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1. Eddy-driven diazotroph distribution in the subtropical North Atlantic: horizontal variability prevails over particle sinking speed

Author: E. Cerdán-García, X. A. Álvarez-Salgado, J. Arístegui, A. Martínez-Marrero, and M. Benavides
Subjects: Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Abstract Mesoscale eddies influence the distribution of diazotrophic (nitrogen-fixing) cyanobacteria, impacting marine productivity and carbon export. Non-cyanobacterial diazotrophs (NCDs) are emerging as potential contributors to marine nitrogen fixation, relying on organic matter particles for resources, impacting nitrogen and carbon cycling. However, their diversity and biogeochemical importance remain poorly understood. In the subtropical North Atlantic along a single transect, this study explored the horizontal and vertical spatial variability of NCDs associated with suspended, slow-sinking, and fast-sinking particles collected with a marine snow catcher. The investigation combined amplicon sequencing with hydrographic and biogeochemical data. Cyanobacterial diazotrophs and NCDs were equally abundant, and their diversity was explained by the structure of the eddy. The unicellular symbiotic cyanobacterium UCYN-A was widespread across the eddy, whereas Trichodesmium and Crocosphaera accumulated at outer fronts. The diversity of particle-associated NCDs varied more horizontally than vertically. NCDs constituted most reads in the fast-sinking fractions, mainly comprising Alphaproteobacteria, whose abundance significantly differed from the suspended and slow-sinking fractions. Horizontally, Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria exhibited inverse distributions, influenced by physicochemical characteristics of water intrusions at the eddy periphery. Niche differentiations across the anticyclonic eddy underscored NCD-particle associations and mesoscale dynamics, deepening our understanding of their ecological role and impact on ocean biogeochemistry.
Published: 2024
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2. Assessing the impact of CO2-equilibrated ocean alkalinity enhancement on microbial metabolic rates in an oligotrophic system

Author: L. Marín-Samper, J. Arístegui, N. Hernández-Hernández, J. Ortiz, S. D. Archer, A. Ludwig, and U. Riebesell
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is a negative emissions technology (NET) that shows significant potential for climate change mitigation. By increasing the bicarbonate ion concentration in ocean water, OAE could enhance long-term carbon storage and mitigate ocean acidification. However, the side effects and/or potential co-benefits of OAE on natural planktonic communities remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, a mesocosm experiment was conducted in the oligotrophic waters of Gran Canaria. A CO2-equilibrated total alkalinity (TA) gradient was employed in increments of 300 µmol L−1, ranging from ∼ 2400 to ∼ 4800 µmol L−1. This study represents the first attempt to evaluate the potential impacts of OAE on planktonic communities under natural conditions. The results show that net community production (NCP), gross production (GP), community respiration (CR) rates, and the metabolic balance (GP:CR) did not exhibit a linear response to the whole alkalinity gradient. Instead, significant polynomial and linear regression models were observed for all rates up to ΔTA 1800 µmol L−1, in relation to the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentrations. Notably, the ΔTA 1500 and 1800 µmol L−1 treatments showed peaks in NCP shifting from a heterotrophic to an autotrophic state, with NCP values of 4 and 8 µmol O2 kg−1 d−1, respectively. These peaks and the optimum curve were also reflected in the nanoplankton abundance, size-fractionated chlorophyll a, and 14C uptake data. Furthermore, abiotic precipitation occurred in the highest treatment after day 21, but no impact on the measured parameters was detected. Overall, a damaging effect of CO2-equilibrated OAE in the range applied here on phytoplankton primary production, community metabolism, and composition could not be inferred. In fact, a potential co-benefit to OAE was observed in the form of the positive curvilinear response to the DIC gradient up to the ΔTA 1800 treatment. Further experimental research at this scale is key to gain a better understanding of the short- and long-term effects of OAE on planktonic communities.
Published: 2024
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3. A global database of dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentration measurements in coastal waters (CoastDOM v1)

Author: C. Lønborg, C. Carreira, G. Abril, S. Agustí, V. Amaral, A. Andersson, J. Arístegui, P. Bhadury, M. B. Bif, A. V. Borges, S. Bouillon, M. Ll. Calleja, L. C. Cotovicz Jr., S. Cozzi, M. Doval, C. M. Duarte, B. Eyre, C. G. Fichot, E. E. García-Martín, A. Garzon-Garcia, M. Giani, R. Gonçalves-Araujo, R. Gruber, D. A. Hansell, F. Hashihama, D. He, J. M. Holding, W. R. Hunter, J. S. P. Ibánhez, V. Ibello, S. Jiang, G. Kim, K. Klun, P. Kowalczuk, A. Kubo, C.-W. Lee, C. B. Lopes, F. Maggioni, P. Magni, C. Marrase, P. Martin, S. L. McCallister, R. McCallum, P. M. Medeiros, X. A. G. Morán, F. E. Muller-Karger, A. Myers-Pigg, M. Norli, J. M. Oakes, H. Osterholz, H. Park, M. Lund Paulsen, J. A. Rosentreter, J. D. Ross, D. Rueda-Roa, C. Santinelli, Y. Shen, E. Teira, T. Tinta, G. Uher, M. Wakita, N. Ward, K. Watanabe, Y. Xin, Y. Yamashita, L. Yang, J. Yeo, H. Yuan, Q. Zheng, and X. A. Álvarez-Salgado
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Measurements of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), and phosphorus (DOP) concentrations are used to characterize the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool and are important components of biogeochemical cycling in the coastal ocean. Here, we present the first edition of a global database (CoastDOM v1; available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.964012, Lønborg et al., 2023) compiling previously published and unpublished measurements of DOC, DON, and DOP in coastal waters. These data are complemented by hydrographic data such as temperature and salinity and, to the extent possible, other biogeochemical variables (e.g. chlorophyll a, inorganic nutrients) and the inorganic carbon system (e.g. dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity). Overall, CoastDOM v1 includes observations of concentrations from all continents. However, most data were collected in the Northern Hemisphere, with a clear gap in DOM measurements from the Southern Hemisphere. The data included were collected from 1978 to 2022 and consist of 62 338 data points for DOC, 20 356 for DON, and 13 533 for DOP. The number of measurements decreases progressively in the sequence DOC > DON > DOP, reflecting both differences in the maturity of the analytical methods and the greater focus on carbon cycling by the aquatic science community. The global database shows that the average DOC concentration in coastal waters (average ± standard deviation (SD): 182±314 µmol C L−1; median: 103 µmol C L−1) is 13-fold higher than the average coastal DON concentration (13.6±30.4 µmol N L−1; median: 8.0 µmol N L−1), which is itself 39-fold higher than the average coastal DOP concentration (0.34±1.11 µmol P L−1; median: 0.18 µmol P L−1). This dataset will be useful for identifying global spatial and temporal patterns in DOM and will help facilitate the reuse of DOC, DON, and DOP data in studies aimed at better characterizing local biogeochemical processes; closing nutrient budgets; estimating carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous pools; and establishing a baseline for modelling future changes in coastal waters.
Published: 2024
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4. Extracellular enzyme activity in the coastal upwelling system off Peru: a mesocosm experiment

Author: K. Spilling, J. Piiparinen, E. P. Achterberg, J. Arístegui, L. T. Bach, M. T. Camarena-Gómez, E. von der Esch, M. A. Fischer, M. Gómez-Letona, N. Hernández-Hernández, J. Meyer, R. A. Schmitz, and U. Riebesell
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: The Peruvian upwelling system is a highly productive ecosystem with a large oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) close to the surface. In this work, we carried out a mesocosm experiment off Callao, Peru, with the addition of water masses from the regional OMZ collected at two different sites simulating two different upwelling scenarios. Here, we focus on the pelagic remineralization of organic matter by the extracellular enzyme activity of leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and alkaline phosphatase activity (APA). After the addition of the OMZ water, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) was depleted, but the standing stock of phytoplankton was relatively high, even after N depletion (mostly > 4 µg chlorophyll a L−1). During the initial phase of the experiment, APA was 0.6 nmol L−1 h−1 even though the PO43- concentration was > 0.5 µmol L−1. Initially, the dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) decreased, coinciding with an increase in the PO43- concentration that was probably linked to the APA. The LAP activity was very high, with most of the measurements in the range of 200–800 nmol L−1 h−1. This enzyme hydrolyzes terminal amino acids from larger molecules (e.g., peptides or proteins), and these high values are probably linked to the highly productive but N-limited coastal ecosystem. Moreover, the experiment took place during a rare coastal El Niño event with higher than normal surface temperatures, which could have affected enzyme activity. Using a nonparametric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) with a generalized additive model (GAM), we found that biogeochemical variables (e.g., nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations) and phytoplankton and bacterial communities explained up to 64 % of the variability in APA. The bacterial community best explained the variability (34 %) in LAP. The high hydrolysis rates for this enzyme suggest that pelagic N remineralization, likely driven by the bacterial community, supported the high standing stock of primary producers in the mesocosms after N depletion.
Published: 2023
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5. Stability of alkalinity in ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO2 storage

Author: J. Hartmann, N. Suitner, C. Lim, J. Schneider, L. Marín-Samper, J. Arístegui, P. Renforth, J. Taucher, and U. Riebesell
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: According to modelling studies, ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is one of the proposed carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches with large potential, with the beneficial side effect of counteracting ocean acidification. The real-world application of OAE, however, remains unclear as most basic assumptions are untested. Before large-scale deployment can be considered, safe and sustainable procedures for the addition of alkalinity to seawater must be identified and governance established. One of the concerns is the stability of alkalinity when added to seawater. The surface ocean is already supersaturated with respect to calcite and aragonite, and an increase in total alkalinity (TA) together with a corresponding shift in carbonate chemistry towards higher carbonate ion concentrations would result in a further increase in supersaturation, and potentially to solid carbonate precipitation. Precipitation of carbonate minerals consumes alkalinity and increases dissolved CO2 in seawater, thereby reducing the efficiency of OAE for CO2 removal. In order to address the application of alkaline solution as well as fine particulate alkaline solids, a set of six experiments was performed using natural seawater with alkalinity of around 2400 µmol kgsw−1. The application of CO2-equilibrated alkaline solution bears the lowest risk of losing alkalinity due to carbonate phase formation if added total alkalinity (ΔTA) is less than 2400 µmol kgsw−1. The addition of reactive alkaline solids can cause a net loss of alkalinity if added ΔTA > 600 µmol kgsw−1 (e.g. for Mg(OH)2). Commercially available (ultrafine) Ca(OH)2 causes, in general, a net loss in TA for the tested amounts of TA addition, which has consequences for suggested use of slurries with alkaline solids supplied from ships. The rapid application of excessive amounts of Ca(OH)2, exceeding a threshold for alkalinity loss, resulted in a massive increase in TA (> 20 000 µmol kgsw−1) at the cost of lower efficiency and resultant high pH values > 9.5. Analysis of precipitates indicates formation of aragonite. However, unstable carbonate phases formed can partially redissolve, indicating that net loss of a fraction of alkalinity may not be permanent, which has important implications for real-world OAE application. Our results indicate that using an alkaline solution instead of reactive alkaline particles can avoid carbonate formation, unless alkalinity addition via solutions shifts the system beyond critical supersaturation levels. To avoid the loss of alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from seawater, the application of reactor techniques can be considered. These techniques produce an equilibrated solution from alkaline solids and CO2 prior to application. Differing behaviours of tested materials suggest that standardized engineered materials for OAE need to be developed to achieve safe and sustainable OAE with solids, if reactors technologies should be avoided.
Published: 2023
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6. Upwelled plankton community modulates surface bloom succession and nutrient availability in a natural plankton assemblage

