., Botrugno, A., Bottereau, C., Bouquey, F., Bourdelle, C., Brémond, S., Brezinsek, S., Brida, D., Brochard, F., Buchanan, J., Bufferand, H., Buratti, P., Cahyna, P., Calabrò, G., Camenen, Y., Caniello, R., Cannas, B., Canton, A., Cardinali, A., Carnevale, D., Carr, M., Carralero, D., Carvalho, P., Casali, L., Castaldo, C., Castejón, F., Castro, R., Causa, F., Cavazzana, R., Cavedon, M., Cecconello, M., Ceccuzzi, S., Cesario, R., Challis, C. D., Chapman, I. T., Chapman, S., Chernyshova, M., Choi, D., Cianfarani, C., Ciraolo, G., Citrin, J., Clairet, F., Classen, I., Coelho, R., Coenen, J. W., Colas, L., Conway, G., Corre, Y., Costea, S., Crisanti, F., Cruz, N., Cseh, G., Czarnecka, A., D’Arcangelo, O., De Angeli, M., De Masi, G., De Temmerman, G., De Tommasi, G., Decker, J., Delogu, R. S., Dendy, R., Denner, P., Di Troia, C., Dimitrova, M., D’Inca, R., Dorić, V., Douai, D., Drenik, A., Dudson, B., Dunai, D., Dunne, M., Duval, B. P., Easy, L., Elmore, S., Erdös, B., Esposito, B., Fable, E., Faitsch, M., Fanni, A., Fedorczak, N., Felici, F., Ferreira, J., Février, O., Ficker, O., Fietz, S., Figini, L., Figueiredo, A., Fil, A., Fishpool, G., Fitzgerald, M., Fontana, M., Ford, O., Frassinetti, L., Fridström, R., Frigione, D., Fuchert, G., Fuchs, C., Furno Palumbo, M., Futatani, S., Gabellieri, L., Gałązka, K., Galdon-Quiroga, J., Galeani, S., Gallart, D., Gallo, A., Galperti, C., Gao, Y., Garavaglia, S., Garcia, J., Garcia-Carrasco, A., Garcia-Lopez, J., Garcia-Munoz, M., Gardarein, J. -L., Garzotti, L., Gaspar, J., Gauthier, E., Geelen, P., Geiger, B., Ghendrih, P., Ghezzi, F., Giacomelli, L., Giannone, L., Giovannozzi, E., Giroud, C., Gleason González, C., Gobbin, M., Goodman, T. P., Gorini, G., Gospodarczyk, M., Granucci, G., Gruber, M., Gude, A., Guimarais, L., Guirlet, R., Gunn, J., Hacek, P., Hacquin, S., Hall, S., Ham, C., Happel, T., Harrison, J., Harting, D., Hauer, V., Havlickova, E., Hellsten, T., Helou, W., Henderson, S., Hennequin, P., Heyn, M., Hnat, B., Hölzl, M., Hogeweij, D., Honoré, C., Hopf, C., Horáček, J., Hornung, G., Horváth, L., Huang, Z., Huber, A., Igitkhanov, J., Igochine, V., Imrisek, M., Innocente, P., Ionita-Schrittwieser, C., Isliker, H., Ivanova-Stanik, I., Jacobsen, A. S., Jacquet, P., Jakubowski, M., Jardin, A., Jaulmes, F., Jenko, F., Jensen, T., Jeppe Miki Busk, O., Jessen, M., Joffrin, E., Jones, O., Jonsson, T., Kallenbach, A., Kallinikos, N., Kálvin, S., Kappatou, A., Karhunen, J., Karpushov, A., Kasilov, S., Kasprowicz, G., Kendl, A., Kernbichler, W., Kim, D., Kirk, A., Kjer, S., Klimek, I., Kocsis, G., Kogut, D., Komm, M., Korsholm, S. B., Koslowski, H. R., Koubiti, M., Kovacic, J., Kovarik, K., Krawczyk, N., Krbec, J., Krieger, K., Krivska, A., Kube, R., Kudlacek, O., Kurki-Suonio, T., Labit, B., Laggner, F. M., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Lalousis, P., Lang, P., Lauber, P., Lazányi, N., Lazaros, A., Le, H. B., Lebschy, A., Leddy, J., Lefévre, L., Lehnen, M., Leipold, F., Lessig, A., Leyland, M., Li, L., Liang, Y., Lipschultz, B., Liu, Y. Q., Loarer, T., Loarte, A., Loewenhoff, T., Lomanowski, B., Loschiavo, V. P., Lunt, T., Lupelli, I., Lux, H., Lyssoivan, A., Madsen, J., Maget, P., Maggi, C., Maggiora, R., Magnussen, M. L., Mailloux, J., Maljaars, B., Malygin, A., Mantica, P., Mantsinen, M., Maraschek, M., Marchand, B., Marconato, N., Marini, C., Marinucci, M., Markovic, T., Marocco, D., Marrelli, L., Martin, Y., Martin Solis, J. R., Martitsch, A., Mastrostefano, S., Mattei, M., Matthews, G., Mavridis, M., Mayoral, M. -L., Mazon, D., Mccarthy, P., Mcadams, R., Mcardle, G., Mcclements, K., Mcdermott, R., Mcmillan, B., Meisl, G., Merle, A., Meyer, O., Milanesio, D., Militello, F., Miron, I. G., Mitosinkova, K., Mlynar, J., Mlynek, A., Molina, D., Molina, P., Monakhov, I., Morales, J., Moreau, D., Morel, P., Moret, J. -M., Moro, A., Moulton, D., Müller, H. W., Nabais, F., Nardon, E., Naulin, V., Nemes-Czopf, A., Nespoli, F., Neu, R., Nielsen, A. H., Nielsen, S. K., Nikolaeva, V., Nimb, S., Nocente, M., Nouailletas, R., Nowak, S., Oberkofler, M., Oberparleiter, M., Ochoukov, R., Odstrčil, T., Olsen, J., Omotani, J., O’Mullane, M. G., Orain, F., Osterman, N., Paccagnella, R., Pamela, S., Pangione, L., Panjan, M., Papp, G., Papřok, R., Parail, V., Parra, F. I., Pau, A., Pautasso, G., Pehkonen, S. -P., Pereira, A., Perelli Cippo, E., Pericoli Ridolfini, V., Peterka, M., Petersson, P., Petrzilka, V., Piovesan, P., Piron, C., Pironti, A., Pisano, F., Pisokas, T., Pitts, R., Ploumistakis, I., Plyusnin, V., Pokol, G., Poljak, D., Pölöskei, P., Popovic, Z., Pór, G., Porte, L., Potzel, S., Predebon, I., Preynas, M., Primc, G., Pucella, G., Puiatti, M. E., Pütterich, T., Rack, M., Ramogida, G., Rapson, C., Rasmussen, J. Juul, Rasmussen, J., Rattá, G. A., Ratynskaia, S., Ravera, G., Réfy, D., Reich, M., Reimerdes, H., Reimold, F., Reinke, M., Reiser, D., Resnik, M., Reux, C., Ripamonti, D., Rittich, D., Riva, G., Rodriguez-Ramos, M., Rohde, V., Rosato, J., Ryter, F., Saarelma, S., Sabot, R., Saint-Laurent, F., Salewski, M., Salmi, A., Samaddar, D., Sanchis-Sanchez, L., Santos, J., Sauter, O., Scannell, R., Scheffer, M., Schneider, M., Schneider, B., Schneider, P., Schneller, M., Schrittwieser, R., Schubert, M., Schweinzer, J., Seidl, J., Sertoli, M., Šesnić, S., Shabbir, A., Shalpegin, A., Shanahan, B., Sharapov, S., Sheikh, U., Sias, G., Sieglin, B., Silva, C., Silva, A., Silva Fuglister, M., Simpson, J., Snicker, A., Sommariva, C., Sozzi, C., Spagnolo, S., Spizzo, G., Spolaore, M., Stange, T., Stejner Pedersen, M., Stepanov, I., Stober, J., Strand, P., Šušnjara, A., Suttrop, W., Szepesi, T., Tál, B., Tala, T., Tamain, P., Tardini, G., Tardocchi, M., Teplukhina, A., Terranova, D., Testa, D., Theiler, C., Thornton, A., Tolias, P., Tophøj, L., Treutterer, W., Trevisan, G. L., Tripsky, M., Tsironis, C., Tsui, C., Tudisco, O., Uccello, A., Urban, J., Valisa, M., Vallejos, P., Valovic, M., Van den Brand, H., Vanovac, B., Varoutis, S., Vartanian, S., Vega, J., Verdoolaege, G., Verhaegh, K., Vermare, L., Vianello, N., Vicente, J., Viezzer, E., Vignitchouk, L., Vijvers, W. A. J., Villone, F., Viola, B., Vlahos, L., Voitsekhovitch, I., Vondráček, P., Vu, N. M. T., Wagner, D., Walkden, N., Wang, N., Wauters, T., Weiland, M., Weinzettl, V., Westerhof, E., Wiesenberger, M., Willensdorfer, M., Wischmeier, M., Wodniak, I., Wolfrum, E., Yadykin, D., Zagórski, R., Zammuto, I., Zanca, P., Zaplotnik, R., Zestanakis, P., Zhang, W., Zoletnik, S., Zuin, M., Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Meyer, H, Eich, T, Beurskens, M, Coda, S, Hakola, A, Martin, P, Adamek, J, Agostini, M, Aguiam, D, Ahn, J, Aho-Mantila, L, Akers, R, Albanese, R, Aledda, R, Alessi, E, Allan, S, Alves, D, Ambrosino, R, Amicucci, L, Anand, H, Anastassiou, G, Andrãbe, Y, Angioni, C, Apruzzese, G, Ariola, M, Arnichand, H, Arter, W, Baciero, A, Barnes, M, Barrera, L, Behn, R, Bencze, A, Bernardo, J, Bernert, M, Bettini, P, Bilkovã¡, P, Bin, W, Birkenmeier, G, Bizarro, J, Blanchard, P, Blanken, T, Bluteau, M, Bobkov, V, Bogar, O, Bã¶hm, P, Bolzonella, T, Boncagni, L, Botrugno, A, Bottereau, C, Bouquey, F, Bourdelle, C, Brã©mond, S, Brezinsek, S, Brida, D, Brochard, F, Buchanan, J, Bufferand, H, Buratti, P, Cahyna, P, Calabrã², G, Camenen, Y, Caniello, R, Cannas, B, Canton, A, Cardinali, A, Carnevale, D, Carr, M, Carralero, D, Carvalho, P, Casali, L, Castaldo, C, Castejã³n, F, Castro, R, Causa, F, Cavazzana, R, Cavedon, M, Cecconello, M, Ceccuzzi, S, Cesario, R, Challis, C, Chapman, I, Chapman, S, Chernyshova, M, Choi, D, Cianfarani, C, Ciraolo, G, Citrin, J, Clairet, F, Classen, I, Coelho, R, Coenen, J, Colas, L, Conway, G, Corre, Y, Costea, S, Crisanti, F, Cruz, N, Cseh, G, Czarnecka, A, D'Arcangelo, O, De Angeli, M, De Masi, G, De Temmerman, G, De Tommasi, G, Decker, J, Delogu, R, Dendy, R, Denner, P, Di Troia, C, Dimitrova, M, D'Inca, R, DoriÄ‡, V, Douai, D, Drenik, A, Dudson, B, Dunai, D, Dunne, M, Duval, B, Easy, L, Elmore, S, Erdã¶s, B, Esposito, B, Fable, E, Faitsch, M, Fanni, A, Fedorczak, N, Felici, F, Ferreira, J, Fã©vrier, O, Ficker, O, Fietz, S, Figini, L, Figueiredo, A, Fil, A, Fishpool, G, Fitzgerald, M, Fontana, M, Ford, O, Frassinetti, L, Fridstrã¶m, R, Frigione, D, Fuchert, G, Fuchs, C, Furno Palumbo, M, Futatani, S, Gabellieri, L, GaÅ‚azka, K, Galdon-Quiroga, J, Galeani, S, Gallart, D, Gallo, A, Galperti, C, Gao, Y, Garavaglia, S, Garcia, J, Garcia-Carrasco, A, Garcia-Lopez, J, Garcia-Munoz, M, Gardarein, J, Garzotti, L, Gaspar, J, Gauthier, E, Geelen, P, Geiger, B, Ghendrih, P, Ghezzi, F, Giacomelli, L, Giannone, L, Giovannozzi, E, Giroud, C, Gleason GonzÃ¡lez, C, Gobbin, M, Goodman, T, Gorini, G, Gospodarczyk, M, Granucci, G, Gruber, M, Gude, A, Guimarais, L, Guirlet, R, Gunn, J, Hacek, P, Hacquin, S, Hall, S, Ham, C, Happel, T, Harrison, J, Harting, D, Hauer, V, Havlickova, E, Hellsten, T, Helou, W, Henderson, S, Hennequin, P, Heyn, M, Hnat, B, Hã¶lzl, M, Hogeweij, D, Honorã©, C, Hopf, C, Horã¡ä