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Objectives To analyse the potential association between in-competition injuries and performance success (determined as “winning a medal”) in combined events during international athletics championships. Methods Newly incurred injuries were prospectively reported daily by the national medical teams and/or by the local organising committee physicians during 18 international athletics championships. Participation, climatic conditions and performance (medals) were collected retrospectively from the internet. Potential association between injury and performance success (win a medal) were analysed using an adjusted stepwise multiple regression and risk indicators presented as Odd Ratios (OR) (95%CI). Then, the proportions of injured competing athletes were descriptively presented among ranked and dropped-out, and medallist and non-medallist athletes. Results A total of 799 athletes competed in combined events during the included 18 championships, of these 134 (16.8%) had at least one injury. An adjusted stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that in-competition injury was significantly associated with lower odds of winning a medal (OR = 0.45 (95% CI 0.20–0.88)). The proportion of injured athletes was higher among the dropped-out than among the ranked athletes, and among non-medallists than medallists. Design This was a total population design. Conclusions During international athletics championships, being injured during a combined events competition was associated with lower odds of winning a medal. Injury prevention could contribute to improve performance success.

An efficient use of light is essential to achieve good performances in microalgae cultivation systems. This can be challenging particularly under solar conditions where light is highly dynamic (e.g., day/night cycles, rapid changes in wind and weather conditions). Microalgae display different mechanisms to optimize light use efficiency. In the short term, when high light is encountered, several processes of photoprotection can be involved to avoid cell damages (e.g., xanthophyll cycle). In the long term, when cells are exposed to a different light intensity, pigment content changes, i.e., photoacclimation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the photosynthetic response of Chlorella vulgaris cultures grown in closed lab-scale, torus-shape photobioreactor under well-controlled light conditions, namely, constant and dynamic light transitions. Experiments were conducted in continuous mode with detailed characterization of the light attenuation conditions for each condition, as represented by the mean rate of photon absorption (MRPA), so as to characterize the time responses of the photosynthetic cells toward light changes. This enables to observe short-term and long-term responses with their own characteristic times. The mechanisms involved were found to be different between increasing and decreasing light transitions. Furthermore the MRPA was found a valuable parameter to relate the effect of light to biological responses (i.e., pigment changes) under constant light and dynamic light conditions.Key points• MRPA proved valuable to relate C. vulgaris responses to light changes.• A linear evolution was found between pigment content and MRPA in continuous light.• A rising PFD step induced fast protection and acclimation mechanisms.

Resume Actualites La France compte actuellement plus de 15 millions de licencies pour lesquels un certificat medical de non contre-indication a la pratique sportive est obligatoire. Le medecin generaliste est donc amene a realiser frequemment la consultation prealable a ce certificat. En parcourant la litterature, on constate qu’il n’y a pas de reel consensus quant a cette consultation, en dehors des sportifs professionnels et de haut niveau. Elle est donc laissee a la libre appreciation du praticien. Methodes Afin d’evaluer cette consultation prealable, un questionnaire a ete adresse a des medecins generalistes. Le but etait de connaitre la pratique des medecins generalistes et de trouver des solutions pour faciliter cette visite de non contre-indication. Resultats Cette enquete de pratique a montre que les medecins generalistes realisent un interrogatoire et un examen clinique complet. En revanche, il existe certaines lacunes sur la recherche des antecedents familiaux, sur la legislation et sur la realisation des examens complementaires. De plus, la plupart jugent utile la mise en place d’une consultation de prevention specialisee en sport et estiment que cette derniere pourrait reduire les depenses de sante. Le developpement de donnees insuffisamment connues (fiche de la SFMES, auto-questionnaire…), la creation d’un examen-type recommande et une aide du ministere pour integrer ce certificat dans une consultation de prevention pourraient contribuer a faciliter cet acte prealable.