Author: A. J. Paul, L. T. Bach, J. Arístegui, E. von der Esch, N. Hernández-Hernández, J. Piiparinen, L. Ramajo, K. Spilling, and U. Riebesell
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Upwelling of nutrient-rich waters into the sunlit surface layer of the ocean supports high primary productivity in eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs). However, subsurface waters contain not only macronutrients (N, P, Si) but also micronutrients, organic matter and seed microbial communities that may modify the response to macronutrient inputs via upwelling. These additional factors are often neglected when investigating upwelling impacts on surface ocean productivity. Here, we investigated how different components of upwelled water (macronutrients, organic nutrients and seed communities) drive the response of surface plankton communities to upwelling in the Peruvian coastal zone. Results from our short-term (10 d) study show that the most influential drivers in upwelled deep water are (1) the ratio of inorganic nutrients (NOx : PO43-) and (2) the microbial community present that can seed heterogeneity in phytoplankton succession and modify the stoichiometry of residual inorganic nutrients after phytoplankton blooms. Hence, this study suggests that phytoplankton succession after upwelling is modified by factors other than the physical supply of inorganic nutrients. This would likely affect trophic transfer and overall productivity in these highly fertile marine ecosystems.
Published: 2022
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7. Rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations in provinces with different vaccination coverage rates in Spain, 2013–2018

Author: J. Ruiz-Contreras, S. Alfayate-Miguelez, B. Carazo-Gallego, E. Onís, L. Díaz-Munilla, M. Mendizabal, M. Méndez Hernández, B. Ferrer-Lorente, M. Unsaín-Mancisidor, J. T. Ramos-Amador, B. Croche-Santander, F. Centeno Malfaz, J. Rodríguez-Suárez, M. Cotarelo, M. San-Martín, and J. Arístegui
Subjects: Rotavirus, Acute Gastroenteritis, Hospitalization, Vaccination coverage rate, Spain, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Rotavirus (RV) vaccines are available in Spain since 2006 but are not included in the National Immunization Program. RV vaccination has reached an intermediate vaccination coverage rate (VCR) but with substantial differences between provinces. The aim of this study was to assess the ratio of RV gastroenteritis (RVGE) admissions to all-cause hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age in areas with different VCR. Methods Observational, multicenter, cross-sectional, medical record-based study. All children admitted to the study hospitals with a RVGE confirmed diagnosis during a 5-year period were selected. The annual ratio of RVGE to the total number of all-cause hospitalizations in children 60%) VCR. Results From June 2013 to May 2018, data from 1731 RVGE hospitalizations (16.47% of which were nosocomial) were collected from the 12 study hospitals. RVGE hospital admissions accounted for 2.82% (95 CI 2.72–3.00) and 43.84% (95% CI 40.53–47.21) of all-cause and Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age, respectively. The likelihood of hospitalization due to RVGE was 56% (IC95%, 51–61%) and 27% (IC95%, 18–35%) lower in areas with high and intermediate VCR, respectively, compared to the low VCR areas. Conclusions RVGE hospitalization ratios are highly dependent on the RV VCR. Increasing VCR in areas with intermediate and low coverage rates would significantly reduce the severe burden of RVGE that requires hospital management in Spain. Clinical trial registration Not applicable
Published: 2021
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8. Nitrogen loss processes in response to upwelling in a Peruvian coastal setting dominated by denitrification – a mesocosm approach

Author: K. G. Schulz, E. P. Achterberg, J. Arístegui, L. T. Bach, I. Baños, T. Boxhammer, D. Erler, M. Igarza, V. Kalter, A. Ludwig, C. Löscher, J. Meyer, F. Minutolo, E. von der Esch, B. B. Ward, and U. Riebesell
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters make eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs), such as the Humboldt Current system, hot spots of marine productivity. Associated settling of organic matter to depth and consecutive aerobic decomposition results in large subsurface water volumes being oxygen depleted. Under these circumstances, organic matter remineralisation can continue via denitrification, which represents a major loss pathway for bioavailable nitrogen. Additionally, anaerobic ammonium oxidation can remove significant amounts of nitrogen in these areas. Here we assess the interplay of suboxic water upwelling and nitrogen cycling in a manipulative offshore mesocosm experiment. Measured denitrification rates in incubations with water from the oxygen-depleted bottom layer of the mesocosms (via 15N label incubations) mostly ranged between 5.5 and 20 nmol N2 L−1 h−1 (interquartile range), reaching up to 80 nmol N2 L−1 h−1. However, actual in situ rates in the mesocosms, estimated via Michaelis–Menten kinetic scaling, did most likely not exceed 0.2–4.2 nmol N2 L−1 h−1 (interquartile range) due to substrate limitation. In the surrounding Pacific, measured denitrification rates were similar, although indications of substrate limitation were detected only once. In contrast, anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) made only a minor contribution to the overall nitrogen loss when encountered in both the mesocosms and the Pacific Ocean. This was potentially related to organic matter C / N stoichiometry and/or process-specific oxygen and hydrogen sulfide sensitivities. Over the first 38 d of the experiment, total nitrogen loss calculated from in situ rates of denitrification and anammox was comparable to estimates from a full nitrogen budget in the mesocosms and ranged between ∼ 1 and 5.5 µmol N L−1. This represents up to ∼ 20 % of the initially bioavailable inorganic and organic nitrogen standing stocks. Interestingly, this loss is comparable to the total amount of particulate organic nitrogen that was exported into the sediment traps at the bottom of the mesocosms at about 20 m depth. Altogether, this suggests that a significant portion, if not the majority of nitrogen that could be exported to depth, is already lost, i.e. converted to N2 in a relatively shallow layer of the surface ocean, provided that there are oxygen-deficient conditions like those during coastal upwelling in our study. Published data for primary productivity and nitrogen loss in all EBUSs reinforce such conclusion.
Published: 2021
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9. Cape Verde Frontal Zone in summer 2017: lateral transports of mass, dissolved oxygen and inorganic nutrients

Author: N. Burgoa, F. Machín, Á. Rodríguez-Santana, Á. Marrero-Díaz, X. A. Álvarez-Salgado, B. Fernández-Castro, M. D. Gelado-Caballero, and J. Arístegui
Subjects: Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: The circulation patterns in the confluence of the North Atlantic subtropical and tropical gyres delimited by the Cape Verde Front (CVF) were examined during a field cruise in summer 2017. We collected hydrographic data, dissolved oxygen (O2) and inorganic nutrients along the perimeter of a closed box embracing the Cape Verde Frontal Zone (CVFZ). The detailed spatial (horizontal and vertical) distribution of water masses, O2 and inorganic nutrients in the CVF was analyzed, allowing for the independent estimation of the transports of these properties in the subtropical and tropical domains down to 2000 m. Overall, at surface and central levels, a net westward transport of 3.76 Sv was observed, whereas at intermediate levels, a net 3 Sv transport northward was obtained. We observed O2 and inorganic nutrient imbalances in the domain consistent with O2 consumption and inorganic nutrient production by organic matter remineralization, resulting in a net transport of inorganic nutrients to the ocean interior by the circulation patterns.
Published: 2021
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10. Factors controlling plankton community production, export flux, and particulate matter stoichiometry in the coastal upwelling system off Peru

Author: L. T. Bach, A. J. Paul, T. Boxhammer, E. von der Esch, M. Graco, K. G. Schulz, E. Achterberg, P. Aguayo, J. Arístegui, P. Ayón, I. Baños, A. Bernales, A. S. Boegeholz, F. Chavez, G. Chavez, S.-M. Chen, K. Doering, A. Filella, M. Fischer, P. Grasse, M. Haunost, J. Hennke, N. Hernández-Hernández, M. Hopwood, M. Igarza, V. Kalter, L. Kittu, P. Kohnert, J. Ledesma, C. Lieberum, S. Lischka, C. Löscher, A. Ludwig, U. Mendoza, J. Meyer, F. Minutolo, J. Ortiz Cortes, J. Piiparinen, C. Sforna, K. Spilling, S. Sanchez, C. Spisla, M. Sswat, M. Zavala Moreira, and U. Riebesell
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUS) are among the most productive marine ecosystems on Earth. The production of organic material is fueled by upwelling of nutrient-rich deep waters and high incident light at the sea surface. However, biotic and abiotic factors can modify surface production and related biogeochemical processes. Determining these factors is important because EBUS are considered hotspots of climate change, and reliable predictions of their future functioning requires understanding of the mechanisms driving the biogeochemical cycles therein. In this field experiment, we used in situ mesocosms as tools to improve our mechanistic understanding of processes controlling organic matter cycling in the coastal Peruvian upwelling system. Eight mesocosms, each with a volume of ∼55 m3, were deployed for 50 d ∼6 km off Callao (12∘ S) during austral summer 2017, coinciding with a coastal El Niño phase. After mesocosm deployment, we collected subsurface waters at two different locations in the regional oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) and injected these into four mesocosms (mixing ratio ≈1.5 : 1 mesocosm: OMZ water). The focus of this paper is on temporal developments of organic matter production, export, and stoichiometry in the individual mesocosms. The mesocosm phytoplankton communities were initially dominated by diatoms but shifted towards a pronounced dominance of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate (Akashiwo sanguinea) when inorganic nitrogen was exhausted in surface layers. The community shift coincided with a short-term increase in production during the A. sanguinea bloom, which left a pronounced imprint on organic matter C : N : P stoichiometry. However, C, N, and P export fluxes did not increase because A. sanguinea persisted in the water column and did not sink out during the experiment. Accordingly, export fluxes during the study were decoupled from surface production and sustained by the remaining plankton community. Overall, biogeochemical pools and fluxes were surprisingly constant for most of the experiment. We explain this constancy by light limitation through self-shading by phytoplankton and by inorganic nitrogen limitation which constrained phytoplankton growth. Thus, gain and loss processes remained balanced and there were few opportunities for blooms, which represents an event where the system becomes unbalanced. Overall, our mesocosm study revealed some key links between ecological and biogeochemical processes for one of the most economically important regions in the oceans.
Published: 2020
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11. Mass, nutrients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) lateral transports off northwest Africa during fall 2002 and spring 2003

Author: N. Burgoa, F. Machín, Á. Marrero-Díaz, Á. Rodríguez-Santana, A. Martínez-Marrero, J. Arístegui, and C. M. Duarte
Subjects: Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, Environmental sciences, GE1-350
Abstract: The circulation patterns and the impact of the lateral export of nutrients and organic matter off NW Africa are examined by applying an inverse model to two hydrographic datasets gathered in fall 2002 and spring 2003. These estimates show significant changes in the circulation patterns at central levels from fall to spring, particularly in the southern boundary of the domain related to zonal shifts of the Cape Verde Frontal Zone. Southward transports at the surface and central levels at 26∘ N are 5.6±1.9 Sv in fall and increase to 6.7±1.6 Sv in spring; westward transports at 26∘ W are 6.0±1.8 Sv in fall and weaken to 4.0±1.8 Sv in spring. At 21∘ N a remarkable temporal variability is obtained, with a northward mass transport of 4.4±1.5 Sv in fall and a southward transport of 5.2±1.6 Sv in spring. At intermediate levels important spatiotemporal differences are also observed, and it must be highlighted that a northward net mass transport of 2.0±1.9 Sv is obtained in fall at both the south and north transects. The variability in the circulation patterns is also reflected in lateral transports of inorganic nutrients (SiO2, NO3, PO4) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Hence, in fall the area acts as a sink of inorganic nutrients and a source of DOC, while in spring it reverses to a source of inorganic nutrients and a sink of DOC. A comparison between nutrient fluxes from both in situ observations and numerical modeling output is finally addressed.
Published: 2020
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12. Global marine plankton functional type biomass distributions: coccolithophores

Author: C. J. O'Brien, J. A. Peloquin, M. Vogt, M. Heinle, N. Gruber, P. Ajani, H. Andruleit, J. Arístegui, L. Beaufort, M. Estrada, D. Karentz, E. Kopczyńska, R. Lee, A. J. Poulton, T. Pritchard, and C. Widdicombe
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Coccolithophores are calcifying marine phytoplankton of the class Prymnesiophyceae. They are considered to play an import role in the global carbon cycle through the production and export of organic carbon and calcite. We have compiled observations of global coccolithophore abundance from several existing databases as well as individual contributions of published and unpublished datasets. We make conservative estimates of carbon biomass using standardised conversion methods and provide estimates of uncertainty associated with these values. The quality-controlled database contains 57 321 individual observations at various taxonomic levels. This corresponds to 11 503 observations of total coccolithophore abundance and biomass. The data span a time period of 1929–2008, with observations from all ocean basins and all seasons, and at depths ranging from the surface to 500 m. Highest biomass values are reported in the North Atlantic, with a maximum of 127.2 μg C L−1. Lower values are reported for the Pacific (maximum of 20.0 μg C L−1) and Indian Ocean (up to 45.2 μg C L−1). Maximum biomass values show peaks around 60° N and between 40 and 20° S, with declines towards both the equator and the poles. Biomass estimates between the equator and 40° N are below 5 μg C L−1. Biomass values show a clear seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, reaching a maximum in the summer months (June–July). In the Southern Hemisphere the seasonal cycle is less evident, possibly due to a greater proportion of low-latitude data. The original and gridded datasets can be downloaded from Pangaea (doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.785092).
Published: 2013
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13. A global diatom database – abundance, biovolume and biomass in the world ocean