ek, J, Hornung, G, Horvã¡th, L, Huang, Z, Huber, A, Igitkhanov, J, Igochine, V, Imrisek, M, Innocente, P, Ionita-Schrittwieser, C, Isliker, H, Ivanova-Stanik, I, Jacobsen, A, Jacquet, P, Jakubowski, M, Jardin, A, Jaulmes, F, Jenko, F, Jensen, T, Jeppe Miki Busk, O, Jessen, M, Joffrin, E, Jones, O, Jonsson, T, Kallenbach, A, Kallinikos, N, Kã¡lvin, S, Kappatou, A, Karhunen, J, Karpushov, A, Kasilov, S, Kasprowicz, G, Kendl, A, Kernbichler, W, Kim, D, Kirk, A, Kjer, S, Klimek, I, Kocsis, G, Kogut, D, Komm, M, Korsholm, S, Koslowski, H, Koubiti, M, Kovacic, J, Kovarik, K, Krawczyk, N, Krbec, J, Krieger, K, Krivska, A, Kube, R, Kudlacek, O, Kurki-Suonio, T, Labit, B, Laggner, F, Laguardia, L, Lahtinen, A, Lalousis, P, Lang, P, Lauber, P, Lazã¡nyi, N, Lazaros, A, Le, H, Lebschy, A, Leddy, J, Lefã©vre, L, Lehnen, M, Leipold, F, Lessig, A, Leyland, M, Li, L, Liang, Y, Lipschultz, B, Liu, Y, Loarer, T, Loarte, A, Loewenhoff, T, Lomanowski, B, Loschiavo, V, Lunt, T, Lupelli, I, Lux, H, Lyssoivan, A, Madsen, J, Maget, P, Maggi, C, Maggiora, R, Magnussen, M, Mailloux, J, Maljaars, B, Malygin, A, Mantica, P, Mantsinen, M, Maraschek, M, Marchand, B, Marconato, N, Marini, C, Marinucci, M, Markovic, T, Marocco, D, Marrelli, L, Martin, Y, Martin Solis, J, Martitsch, A, Mastrostefano, S, Mattei, M, Matthews, G, Mavridis, M, Mayoral, M, Mazon, D, Mccarthy, P, Mcadams, R, Mcardle, G, Mcclements, K, Mcdermott, R, Mcmillan, B, Meisl, G, Merle, A, Meyer, O, Milanesio, D, Militello, F, Miron, I, Mitosinkova, K, Mlynar, J, Mlynek, A, Molina, D, Molina, P, Monakhov, I, Morales, J, Moreau, D, Morel, P, Moret, J, Moro, A, Moulton, D, Mã¼ller, H, Nabais, F, Nardon, E, Naulin, V, Nemes-Czopf, A, Nespoli, F, Neu, R, Nielsen, A, Nielsen, S, Nikolaeva, V, Nimb, S, Nocente, M, Nouailletas, R, Nowak, S, Oberkofler, M, Oberparleiter, M, Ochoukov, R, Odsträ il, T, Olsen, J, Omotani, J, O'Mullane, M, Orain, F, Osterman, N, Paccagnella, R, Pamela, S, Pangione, L, Panjan, M, Papp, G, PapÅ™ok, R, Parail, V, Parra, F, Pau, A, Pautasso, G, Pehkonen, S, Pereira, A, Perelli Cippo, E, Pericoli Ridolfini, V, Peterka, M, Petersson, P, Petrzilka, V, Piovesan, P, Piron, C, Pironti, A, Pisano, F, Pisokas, T, Pitts, R, Ploumistakis, I, Plyusnin, V, Pokol, G, Poljak, D, Pã¶lã¶skei, P, Popovic, Z, Pã³r, G, Porte, L, Potzel, S, Predebon, I, Preynas, M, Primc, G, Pucella, G, Puiatti, M, Pã¼tterich, T, Rack, M, Ramogida, G, Rapson, C, Rasmussen, J, Rattã¡, G, Ratynskaia, S, Ravera, G, Rã©fy, D, Reich, M, Reimerdes, H, Reimold, F, Reinke, M, Reiser, D, Resnik, M, Reux, C, Ripamonti, D, Rittich, D, Riva, G, Rodriguez-Ramos, M, Rohde, V, Rosato, J, Ryter, F, Saarelma, S, Sabot, R, Saint-Laurent, F, Salewski, M, Salmi, A, Samaddar, D, Sanchis-Sanchez, L, Santos, J, Sauter, O, Scannell, R, Scheffer, M, Schneider, M, Schneider, B, Schneider, P, Schneller, M, Schrittwieser, R, Schubert, M, Schweinzer, J, Seidl, J, Sertoli, M, Å&nbsp, esniÄ‡, S, Shabbir, A, Shalpegin, A, Shanahan, B, Sharapov, S, Sheikh, U, Sias, G, Sieglin, B, Silva, C, Silva, A, Silva Fuglister, M, Simpson, J, Snicker, A, Sommariva, C, Sozzi, C, Spagnolo, S, Spizzo, G, Spolaore, M, Stange, T, Stejner Pedersen, M, Stepanov, I, Stober, J, Strand, P, uÅ¡njara, A, Suttrop, W, Szepesi, T, Tã¡l, B, Tala, T, Tamain, P, Tardini, G, Tardocchi, M, Teplukhina, A, Terranova, D, Testa, D, Theiler, C, Thornton, A, Tolias, P, Tophj, L, Treutterer, W, Trevisan, G, Tripsky, M, Tsironis, C, Tsui, C, Tudisco, O, Uccello, A, Urban, J, Valisa, M, Vallejos, P, Valovic, M, Van Den Brand, H, Vanovac, B, Varoutis, S, Vartanian, S, Vega, J, Verdoolaege, G, Verhaegh, K, Vermare, L, Vianello, N, Vicente, J, Viezzer, E, Vignitchouk, L, Vijvers, W, Villone, F, Viola, B, Vlahos, L, Voitsekhovitch, I, Vondrã¡ä ek, P, Vu, N, Wagner, D, Walkden, N, Wang, N, Wauters, T, Weiland, M, Weinzettl, V, Westerhof, E, Wiesenberger, M, Willensdorfer, M, Wischmeier, M, Wodniak, I, Wolfrum, E, Yadykin, D, Zagã³rski, R, Zammuto, I, Zanca, P, Zaplotnik, R, Zestanakis, P, Zhang, W, Zoletnik, S, Zuin, M, Institut Charles Sadron ( ICS ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace, Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar ( Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ), Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik [Garching] ( IPP ), Culham Science Centre, Institute of Plasma Physics, Association Euratom/IPP.CR ( IPP PRAGUE ), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] ( ASCR ), VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland ( VTT ), Univ. Mediterranea RC, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación ( UMCE ), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive ( LBBE ), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 ( UCBL ), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique ( Inria ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Recherche sur la Fusion par confinement Magnétique ( IRFM ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ), Institute of Energy and Climate Research - Plasma Physics ( IEK-4 ), Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet ( LLR ), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -École polytechnique ( X ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Physique des interactions ioniques et moléculaires ( PIIM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques ( ISIC ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion [Warsaw] ( IPPLM ), Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear [Lisboa] ( IPFN ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa ( IST ), University of Basel ( Unibas ), Ferdinand-Braun-Institut für Höchtstfrequenztechnik ( FBH ), Institut de biologie moléculaire des plantes ( IBMP ), Université de Strasbourg ( UNISTRA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique de l'environnement ( LGGE ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble ( OSUG ), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 ( UJF ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université Grenoble Alpes ( UGA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Génétique du cancer et des maladies neuropsychiatriques ( GMFC ), Université de Rouen Normandie ( UNIROUEN ), Normandie Université ( NU ) -Normandie Université ( NU ) -Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ), Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University ( Department of Physics, Stockholm University ), Université de Lille, Sciences Humaines et Sociales, Département Recherches Subatomiques ( DRS-IPHC ), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS ( IN2P3 ) -Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology ( LMVI ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur ( RIIP ) -Institut Pasteur de Shanghai - Académie des Sciences de Chine, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel ( CAU ), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas ( LPP ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Observatoire de Paris-École polytechnique ( X ) -Sorbonne Universités-PSL Research University ( PSL ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Space and Astrophysics, Institute of Plasma Physics, Association EURATOM ( IPP PRAGUE ), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LCIS, York Plasma Institute ( YPI ), University of Wisconsin-Madison [Madison], Association EURATOM-CEA ( CEA/DSM/DRFC ), Euratom/UKEAE Fusion Association ( JET ), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility ( ESRF ), Politecnico di Torino [Torino] ( Polito ), Instituto Andaluz de Geofísica, Universidad de Granada, Université du Québec, Etablissement français du sang [Besançon] ( EFS ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), D'Arcangelo, O., Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, National Research Council of Italy, Czech Academy of Sciences, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, CEA, University of Naples Federico II, University of Cagliari, University of Naples Parthenope, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, National Technical University of Athens, CIEMAT, University of Oxford, EUROfusion Programme Management Unit, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, University of Strathclyde, Jülich Research Centre, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Uppsala University, University of Warwick, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, University of Innsbruck, University of Split, University of York, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, University of Seville, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, University of Milan - Bicocca, Université Paris-Sud, Graz University of Technology, Royal Military Academy, Ghent University, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Technical University of Denmark, Department of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, University of Helsinki, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Université Grenoble Alpes, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Durham University, Polytechnic University of Turin, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, University College Cork, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. ANT - Advanced Nuclear Technologies Research Group, Andrãbe, Y., Bilkovã¡, P., Bã¶hm, P., Brã©mond, S., Calabrã², G., Castejã³n, F., D'Inca, R., Doriä , V., Erdã¶s, B., Fã©vrier, O., Fridstrã¶m, R., Gaå azka, K., Gardarein, J. -. L., Gleason GonzÃ¡lez, C., Hã¶lzl, M., Honorã©, C., Horã¡ä ek, J., Horvã¡th, L., Kã¡lvin, S., Lazã¡nyi, N., Lefã©vre, L., Mayoral, M. -. L., Moret, J. -. M., Mã¼ller, H. W., Odsträ il, T., O'Mullane, M. G., Papå ok, R., Pehkonen, S. -. P., Pã¶lã¶skei, P., Pã³r, G., Pã¼tterich, T., Rattã¡, G. A., Rã©fy, D., Å esniä , S., Å uå¡njara, A., Tã¡l, B., Tophj, L., Van Den Brand, H., Vondrã¡ä ek, P., Zagã³rski, R., and Department of Physics