Las tendinopatias aparecen sobre todo con la practica deportiva intensiva, pero tambien en el contexto de actividades profesionales o recreativas, y son un motivo frecuente de consulta para los especialistas en medicina deportiva y para los medicos generales. El tratamiento medico de las tendinopatias puede ser muy complejo. El diagnostico preciso del tipo de tendinopatia requiere una exploracion fisica completa y sistematizada, que se complementa despues en la mayoria de las ocasiones con un estudio radiologico. Este diagnostico preciso permite escoger los tratamientos mas adecuados entre una serie de opciones terapeuticas muy variadas. El tratamiento de los fenomenos dolorosos mediante fisioterapia, la mejora de la flexibilidad y de la movilidad articular con estiramientos, asi como el refuerzo de las fibras tendinosas mediante la rehabilitacion excentrica, son las orientaciones terapeuticas actuales prioritarias. En la mayoria de los casos, las tendinopatias son tecnopatias que se deben a errores de entrenamiento, un material inadecuado o un gesto deportivo incorrecto. El papel del medico es dificil y consiste en analizar los posibles factores desencadenantes de la patologia y proponer su modificacion antes de la reanudacion de la practica deportiva. Para las tendinopatias de los miembros inferiores, siempre resulta util realizar un estudio podologico dinamico antes de dicha reanudacion. Para las tendinopatias de los miembros superiores, un analisis critico del material y del gesto es siempre apropiado para evitar una recidiva precoz. Ante la aparicion de cualquier tendinopatia, resulta util analizar y, en ocasiones, modificar la programacion del entrenamiento en sus tres componentes: duracion, intensidad y frecuencia. En algunas patologias, sobre todo en las que afectan al hombro y la rodilla, la evaluacion isocinetica de los musculos agonistas y antagonistas del movimiento permite analizar los deficits de fuerza y aplicar protocolos de refuerzo muscular sistematizados, que tienen un efecto terapeutico y preventivo.

Resume Objectifs La blessure en sport a un retentissement non negligeable sur la pratique sportive, mais aussi dans la vie quotidienne. Bien que l’athletisme soit connu de tous et pratique sur les cinq continents, tres peu de donnees epidemiologiques sur la frequence, l’incidence, la typologie ou les facteurs de risque des blessures en athletisme sont actuellement disponibles. Dans ce contexte, une reflexion concernant les strategies de prevention de la blessure en athletisme doit etre menee. Actualites La surveillance et le recueil des blessures en sport, par les etudes epidemiologiques, constituent une etape prealable indispensable dans la demarche de recherche clinique sur la prevention de la blessure en sport. Cette demarche doit s’appuyer sur une methodologie consensuelle et validee. Actuellement, les lesions de l’appareil locomoteur liees a la pratique de l’athletisme sont frequentes. La grande diversite de ces lesions reflete la diversite des disciplines, les contraintes etant differentes entre les disciplines explosives (sprints, haies, sauts, lancers) et les disciplines d’endurance (demi-fond, fond). On note ainsi une predominance des lesions musculaires de la cuisse et surtout des ischiojambiers dans les disciplines de sprint/haies, des tendinopathies d’Achille en sauts et sprint/haies et des lesions chroniques des genoux et fractures de fatigue en demi-fond et fond. Conclusion Des mesures de prevention specifiques ciblees sur les pathologies les plus frequentes doivent etre instaurees. Mais, dans le contexte ou ces donnees apparaissent encore insuffisantes pour bien apprehender la specificite des pathologies en fonction des disciplines, et pour comprendre les facteurs de risque et mecanismes lesionnels, la realisation d’etudes epidemiologiques prospectives et d’etudes ciblees sur certaines populations ou pathologies sont encore necessaires pour ameliorer les strategies de la prevention des blessures en athletisme.

Introduction Physical and rehabilitation medicine physicians commonly see patients with chronic functional ankle instability. The main anatomical structures involved in ankle stability are the peroneus (fibularis) brevis and peroneus longus muscles. Several anatomical muscle-tendon variations have been described in the literature as being sometimes responsible for this instability, the peroneus quartus muscle being the most frequent. The objective of this clinical study is to discuss the implication of the bilateral peroneus quartus muscle in functional ankle instability. Clinical case This 26-year-old patient was seen in PM&R consultation for recurrent episodes of lateral ankle sprains. The clinical examination found a moderate hyperlaxity on the right side in bilateral ankle varus. We also noted a bilateral weakness of the peroneus muscles. Additional imaging examinations showed a supernumerary bilateral peroneus quartus. The electroneuromyogram of the peroneus muscles was normal. Discussion In the literature the incidence of a supernumerary peroneus quartus muscle varies from 0 to 21.7%. Most times this muscle is asymptomatic and is only fortuitously discovered. However some cases of chronic ankle pain or instability have been reported in the literature. It seems relevant to discuss, around the clinical case of this patient, the impact of this muscle on ankle instability especially when faced with lingering weakness of the peroneus brevis and longus muscles in spite of eccentric strength training and in the absence of any neurological impairment. One of the hypotheses, previously described in the literature, would be the overcrowding effect resulting in a true conflict by reducing the available space for the peroneal muscles in the peroneal sheath.