Author: K. Leblanc, J. Arístegui, L. Armand, P. Assmy, B. Beker, A. Bode, E. Breton, V. Cornet, J. Gibson, M.-P. Gosselin, E. Kopczynska, H. Marshall, J. Peloquin, S. Piontkovski, A. J. Poulton, B. Quéguiner, R. Schiebel, R. Shipe, J. Stefels, M. A. van Leeuwe, M. Varela, C. Widdicombe, and M. Yallop
Subjects: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Phytoplankton identification and abundance data are now commonly feeding plankton distribution databases worldwide. This study is a first attempt to compile the largest possible body of data available from different databases as well as from individual published or unpublished datasets regarding diatom distribution in the world ocean. The data obtained originate from time series studies as well as spatial studies. This effort is supported by the Marine Ecosystem Model Inter-Comparison Project (MAREMIP), which aims at building consistent datasets for the main plankton functional types (PFTs) in order to help validate biogeochemical ocean models by using carbon (C) biomass derived from abundance data. In this study we collected over 293 000 individual geo-referenced data points with diatom abundances from bottle and net sampling. Sampling site distribution was not homogeneous, with 58% of data in the Atlantic, 20% in the Arctic, 12% in the Pacific, 8% in the Indian and 1% in the Southern Ocean. A total of 136 different genera and 607 different species were identified after spell checking and name correction. Only a small fraction of these data were also documented for biovolumes and an even smaller fraction was converted to C biomass. As it is virtually impossible to reconstruct everyone's method for biovolume calculation, which is usually not indicated in the datasets, we decided to undertake the effort to document, for every distinct species, the minimum and maximum cell dimensions, and to convert all the available abundance data into biovolumes and C biomass using a single standardized method. Statistical correction of the database was also adopted to exclude potential outliers and suspicious data points. The final database contains 90 648 data points with converted C biomass. Diatom C biomass calculated from cell sizes spans over eight orders of magnitude. The mean diatom biomass for individual locations, dates and depths is 141.19 μg C l−1, while the median value is 11.16 μg C l−1. Regarding biomass distribution, 19% of data are in the range 0–1 μg C l−1, 29% in the range 1–10 μg C l−1, 31% in the range 10–100 μg C l−1, 18% in the range 100–1000 μg C l−1, and only 3% > 1000 μg C l−1. Interestingly, less than 50 species contributed to > 90% of global biomass, among which centric species were dominant. Thus, placing significant efforts on cell size measurements, process studies and C quota calculations of these species should considerably improve biomass estimates in the upcoming years. A first-order estimate of the diatom biomass for the global ocean ranges from 444 to 582 Tg C, which converts to 3 to 4 Tmol Si and to an average Si biomass turnover rate of 0.15 to 0.19 d−1. Link to the dataset: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.777384.
Published: 2012
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14. Regional and temporal variability of sinking organic matter in the subtropical northeast Atlantic Ocean: a biomarker diagnosis

Author: I. J. Alonso-González, J. Arístegui, C. Lee, and A. Calafat
Subjects: Ecology, QH540-549.5, Life, QH501-531, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract: Sinking particles through the pelagic ocean have been traditionally considered the most important vehicle by which the biological pump sequesters carbon in the ocean interior. Nevertheless, regional scale variability in particle flux is a major outstanding issue in oceanography. Here, we have studied the regional and temporal variability of total particulate organic matter fluxes, as well as chloropigment and total hydrolyzed amino acid (THAA) compositions and fluxes in the Canary Current region, between 20–30° N, during two contrasting periods: August 2006, characterized by warm and stratified waters, but also intense winds which enhanced eddy development south of the Canary Islands, and February 2007, characterized by colder waters, less stratification and higher productivity. We found that the eddy-field generated south of the Canary Islands enhanced by >2 times particulate organic carbon (POC) export with respect to stations (FF; far-field) outside the eddy-field influence. We also observed flux increases of one order of magnitude in chloropigment and 2 times in THAA in the eddy-field relative to FF stations. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was performed to assess changes in particulate organic matter composition between stations. At eddy-field stations, higher chlorophyll enrichment reflected "fresher" material, while at FF stations a higher proportion of pheophytin indicated greater degradation due to microbes and microzooplankton. PCA also suggests that phytoplankton community structure, particularly the dominance of diatoms versus carbonate-rich plankton, is the major factor influencing the POC export within the eddy field. In February, POC export fluxes were the highest ever reported for this area, reaching values of ~15 mmol C m−2 d−1 at 200 m depth. Compositional changes in pigments and THAA indicate that the source of sinking particles varies zonally and meridionally and suggest that sinking particles were more degraded at near-coastal stations relative to open ocean stations.
Published: 2010
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15. Chlorophyll increase due to internal waves in the shelf-break of Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands)

Author: Pablo Sangrà, G. Basterretxea, J. L. Pelegrí, and J. Arístegui
Subjects: internal waves, chlorophyll, island mass effect, gran canaria, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, SH1-691
Abstract: This paper shows observational evidence of internal wave generation and mixing in the southwest shelf-break region of Gran Canaria Island. Signals of periodic internal motion and related mixing events were detected through large pycnocline variations and subcritical gradient Richardson events. Broad areas of homogeneous dense water over the slope, where the vertical temperature field displays a wave-like pattern, provide further evidences of internal wave mixing in this region. The observed diapycnal chlorophyll transport matches with mixing events, suggesting a periodic nutrient supply to the euphotic zone through internal wave mixing. We postulate that internal wave mixing may be an important mechanism contributing to the biological enhancement reported southwest of Gran Canaria Island.
Published: 2001
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16. Zooplankton abundance in subtropical waters: is there a lunar cycle?

Author: Santiago Hernández-León, C. Almeida, L. Yebra, J. Arístegui, M. L. Fernández de Puelles, and J. García-Braun
Subjects: lunar cycle, abundance, copepods, canary islands, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, SH1-691
Abstract: Based on historical data of abundance, we report evidence of changes in zooplankton abundance in the 0-200 m layer related to the moon cycle confirming that this phenomenon is produced in the marine environment, similarly to the one described for freshwater ecosystems. A clear decrease in the abundance of copepodites plus copepods was observed from the second to the fourth quarter of the moon when the seasonal variability was suppressed. During the full moon phase the large zooplankton and micronekton of the deep scattering layers (DSL) would not reach the upper mixed layer in order to avoid predation because of the relatively high level of illumination. Thus epipelagic zooplankton abundance increases as the effect of a lower predatory pressure. Conversely, during the new moon phase the diel migrants reach the surface waters and epiplankton abundance considerably decreases. Recent oceanic sediment trap data in subtropical waters indicate that the particle flux increases at about 30 days period. Thus, the effect of diel vertical migrants could promote not only the variability in their resources and the intensity of the active flux, but could also drive the variability in the gravitational flux.
Published: 2001
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17. The ocean, our climate and the earth's health

Author: J. L. Pelegrí, I. Alonso, and J. Arístegui
Subjects: earth’s health, climate, ocean, interdisciplinary science, Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling, SH1-691
Abstract: The ocean is the major element controlling the long-term stability of the earth´s climate. It involves a complex pattern of interrelations between its physical, geological, chemical and biological components: the greater the complexity and diversity of these links the more robust is the stability of the system, and the healthier the earth. A set of papers that resulted from communications presented at a workshop held in Las Palmas on November 1998 emphasises the need for an interdisciplinary approach to the ocean.
Published: 2001
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18. Clinical characteristics, health care resource utilization and direct medical costs of Rotavirus hospitalizations in Spain (2013–2018)

Author: M. Unsaín-Mancisidor, E. Garrote, B. Ferrer-Lorente, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, Eduardo Doménech, S. Alfayate-Miguelez, M. Méndez-Hernández, M. San-Martín, L. Díaz-Munilla, B. Carazo-Gallego, J. Arístegui, F. Centeno Malfaz, J. Rodríguez-Suárez, B. Croche-Santander, M. Cotarelo, M. Illán-Ramos, J. T. Ramos-Amador, and M. Mendizabal
Subjects: Rotavirus, Immunology, medicine.disease_cause, Rotavirus Infections, health care resources, Environmental health, Health care, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, acute gastroenteritis, Child, Pharmacology, business.industry, Rotavirus Vaccines, Infant, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Hospitalization, Cross-Sectional Studies, Spain, Child, Preschool, direct costs, business, Medical costs, Resource utilization
Abstract: Background: Rotavirus (RV) is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis (GE) in infants and young children worldwide and is associated with a significant clinical and economic burden. The objective of this study was to analyze the characteristics, healthcare resource utilization and the direct medical costs related to RVGE hospitalizations.Methods: An observational, multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2013 to May 2018 at the pediatric departments of 12 hospitals from different Spanish regions. Children under 5 years of age admitted to the hospital with a confirmed diagnosis of RVGE were selected. Data on clinical characteristics, healthcare resource use and costs were collected from patient records and hospital databases.Results: Most children hospitalized for RVGE did not have any previous medical condition or chronic disease. Forty-seven percent had previously visited the ER, 27% had visited a primary care pediatrician, and 15% had received pharmacological treatment prior to hospital admission due to an RVGE episode. The average length of a hospital stay for RVGE was 5.6 days, and the mean medical costs of RVGE hospitalizations per episode ranged from 3,940€ to 4,100€. The highest direct medical cost was due to the hospital stay.Conclusion: This study shows a high burden of health resource utilization and costs related to the management of cases of RVGE requiring hospitalization. RV vaccination with high coverage rates should be considered to minimize the clinical and economic impacts of this disease on the health care system.
Published: 2022
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19. Rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations in provinces with different vaccination coverage rates in Spain, 2013-2018

Author: B. Carazo-Gallego, J. T. Ramos-Amador, E Onís, S. Alfayate-Miguelez, B. Ferrer-Lorente, F. Centeno Malfaz, M. Mendizabal, M Méndez Hernández, M. San-Martín, L. Díaz-Munilla, M. Cotarelo, J. Rodríguez-Suárez, B. Croche-Santander, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, M. Unsaín-Mancisidor, and J. Arístegui
Subjects: Rotavirus, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Vaccination Coverage, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Rotavirus gastroenteritis, medicine.disease_cause, Rotavirus Infections, Medicine, Humans, Child, Vaccination coverage rate, business.industry, Medical record, Research, Acute Gastroenteritis, Hospitalization, Rotavirus, Spain, Vaccination coverage rate, Vaccination, Rotavirus Vaccines, Infant, Acute gastroenteritis, Gastroenteritis, Acute Gastroenteritis, Hospitalization, Infectious Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Spain, Vaccination coverage, Child, Preschool, Tropical medicine, Immunization program, business
Abstract: Background Rotavirus (RV) vaccines are available in Spain since 2006 but are not included in the National Immunization Program. RV vaccination has reached an intermediate vaccination coverage rate (VCR) but with substantial differences between provinces. The aim of this study was to assess the ratio of RV gastroenteritis (RVGE) admissions to all-cause hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age in areas with different VCR. Methods Observational, multicenter, cross-sectional, medical record-based study. All children admitted to the study hospitals with a RVGE confirmed diagnosis during a 5-year period were selected. The annual ratio of RVGE to the total number of all-cause hospitalizations in children 60%) VCR. Results From June 2013 to May 2018, data from 1731 RVGE hospitalizations (16.47% of which were nosocomial) were collected from the 12 study hospitals. RVGE hospital admissions accounted for 2.82% (95 CI 2.72–3.00) and 43.84% (95% CI 40.53–47.21) of all-cause and Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age, respectively. The likelihood of hospitalization due to RVGE was 56% (IC95%, 51–61%) and 27% (IC95%, 18–35%) lower in areas with high and intermediate VCR, respectively, compared to the low VCR areas. Conclusions RVGE hospitalization ratios are highly dependent on the RV VCR. Increasing VCR in areas with intermediate and low coverage rates would significantly reduce the severe burden of RVGE that requires hospital management in Spain. Clinical trial registration Not applicable
Published: 2021