Subjects: Tokamak, Asdex upgrade, 01 natural sciences, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, heat loads, Divertor, ASDEX Upgrade, ASDEX upgrade, law, Fusió nuclear, Magnetoplasma, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Physics, [SPI.PLASMA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Plasmas, Plasma turbulence, alternative divertor concept, Condensed Matter Physics, Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics, edge localised mode, Thermal load, edge localised modes, Localised, TCV, [ SPI.PLASMA ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Plasmas, PARTICLE, divertor, MAST, alternative divertor concepts, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Plasma (Gasos ionitzats), 114 Physical sciences, [SPI.AUTO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic, Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik, Fusion reactor divertors, Settore ING-INF/04 - Automatica, [ SPI.AUTO ] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Automatic, 0103 physical sciences, heat load, ddc:530, Aerospace engineering, 010306 general physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physic, Plasma (Ionized gases), Física [Àrees temàtiques de la UPC], business.industry, Mast, Física, Nuclear energy, Plasma, SCRAPE-OFF LAYER, Plasma edge, Alternative divertor concepts, DENSITY, Sols, Nuclear fusion, Energia nuclear, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: Integrating the plasma core performance with an edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) that leads to tolerable heat and particle loads on the wall is a major challenge. The new European medium size tokamak task force (EU-MST) coordinates research on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), MAST and TCV. This multi-machine approach within EU-MST, covering a wide parameter range, is instrumental to progress in the field, as ITER and DEMO core/pedestal and SOL parameters are not achievable simultaneously in present day devices. A two prong approach is adopted. On the one hand, scenarios with tolerable transient heat and particle loads, including active edge localised mode (ELM) control are developed. On the other hand, divertor solutions including advanced magnetic configurations are studied. Considerable progress has been made on both approaches, in particular in the fields of: ELM control with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP), small ELM regimes, detachment onset and control, as well as filamentary scrape-off-layer transport. For example full ELM suppression has now been achieved on AUG at low collisionality with n = 2 RMP maintaining good confinement HH(98,y2)≈0.95. Advances have been made with respect to detachment onset and control. Studies in advanced divertor configurations (Snowflake, Super-X and X-point target divertor) shed new light on SOL physics. Cross field filamentary transport has been characterised in a wide parameter regime on AUG, MAST and TCV progressing the theoretical and experimental understanding crucial for predicting first wall loads in ITER and DEMO. Conditions in the SOL also play a crucial role for ELM stability and access to small ELM regimes. Integrating the plasma core performance with an edge and scrape-off layer (SOL) that leads to tolerable heat and particle loads on the wall is a major challenge. The new European medium size tokamak task force (EU-MST) coordinates research on ASDEX Upgrade (AUG), MAST and TCV. This multi-machine approach within EU-MST, covering a wide parameter range, is instrumental to progress in the field, as ITER and DEMO core/pedestal and SOL parameters are not achievable simultaneously in present day devices. A two prong approach is adopted. On the one hand, scenarios with tolerable transient heat and particle loads, including active edge localised mode (ELM) control are developed. On the other hand, divertor solutions including advanced magnetic configurations are studied. Considerable progress has been made on both approaches, in particular in the fields of: ELM control with resonant magnetic perturbations (RMP), small ELM regimes, detachment onset and control, as well as filamentary scrape-off-layer transport. For example full ELM suppression has now been achieved on AUG at low collisionality with n = 2 RMP maintaining good confinement H-H(98,H-y2) approximate to 0.95. Advances have been made with respect to detachment onset and control. Studies in advanced divertor configurations (Snowflake, Super-X and X-point target divertor) shed new light on SOL physics. Cross field filamentary transport has been characterised in a wide parameter regime on AUG, MAST and TCV progressing the theoretical and experimental understanding crucial for predicting first wall loads in ITER and DEMO. Conditions in the SOL also play a crucial role for ELM stability and access to small ELM regimes.
Published: 2017
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41. Collective excitations and viscosity in liquid Bi

Author: Matti Ropo, Jaakko Akola, Robert O. Jones, Tampere University of Technology, Department of Applied Physics, Jülich Research Centre, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: Condensed matter physics, ta114, Chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, Spectral density, 02 engineering and technology, Neutron scattering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Molecular physics, Molecular dynamics, Wavelength, Viscosity, 0103 physical sciences, Dispersion (optics), ddc:540, Quasiparticle, Density functional theory, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: The analysis of extensive density functional/molecular dynamics simulations (over 500 atoms, up to 100 ps) of liquid bismuth at four temperatures between 573 K and 1023 K has provided details of the dynamical structure factors, the dispersion of longitudinal and transverse collective modes, and related properties (power spectrum, viscosity, and sound velocity). Agreement with available inelastic x-ray and neutron scattering data and with previous simulations is generally very good. The results show that density functional/molecular dynamics simulations can give dynamical information of good quality without the use of fitting functions, even at long wavelengths.
Published: 2016
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42. Multiscale physics of rubber-ice friction

Author: András Kriston, Bo N. J. Persson, Ari J. Tuononen, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Goodyear SA, Jülich Research Centre, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: sports equipment, Smoothness, White light interferometry, General Physics and Astronomy, Polishing, 02 engineering and technology, Mechanics, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Viscoelasticity, Interferometry, 020303 mechanical engineering & transports, 0203 mechanical engineering, Natural rubber, visual_art, Slider, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, ta216
Abstract: Ice friction plays an important role in many engineering applications, e.g., tires on icy roads, ice breaker ship motion, or winter sports equipment. Although numerous experiments have already been performed to understand the effect of various conditions on ice friction, to reveal the fundamental frictional mechanisms is still a challenging task. This study uses in situ white light interferometry to analyze ice surface topography during linear friction testing with a rubber slider. The method helps to provide an understanding of the link between changes in the surface topography and the friction coefficient through direct visualization and quantitative measurement of the morphologies of the ice surface at different length scales. Besides surface polishing and scratching, it was found that ice melts locally even after one sweep showing the refrozen droplets. A multi-scale rubber friction theory was also applied to study the contribution of viscoelasticity to the total friction coefficient, which showed a significant level with respect to the smoothness of the ice; furthermore, the theory also confirmed the possibility of local ice melting.