Resume Objectifs Cette etude evalue les facteurs associes a la sante percue chez des athletes ayant une activite intensive. Methode Enquete transversale chez les athletes âges de 16 a 24 ans ( n = 617) recrutes dans les 52 poles et centres de formation de la region Paca. La sante percue a ete mesuree avec un item. Resultats La plupart des athletes (85,9 %) percevaient leur sante comme bonne ou tres bonne. Le sexe, l'âge, les blessures, le soutien familial, l'usage d'alcool et la detresse psychologique etaient significativement associes a la sante percue, laquelle n'etait en revanche, pas associee aux caracteristiques du sport pratique ni a l'intensite de l'entrainement. Conclusion Cette etude suggere que la perception de la sante par les athletes de haut niveau est liee a des dimensions de sante physique mais aussi psychologiques et sociales.

Resume Objectifs. – Presenter le dispositif mis en place au niveau national et international concernant l'encadrement des prescriptions chez un sportif competiteur et ses aspects medicolegaux. Methodes. – Nous avons etudie la loi no 99-223 du 23/03/1999 relative a la protection de la sante des sportifs et a la lutte contre le dopage codifiee depuis le 15 juin 2000 dans le code de la sante publique ainsi que ses textes d'application. Nous avons aussi etudie le bilan annuel du ministere des Sports concernant les controles antidopage, les substances detectees par le laboratoire national de depistage du dopage et les sanctions appliquees aux sportifs depuis l'annee 2000. Enfin le code mondial antidopage entre en vigueur le 1 er janvier 2004 et qui devrait etre juridiquement universel en 2006 a aussi ete aborde. Resultats. – Chez un sportif licencie aupres d'une federation ou chez un non licencie qui participe a des competitions agreees par les federations sportives, la prescription de medicaments est toujours possible mais doit respecter des regles strictes. Le sportif qui est convoque pour un controle antidopage est tenu de declarer tous les medicaments ou produits qu'il a pris recemment. La prescription de medicaments qui n'apparaissent pas sur la liste des produits interdits ne pose aucun probleme. Mais la prescription de medicaments qui sont inscrits sur la liste des produits interdits rendra positif ce sportif en cas de controle antidopage et impliquera la responsabilite du prescripteur. Un praticien, en France, qui estime indispensable de prescrire des medicaments interdits ou soumis a certaines restrictions est tenu d'en informer systematiquement le sportif qui le consulte. Differents types de certificats et de formulaires justifiant cette prescription seront alors delivres par le medecin dans des conditions tres strictes. Pour un sportif de niveau international, un formulaire d'autorisation d'usage a visee therapeutique doit etre adresse au comite de validation de ces autorisations mis en place dans chaque federation internationale. Les sanctions disciplinaires, ordinales et penales sont decrites. Conclusion. – La delivrance d'une ordonnance chez un sportif n'est jamais un acte anodin et engage toujours la responsabilite du medecin. Les risques de controle antidopage positif et de sanctions qui en decoulent doivent inciter le medecin a respecter scrupuleusement les regles medicolegales de prescription decrites par le code de la sante publique et par le code mondial antidopage.

The aim of this work was to study the effect of the solvent N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) to pretreat Nannochloropsis oculata before the anaerobic digestion process. The results indicated that the pretreatment affects the characteristics of the cell wall, which consequently becomes more susceptible to the microorganisms attack during anaerobic digestion. The methane production was increased by 43% after the pre-treatment, from 238 ± 6 mLCH4/gVS until 339 ± 4 mLCH4/gVS. On the contrary, the methane production from Chlorella vulgaris decreased after the pre-treatment from 251 ± 4 mLCH4/gVS to 231 ± 3 mLCH4/gVS. The failure on the pre-treatment was attributed to the particular characteristics of the substrate in consequence of a previous drying step.