20. Vacunación frente a la gripe estacional en la infancia y la adolescencia. Recomendaciones del Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría para la campaña 2014-2015

Author: David Moreno-Pérez, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, F.J. Álvarez García, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, J. Arístegui Fernández, J. González-Hachero, F. Barrio Corrales, M. Merino Moína, J.M. Corretger Rauet, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, and L. Ortigosa del Castillo
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Immunology
Abstract: Resumen El Comite Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociacion Espanola de Pediatria emite todos los anos, antes del inicio de la temporada estacional de la gripe, unas recomendaciones sobre la vacunacion frente a este virus en la edad pediatrica. Con relacion a esta edad y sus contactos, este comite sigue considerando que la vacunacion antigripal debe emplearse en los siguientes casos: 1. Grupos de riesgo: ninos a partir de los 6 meses de edad y adolescentes en determinadas situaciones o enfermedades de base. 2. Ninos sanos a partir de los 6 meses de edad y adolescentes sanos que convivan con pacientes de riesgo. 3. Adultos en contacto con ninos y adolescentes incluidos en grupos de riesgo. Se enfatiza la vacunacion del entorno familiar cuando haya lactantes menores de 6 meses de edad con factores de riesgo, ya que estos no pueden recibir la vacuna antigripal. Es especialmente importante la recomendacion de la vacunacion antigripal de todos los profesionales sanitarios.
Published: 2014
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21. Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociación Española de Pediatría: recomendaciones 2014

Author: A. Hernández Merino, L. Ortigosa del Castillo, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, J. Arístegui Fernández, N. García Sánchez, David Moreno-Pérez, M. Merino Moína, F.J. Álvarez García, and J.M. Corretger Rauet
Subjects: Vaccines, Infectious Diseases, Immunisation schedule, Immunology, Vaccine preventable diseases, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Catch-up immunisation schedules, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract: Resumen: El Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP) actualiza anualmente el calendario de vacunaciones teniendo en cuenta tanto aspectos epidemiológicos como de seguridad, efectividad y eficiencia de las vacunas.El presente calendario incluye grados de recomendación. Se consideran vacunas sistemáticas aquellas que el CAV-AEP estima que todos los niños deberían recibir; recomendadas, las que presentan un perfil de vacuna sistemática en la edad pediátrica y que es deseable que los niños reciban, pero que pueden ser priorizadas en función de los recursos para su financiación pública; y dirigidas a grupos de riesgo, aquellas con indicación preferente para personas en ciertas situaciones especiales.Los calendarios de vacunaciones tienen que ser dinámicos y adaptarse a los cambios epidemiológicos que vayan surgiendo. Teniendo en cuenta los últimos cambios en la epidemiología de las enfermedades, el CAV-AEP recomienda la administración de la 1.a dosis de las vacunas triple vírica y varicela a los 12 meses y la 2.a dosis a los 2-3 años; la administración de la vacuna DTPa o Tdpa a los 4-6 años, siempre acompañada de otra dosis de Tdpa a los 11-12 años; y el paso a un esquema 2 meses, 12 meses y 12 años de la vacunación frente al meningococo C.Se reafirma en la recomendación de incluir la vacunación frente al neumococo en el calendario de vacunación sistemático. El CAV-AEP estima que deben incrementarse las coberturas de vacunación frente al papilomavirus humano en las niñas a los 11-12 años. La vacunación universal frente a la varicela iniciada en el segundo año de vida es una estrategia efectiva, y se solicita la inmediata disponibilidad pública de la vacuna, reclamando el derecho a la prescripción y el derecho de los niños sanos a poder ser vacunados. La vacunación frente al rotavirus, dadas la morbilidad y la elevada carga sanitaria, es recomendable en todos los lactantes. Se insiste en la necesidad de vacunar frente a la gripe y a la hepatitis A a todos los que presenten factores de riesgo para dichas enfermedades. La vacuna frente al meningococo B, recientemente autorizada, abre un capítulo de esperanza en la prevención de esta enfermedad. En espera de próximos estudios nacionales e internacionales se recomienda, por el momento, para el control de brotes epidémicos y se insiste en el deseo de que sea comercializada libremente en las oficinas de farmacia.Por último, se insiste en la necesidad de actualizar las vacunaciones incompletas con las pautas de vacunación acelerada. Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP) updates the immunisation schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on safety, effectiveness and efficiency of vaccines.The present schedule includes levels of recommendation. We have graded, as routine vaccinations, those that the CAV-AEP consider all children should receive; as recommended those that fit the profile for universal childhood immunisation and would ideally be given to all children, but that can be prioritised according to the resources available for their public funding; and as risk group vaccinations those that specifically target individuals in special situations.Immunisation schedules tend to be dynamic and adaptable to ongoing epidemiological changes. Based on the latest epidemiological trends, CAV-AEP recommends the administration of the first dose of MMR and varicella vaccines at age 12 months, with the second dose at age 2-3 years; the administration of DTaP or Tdap vaccine at age 4-6 years, always followed by another Tdap dose at 11-12 years; and the three meningococcal C scheme at 2 months, 12 months and 12 years of age.It reasserts its recommendation to include vaccination against pneumococcal disease in the routine immunisation schedule. The CAV-AEP believes that the coverage of vaccination against human papillomavirus in girls aged 11-12 years must be increased. Universal vaccination against varicella in the second year of life is an effective strategy, and the immediate public availability of the vaccine is requested in order to guarantee the right of healthy children to be vaccinated. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants due to the morbidity and elevated healthcare burden of the virus. The Committee stresses the need to vaccinate population groups considered at risk against influenza and hepatitis A. The recently authorised meningococcal B vaccine has opened a chapter of hope in the prevention of this disease. In anticipation of upcoming national and international studies, the Committee recommends the vaccine for the control of disease outbreaks, and insists on the need to be available in pharmacies.Finally, it emphasises the need to bring incomplete vaccinations up to date following the catch-up immunisation schedule.
Published: 2014
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22. El calendario de vacunación común de mínimos para España: posicionamiento del CAV-AEP

Author: J. Arístegui Fernández and David Moreno-Pérez
Subjects: Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract: E d e e c a C p d La extravagante situacion de Espana, con 19 calendarios con diferencias en contenidos y cronologias1, no argumentadas desde el punto de vista sanitario ni social, es unica en el mundo. En algunos paises, pero escasos, existen algunos calendarios oficiales diferentes, pero no en la cuantia y disparidad existente en Espana, lo que conduce a una penosa fotografia de la sanidad espanola, tanto en nuestra sociedad como a nivel internacional.
Published: 2014
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23. Vacunación frente a la gripe estacional en la infancia y la adolescencia. Recomendaciones del Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría para la campaña 2013-2014

Author: D. Moreno-Pérez, F.J. Álvarez García, J. Arístegui Fernández, M. Merino Moína, J. Ruiz-Contreras, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, J.M. Corretger Rauet, N. García Sánchez, A. Hernández Merino, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, and L. Ortigosa del Castillo
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Immunology
Published: 2013
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24. Multicenter prospective study on the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children less than 3 years of age in Spain

Author: A. Partidas, B. San-Jose, J. Ferrer, J. Arístegui, M. San-Martin, I. Salamanca, and E. Garrote
Subjects: Rotavirus, Male, Pediatrics, Prevalence, medicine.disease_cause, Severity of Illness Index, burden, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, countries, Medicine, Prospective Studies, infections, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective cohort study, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Primary care, european society, Gastroenteritis, reveal, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Child, Preschool, impact, surveillance, Vomiting, Female, medicine.symptom, gastroenteritis, United -States, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Burden, Rotavirus Infections, primary care, 03 medical and health sciences, 030225 pediatrics, Severity of illness, Humans, hospitalizations, Primary Health Care, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Infant, recommentations, Emergency department, vaccination, rotavirus, Spain, business, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Background: Rotavirus is acknowledged as an important cause of paediatric gastroenteritis worldwide. In Spain, comprehensive data on the burden of rotavirus disease was lacking. Methods: A prospective, multicenter, observational study was carried out, during the winter season, from October to April 2014 in selected areas of Spain (Catalonia, Basque Country, Andalusia) to estimate the frequency and characteristics of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) in children
Published: 2016
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25. Additional file 1: Table S1. of Multicenter prospective study on the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in children less than 3 years of age in Spain

Author: J. Arístegui, J. Ferrer, I. Salamanca, E. Garrote, A. Partidas, M. San-Martin, and B. San-Jose
Abstract: Parent’s questionnaire. This file is the questionnaire administered to each child´s parent. (DOC 33 kb)
Published: 2016
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26. Vacunación contra la gripe estacional en la infancia y la adolescencia. Recomendaciones del Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría para la campaña 2012–2013

Author: D. Moreno-Pérez, J. Arístegui Fernández, F.J. Álvarez García, M. Merino Moína, J. Ruiz-Contreras, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, J.M. Corretger Rauet, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, J. González-Hachero, F. Barrio Corrales, and L. Ortigosa del Castillo
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Immunology
Published: 2012
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27. Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociación Española de Pediatría: Recomendaciones 2011

Author: J. González-Hachero, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, M. Merino Moína, D.L. van Esso Arbolave, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, F. Barrio Corrales, J. Marès Bermúdez, J. Arístegui Fernández, David Moreno-Pérez, F.J. Álvarez García, and L. Ortigosa del Castillo
Subjects: Vaccines, Infectious Diseases, Vaccine preventable diseases, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Immunology, Catch-up immunization schedules, Immunization schedule, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract: Resumen: El Comité Asesor de Vacunas (CAV) de la Asociación Española de Pediatría actualiza anualmente el calendario de vacunaciones teniendo en cuenta tanto aspectos epidemiológicos, como de efectividad y eficiencia de las vacunas.El presente calendario incluye grados de recomendación. Se han considerado como vacunas sistemáticas aquellas que el CAV estima que todos los niños deberían recibir, como recomendadas las que presentan un perfil de vacuna sistemática en la edad pediátrica y que es deseable que los niños reciban, pero que pueden ser priorizadas en función de los recursos para su financiación pública, y dirigidas a grupos de riesgo aquellas con indicación preferente para personas en situaciones epidemiológicas de riesgo. El CAV considera como objetivo prioritario la consecución de un calendario de vacunaciones único para toda España.El CAV se reafirma en la recomendación de incluir la vacunación frente a neumococo en el calendario de vacunación sistemática. La vacunación universal frente a varicela en el segundo año de vida es una estrategia efectiva y por tanto un objetivo deseable.La vacunación frente a rotavirus, dada la morbilidad y la elevada carga sanitaria, es recomendable en todos los lactantes. Debido a los problemas actuales de disponibilidad de las vacunas, relacionados con la presencia de circovirus, el CAV insta a que, tan pronto como sea posible, se reinicie la vacunación frente a rotavirus por considerarla una oferta de salud deseable para todos los niños en nuestro país.El CAV se adhiere a las recomendaciones del Consejo Interterritorial del Sistema Nacional de Salud en referencia al la vacunación sistemática frente al virus del papiloma humano de todas las niñas de 11 a 14 años e insiste en la necesidad de vacunar frente a la gripe y hepatitis A a todos los que presenten factores de riesgo para dichas enfermedades. Finalmente, se insiste en la necesidad de actualizar las vacunaciones incompletas con las pautas de vacunación acelerada. Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Paediatric Association updates annually the immunization schedule, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence of the effectiveness and efficiency of vaccines.This vaccination schedule includes grades of recommendation. The committee has graded as universal vaccines those that all children should receive, as recommended, those with a profile of universal vaccines of childhood and as are desirable those that all children may receive, but that can be prioritized based on public funding resources and for risk groups, targeting those groups of people in epidemiological situations of risk. The Committee considers as a priority to achieve a common immunization schedule for Spain.The Committee reaffirms the recommendation to include pneumococcal vaccination in the routine vaccination schedule. Vaccination against varicella in the second year of life is an effective strategy and therefore a desirable goal.Given the morbidity and high burden on the health care system, vaccination against rotavirus is recommended for all infants. Due to the current problems of availability of both vaccines, associated with the recent finding of circovirus, the committee urges that rotavirus vaccination is restarted as soon as possible as it is considered a desirable health benefit for all children in our country.The Committee adheres to the recommendations of the National Health Coordination Council in reference to routine vaccination against HPV for all girls aged 11 to 14 years and stresses the need to vaccinate all patients with risk factors for these diseases against influenza and hepatitis A. Finally, it stresses the need to update incomplete immunizations using accelerated immunization schedules.
Published: 2011
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28. [Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2016 recommendations]