Published: 2016
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43. Self- and Collective Dynamics of Syndiotactic Poly(methyl methacrylate). A Combined Study by Quasielastic Neutron Scattering and Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Author: Anne-Caroline Genix, Fernando Alvarez, D. Richter, Juan Colmenero, B. Farago, Arantxa Arbe, and A. Wischnewski, European Commission, Jülich Research Centre, and Donostia International Physics Center
Subjects: Polymers and Plastics, Chemistry, Dynamic structure factor, Organic Chemistry, Incoherent scatter, Neutron scattering, Poly(methyl methacrylate), Molecular physics, Inorganic Chemistry, Crystallography, Molecular dynamics, visual_art, ddc:540, Quasielastic neutron scattering, Materials Chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Neutron, Structure factor
Abstract: We have investigated the molecular dynamics of syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) well above the glass transition by combining quasielastic neutron scattering and fully atomistic computer simulations. The incoherent scattering measured by backscattering on a sample with deuterated ester methyl groups has revealed the single-particle motions of hydrogens in the main chain and in the α-methyl groups. Moreover, with neutron spin-echo experiments on the fully deuterated sample we have accessed the collective motions at the two first maxima of the structure factor. The simulated cell, which has been previously validated regarding the structural properties [Genix, A.-C.; et al. Macromolecules2006, 39, 3947], shows a dynamical behavior that, allowing a shift in temperature, reproduces very accurately all the experimental results. The combined analysis of both sets of data has shown that: (i) The segmental relaxation involving backbone atoms deviates from Gaussian behavior. (ii) The dynamics is extremely heterogeneous: in addition to the subdiffusion associated with the α-process and the methyl group rotations, we have found indications of a rotational motion of the ester side group around the main chain. (iii) At a given momentum transfer and depending on the molecular groups considered, the time scales for collective motion are spread over about 1 order of magnitude, the correlations involving the main chain decaying much more slowly than those relating side groups. (iv) At the length scale characteristic for the overall periodicity of the system (that corresponding to the first structure factor peak), the experimentally observed collective dynamics relates to the backbone motions and is of interchain character; there, coherency effects are observed for all correlations, though side groups display weaker collectivity. (v) At the second structure factor peak, coherency remains only for correlations involving the main chains., This research project has been supported by the European Commission NoE SoftComp, Contract NMP3-CT-2004-502235. A.A., F.A., and J.C. acknowledge support from the projects MAT2004-01017 and 9/UPV00206.215-13568/2001. “Donostia International Physics Center” is also acknowledged. The European Commission, NMI3 Contract RII3-CT-2003-505925, supported the experiments at the Forschungsreaktor in Jülich.
Published: 2006
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44. Efficient generation of connectivity in neuronal networks from simulator-independent descriptions

Author: Mikael eDjurfeldt, Andrew P. Davison, Jochen Martin Eppler, PDC Center for High-Performance Computing, International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility-Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Unité de Neurosciences Information et Complexité [Gif sur Yvette] (UNIC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Neurobiologie Alfred Fessard (INAF), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine and Institute for Advanced Simulation, and Jülich Research Centre
Subjects: Computer science, Biomedical Engineering, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), PyNN, CSA, lcsh:RC321-571, large-scale modeling, Methods Article, NEST, ddc:610, Implementation, lcsh:Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Simulation, computer.programming_language, Computer architecture simulator, Rapid processing, Information and Computer Science, Python (programming language), neural simulation, Computer Science Applications, python, Model description, model description, connectivity, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], computer, Neuroscience, Model sharing
Abstract: International audience; Simulator-independent descriptions of connectivity in neuronal networks promise greater ease of model sharing, improved reproducibility of simulation results, and reduced programming effort for computational neuroscientists. However, until now, enabling the use of such descriptions in a given simulator in a computationally efficient way has entailed considerable work for simulator developers, which must be repeated for each new connectivity-generating library that is developed. We have developed a generic connection generator interface that provides a standard way to connect a connectivity-generating library to a simulator, such that one library can easily be replaced by another, according to the modeler's needs. We have used the connection generator interface to connect C++ and Python implementations of the previously described connection-set algebra to the NEST simulator. We also demonstrate how the simulator-independent modeling framework PyNN can transparently take advantage of this, passing a connection description through to the simulator layer for rapid processing in C++ where a simulator supports the connection generator interface and falling-back to slower iteration in Python otherwise. A set of benchmarks demonstrates the good performance of the interface.
Published: 2014
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45. Quasielastic neutron scattering and molecular dynamics simulation study on the structure factor of poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)

Author: Arantxa Arbe, Lutz Willner, R. Perez-Aparicio, Juan Colmenero, Fernando Alvarez, Institut Laue-Langevin, European Commission, Jülich Research Centre, Donostia International Physics Center, Eusko Jaurlaritza, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (España), and Universidad del País Vasco
Subjects: Polymers and Plastics, Chemistry, Dynamic structure factor, Organic Chemistry, Neutron scattering, Molecular physics, Inorganic Chemistry, Molecular dynamics, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Quasielastic neutron scattering, Materials Chemistry, Physics::Chemical Physics, Structure factor, Poly ethylene
Abstract: By combining neutron scattering and fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we have investigated the static [S(Q)] and dynamic [S(Q,t)] structure factor of poly(ethylene-alt-propylene) in a wide momentum-transfer Q range (0.2 < Q < 3 Å−1) spanning over inter- and intramolecular length scales and including also the region of intermediate length scales. The experiments consist of diffraction with polarization analysis and neutron spin-echo measurements on a fully deuterated sample. These results have been used to thoroughly validate the simulations, which have been subsequently exploited to unravel the different contributions to S(Q) and S(Q,t) and provide insights into real space. We have first disentangled the short-range order in this polymer. At the first peak of S(Q) which is clearly dominated by the interchain contribution of the main-chain/main-chain correlations, the dynamics above the glass transition reveal the genuine α-relaxation. The direct observation of the α-relaxation in this way has allowed establishing the viscosity scaling, the stretching, and the deGennes narrowing. An in-phase modulation with S(Q) is observed for the amplitude and shape parameter of the slow decay of S(Q,t) around the first peak. The corresponding time scale also displays a maximum that shifts with temperature in a much stronger way than that of S(Q). Coherency effects in the slow decay are lost above ≈1.5 Å−1, where intramolecular correlations dominate. Interestingly, the apparent activation energy of the characteristic time mirrors the structure factor in the whole Q range investigated., We thank the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) for neutron facilities as well as Drs. P. Fouquet, M. Maccarini, and A. P. Murani at the ILL and Dr. W. Schweika in Jülich for experimental support. The European Commission, NMI3 Contract RII3-CT-2003-505925, supported the experiments at the Forschungsreaktor in Jülich. We thank support by the “Donostia International Physics Center”, the European Commission NoE SoftComp, Contract NMP3-CT-2004-502235, the projects MAT2007-63681 and IT-436-07 (GV), and the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (Grant CSD2006-53). R.P.-A. acknowledges Grant BES-2005-10794 (MAT2004-01017).
Published: 2009

46. Local structure of syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate). A combined study by neutron diffraction with polarization analysis and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations

Author: Anne-Caroline Genix, Fernando Alvarez, Juan Colmenero, D. Richter, Arantxa Arbe, and W. Schweika, Donostia International Physics Center, Jülich Research Centre, and European Commission
Subjects: Polymers and Plastics, Scattering, Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Neutron diffraction, Neutron scattering, Radial distribution function, Molecular physics, Poly(methyl methacrylate), Inorganic Chemistry, Molecular dynamics, Crystallography, chemistry.chemical_compound, visual_art, ddc:540, Materials Chemistry, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Methyl methacrylate, Structure factor
Abstract: The local structure of syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) has been investigated by combining neutron scattering and fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Selectively deuterating parts of the PMMA monomer, we have accessed five different partial structure factors in the glassy state by neutrons, and polarization analysis has allowed isolating the coherent contribution to the total scattering. In addition, the temperature dependence of the static structure factor has been determined on the fully deuterated sample. The different measured partial structure factors show qualitatively different features with respect to peak positions and heights and provide a very critical check to validate the simulated structure. To gain deep insight into the structure, we have grouped the simulation results in terms of three molecular substructures: the main chain, the α-methyl group, and the ester side group. The study of the resulting partial structure functions has revealed the origin of the diffraction peaks, including those in the X-rays pattern reported in the literature. In addition, a real-space evaluation of the characteristic radial distribution functions has allowed separating intra- and interchain contributions to the total correlation functions. We have found that (i) PMMA exhibits a strong local order with an average main-chain distance of ≈8.6 Å, (ii) this is the only average interchain distance and thus no precursor effect of a layered structure is found, (iii) the main chain shows a persisting all-trans structure, and (iv) a strong anticorrelation between the main chain and the ester side groups, together with an interdigitation of the side groups, suggests a marked separation between the backbone and the side-group spatial arrangements., This research project has been supported by the European Commission NoE SoftComp, Contract NMP3-CT-2004-502235. A.A., F.A., and J.C. acknowledge support from the projects MAT2004-01017 and 9/UPV00206.215-13568/2001. “Donostia International Physics Center” is also acknowledged. The European Commission, NMI3 Contract RII3-CT-2003-505925, supported the experiments at the Forschungsreaktor in Jülich
Published: 2006
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47. Quasielastic neutron scattering study on the effect of blending on the dynamics of head-to-head poly(propylene) and poly(ethylene propylene)

Author: Lewis J. Fetters, Lutz Willner, Juan Colmenero, R. Pérez Aparicio, Arantxa Arbe, D. Richter, Bernhard Frick, Universidad del País Vasco, European Commission, Donostia International Physics Center, and Jülich Research Centre
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Polymers and Plastics, Organic Chemistry, Thermodynamics, Polymer, Atmospheric temperature range, Neutron scattering, Miscibility, Inorganic Chemistry, Condensed Matter::Soft Condensed Matter, chemistry, Quasielastic neutron scattering, Polymer chemistry, ddc:540, Materials Chemistry, Polymer blend, Glass transition, Supercooling
Abstract: By means of quasielastic neutron scattering, we have investigated the dynamics of two polymers, head-to-head poly(propylene) (HHPP) and poly(ethylene−propylene) (PEP), through the incoherent scattering function of hydrogens, i.e., the H self-correlation function. Backscattering techniques have allowed us to cover mesoscopic time scales in the momentum transfer region 0.2 ≤ Q ≤ 1.8 Å-1. For both polymers, the glassy dynamics below the glass-transition temperature Tg (HHPP: Tg = 248 K; PEP: Tg = 213 K) is dominated by the methyl group rotations. In the temperature region investigated in the supercooled liquid statewell above the glass transitionwe have observed a qualitatively similar behavior for both systems: anomalous sublinear diffusion with deviations from Gaussian behavior in the high-Q range. Because of the differences in Tg, the time scales associated with HHPP are slower than those observed for PEP in this regime. These results have been taken as reference to address the question of the dynamic miscibility in the blend system composed by a mixture of 50% HHPP/50% PEP. Exploiting isotopic labeling, we could experimentally isolate the HHPP-component dynamics in the blend by using a mixture of protonated HHPP and deuterated PEP. In the glassy state, we found that the methyl group dynamics of HHPP is not affected by blending. On the other hand, well above the average glass transition of the blend, the hydrogen motions in HHPP become faster in the presence of PEP. The combined analysis of these results and measurements on the fully protonated blend allowed us finally to deduce also the PEP-component dynamics in the blend in the supercooled liquid state. This dynamics is slowed down by blending but remains faster than that shown by the HHPP component in the blend. These results are discussed in the light of a recent model for blend dynamics proposed by Lodge and McLeish based on the concept of self-concentration. The experimentally observed behavior is well predicted by such a model in the Q and temperature range investigated well above the glass transitions of the polymers., This research project has been supported by the European Commission NoE SoftComp, Contract NMP3-CT-2004-502235. R.P., A.A., and J.C. acknowledge support from the projects MAT2004-01017 and 9/UPV00206.215-13568/2001. R.P. acknowledges the grant of “Donostia International Physics Center”. The European Commission, NMI3 Contract RII3-CT-2003-505925, supported the experiments at the Forschungsreaktor in Jülich.