We present an advanced and comprehensive platform for thermal dissipation studies in TSV-based 3D ICs. A 2-tier 3D test chip with through silicon via (TSV) and μ-bump is used for thermal characterization with unprecedented precision and design exploration capabilities. A comprehensive calibrated 3D finite element model is associated to provide a predictive tool that is able to simulate the thermal mapping in any given 3D interconnect configuration with minimal error. Guidelines are finally provided for thermal optimization of 3D designs with a precision far beyond the prior art.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.04.123 Although the hydrothermal liquefaction is considered a promising technology for converting microalgae into liquid biofuels, there are still some disadvantages. This paper demonstrated that the bio-oil yield can be significantly improved by adding alcohols as co-solvents and carrying out the conversion at mild conditions (

The structure of a supersonic hot jet at Mach 1.8 injected into a coaxial supersonic flow at Mach 1.5 is analyzed by differential interferometry, the total pressure ratio being a variable parameter. Density profiles are deduced assuming the flow to be axisymmetric. The flow is characterized by a very stable region downstream of two conical shocks and by a region located between the injection plane and the second conical shock where viscosity is locally nonnegligible and the jet exhibits high gradients permitting the transition from injection conditions to the far-field stabilized flow conditions. Density profiles superimposed on the visualizations show that the minima are always located along the boundary of the potential cone and the reflected shocks and, further downstream, along the boundary between the inner and outer parts of the jet.

This paper presents the prototype of a 3D circuit with Wide I/O interconnects in a 65nm CMOS node, assembled in a face-to-back integration and reported on a BGA. The process technology carried out for the realization of the bottom die will be presented in both 200mm and 300mm environment. Finally, the 3D assembly will be successfully assessed through electrical and reliability tests, concretising the realism of a 3D technology for future Wide I/O products.

3D integration has now made a place in semiconductor landscape and is coming closer from implementation in manufacturing. Although process bricks are almost all available now, there are still several challenges to solve before it is introduced in standard flows. One of those which is not commonly addressed is to get final customer's interest by showing him evaluations and results on real industrial applications. Heterogeneous integration and the possibility to partition different functions of a product in separate layers is one of the advantages of 3D integration. In this paper, product partitioning with TSV and 3D integration is demonstrated without inducing any impact on final product functionality and on early package level reliability tests.

Background: Knowing the frequency and causes of dropouts in combined events seems relevant and helpful to develop strategies of injury prevention and to better define/understand the necessary qualities for decathletes. Objective: To determine the causes of dropouts and the frequency of injury in decathlon. Design: This pilot prospective study focused on 3 high-level decathlon competitions. Main outcome measures: Data concerning athlete’s participation (number of participating athletes listed on the start list, number of athletes in the final ranking), and the causes of dropouts were collected prospectively during the 3 high-level decathlon competitions. Results: 38% of decathletes did not complete these competitions. The causes of dropout were: injury (36%), loss of motivation (36%), tiredness (9%), and indeterminate (18%). 50% of injuries were acute hamstring injuries during explosive events on the first day (100-m and long jump). Conclusions: Musculoskeletal injury prevention and motivational aspects seem important to complete an entire decathlon and to aim at best performance. More detailed prospective studies are needed to determine the exact medical causes of dropouts in combined events.

3D integration development has to be driven by industrial demand and applications. To get interested in those technological developments, industrials shall be convinced by benefits of Through Silicon Vias (TSV) integration versus traditional assembly approach. This will demonstrate that this approach is worth being more developed and implemented. In this study, we demonstrated that we are able to achieve similar performance for a given product using a standard wire bonding packaging and an integration with TSV. Both electrical measurements on test structures and characterization on product are compared.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of cigarette, alcohol and cannabis consumption among top-ranked French student athletes aged between 16-24 years old, and to identify correlating factors. Overall, 837 athletes participated in the study (82% response rate). Among females, the amount and duration of sporting activity in which they were engaged on a weekly basis had a negative correlation to cigarette smoking and the occasional use of cannabis. Among males, however, a positive correlation of these factors was observed for cigarette smoking. Other determinants of alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use were the level of athletic competition and whether the athlete practiced a team sport (as opposed to an individual one), with some gender variations. Two major risk factors for young adult athletes were the existence of high psychological distress (for both sexes) and a lack of family support (particularly in the case of males). Further research is needed to investigate the specific motives to use so-called "recreational" drugs among young athletes engaging in high-level competition.