Author: D, Moreno-Pérez, F J, Álvarez García, J, Arístegui Fernández, M J, Cilleruelo Ortega, J M, Corretger Rauet, N, García Sánchez, A, Hernández Merino, T, Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, M, Merino Moína, L, Ortigosa del Castillo, J, Ruiz-Contreras, and Jesús, Ruiz-Contreras
Subjects: Male, Spain, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Vaccination, Humans, Infant, Female, Child, Pediatrics, Immunization Schedule
Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP) annually publishes the immunisation schedule which, in our opinion, estimates optimal for children resident in Spain, considering available evidence on current vaccines. We acknowledge the effort of the Ministry of Health during the last year in order to optimize the funded unified Spanish vaccination schedule, with the recent inclusion of pneumococcal and varicella vaccination in early infancy. Regarding the funded vaccines included in the official unified immunization schedule, taking into account available data, CAV-AEP recommends 2+1 strategy (2, 4 and 12 months) with hexavalent (DTPa-IPV-Hib-HB) vaccines and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Administration of Tdap and poliomyelitis booster dose at the age of 6 is recommended, as well as Tdap vaccine for adolescents and pregnant women, between 27-36 weeks gestation. The two-dose scheme should be used for MMR (12 months and 2-4 years) and varicella (15 months and 2-4 years). Coverage of human papillomavirus vaccination in girls aged 11-12 with a two dose scheme (0, 6 months) should be improved. Information for male adolescents about potential beneficial effects of this immunisation should be provided as well. Regarding recommended unfunded immunisations, CAV-AEP recommends the administration of meningococcal B vaccine, due to the current availability in Spanish communitary pharmacies, with a 3+1 scheme (3, 5, 7 and 13-15 months). CAV-AEP requests the incorporation of this vaccine in the funded unified schedule. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants. Annual influenza immunisation and vaccination against hepatitis A are indicated in population groups considered at risk.
Published: 2015

29. Vaccination against meningococcal B disease. Public statement of the Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP)

Author: M. Merino Moína, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, L. Ortigosa del Castillo, F.J. Álvarez García, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, A. Hernández Merino, David Moreno-Pérez, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, J. Arístegui Fernández, J.M. Corretger Rauet, and N. García Sánchez
Subjects: Vacunas, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Mortality rate, Neisseria meningitidis, Incidence (epidemiology), Disease, medicine.disease_cause, Meningococcal disease, medicine.disease, RJ1-570, Vaccination, Enfermedad meningocócica, Management of Technology and Innovation, Sepsis, Case fatality rate, Medicine, Meningitis, Neisseria meningitidis serogrupo B, business, Niños
Abstract: Meningococcal invasive disease, including the main clinical presentation forms (sepsis and meningitis), is a severe and potentially lethal infection caused by different serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis. Meningococcal serogroup B is the most prevalent in Europe. Most cases occur in children, with a mortality rate of 10% and a risk of permanent sequelae of 20–30% among survivors.The highest incidence and case fatality rates are observed in healthy children under 2–3 years old, followed by adolescents, although it can occur at any age.With the arrival in Spain of the only available vaccine against meningococcus B, the Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics has analysed its preventive potential in detail, as well as its peculiar administrative situation in Spain.The purpose of this document is to publish the statement of the Committee as regards this vaccination and the access to it by the Spanish population, taking into account that it has been only authorised for people at risk. The vaccine is available free in the rest of Europe for those who want to acquire it, and in some countries and regions it has been introduced into the systematic immunisation schedules.The Committee considers that Bexsero® has a profile of a vaccine to be included in the official schedules of all the Spanish autonomous communities and insists on the need for it to be available in pharmacies for its administration in all children older than 2 months. Resumen: La enfermedad meningocócica invasora, con sus 2 formas de presentación principales (sepsis y meningitis), es una patología grave y potencialmente mortal, causada por distintos serogrupos de Neisseria meningitidis, entre los cuales, actualmente, predomina el serogrupo B en Europa. La mayoría de los casos se producen en la edad pediátrica, con una mortalidad aproximada del 10% y un riesgo de secuelas permanentes del 20-30% entre los supervivientes. Presenta mayor incidencia y letalidad en niños sanos menores de 2-3 años, seguidos de los adolescentes, aunque puede ocurrir a cualquier edad.Hasta ahora no se contaba con ningún arma inmunopreventiva contra el meningococo B. Así, con la llegada a España de la única vacuna actualmente disponible, el Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP) ha analizado detalladamente tanto el potencial preventivo de dicha vacuna, como la situación peculiar administrativa de la misma en España. El objetivo de este documento es informar del posicionamiento del CAV-AEP en relación con la vacuna frente al meningococo B y el acceso a la misma por parte de la población infantil española, teniendo en cuenta que ha sido autorizada exclusivamente para el uso hospitalario en personas de riesgo. En Europa, la vacuna sí está disponible en farmacias, incluso incluida en calendarios oficiales de algunos países o regiones.Este comité considera que Bexsero® presenta un perfil de vacuna a incluir en todos los calendarios españoles y que debería estar disponible libremente en farmacias para su administración en todos los niños mayores de 2 meses.
Published: 2015

30. Alivio del dolor y el estrés al vacunar. Síntesis de la evidencia: recomendaciones del Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la AEP

Author: M. Merino Moína, B. Pina Marqués, C. García Vera, I. Lacarta García, L. Carbonell Muñoz, J. Arístegui Fernández, F.J. Álvarez García, and N. García Sánchez
Subjects: Control del dolor, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Inmunización, Vacunación, Dolor, Anestesia y analgesia
Abstract: Introduccion: en ninos y adolescentes sanos, las vacunaciones son con frecuencia fuente de dolor y sufrimiento. Padres, ninos, adolescentes y profesionales sanitarios muestran preocupacion sobre ello. El Comite Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociacion Espanola de Pediatria (CAV-AEP) cree que abordar el dolor y el sufrimiento al vacunar es necesario, siguiendo la metodologia de la medicina basada en la evidencia. El objetivo del presente trabajo es elaborar recomendaciones basadas en el conocimiento cientifico. Material y metodos: se dividio la materia de estudio en cuatro areas: amamantamiento y soluciones azucaradas, anestesicos topicos, metodos para la administracion de vacunas y otras intervenciones (distraccion). Se realizo una sintesis de la evidencia, asumiendo las recomendaciones de la Guia de practica clinica de Anna Taddio (2010) e incorporando la evidencia de revisiones sistematicas y ensayos clinicos posteriores a los incorporados en dicha guia. Resultados: las medidas que se han mostrado efectivas en la disminucion del dolor han sido las siguientes: en lactantes, amamantar antes, durante y despues de la inyeccion; las soluciones azucaradas son una alternativa si la lactancia materna no fuera posible; los anestesicos topicos son eficaces para todas las edades, pero requieren un tiempo para mostrar su efecto y tienen un coste; no aspirar en la inyeccion intramuscular y hacerlo lo mas rapido posible; administrar las vacunas de forma que la mas dolorosa sea la ultima; cuando sea posible, es preferible inyectar simultaneamente mas de una vacuna que hacerlo de forma secuencial; sostener al nino en brazos; y utilizar maniobras de distraccion para ninos de 2-14 anos. Conclusiones: realizada una exhaustiva revision del tema, hay pruebas suficientes para afirmar que los profesionales que administran vacunas infantiles deberian poner en practica medidas para atenuar el dolor que indudablemente acompana al procedimiento de la vacunacion. Se trata ademas, en general, de medidas tecnicamente sencillas y faciles de incorporar a la practica.
Published: 2015

31. Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociación Española de Pediatría: recomendaciones 2015

Author: M. Merino Moína, L. Ortigosa del Castillo, David Moreno-Pérez, A. Hernández Merino, J.M. Corretger Rauet, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, F.J. Álvarez García, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, N. García Sánchez, J. Arístegui Fernández, and T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, Vaccines, Varicella vaccine, business.industry, Population, Hepatitis A, Booster dose, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, medicine.disease_cause, RJ1-570, Vaccination, Immunisation schedule, Immunization, Rotavirus, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Vaccine preventable diseases, medicine, business, education, Children
Abstract: Resumen: El Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría actualiza anualmente su calendario de vacunaciones, tras un análisis tanto epidemiológico como de la seguridad, efectividad y eficiencia de las vacunas actuales, incluyendo grados de recomendación. Es el calendario que se estima idóneo actualmente para los niños residentes en España.En cuanto a las vacunas oficiales incluidas en el calendario común, se recalca la posibilidad de vacunar indistintamente frente a hepatitis B desde el nacimiento o desde los 2 meses; la recomendación de la primera dosis de triple vírica y de varicela a los 12 meses y la segunda a los 2-3 años; la administración de la vacuna DTPa o Tdpa a los 6 años, con refuerzo en la adolescencia; estrategias con Tdpa en embarazadas y convivientes del recién nacido, y la inmunización frente al papilomavirus en niñas a los 11-12 años con pauta de 2 dosis (0, 6 meses).Este comité insiste en la vacunación antineumocócica universal, tal y como se está llevando a cabo en todos los países de Europa Occidental.La vacuna frente al meningococo B, autorizada pero bloqueada actualmente en España, presenta un perfil de vacuna sistemática y se reivindica que, al menos, esté disponible en las farmacias comunitarias.Se propone, igualmente, la disponibilidad pública de las vacunas frente a la varicela, ya que han demostrado ser efectivas y seguras a partir del segundo año de vida. La vacunación frente al rotavirus es recomendable en todos los lactantes. La vacunación antigripal anual y la inmunización frente a la hepatitis A están indicadas en grupos de riesgo. Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics updates the immunisation schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on the safety, effectiveness and efficiency of current vaccines, including levels of recommendation. In our opinion, this is the optimal vaccination calendar for all children resident in Spain.Regarding the vaccines included in the official unified immunization schedule, the Committee emphasizes the administration of the first dose of hepatitis B either at birth or at 2 months of life; the recommendation of the first dose of MMR and varicella vaccine at the age of 12 months, with the second dose at the age of 2-3 years; DTaP or Tdap vaccine at the age of 6 years, followed by another Tdap booster dose at 11-12 years old; Tdap strategies for pregnant women and household contacts of the newborn, and immunization against human papillomavirus in girls aged 11-12 years old with a 2 dose scheme (0, 6 months).The Committee reasserts its recommendation to include vaccination against pneumococcal disease in the routine immunisation schedule, the same as it is being conducted in Western European countries.The recently authorised meningococcal B vaccine, currently blocked in Spain, exhibits the profile of a universal vaccine. The Committe insists on the need of having the vaccine available in communitary pharmacies.It has also proposed the free availability of varicella vaccines. Their efectiveness and safety have been confirmed when they are administred from the second year of life. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants. The Committee stresses the need to vaccinate population groups considered at risk against influenza and hepatitis A.
Published: 2015

32. Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2015 Recommendations

Author: A. Hernández Merino, L. Ortigosa del Castillo, N. García Sánchez, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, David Moreno-Pérez, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, F.J. Álvarez García, J. Arístegui Fernández, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, J.M. Corretger Rauet, and M. Merino Moína
Subjects: Vacunas, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, Varicella vaccine, business.industry, Population, Calendario de vacunación, Hepatitis A, Booster dose, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, RJ1-570, Vaccination, Immunization, Management of Technology and Innovation, medicine, Vaccine-preventable diseases, Enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, education, business, Niños
Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics updates the immunisation schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on the safety, effectiveness and efficiency of current vaccines, including levels of recommendation. In our opinion, this is the optimal vaccination calendar for all children resident in Spain.Regarding the vaccines included in the official unified immunization schedule, the Committee emphasizes the administration of the first dose of hepatitis B either at birth or at 2 months of life; recommends the first dose of MMR and varicella vaccine at the age of 12 months, with the second dose at the age of 2–3 years; DTaP or Tdap vaccine at the age of 6 years, followed by another Tdap booster dose at 11–12 years; Tdap strategies for pregnant women and household contacts of the newborn, and immunization against human papillomavirus in girls aged 11–12 years with a 2-dose scheme (0, 6 months).The Committee reasserts its recommendation to include vaccination against pneumococcal disease in the routine immunisation schedule, the same as that conducted in Western European countries.The recently authorised meningococcal B vaccine, currently blocked in Spain, exhibits the profile of a universal vaccine. The Committee insists on the need to have the vaccine available in community pharmacies.It has also proposed the free availability of varicella vaccines. Their effectiveness and safety have been confirmed when they are administered from the second year of life. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants. The Committee stresses the need to vaccinate population groups considered at risk against influenza and hepatitis A. Resumen: El Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría actualiza anualmente su calendario de vacunaciones, tras un análisis tanto epidemiológico como de la seguridad, efectividad y eficiencia de las vacunas actuales, incluyendo grados de recomendación. Es el calendario que se estima idóneo actualmente para los niños residentes en España.En cuanto a las vacunas oficiales incluidas en el calendario común, se recalca la posibilidad de vacunar indistintamente frente a hepatitis B desde el nacimiento o desde los 2 meses; la recomendación de la primera dosis de triple vírica y de varicela a los 12 meses y la segunda a los 2-3 años; la administración de la vacuna DTPa o Tdpa a los 6 años, con refuerzo en la adolescencia; estrategias con Tdpa en embarazadas y convivientes del recién nacido, y la inmunización frente al papilomavirus en niñas a los 11-12 años con pauta de 2 dosis (0, 6 meses).Este comité insiste en la vacunación antineumocócica universal, tal y como se está llevando a cabo en todos los países de Europa Occidental.La vacuna frente al meningococo B, autorizada pero bloqueada actualmente en España, presenta un perfil de vacuna sistemática y se reivindica que, al menos, esté disponible en las farmacias comunitarias.Se propone, igualmente, la disponibilidad pública de las vacunas frente a la varicela, ya que han demostrado ser efectivas y seguras a partir del segundo año de vida. La vacunación frente al rotavirus es recomendable en todos los lactantes. La vacunación antigripal anual y la inmunización frente a la hepatitis A están indicadas en grupos de riesgo.
Published: 2015

33. Vacuna Salk de polio: el ensayo de campo de Thomas Francis Jr. y el incidente Cutter

Author: José Tuells and J. Arístegui
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, business.industry, Immunology, Medicine, business
Published: 2006
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34. Documento de consenso sobre el tratamiento de la exposición a tuberculosis y de la infección tuberculosa latente en niños

Author: M. J. García Miguel, L. Martínez Campos, F. del Castillo Martín, AA García-Mauricio, D. Moreno Pérez, J. Ruiz Contreras, J.M. Corretger Rauet, F Asensi Botet, A Martínez-Roig, F Álvez González, R. González Montero, J. Arístegui Fernández, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, M.J. Mellado Peña, and CR Gonzalo de Liria
Subjects: business.industry, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Medicine, business
Published: 2006
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35. El calendario de vacunación común de mínimos para España: posicionamiento del CAV-AEP

Author: Fernández, J. Arístegui and Moreno-Pérez, David
Published: 2014
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36. Meningitis neumocócica en niños españoles: incidencia, serotipos y resistencia antibiótica. Estudio prospectivo multicéntrico

Author: C. Fernández Pérez, J. Casado Flores, C. Rodrigo Gonzalo de Liria, J. Arístegui Fernández, J.M. Martinón Sánchez, A. Fenoll, and S. Berrón
Subjects: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Antibiotic resistance, Serotypes, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pneumococcal meningitis, Incidence of meningitis, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract: Objetivo: Conocer la incidencia, así como los serotipos implicados y los patrones de resistencia antibiótica de meningitis producidas por Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños españoles. Material y método: Estudio prosp ectivo, multicéntrico, realizado en 5 comunidades autónomas (Cataluña, Galicia, Madrid, Navarra y País Vasco) a lo largo de 1 año (1 de febrero de 2000 a 31 de enero de 2001). Se incluyeron todos los niños entre 0 y 14 años con meningitis neumocócica diagnosticados por sintomatología y líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) sugerente con aislamiento de S. pneumoniae en LCR/sangre por métodos habituales o por técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR), de la totalidad de hospitales de las comunidades autónomas estudiadas. La serotipia se realizó mediante la reacción de quellung y/o immunoblotting y susceptibilidad a antibióticos por la técnica de dilución en agar. La población infantil de 0–14 años de estas comunidades es de 2.290.304 niños. Resultados: Se encontraron 52 casos. Uno tenía menos de 2meses de edad, 25 (48 %) entre 2 y 12 meses y 12 (23 %) entre 12 y 24 meses. La incidencia anual por 100.000 niños en el primer y segundo año de vida fue de 17,75 casos (intervalo de confianza [IC] al 95 %, 11,59–26,01) y 8,39 casos (IC 95 %, 4,67–15,79) respectivamente, siendo en los primeros 2 y 5 años de vida de 13,13 (IC 95 %, 9,29–18,02) y 6,29 (IC 95 %, 4,57–8,45) casos, respectivamente. Casi la mitad de las cepas aisladas (47,6 %) mostraron sensibilidad disminuida a la penicilina. El serotipo 19F fue el más frecuente (12 casos: 28,6%). El 80 % de los serotipos aislados estuvieron incluidos en la formulación de la vacuna conjugada heptavalente. Conclusión: La incidencia de meningitis neumocócica en niños de las 5 comunidades autónomas españolas es elevada, casi el doble que la encontrada en un estudio previo de diseño retrospectivo, realizado en la misma población 1–3 años antes. Casi todos los serotipos aislados están incluidos en la vacuna conjugada heptavalente. La mitad de las cepas mostraron sensibilidad disminuida a la penicilina. : Objective: To determine the incidence, as well as the implicated serotypes and patterns of antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis in Spanish children. Material and method: We performed a prospective, multicenter study in five Autonomous Communities (Catalonia, Galicia, Madrid, Navarre and the Basque Country) for 1 year (1 February 2000 – 31 January 2001). All children aged 0–14 years with pneumococcal meningitis from all the hospitals in the Autonomous Communities studied were included. Diagnosis was based on clinical findings and isolation of S. pneumonia in the cerebrospinal fluid/blood using routine methods or polymerase chain reaction. Serotyping was performed using the guellung reaction and/or immunoblotting and susceptibility to antibiotics was evaluated by the technique of agar dilution. The pediatric population aged 0–14 years in the Autonomous Communities studied comprises 2,290,304 children. Results: Fifty-two cases were identified. One patient was aged less than 2 months old, 25 (48 %) were aged 2–12 months, and 12 patients (23 %) were aged 12–24 months. The annual incidence per 100,000 children aged between 1 and 2 years was 17.75 cases (95 % CI: 11.59 – 26.01) and 8.39 cases (95 % CI: 4.67 – 15.79) respectively, and that for children in the first 2 and 5 years of life was 13.13 (95% CI: 9.29 – 18.02) and 6.29 (95 % CI: 4.57 – 8.,45) cases respectively. Nearly half the strains isolated (47.6%) showed reduced sensitivity to penicillin. The most frequent serotype was 19F (12 cases [28.6 %]). Eighty percent of the isolated serotypes were included in the formula of the heptavalent conjugate vaccine. Conclusion: The incidence of pneumococcal meningitis in children from five Spanish Autonomous Communities is high, nearly twice that found in a prior retrospective studied performed in the same population 1–3 years previously. Almost all the isolated serotypes were included in the heptavalent conjugate vaccine. Half the strains showed reduced sensitivity to penicillin.
Published: 2002
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37. [Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2015 recommendations]

Author: D, Moreno-Pérez, F J, Álvarez García, J, Arístegui Fernández, M J, Cilleruelo Ortega, J M, Corretger Rauet, N, García Sánchez, A, Hernández Merino, T, Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, M, Merino Moína, L, Ortigosa Del Castillo, J, Ruiz-Contreras, and Jesús, Ruiz-Contreras
Subjects: Vaccines, Adolescent, Spain, Child, Preschool, Decision Trees, Infant, Newborn, Humans, Infant, Child, Algorithms, Immunization Schedule
Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics updates the immunisation schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on the safety, effectiveness and efficiency of current vaccines, including levels of recommendation. In our opinion, this is the optimal vaccination calendar for all children resident in Spain. Regarding the vaccines included in the official unified immunization schedule, the Committee emphasizes the administration of the first dose of hepatitis B either at birth or at 2 months of life; the recommendation of the first dose of MMR and varicella vaccine at the age of 12 months, with the second dose at the age of 2-3 years; DTaP or Tdap vaccine at the age of 6 years, followed by another Tdap booster dose at 11-12 years old; Tdap strategies for pregnant women and household contacts of the newborn, and immunization against human papillomavirus in girls aged 11-12 years old with a 2 dose scheme (0, 6 months). The Committee reasserts its recommendation to include vaccination against pneumococcal disease in the routine immunisation schedule, the same as it is being conducted in Western European countries. The recently authorised meningococcal B vaccine, currently blocked in Spain, exhibits the profile of a universal vaccine. The Committe insists on the need of having the vaccine available in communitary pharmacies. It has also proposed the free availability of varicella vaccines. Their efectiveness and safety have been confirmed when they are administred from the second year of life. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants. The Committee stresses the need to vaccinate population groups considered at risk against influenza and hepatitis A.
Published: 2014

38. [Vaccination against meningococcal B disease. Public statement of the Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP)]

Author: D, Moreno-Pérez, F J, Álvarez García, J, Arístegui Fernández, M J, Cilleruelo Ortega, J M, Corretger Rauet, N, García Sánchez, A, Hernández Merino, T, Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, M, Merino Moína, L, Ortigosa Del Castillo, and J, Ruiz-Contreras
Subjects: Europe, Humans, Meningococcal Vaccines, Meningitis, Meningococcal, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup B, Child
Abstract: Meningococcal invasive disease, including the main clinical presentation forms (sepsis and meningitis), is a severe and potentially lethal infection caused by different serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis. Meningococcal serogroup B is the most prevalent in Europe. Most cases occur in children, with a mortality rate of 10% and a risk of permanent sequelae of 20-30% among survivors. The highest incidence and case fatality rates are observed in healthy children under 2-3 years old, followed by adolescents, although it can occur at any age. With the arrival in Spain of the only available vaccine against meningococcus B, the Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics has analysed its preventive potential in detail, as well as its peculiar administrative situation in Spain. The purpose of this document is to publish the statement of the Committee as regards this vaccination and the access to it by the Spanish population, taking into account that it has been only authorized for people at risk. The vaccine is available free in the rest of Europe for those who want to acquire it, and in some countries and regions it has been introduced into the systematic immunisation schedules. The Committee considers that Bexsero® has a profile of a vaccine to be included in the official schedules of all the Spanish autonomous communities and insists on the need for it to be available in pharmacies for its administration in all children older than 2 months.
Published: 2014