Published: 2006
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48. Plasma-wall interaction studies within the EUROfusion consortium

Author: Brezinsek, S., Coenen, J. W., Schwarz-Selinger, T., Schmid, K., Kirschner, A., Hakola, A., Tabares, F. L., Meiden, H. J., Mayoral, M. L., Reinhart, M., Tsitrone, E., Ahlgren, T., Aints, M., Airila, M., Almaviva, S., Alves, E., Angot, T., Anita, V., Arredondo Parra, R., Aumayr, F., Balden, M., Bauer, J., Ben Yaala, M., Berger, B. M., Bisson, R., Björkas, C., Bogdanovic Radovic, I., Borodin, D., Bucalossi, J., Butikova, J., Butoi, B., Čadež, I., Caniello, R., Caneve, L., Cartry, G., Catarino, N., Čekada, M., Ciraolo, G., Ciupinski, L., Colao, F., Corre, Y., Costin, C., Craciunescu, T., Cremona, A., Angeli, M., Castro, A., Dejarnac, R., Dellasega, D., Dinca, P., Dittmar, T., Dobrea, C., Hansen, P., Drenik, A., Eich, T., Elgeti, S., Falie, D., Fedorczak, N., Ferro, Y., Fornal, T., Fortuna-Zalesna, E., Gao, L., Gasior, P., Gherendi, M., Ghezzi, F., Gosar, Greuner, H., Grigore, E., Grisolia, C., Groth, M., Gruca, M., Grzonka, J., Gunn, J. P., Hassouni, K., Heinola, K., Höschen, T., Huber, S., Jacob, W., Jepu, I., Jiang, X., Jogi, I., Kaiser, A., Karhunen, J., Kelemen, M., Köppen, M., Koslowski, H. R., Kreter, A., Kubkowska, M., Laan, M., Laguardia, L., Lahtinen, A., Lasa, A., Lazic, V., Lemahieu, N., Likonen, J., Linke, J., Litnovsky, A., Linsmeier, Ch, Loewenhoff, T., Lungu, C., Lungu, M., Maddaluno, G., Maier, H., Makkonen, T., Manhard, A., Marandet, Y., Markelj, S., Marot, L., Martin Oberkofler, Martin-Rojo, A. B., Martynova, Y., Mateus, R., Matveev, D., Mayer, M., Meisl, G., Mellet, N., Michau, A., Miettunen, J., Möller, S., Morgan, T. W., Mougenot, J., Mozetič, M., Nemanič, V., Neu, R., Nordlund, K., Oberkofler, M., Oyarzabal, E., Panjan, M., Pardanaud, C., Paris, P., Passoni, M., Pegourie, B., Pelicon, P., Petersson, P., Piip, K., Pintsuk, G., Pompilian, G. O., Popa, G., Porosnicu, C., Primc, G., Probst, M., Räisänen, J., Rasinski, M., Ratynskaia, S., Reiser, D., Ricci, D., Richou, M., Riesch, J., Riva, G., Rosinski, M., Roubin, P., Rubel, M., Ruset, C., Safi, E., Sergienko, G., Siketic, Z., Sima, A., Spilker, B., Stadlmayr, R., Steudel, I., Ström, P., Tadic, T., Tafalla, D., Tale, I., Terentyev, D., Terra, A., Tiron, V., Tiseanu, I., Tolias, P., Tskhakaya, D., Uccello, A., Unterberg, B., Uytdenhoven, I., Vassallo, E., Vavpetič, P., Veis, P., Velicu, I. L., Vernimmen, J. W. M., Voitkans, A., Toussaint, U., Weckmann, A., Wirtz, M., Založnik, A., Zaplotnik, R., Jülich Research Centre, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, CIEMAT, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, Culham Science Centre, CEA, University of Helsinki, University of Tartu, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, CNRS, Al. I. Cuza University, Vienna University of Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, Ruder Boskovic Institute, University of Latvia, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, J. Stefan Institute, National Research Council of Italy, Warsaw University of Technology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Polytechnic University of Milan, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Department of Applied Physics, University of Innsbruck, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Comenius University in Bratislava, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
Subjects: power exhaust, tungsten, particle exhaust, plasma-facing components, beryllium, plasma-surface interaction
Abstract: The provision of a particle and power exhaust solution which is compatible with first-wall components and edge-plasma conditions is a key area of present-day fusion research and mandatory for a successful operation of ITER and DEMO. The work package plasma-facing components (WP PFC) within the European fusion programme complements with laboratory experiments, i.e. in linear plasma devices, electron and ion beam loading facilities, the studies performed in toroidally confined magnetic devices, such as JET, ASDEX Upgrade, WEST etc. The connection of both groups is done via common physics and engineering studies, including the qualification and specification of plasma-facing components, and by modelling codes that simulate edge-plasma conditions and the plasma-material interaction as well as the study of fundamental processes. WP PFC addresses these critical points in order to ensure reliable and efficient use of conventional, solid PFCs in ITER (Be and W) and DEMO (W and steel) with respect to heat-load capabilities (transient and steady-state heat and particle loads), lifetime estimates (erosion, material mixing and surface morphology), and safety aspects (fuel retention, fuel removal, material migration and dust formation) particularly for quasi-steady-state conditions. Alternative scenarios and concepts (liquid Sn or Li as PFCs) for DEMO are developed and tested in the event that the conventional solution turns out to not be functional. Here, we present an overview of the activities with an emphasis on a few key results: (i) the observed synergistic effects in particle and heat loading of ITER-grade W with the available set of exposition devices on material properties such as roughness, ductility and microstructure; (ii) the progress in understanding of fuel retention, diffusion and outgassing in different W-based materials, including the impact of damage and impurities like N; and (iii), the preferential sputtering of Fe in EUROFER steel providing an in situ W surface and a potential first-wall solution for DEMO.

49. The ENIGMA Consortium: large-scale collaborative analyses of neuroimaging and genetic data

Author: Pm, Thompson, Jl, Stein, Se, Medland, Dp, Hibar, Aa, Vasquez, Me, Renteria, Toro R, Jahanshad N, Schumann G, Franke B, Mj, Wright, Ng, Martin, Agartz I, Alda M, Alhusaini S, Almasy L, Almeida J, Alpert K, Nc, Andreasen, Oa, Andreassen, Lg, Apostolova, Appel K, Nj, Armstrong, Aribisala B, Me, Bastin, Bauer M, Ce, Bearden, Bergmann O, Eb, Binder, Blangero J, Hj, Bockholt, Bøen E, Bois C, Di, Boomsma, Booth T, Ij, Bowman, Bralten J, Rm, Brouwer, Hg, Brunner, Dg, Brohawn, Rl, Buckner, Buitelaar J, Bulayeva K, Jr, Bustillo, Vd, Calhoun, Dm, Cannon, Rm, Cantor, Ma, Carless, Caseras X, Gl, Cavalleri, Mm, Chakravarty, Kd, Chang, Cr, Ching, Christoforou A, Cichon S, Vp, Clark, Conrod P, Coppola G, Crespo-Facorro B, Je, Curran, Czisch M, Ij, Deary, Ej, Geus, den Braber A, Delvecchio G, Depondt C, de Haan L, Gi, Zubicaray, Dima D, Dimitrova R, Djurovic S, Dong H, Donohoe G, Duggirala R, Td, Dyer, Ehrlich S, Cj, Ekman, Elvsåshagen T, Emsell L, Erk S, Espeseth T, Fagerness J, Fears S, Fedko I, Fernández G, Se, Fisher, Foroud T, Pt, Fox, Francks C, Frangou S, Em, Frey, Frodl T, Frouin V, Garavan H, Giddaluru S, Dc, Glahn, Godlewska B, Rz, Goldstein, Rl, Gollub, Hj, Grabe, Grimm O, Gruber O, Guadalupe T, Re, Gur, Rc, Gur, Hh, Göring, Hagenaars S, Hajek T, Gb, Hall, Hall J, Hardy J, Ca, Hartman, Hass J, Sn, Hatton, Uk, Haukvik, Hegenscheid K, Heinz A, Ib, Hickie, Bc, Ho, Hoehn D, Pj, Hoekstra, Hollinshead M, Aj, Holmes, Homuth G, Martine Hoogman, Le, Hong, Hosten N, Jj, Hottenga, He, Hulshoff Pol, Ks, Hwang, Cr, Jack Jr, Jenkinson M, Johnston C, Eg, Jönsson, Rs, Kahn, Kasperaviciute D, Kelly S, Kim S, Kochunov P, Koenders L, Krämer B, Jb, Kwok, Lagopoulos J, Laje G, Landen M, Ba, Landman, Lauriello J, Sm, Lawrie, Ph, Lee, Le Hellard S, Lemaître H, Cd, Leonardo, Cs, Li, Liberg B, Dc, Liewald, Liu X, Lm, Lopez, Loth E, Lourdusamy A, Luciano M, Macciardi F, Mw, Machielsen, Gm, Macqueen, Uf, Malt, Mandl R, Ds, Manoach, Jl, Martinot, Matarin M, Ka, Mather, Mattheisen M, Mattingsdal M, Meyer-Lindenberg A, McDonald C, Am, Mcintosh, Fj, Mcmahon, Kl, Mcmahon, Meisenzahl E, Melle I, Milaneschi Y, Mohnke S, Gw, Montgomery, Dw, Morris, Ek, Moses, Ba, Mueller, Muñoz Maniega S, Tw, Mühleisen, Müller-Myhsok B, Mwangi B, Nauck M, Nho K, Te, Nichols, Lg, Nilsson, Ac, Nugent, Nyberg L, Rl, Olvera, Oosterlaan J, Ra, Ophoff, Pandolfo M, Papalampropoulou-Tsiridou M, Papmeyer M, Paus T, Pausova Z, Gd, Pearlson, Bw, Penninx, Cp, Peterson, Pfennig A, Phillips M, Gb, Pike, Jb, Poline, Sg, Potkin, Pütz B, Ramasamy A, Rasmussen J, Rietschel M, Rijpkema M, Sl, Risacher, Jl, Roffman, Roiz-Santiañez R, Romanczuk-Seiferth N, Ej, Rose, Na, Royle, Rujescu D, Ryten M, Ps, Sachdev, Salami A, Td, Satterthwaite, Savitz J, Aj, Saykin, Scanlon C, Schmaal L, Hg, Schnack, Aj, Schork, Sc, Schulz, Schür R, Seidman L, Shen L, Jm, Shoemaker, Simmons A, Sm, Sisodiya, Smith C, Jw, Smoller, Jc, Soares, Sr, Sponheim, Sprooten E, Jm, Starr, Vm, Steen, Strakowski S, Strike L, Sussmann J, Pg, Sämann, Teumer A, Aw, Toga, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Trabzuni D, Trost S, Turner J, Van den Heuvel M, Nj, Wee, van Eijk K, Tg, Erp, Ne, Haren, van 't Ent D, Mj, Tol, Mc, Valdés Hernández, Dj, Veltman, Versace A, Völzke H, Walker R, Walter H, Wang L, Jm, Wardlaw, Me, Weale, Mw, Weiner, Wen W, Lt, Westlye, Hc, Whalley, Cd, Whelan, White T, Am, Winkler, Wittfeld K, Woldehawariat G, Wolf C, Zilles D, Mp, Zwiers, Thalamuthu A, Pr, Schofield, Nb, Freimer, Ns, Lawrence, Drevets W, The Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Epigen Consortium, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging [Los Angeles] (LONI), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, David Geffen School of Medicine [Los Angeles], Medstar Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine [Los Angeles], University of Southern California (USC), Génétique Humaine et Fonctions Cognitives, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, King‘s College London, Department of Psychiatry, Donders Centre for Neuroscience, Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Genetic Epidemiology Lab [Brisbane], Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, University of Oslo (UiO)-Institute of Clinical Medicine-Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], Dalhousie University [Halifax], Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Department of Genetics, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, Departamento de Matemática Pura, Faculdade de Ciências (UNIVERSIDADE DO PORTO), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Edinburgh, Center for Sepsis Control & Care, Jena University Hospital, Division Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health [Mannheim], Medical Faculty [Mannheim]-Medical Faculty [Mannheim], Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX], Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university [Nijmegen], Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht 3584 CX, The Netherlands, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen], Department of Psychiatry [Boston], Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre [Nijmegen], N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119333, Russia, Human Genetics Branch, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), Department of Genomics, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], sans affiliation, Università degli Studi di Salermo, Università degli Studi di Salerno (UNISA), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Salud Mental [Madrid] (CIBER-SAM), Bijvoet Center of Biomolecular Research [Utrecht], Utrecht University [Utrecht], Biological Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam & EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University & VU Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 BT, The Netherlands, Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme [Bruxelles] (ULB), Faculté de Médecine [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Faculté de Médecine [Bruxelles] (ULB), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB)-Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Department of Psychiatry [Pittsburgh], University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE)-Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), School of Psychology, University of Queensland, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Department of Hematology, 'Ion Chiricuta' Cancer Institute, University of Oslo (UiO), The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), MetaGenoPolis, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Psychiatry, Division of Medical Psychology, Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University System-Indiana University System, Language and Genetics Department [Nijmegen], Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft-Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Division of Hemato-Oncology, Saint Anna Children's Hospital [Vienne] = St Anna Kinderspital (St. Anna Children's Hospital), Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), University of Vermont [Burlington], Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen (UiB), Dpt of Psychiatry [New Haven], Yale School of Medicine [New Haven, Connecticut] (YSM), Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], HELIOS Klinikum Stralsund Hanseatic-Greifswald University Hospital, Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg [Heidelberg], International Max Planck Research School for Language Sciences (IMPRS ), Lancaster University, Georgia Institute of Technology [Atlanta], Greifswald University Hospital, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Clinical Research Unit, Brain & Mind Research Institute-The University of Sydney, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, University of Iowa [Iowa City], Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald, Mental Health Sciences Unit, University College of London [London] (UCL), University Medical Center [Utrecht], Department of Radiology [Rochester], Mayo Clinic [Rochester], Department of Clinical Neurology [Oxford], University of Oxford [Oxford]-FMRIB Centre- John Radcliffe Hospital [Oxford University Hospital], Centre for the Cellular Basis of Behavior, Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée (BETA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, MetaCase [Jyväskylä], Structure et Réactivité des Systèmes Moléculaires Complexes (SRSMC), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Maryland [Baltimore County] (UMBC), University of Maryland System-University of Maryland System-University of Maryland School of Medicine, University of Maryland System, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg [Göteborg], Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (BROAD INSTITUTE), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], Université de Cergy Pontoise (UCP), Université Paris-Seine, National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, University of California [Irvine] (UCI), University of California, Neuroimagerie en psychiatrie (U1000), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Clinical And Experimental Epilepsy, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, Department of Life Sciences, Mathematical Sciences Institute (MSI), Australian National University (ANU), Centre for Advanced Imaging, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], VU University Medical Center [Amsterdam], Metacohorts Consortium, Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM), Department of Cell Therapy, Universität Leipzig [Leipzig]-Universität Leipzig [Leipzig], Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Department of Statistics [Warwick], University of Warwick [Coventry], Department of Health Science, Division of Health and Rehabilitation, Luleå University of Technology (LUT), University Medical Center [Utrecht]-Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre (MNI), Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]-McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Departments of Physiology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Modelling brain structure, function and variability based on high-field MRI data (PARIETAL), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Statistical Genetics Group, Respiratory Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London-School of public health, The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-The University of Hong Kong (HKU)-MRC-HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, University of New South Wales [Sydney] (UNSW), Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden, University of Pennsylvania [Philadelphia], Department of Cognitive Sciences [San Diego], University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), Indiana University System, Natbrainlab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of psychiatry-King‘s College London, Institute of Neurology [London], Laboratoire des symbioses tropicales et méditerranéennes (UMR LSTM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Montpellier 2 - Sciences et Techniques (UM2)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston]-Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS)-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)-Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston], King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior [Irvine], Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Institute for Community Medicine, School of Music and Music Education (UNSW), Science & Technology Information Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), Department of Physics [Hong Kong University of Science and Technology], Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Department of Psychology [Oslo], Faculty of Social Sciences [Oslo], University of Oslo (UiO)-University of Oslo (UiO), Research Laboratory for Archaeology & the History of Art, German Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases - Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Dundee Technopole, CXR Biosciences Ltd, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia, Prince of Wales Medical Research Institute, Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Wales Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Cardiff University, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Universidade do Porto [Porto], Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, Texas], Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, McGill University, Bijvoet Center of Biomolecular Research, Université Libre de Bruxelles [Bruxelles] (ULB)-Hôpital Erasme (Bruxelles), St. Anna Children's Hospital, Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Bergen (UIB), Yale University School of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital [Boston]-Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin / Charite - University Medicine Berlin, Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), McGill University-McGill University, Technische Universität Dresden (TUD), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Department of Physics [Kowloon], University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology Division, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital [Stockholm], Pennsylvania Commonwealth System of Higher Education (PCSHE), Northwestern University [Chicago, Ill. USA], Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research [Oslo] (NORMENT), University of Oslo (UiO)-Haukeland University Hospital, University of Bergen (UiB)-University of Bergen (UiB)-Oslo University Hospital [Oslo], Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Brain Research Imaging Centre, Imaging Sciences, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus [Dresden, Germany], Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior [Los Angeles, Ca], Institute of Clinical Medicine [Oslo], Faculty of Medicine [Oslo], Royal Hospital for Sick Children [Edinburgh], Department of General Practice/EMGO Institute, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology (CCACE), University of Edinburgh-Medical Research Council (MRC), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus [Utrecht], Department of Human Genetics [Nijmegen], Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Harvard University, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), The University of New Mexico [Albuquerque], The Mind Research Network, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering [Albuquerque] (ECE Department), National University of Ireland [Galway] (NUI Galway), University of California (UC), Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health [Toronto] (CAMH), Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering [Toronto, ON, Canada] (IBBME), University of Toronto, Stanford School of Medicine [Stanford], Stanford Medicine, Stanford University-Stanford University, Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Jülich Research Centre, University of Basel (Unibas), Centre de recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine / Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital [Montreal, Canada], Université de Montréal (UdeM)-CHU Sainte Justine [Montréal], Fundación Marqués de Valdecilla-Instituto de Formación e Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IFIMAV), Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Trinity College Dublin, Department of Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA, University Hospital Regensburg, Hartford Hospital, University of Oxford, HELIOS Klinikum Stralsund Hanseatic, University of Heidelberg, Medical Faculty, Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, University of Pennsylvania, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], UCL, Institute of Neurology [London], Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Oakland University, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB), South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland [Helsinki] (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, University of Maryland [Baltimore], Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), University of Gothenburg (GU), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Vanderbilt University [Nashville], University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot (SHFJ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Clinatec - Centre de recherche biomédicale Edmond J.Safra (SCLIN), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC), Columbia University [New York], University of Nottingham, UK (UON), University of California [Irvine] (UC Irvine), Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI), Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences [Oslo] (HiOA), Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Aarhus University [Aarhus], Sorlandet Hospital HF, University Hospital Mannheim | Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Centre for Advanced Imaging [Brisbane] (CAI), Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] (LMU), Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, The University of Western Australia (UWA), University of Minnesota [Morris], University of Minnesota System, Munich Cluster for systems neurology [Munich] (SyNergy), Technische Universität Munchen - Université Technique de Munich [Munich, Allemagne] (TUM)-Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Indiana State University, Stockholm Brain Institute [Stockholm, Sweden], Stockholm University, Umeå University, University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Rotman Research Institute at the Baycrest Centre (RRI), The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids), University of Pittsburgh (PITT), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), King's College, Reta Lila Weston Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, University College of London [London] (UCL)-Institute of Neurology, University of Cantabria, Santander, Research Triangle Institute International (RTI International), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle Wittenberg (MLU), Prince of Wales Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Laureate institute for brain research, Tulsa, University of Tulsa, Department of Cognitive Sciences [Univ California San Diego] (CogSci - UC San Diego), University of Minnesota Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center [Boston] (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, NIHR Biomedical Research Centre [London], Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust-King‘s College London, Edinburgh Dementia Prevention & Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Center for Human Genetic Research, VA NY Harbor Health Care System, Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience [UC, Cincinnati], University of Cincinnati (UC), University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital [Santander], King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Resarch Centre [Riyadh, Saudi Arabia] (KFSHRC), Psychiatry and Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Universiteit Leiden-Universiteit Leiden, Universiteit Leiden, Department of Biological Psychology [Amsterdam], Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), The Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Berlin School of Mind and Brain [Berlin], Humboldt University Of Berlin, University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of Exeter, Janssen Research & Development, A complete listing of ADNI investigators is available at http://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/how_to_apply/ADNI_Acknowledgement_List.pdf The work reviewed here was funded by a large number of federal and private agencies worldwide, listed in Stein et al. (2012), the funding for listed consortia is also itemized in Stein et al. (2012)., Medical Oncology, Epidemiology, Clinical Chemistry, Cardiology, Neurosciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry / Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen]-Radboud University Medical Center [Nijmegen]-Radboud university [Nijmegen], Universidade do Porto, FMRIB Centre- John Radcliffe Hospital [Oxford University Hospital]-University of Oxford [Oxford], Université de Lorraine (UL)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Service NEUROSPIN (NEUROSPIN), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Smoller, Jordan, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire [Grenoble] (CHU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), ANS - Amsterdam Neuroscience, Adult Psychiatry, Other departments, University of Oxford [Oxford]- John Radcliffe Hospital [Oxford University Hospital]-FMRIB Centre, and Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)
Subjects: endocrine system, Multi-site, Cognitive Neuroscience, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], body-mass index, Clinical Neurology, multivariate parallel ica, Neuroimaging, methods [Genome-Wide Association Study], human brain structure, methods [Brain Mapping], Behavioral Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, ddc:150, Meta-Analysis as Topic, cortical surface-area, Genetics, voxel-based morphometry, GWAS, Humans, Cooperative Behavior, disease risk variant, Brain Mapping, MRI, Consortium, Meta-analysis, white-matter microstructure, SI: Genetic Neuroimaging in Aging and Age-Related Diseases, Psychiatry and Mental health, Neurology, Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging, quantitative trait loci, RC0321, genome-wide association, [SDV.NEU]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC], tensor-based morphometry, methods [Neuroimaging], Genome-Wide Association Study
Abstract: The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium is a collaborative network of researchers working together on a range of large-scale studies that integrate data from 70 institutions worldwide. Organized into Working Groups that tackle questions in neuroscience, genetics, and medicine, ENIGMA studies have analyzed neuroimaging data from over 12,826 subjects. In addition, data from 12,171 individuals were provided by the CHARGE consortium for replication of findings, in a total of 24,997 subjects. By meta-analyzing results from many sites, ENIGMA has detected factors that affect the brain that no individual site could detect on its own, and that require larger numbers of subjects than any individual neuroimaging study has currently collected. ENIGMA’s first project was a genome-wide association study identifying common variants in the genome associated with hippocampal volume or intracranial volume. Continuing work is exploring genetic associations with subcortical volumes (ENIGMA2) and white matter microstructure (ENIGMA-DTI). Working groups also focus on understanding how schizophrenia, bipolar illness, major depression and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect the brain. We review the current progress of the ENIGMA Consortium, along with challenges and unexpected discoveries made on the way. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.
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50. Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator

Author: H. Maaßberg, M. Grahl, V. Moncada, Marek Scholz, Naoki Tamura, H. Neilson, R. Koziol, M. Krychowiak, A. Lücke, T. Estrada, R. Munk, M. Marushchenko, K. Toi, Heinrich P. Laqua, S. Paqay, Olaf Grulke, K. Baumann, A. Czermak, Ivan Calvo, Yasuhiro Suzuki, P.J. Heitzenroeder, H. Hölbe, G. Offermanns, Gintautas Dundulis, U. Stridde, H. Hunger, S. Valet, P. Denner, N. Krawczyk, O. Mishchenko, Andrey Samartsev, Mantas Povilaitis, Andrea Pavone, H. Schumacher, P. Aleynikov, H. P. Laqua, U. Wenzel, M. Sibilia, J. Ongena, Kian Rahbarnia, A. Galkowski, T.A. Scherer, C. Slaby, J. Nührenberg, H.-J. Roscher, Martin Köppen, L.-G. Böttger, A. Czarnecka, R. Krampitz, M. Zilker, T. Kremeyer, J. Wendorf, V. Bykov, A. Goriaev, Josef Preinhaelter, A. Alonso, Peter Titus, G. Czymek, Andreas Langenberg, Matteo Zuin, A. Gogoleva, F. Musielok, A. Zeitler, Andreas Schlaich, P. Xanthopoulos, Victoria Winters, M. Losert, D. A. Hartmann, Roberto Guglielmo Citarella, L. Pacios Rodriguez, Boyd Blackwell, E. Blanco, Hans-Stephan Bosch, R. König, R. Stadler, J. Mittelstaedt, Ch. Linsmeier, U. Höfel, N. Panadero Alvarez, E. Pasch, Francesco Cordella, M. Knaup, Fabian Wilde, M. C. Zarnstorff, B. Mendelevitch, Toru Ii Tsujimura, T. Szabolics, Hayato Tsuchiya, J.C. Schmitt, Tadas Kaliatka, Sadayoshi Murakami, Samuel Lazerson, W. Spiess, J. M. García Regaña, P. Junghans, María Sánchez, A. Grosman, I. Yamada, K. P. Hollfeld, K. Aleynikova, Gábor Náfrádi, T. Krings, Daniel Papenfuß, José Luis Velasco, P. Drewelow, N. A. Pablant, S. Renard, Alessandro Zocco, F. Wagner, D. Böckenhoff, S. Ryosuke, Michael Kramer, A. Vorkörper, M. Turnyanskiy, R. Riedl, W. Figacz, H. Trimino Mora, A. da Silva, D. Gradic, M. Keunecke, A. Pieper, M. Houry, S. Pingel, K. H. Schlüter, J. Loizu Cisquella, L. Carraro, S. Schmuck, M. Banduch, Sehyun Kwak, T. Ilkei, X. Huang, Stefan Illy, N. Fahrenkamp, I. Vakulchyk, G. Kocsis, Ph. Mertens, T. Morizaki, K. Czerski, F. V. Chernyshev, Bernd Heinemann, L. Lewerentz, B.J. Peterson, Francisco Castejón, Olaf Neubauer, D. Zhang, Torsten Bluhm, F. Köchl, C.P. von Thun, Michael Cole, Fabio Pisano, R. Brakel, Peter Traverso, G. Orozco, Wolf-Dieter Schneider, A. A. Ivanov, S. Sipliä, V. Szabó, D. Pilopp, A. Cappa, G. Anda, H. Braune, A. Krämer-Flecken, R. Sakamoto, A. Charl, Hiroshi Kasahara, Massimiliano Romé, J.-H. Feist, Mark Cianciosa, M. Führer, G. Schlisio, Taina Kurki-Suonio, F. Purps, H. Esteban, A. H. Reiman, J. Krom, C. D. Beidler, D. Loesser, H. M. Smith, Nengchao Wang, Axel Könies, Oliver Schmitz, T. Bräuer, M. Hirsch, Gabriel G. Plunk, Felix Warmer, R. Karalevicius, Riccardo Nocentini, J.L. Terry, John Jelonnek, Arnold Lumsdaine, L. Ryć, M. N. A. Beurskens, H. Jenzsch, Z. Sulek, Donald A. Spong, A. Khilchenko, P. Marek, R. Schroeder, T. Schröder, B. Standley, Manfred Thumm, B. Brünner, T. Fornal, Benedikt Geiger, H. Frerichs, R. Kleiber, T. Funaba, Andreas Meier, S. Degenkolbe, P. Rong, Dag Hathiramani, Matthias F. Schneider, Simppa Äkäslompolo, M. R. Stoneking, A. Dudek, Jiawu Zhu, X. Han, T. Windisch, Y. Wei, Detlev Reiter, J. Tretter, N. Rust, J. P. Kallmeyer, J. Baldzuhn, P. Bolgert, Dirk Timmermann, Shinsuke Satake, Luis Vela Vela, Yu. Turkin, Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy, Sigitas Rimkevicius, Naoki Kenmochi, Ulrich Neuner, M. Garcia-Munoz, V. Perseo, Matthias Otte, A. Puig Sitjes, Tamás Szepesi, A. da Molin, Alexis Terra, C. Guerard, J.M. Hernández Sánchez, A. Rodatos, J. Assmann, D. Höschen, Albert Mollén, A. Hölting, Tom Wauters, Adnan Ali, Ewa Pawelec, W. Kasparek, Ryo Yasuhara, D. Kinna, P. Sinha, B. Wiegel, Horacio Fernandes, M. E. Puiatti, S. Récsei, E. Ascasíbar, J.-M. Travere, C. Hidalgo, Joris Fellinger, H. Schmitz, Suguru Masuzaki, Katsumi Ida, G. Pelka, Jim-Felix Lobsien, S. Wolf, Jörg Schacht, J. Koshurinov, Han Zhang, P. Kornejew, J M Fontdecaba, T. Ngo, E. Wang, B. Hein, Gerd Gantenbein, Michael Drevlak, M. Vervier, J. W. Oosterbeek, H. Röhlinger, J. P. Knauer, B. Schweer, Jakub Urban, David Maurer, I. Ksiazek, David Gates, S. C. Liu, S. Massidda, F. Remppel, A.H. Wright, G. Satheeswaran, Monika Kubkowska, K. Rummel, Kai Jakob Brunner, Torsten Stange, J. Riemann, Thomas Klinger, S. Obermayer, H. Brand, Christine Hennig, A. Werner, N. Gierse, S. A. Henneberg, R. Vilbrandt, J. Wolowski, T. Sunn Pedersen, M. Dostal, G. A. Wurden, I. Abramovic, Carsten Lechte, R. Lang, S. A. Bozhenkov, G. Ehrke, K. J. McCarthy, Egidijus Urbonavicius, M. Schröder, S. Jablonski, Martina Huber, M. Nagel, Yunfeng Liang, O. P. Ford, Barbara Cannas, T. Mizuuchi, Anatoly Panin, Jan Skodzik, V. V. Lutsenko, R. Koslowski, R. Laube, Jonathan T. Green, B. Unterberg, Jeremy Lore, Laurie Stephey, J. H. E. Proll, M. Czerwinski, Venanzio Giannella, Jörg Weggen, S. Marsen, Clifford M Surko, Grzegorz Gawlik, B. Roth, D. Birus, Ch. Brandt, M. Mardenfeld, K. Riße, Y. Feng, Alexandra M. Freund, M. Vergote, S. Wadle, H. Thomsen, Wilfried Behr, A. Runov, L. Wegener, Burkhard Plaum, J. Svensson, Dmitry Moseev, Łukasz Ciupiński, G. M. Weir, E. Winkler, W. Pan, E. Erckmann, D. Mellein, B. Shanahan, Th. Kobarg, Marek Barlak, John Howard, Günter Dammertz, M. Endler, D.P. Dhard, N. Vianello, L. V. Lubyako, R. Burhenn, J. Thomas, N. Panadero, M. Gruca, T. Mönnich, J. Majano-Brown, Wolfgang Biel, S. Tulipán, J. H. Harris, C. Nührenberg, A. Carls, H. Viebke, Walter H. Fietz, L. Haiduk, S. Brezinsek, Heinz Grote, S. Langish, V. Huber, Jacek Jagielski, David Ennis, P. Kraszewsk, J. Kacmarczyk, Kunihiro Ogawa, U. Kamionka, O. Bertuch, F. Durodié, B. Missal, A. de la Peña, Robertas Alzbutas, Anett Spring, Yu Gao, Matt Landreman, Dirk Naujoks, Florian Effenberg, P. McNeely, Ya. I. Kolesnichenko, B. Gonçalves, B. van Millingen, M. Blatzheim, X. Peng, F. Harberts, M. W. Jakubowski, F. Köster, Gábor Cseh, Ph. Drews, Christoph Biedermann, G. Claps, L. Rudischhauser, Bernardo B. Carvalho, M. Yokoyama, Seung Gyou Baek, Felix Schauer, V. Borsuk, Th. Rummel, J. Boscary, Fumimichi Sano, J. R. Danielson, M. Rack, G. Fuchert, H.-J. Hartfuß, W. Leonhardt, Georg Kühner, D. R. Mikkelsen, M. Borchardt, A. Benndorf, P. Scholz, R. C. Wolf, I.V. Shikhovtsev, Holger Niemann, Andreas Zimbal, J. Geiger, T. Barbui, M. Lennartz, A. Lorenz, Andreas Dinklage, G. Krzesiński, J. Zajac, B. Israeli, R. Schrittwieser, M.J. Cole, S. Zoletnik, O. Marchuk, Per Helander, B. Buttenschön, P. van Eeten, Tamara Andreeva, Hiroshi Yamada, Universidad de Sevilla. Departamento de Física Atómica, Molecular y Nuclear, Max-Planck-Institut fur Plasmaphysik Teilinstitut Greifswald, Wendelsteinstr. 1, 17491 Greifswald, Germany, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics (KFKI-RMKI), Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institut fur Energie- und Klimaforschung---Plasmaphysik, Partner of the Trilateral Euregio Cluster (TEC), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strase, 52428 Julich, Germany, University of Maryland, Princeton, Laboratory for Plasma Physics of the Ecole Royale Militaire/Koninklijke Militaire School (LPP-ERM/KMS), Avenue de la Renaissance 30, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgien, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Institute of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, University of Wisconsin-Madison, National Centre for Nuclear Research (NCBJ), Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universität Karlsruhe (IEKP), Geoscience Australia, Max Planck Institut für Plasma Physik and Excellence Cluster, Eindhoven University of Technology, Università degli Studi di Cagliari = University of Cagliari (UniCa), Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Fisica Spaziale (CIFS), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa (IST), A.F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Università di Milano, Warsaw University of Technology, ENEA-Frascati, IPPLM Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 23 Hery Str., 01-497 Warsaw, Poland, Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, University of Szczecin, 70-453, aleja Papieza Jana Pawla II 22A, Szczecin, Poland, Milano, University of California [San Diego] (UC San Diego), University of California (UC), International Center for Climate and Global Change Research and School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Universitatsplatz 1, 01968 Senftenberg, Germany, National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), 322-6 Oroshicho, Toki, Gifu Prefecture 509-5202, Japan, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), EURATOM/UKAEA Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics (BINP), 11, akademika Lavrentieva prospect, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russian Federation, Institut für Raumfahrtsysteme, Universität Stuttgart (IRS), Fraunhofer-Institut fur Schicht- und Oberflachentechnik IST, Bienroder Weg 54 E, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany, Institut für Weltraumforschung, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (IWF), Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research, A.M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences (IAP), Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, University of Opole, plac Kopernika 11a, 45-001 Opole, Poland, School of Electrical Engineering, Aalto University, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Kyoto University, Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350 Shushanhu Rd., Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China, Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Science, Za Slovankou 1782/3, 182 00 Prague 8---Liben, Czechia, Istituto di Fisica del Plasma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IFP-CNR), Fraunhofer-Institut fur Werkzeugmaschinen und Umformtechnik IWU, Reichenhainer Strase 88, 09126 Chemnitz, Germany, Universität Rostock, Wayne State University, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 7, 00185 Roma, Italy, Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, CIEMAT, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Jülich Research Centre, University of Maryland, College Park, Princeton University, Royal Military Academy, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Narodowe Centrum Badań Jadrowych, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Australian National University, University of Cagliari, National Research Council of Italy, Instituto Superior Tecnico Lisboa, Ioffe Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, University of Salerno, Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l'energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, University of Szczecin, University of Milan - Bicocca, University of California San Diego, Auburn University, Brandenburg University of Technology, National Institute for Fusion Science, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, CEA, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, RAS - Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, University of Stuttgart, Fraunhofer Institute for Surface Engineering and Thin Films, Austrian Academy of Sciences, NASU - Institute of Nuclear Research, RAS - Institute of Applied Physics, Technical University of Berlin, University of Opole, Department of Applied Physics, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, CAS - Institute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Istituto di Fisica Del Plasma Piero Caldirola, Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology, University of Rostock, Lawrence University, Aalto-yliopisto, Aalto University, Science and Technology of Nuclear Fusion, Turbulence in Fusion Plasmas, Claps, G., and Cordella, F
Subjects: Magnetic confinement, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology and Engineering, Plasma heating, Cyclotron resonance, CONFINEMENT, 01 natural sciences, Electron cyclotron resonance, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, PHYSICS, Nuclear physics, stellarator, current drive, magnetic confinement, plasma heating, Condensed Matter Physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, 010306 general physics, tellarator, Stellarator, Physics, Magnetic confinement fusion, Plasma, 530 Physik, TRANSPORT, Current drive, Electron temperature, Plasma diagnostics, Atomic physics, Wendelstein 7-X, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract: After completing the main construction phase of Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) and successfully commissioning the device, first plasma operation started at the end of 2015. Integral commissioning of plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and an extensive set of plasma diagnostics have been completed, allowing initial physics studies during the first operational campaign. Both in helium and hydrogen, plasma breakdown was easily achieved. Gaining experience with plasma vessel conditioning, discharge lengths could be extended gradually. Eventually, discharges lasted up to 6 s, reaching an injected energy of 4 MJ, which is twice the limit originally agreed for the limiter configuration employed during the first operational campaign. At power levels of 4 MW central electron densities reached 3 × 1019 m−3 , central electron temperatures reached values of 7 keV and ion temperatures reached just above 2 keV. Important physics studies during this first operational phase include a first assessment of power balance and energy confinement, ECRH power deposition experiments, 2nd harmonic O-mode ECRH using multi-pass absorption, and current drive experiments using electron cyclotron current drive. As in many plasma discharges the electron temperature exceeds the ion temperature significantly, these plasmas are governed by core electron root confinement showing a strong positive electric field in the plasma centre. EURATOM 633053
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