39. Calendario vacunal de la Asociación Española de Pediatría

Author: J. Arístegui Fernández, J. Ruiz Contreras, J.M. Corretger Rauet, F. García Martín, T. Hernández Sampelayo, F. Moraga Llop, C. Rodrigo Gonzalo de Liria, F. Calbo Torrecillas, G. Fontán Casariego, and J. Muñiz Saitua
Subjects: Infectious Diseases, Immunology
Published: 2000
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40. [A minimum unified immunization schedule for Spain: position of the CAV-AEP]

Author: J Arístegui, Fernández and David, Moreno-Pérez
Subjects: Spain, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Child, Pediatrics, Immunization Schedule, Societies, Medical
Published: 2013

41. [Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2014 recommendations]

Author: D, Moreno-Pérez, F J, Alvarez García, J, Arístegui Fernández, M J, Cilleruelo Ortega, J M, Corretger Rauet, N, García Sánchez, A, Hernández Merino, T, Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, M, Merino Moína, L, Ortigosa Del Castillo, J, Ruiz-Contreras, and Jesús, Ruiz- Contreras
Subjects: Male, Adolescent, Child, Preschool, Vaccination, Infant, Newborn, Humans, Infant, Female, Child, Algorithms, Immunization Schedule
Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP) updates the immunisation schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on safety, effectiveness and efficiency of vaccines. The present schedule includes levels of recommendation. We have graded, as routine vaccinations, those that the CAV-AEP consider all children should receive; as recommended those that fit the profile for universal childhood immunisation and would ideally be given to all children, but that can be prioritised according to the resources available for their public funding; and as risk group vaccinations those that specifically target individuals in special situations. Immunisation schedules tend to be dynamic and adaptable to ongoing epidemiological changes. Based on the latest epidemiological trends, CAV-AEP recommends the administration of the first dose of MMR and varicella vaccines at age 12 months, with the second dose at age 2-3 years; the administration of DTaP or Tdap vaccine at age 4-6 years, always followed by another Tdap dose at 11-12 years; and the three meningococcal C scheme at 2 months, 12 months and 12 years of age. It reasserts its recommendation to include vaccination against pneumococcal disease in the routine immunisation schedule. The CAV-AEP believes that the coverage of vaccination against human papillomavirus in girls aged 11-12 years must be increased. Universal vaccination against varicella in the second year of life is an effective strategy, and the immediate public availability of the vaccine is requested in order to guarantee the right of healthy children to be vaccinated. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants due to the morbidity and elevated healthcare burden of the virus. The Committee stresses the need to vaccinate population groups considered at risk against influenza and hepatitis A. The recently authorised meningococcal B vaccine has opened a chapter of hope in the prevention of this disease. In anticipation of upcoming national and international studies, the Committee recommends the vaccine for the control of disease outbreaks, and insists on the need to be available in pharmacies. Finally, it emphasises the need to bring incomplete vaccinations up to date following the catch-up immunisation schedule.
Published: 2013

42. Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociación Española de Pediatría: recomendaciones 2013

Author: L. Ortigosa del Castillo, J. González-Hachero, F.J. Álvarez García, M. Merino Moína, J.M. Corretger Rauet, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, David Moreno-Pérez, F. Barrio Corrales, and J. Arístegui Fernández
Subjects: education.field_of_study, medicine.medical_specialty, Schedule, Vaccines, business.industry, Advisory committee, Immunology, Population, Hepatitis A, medicine.disease, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Immunisation schedule, Family medicine, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Health care, Epidemiology, Vaccine preventable diseases, Medicine, Catch-up immunisation schedules, education, business, Childhood immunisation
Abstract: Resumen: El Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP) actualiza anualmente el calendario de vacunaciones teniendo en cuenta tanto aspectos epidemiológicos, como de seguridad, efectividad y eficiencia de las vacunas.El presente calendario incluye grados de recomendación. Se han considerado como vacunas sistemáticas aquellas que el CAV-AEP estima que todos los niños deberían recibir; como recomendadas las que presentan un perfil de vacuna sistemática en la edad pediátrica y que es deseable que los niños reciban, pero que pueden ser priorizadas en función de los recursos para su financiación pública; y dirigidas a grupos de riesgo aquellas con indicación preferente para personas en situaciones de riesgo. Los calendarios de vacunaciones tienen que ser dinámicos y adaptarse a los cambios epidemiológicos que vayan surgiendo. El CAV-AEP considera como objetivo prioritario la consecución de un calendario de vacunación único para toda España.Teniendo en cuenta los últimos cambios en la epidemiología de las enfermedades, el CAV-AEP mantiene las novedades propuestas la temporada anterior, como la administración de las primeras dosis de las vacunas triple vírica y varicela a los 12 meses y las segundas dosis a los 2-3 años, así como la administración de la vacuna Tdpa a los 4-6 años, siempre acompañada de otra dosis a los 11-14 años, con preferencia a los 11-12 años.El CAV-AEP estima que deben incrementarse las coberturas de vacunación frente al papilomavirus humano en las niñas de 11 a 14 años, con preferencia a los 11-12 años. Se reafirma en la recomendación de incluir la vacunación frente al neumococo en el calendario de vacunación sistemático. La vacunación universal frente a la varicela en el segundo año de vida es una estrategia efectiva y, por tanto, un objetivo deseable. La vacunación frente al rotavirus, dadas la morbilidad y la elevada carga sanitaria, es recomendable en todos los lactantes. Se insiste en la necesidad de vacunar frente a la gripe y a la hepatitis A a todos los que presenten factores de riesgo para dichas enfermedades.Finalmente, se insiste en la necesidad de actualizar las vacunaciones incompletas con las pautas de vacunación acelerada. Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP) updates the immunisation schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on the safety, effectiveness and efficiency of vaccines.The present schedule includes levels of recommendation. We have graded as routine vaccinations those that the CAV-AEP consider all children should receive; as recommended those that fit the profile for universal childhood immunisation and would ideally be given to all children, but that can be prioritised according to the resources available for their public funding; and as risk group vaccinations those that specifically target individuals in situations of risk. Immunisation schedules tend to be dynamic and adaptable to ongoing epidemiological changes. Nevertheless, the achievement of a unified immunisation schedule in all regions of Spain is a top priority for the CAV-AEP.Based on the latest epidemiological trends, CAV-AEP follows the innovations proposed in the last year's schedule, such as the administration of the first dose of the MMR and the varicella vaccines at age 12 months and the second dose at age 2-3 years, as well as the administration of the Tdap vaccine at age 4-6 years, always followed by another dose at 11-14 years of age, preferably at 11-12 years.The CAV-AEP believes that the coverage of vaccination against human papillomavirus in girls aged 11-14 years, preferably at 11-12 years, must increase. It reasserts its recommendation to include vaccination against pneumococcal disease in the routine immunisation schedule. Universal vaccination against varicella in the second year of life is an effective strategy and therefore a desirable objective.Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants due to the morbidity and elevated healthcare burden of the virus. The Committee stresses the need to vaccinate population groups considered at risk against influenza and hepatitis A.Finally, it emphasizes the need to bring incomplete vaccinations up to date following the catch-up immunisation schedule.
Published: 2013

43. Hib-EuroSud'95: the South exists

Author: N. Barquet, G.M. Fara, T. Hernández-Sampelayo, J. Arístegui, Christos Kattamis, P. Valente, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, A. Vierucci, and F. Sorice
Subjects: Haemophilus Infections, Haemophilus, communicable diseases, medicine.disease_cause, Microbiology, Haemophilus influenzae, conjugate, Humans, Medicine, Haemophilus infections, Haemophilus vaccines, meningitis, vaccines, Greece, Incidence, Portugal, Spain, Vaccination, General Veterinary, General Immunology and Microbiology, biology, business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, Molecular Medicine, business, Meningitis
Published: 1996
Full Text: View/download PDF

44. Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2016 recommendations

Author: J. Arístegui Fernández, David Moreno-Pérez, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, L. Ortigosa del Castillo, M. Merino Moína, A. Hernández Merino, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, N. García Sánchez, F.J. Álvarez García, and J.M. Corretger Rauet
Subjects: Vacunas, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Vaccination schedule, Population, Booster dose, RJ1-570, Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Management of Technology and Innovation, medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Niños, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Calendario de vacunación, Hepatitis A, medicine.disease, Vaccination, Immunization, Vaccine-preventable diseases, Enfermedades inmunoprevenibles, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP) annually publishes the immunisation schedule which, in our opinion, estimates optimal for children resident in Spain, considering available evidence on current vaccines. We acknowledge the effort of the Ministry of Health during the last year in order to optimise the funded unified Spanish vaccination schedule, with the recent inclusion of pneumococcal and varicella vaccination in early infancy.Regarding the funded vaccines included in the official unified immunisation schedule, taking into account available data, CAV-AEP recommends 2 + 1 strategy (2, 4 and 12 months) with hexavalent (DTPa-IPV-Hib-HB) vaccines and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Administration of Tdap and poliomyelitis booster dose at the age of 6 is recommended, as well as Tdap vaccine for adolescents and pregnant women, between 27 and 36 weeks gestation.The two-dose scheme should be used for MMR (12 months and 2–4 years) and varicella (15 months and 2–4 years).Coverage of human papillomavirus vaccination in girls aged 11–12 with a two dose scheme (0, 6 months) should be improved. Information for male adolescents about potential beneficial effects of this immunisation should be provided as well.Regarding recommended unfunded immunisations, CAV-AEP recommends the administration of meningococcal B vaccine, due to the current availability in Spanish communitary pharmacies, with a 3 + 1 scheme (3, 5, 7 and 13–15 months). CAV-AEP requests the incorporation of this vaccine in the funded unified schedule. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants.Annual influenza immunisation and vaccination against hepatitis A are indicated in population groups considered at risk. Resumen: El CAV-AEP publica anualmente el calendario de vacunaciones que estima idóneo para los niños residentes en España, teniendo en cuenta la evidencia disponible sobre las vacunas. Reconocemos el esfuerzo del Ministerio de Sanidad, en el último año, por optimizar el calendario común, con la inclusión de la vacunación frente al neumococo y la varicela en la primera infancia.En cuanto a las vacunas financiadas incluidas en el calendario común, con los datos disponibles actualmente, y dada la falta de disponibilidad del componente de tosferina, se recomienda emplear esquemas 2 + 1 (2, 4 y 12 meses) con las vacunas hexavalentes y con la antineumocócica conjugada 13-valente.Se aconseja un refuerzo de Tdpa a los 6 años, junto con una dosis de polio, así como vacunación con Tdpa en adolescentes y embarazadas, entre las semanas 27–36.Se emplearán esquemas de 2 dosis para triple vírica (12 meses y 2–4 años) y varicela (15 meses y 2–4 años).Se deben incrementar las coberturas frente al papilomavirus en niñas de 11–12 años con 2 dosis (0–6 meses), así como informar a los varones de los beneficios potenciales de la vacunación.Respecto a las vacunas recomendadas no financiadas, dada su disponibilidad en las farmacias comunitarias, se recomienda la vacuna frente al meningococo B, con esquema 3 + 1 (3, 5, 7 y 13–15 meses), solicitando su entrada en el calendario. Es recomendable vacunar a todos los lactantes frente al rotavirus.La vacunación antigripal anual y la inmunización frente a la hepatitis A están indicadas en grupos de riesgo.
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

45. Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP): recomendaciones 2016

Author: J. Arístegui Fernández, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, M. Merino Moína, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, David Moreno-Pérez, L. Ortigosa del Castillo, N. García Sánchez, Jesús Ruiz-Contreras, J.M. Corretger Rauet, F.J. Álvarez García, and A. Hernández Merino
Subjects: Vaccines, 03 medical and health sciences, Immunisation schedule, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Vaccine preventable diseases, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Children, Pediatrics, RJ1-570
Abstract: Resumen: El CAV-AEP publica anualmente el calendario de vacunaciones que estima idóneo para los niños residentes en España, teniendo en cuenta la evidencia disponible sobre las vacunas. Reconocemos el esfuerzo del Ministerio de Sanidad, en el último año, por optimizar el calendario común, con la inclusión de la vacunación frente al neumococo y la varicela en la primera infancia.En cuanto a las vacunas financiadas incluidas en el calendario común, con los datos disponibles actualmente, y dada la falta de disponibilidad del componente de tosferina, se recomienda emplear esquemas 2 + 1 (2, 4 y 12 meses) con las vacunas hexavalentes y con la antineumocócica conjugada 13-valente.Se aconseja un refuerzo de Tdpa a los 6 años, junto con una dosis de polio, así como vacunación con Tdpa en adolescentes y embarazadas, entre las semanas 27-36.Se emplearán esquemas de 2 dosis para triple vírica (12 meses y 2-4 años) y varicela (15 meses y 2-4 años).Se deben incrementar las coberturas frente al papilomavirus en niñas de 11-12 años con 2 dosis (0-6 meses), así como informar a los varones de los beneficios potenciales de la vacunación.Respecto a las vacunas recomendadas no financiadas, dada su disponibilidad en las farmacias comunitarias, se recomienda la vacuna frente al meningococo B, con esquema 3 + 1 (3, 5, 7 y 13-15 meses), solicitando su entrada en el calendario. Es recomendable vacunar a todos los lactantes frente al rotavirus.La vacunación antigripal anual y la inmunización frente a la hepatitis A están indicadas en grupos de riesgo. Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP) annually publishes the immunisation schedule which, in our opinion, estimates optimal for children resident in Spain, considering available evidence on current vaccines. We acknowledge the effort of the Ministry of Health during the last year in order to optimize the funded unified Spanish vaccination schedule, with the recent inclusion of pneumococcal and varicella vaccination in early infancy.Regarding the funded vaccines included in the official unified immunization schedule, taking into account available data, CAV-AEP recommends 2 + 1 strategy (2, 4 and 12 months) with hexavalent (DTPa-IPV-Hib-HB) vaccines and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.Administration of Tdap and poliomyelitis booster dose at the age of 6 is recommended, as well as Tdap vaccine for adolescents and pregnant women, between 27-36 weeks gestation.The two-dose scheme should be used for MMR (12 months and 2-4 years) and varicella (15 months and 2-4 years).Coverage of human papillomavirus vaccination in girls aged 11-12 with a two dose scheme (0, 6 months) should be improved. Information for male adolescents about potential beneficial effects of this immunisation should be provided as well.Regarding recommended unfunded immunisations, CAV-AEP recommends the administration of meningococcal B vaccine, due to the current availability in Spanish communitary pharmacies, with a 3 + 1 scheme (3, 5, 7 and 13-15 months). CAV-AEP requests the incorporation of this vaccine in the funded unified schedule. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants.Annual influenza immunisation and vaccination against hepatitis A are indicated in population groups considered at risk.
Published: 2016
Full Text: View/download PDF

46. [Immunisation schedule of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics: 2013 recommendations]

Author: D, Moreno-Pérez, F J, Álvarez García, J, Arístegui Fernández, F, Barrio Corrales, M J, Cilleruelo Ortega, J M, Corretger Rauet, J, González-Hachero, T, Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, M, Merino Moína, L, Ortigosa Del Castillo, J, Ruiz-Contreras, and Jesús, Ruiz-Contreras
Subjects: Hepatitis A Vaccines, Adolescent, Vaccination, Rotavirus Vaccines, Infant, Meningococcal Vaccines, Neisseria meningitidis, Serogroup C, Chickenpox Vaccine, Pneumococcal Vaccines, Influenza Vaccines, Child, Preschool, Humans, Papillomavirus Vaccines, Child, Immunization Schedule, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics (CAV-AEP) updates the immunisation schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on the safety, effectiveness and efficiency of vaccines. The present schedule includes levels of recommendation. We have graded as routine vaccinations those that the CAV-AEP consider all children should receive; as recommended those that fit the profile for universal childhood immunisation and would ideally be given to all children, but that can be prioritised according to the resources available for their public funding; and as risk group vaccinations those that specifically target individuals in situations of risk. Immunisation schedules tend to be dynamic and adaptable to ongoing epidemiological changes. Nevertheless, the achievement of a unified immunisation schedule in all regions of Spain is a top priority for the CAV-AEP. Based on the latest epidemiological trends, CAV-AEP follows the innovations proposed in the last year's schedule, such as the administration of the first dose of the MMR and the varicella vaccines at age 12 months and the second dose at age 2-3 years, as well as the administration of the Tdap vaccine at age 4-6 years, always followed by another dose at 11-14 years of age, preferably at 11-12 years. The CAV-AEP believes that the coverage of vaccination against human papillomavirus in girls aged 11-14 years, preferably at 11-12 years, must increase. It reasserts its recommendation to include vaccination against pneumococcal disease in the routine immunisation schedule. Universal vaccination against varicella in the second year of life is an effective strategy and therefore a desirable objective. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants due to the morbidity and elevated healthcare burden of the virus. The Committee stresses the need to vaccinate population groups considered at risk against influenza and hepatitis A. Finally, it emphasizes the need to bring incomplete vaccinations up to date following the catch-up immunisation schedule.
Published: 2012

47. Global marine plankton functional type biomass distributions: coccolithophores

Author: C. J. O'Brien, J. A. Peloquin, M. Vogt, M. Heinle, N. Gruber, P. Ajani, H. Andruleit, J. Arístegui, L. Beaufort, M. Estrada, D. Karentz, E. Kopczyńska, R. Lee, T. Pritchard, and C. Widdicombe
Abstract: Coccolithophores are calcifying marine phytoplankton of the class Prymnesiophyceae. They are considered to play an import role in the global carbon cycle through the production and export of organic carbon and calcite. We have compiled observations of global coccolithophore abundance from several existing databases as well as individual contributions of published and unpublished datasets. We estimate carbon biomass using standardised conversion methods and provide estimates of uncertainty associated with these values. The database contains 58 384 individual observations at various taxonomic levels. This corresponds to 12 391 observations of total coccolithophore abundance and biomass. The data span a time period of 1929–2008, with observations from all ocean basins and all seasons, and at depths ranging from the surface to 500 m. Highest biomass values are reported in the North Atlantic, with a maximum of 501.7 μg C l−1. Lower values are reported for the Pacific (maximum of 79.4 μg C l−1) and Indian Ocean (up to 178.3 μg C l−1). Coccolithophores are reported across all latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, from the Equator to 89° N, although biomass values fall below 3 μg C l−1 north of 70° N. In the Southern Hemisphere, biomass values fall rapidly south of 50° S, with only a single non-zero observation south of 60° S. Biomass values show a clear seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere, reaching a maximum in the summer months (June–July). In the Southern Hemisphere the seasonal cycle is less evident, possibly due to a greater proportion of low-latitude data. The original and gridded datasets can be downloaded from Pangaea (http://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.785092).
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

48. Supplementary material to 'Global marine plankton functional type biomass distributions: coccolithophores'

Author: C. J. O'Brien, J. A. Peloquin, M. Vogt, M. Heinle, N. Gruber, P. Ajani, H. Andruleit, J. Arístegui, L. Beaufort, M. Estrada, D. Karentz, E. Kopczyńska, R. Lee, T. Pritchard, and C. Widdicombe
Published: 2012
Full Text: View/download PDF

49. Calendario de vacunaciones de la Asociación Española de Pediatría: recomendaciones 2012

Author: M. Merino Moína, L. Ortigosa del Castillo, F. Barrio Corrales, F.J. Álvarez García, J. Arístegui Fernández, J.M. Corretger Rauet, David Moreno-Pérez, T. Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, M.J. Cilleruelo Ortega, J. González-Hachero, and Jesús Ruiz-Contreras
Subjects: Schedule, medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Advisory committee, Vaccines, Immunization schedule, Immunology, Population, Hepatitis A, medicine.disease, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Vaccination, Infectious Diseases, Family medicine, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Health care, Epidemiology, Vaccine preventable diseases, Medicine, Catch-up immunization schedules, business, education, Childhood immunisation
Abstract: Resumen: El Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP) actualiza anualmente el calendario de vacunaciones teniendo en cuenta tanto aspectos epidemiológicos, como de efectividad y eficiencia de las vacunas.El presente calendario incluye grados de recomendación. Se han considerado como vacunas sistemáticas aquellas que el CAV-AEP estima que todos los niños deberían recibir; como recomendadas las que presentan un perfil de vacuna sistemática en la edad pediátrica y que es deseable que los niños reciban, pero que pueden ser priorizadas en función de los recursos para su financiación pública; y dirigidas a grupos de riesgo aquellas con indicación preferente para personas en situaciones de riesgo. Los calendarios de vacunaciones tienen que ser dinámicos y adaptarse a los cambios epidemiológicos que vayan surgiendo, pero el CAV-AEP considera como objetivo prioritario la consecución de un calendario de vacunación único para toda España.Teniendo en cuenta los últimos cambios en la epidemiología de las enfermedades, las principales novedades propuestas en este calendario son la administración de la primera dosis de las vacunas triple vírica y varicela a los 12 meses (12-15 meses) y la segunda dosis a los 2-3 años, así como la administración de la vacuna Tdpa a los 4-6 años siempre acompañada de otra dosis a los 11-14 años.El CAV-AEP estima que deben incrementarse las coberturas de vacunación frente al papilomavirus humano en las niñas de 11 a 14 años. Se reafirma en la recomendación de incluir la vacunación frente al neumococo en el calendario de vacunación sistemática. La vacunación universal frente a la varicela en el segundo año de vida es una estrategia efectiva y por tanto un objetivo deseable. La vacunación frente al rotavirus, dada la morbilidad y la elevada carga sanitaria, es recomendable en todos los lactantes. Se insiste en la necesidad de vacunar frente a la gripe y la hepatitis A a todos los que presenten factores de riesgo para dichas enfermedades. Finalmente, se insiste en la necesidad de actualizar las vacunaciones incompletas con las pautas de vacunación acelerada. Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Pediatrics (CAV-AEP) updates the immunization schedule every year, taking into account epidemiological data as well as evidence on the effectiveness and efficency of vaccines.The present schedule includes grades of recommendation. We have graded as routine vaccinations those that the CAV-AEP believes all children should receive; as recommended those that fit the profile for universal childhood immunization and would ideally be given to all children, but that can be prioritized according to the resources available for their public funding; and as risk group vaccinations those that specifically target individuals in situations of risk. Immunization schedules tend to be dynamic and adaptable to ongoing epidemiological changes. Nevertheless, the achievement of a unified immunization schedule in all regions of Spain is a top priority for the CAV-AEP.Based on the latest epidemiological trends, the main changes introduced to the schedule are the administration of the first dose of the MMR and the varicella vaccines at age 12 months (12–15 months) and the second dose at age 2–3 years, as well as the administration of the Tdap vaccine at age 4–6 years, always followed by another dose at 11–14 years of age.The CAV-AEP believes that the coverage of vaccination against human papillomavirus in girls aged 11–14 years must increase. It reasserts its recommendation to include vaccination against pneumococcal disease in the routine immunization schedule. Universal vaccination against varicella in the second year of life is an effective strategy and therefore a desirable objective. Vaccination against rotavirus is recommended in all infants due to the morbidity and elevated healthcare burden of the virus. The Committee stresses the need to vaccinate population groups considered at risk against influenza and hepatitis A. Finally, it emphasizes the need to bring incomplete vaccinations up to date following the catch-up immunization schedule.
Published: 2012

50. [Seasonal influenza vaccination in children and adolescents. Recommendations of the CAV-AEP for the campaign]

Author: D, Moreno-Pérez, J, Arístegui Fernández, J, Ruiz-Contreras, F J, Alvarez García, M, Merino Moína, J, González-Hachero, J M, Corretger Rauet, T, Hernández-Sampelayo Matos, L, Ortigosa del Castillo, M J, Cilleruelo Ortega, and F, Barrio Corrales
Subjects: Adolescent, Influenza Vaccines, Child, Preschool, Influenza, Human, Humans, Infant, Child
Abstract: The Advisory Committee on Vaccines of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics establishes annual recommendations on influenza vaccination in childhood before the onset of influenza season. Routine influenza vaccination is particularly beneficial when the strategy is aimed at children older than 6 months of age with high-risk conditions and their home contacts. The recommendation of influenza vaccination in health workers with children is also emphasized.
Published: 2011

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