To investigate the medico-legal aspects of national and international procedures for monitoring prescription drug use by competing athletes.We studied the French law No. 99-223 of March 23, 1999, relating to the protection of the health of athletes? We also studied annual statistics from the Ministry of Sports concerning anti-doping controls, substances detected by the National Doping Control Laboratory and penalties applied since 2000, as well as the World Anti-Doping Code, which came into effect on January 1, 2004, and should be universally applied by 2006.Athletes registered with a federation or unregistered athletes taking part in competitions approved by sporting federations can use prescription drugs but must follow strict rules. Athletes under investigation for drug use must declare all drugs or products recently taken. The use of prescription drugs not on the list of the prohibited substances is allowed, but evidence of the use of such drugs is the responsibility of the prescriber. A medical practitioner in France who considers it essential to prescribe prohibited drugs or drugs under certain restrictions must systematically inform the athlete about the regulations by providing various certificates and forms. For international athletes, a form authorizing therapeutic use must be submitted to the validation committee of the applicable international federation. Disciplinary, ordinal and penal sanctions are also described.Prescription drug use by an athlete is never a light matter and always engages the responsibility of the doctor. Anti-doping controls and sanctions encourage physicians to comply scrupulously with the medico-legal rules set forth by the public health code and the world anti-doping code.

This paper discusses experimental research aimed at defining a base drag reduction device based on splitter plates. The unsteady three-dimensional nature of the flow is studied by Schlieren photography, particle image velocimetry, and measurement of the total unsteady lift and drag loads.

This paper discusses experimental results aimed at defining a base drag reduction device based on splitter plates. The unsteady 3D nature of the flow is studied by Schlieren photographies, particle image velocimetry and measurement of the total unsteady lift and drag loads.

Background Decathlon and heptathlon are track and field disciplines during which participants run, jump, and throw. The training and the competitions are highly demanding from both the physical and psychological standpoints because of the frequency and intensity of the events that could lead to important risk of injury. Objective To prospectively determine the frequency, location and types of injuries suffered by the high-level decathletes and heptathletes. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Athletes selected from the combined events French National team for heptathlon or decathlon competitions during the 1994 to 1998 seasons. Participants 69 international level athletes: 30 heptathletes (21±4 yr, 176±6 cm, 61±4 kg) and 39 decathletes (22±6 yr, 186±6 cm, 80±8 kg). Main outcome measurements All injuries were recorded during the 1994 to 1998 seasons. For each injury data, the circumstances of onset (training or competition), the injured body part, the type and the cause of injury were collected. Results Among the 69 athletes included in this study, 32 athletes presented a total of 86 injuries. The injured rate was 31.1 injuries per 100 athletes per season. 43% of the injuries occurred during competitions, 30% during training and 27% unknown. In approximately half of the cases, the injuries were caused by overuse (49%), and in the other half by non-contact trauma (43%). The majority of injuries were located on the lower extremity (77%), and 9% on the lower back. The injuries concerned tendons (41%) and muscles (23%). The most common diagnoses were knee tendinopathy (14%), followed by lower leg strain (13%), thigh strain (11%) and Achilles tendinopathy (11%). Conclusion Injuries are common in high-level decathletes and heptathletes. Specific preventive measures of the most common injuries (knee and Achilles tendinopathies, lower leg and thigh strains) should be introduced and their effectiveness evaluated by prospective surveillance.

Background Decathlon is a track and field discipline where participants run, jump, and throw; and the competitions are highly demanding from both the physical and psychological standpoints because of the frequency and intensity of the events. Knowing the frequency and causes of dropouts in decathlon competitions seems relevant and helpful to develop strategies of injury prevention for decathletes. Objective To determine the causes of dropouts and the frequency of injury as the cause of dropout in decathlon. Design Pilot prospective epidemiological study. Setting This study focused on three senior male national or international level (high-level) decathlon competitions. Participants 50 senior male national or international decathletes. Interventions Data concerning athlete9s participation (number of participating athletes listed on the start list, number of athletes in the final ranking), the event (or time) of dropout, and the causes of dropouts were collected prospectively during the three high-level decathlon competitions. In case injury was retained as the cause of dropout, its description was made following the IAAF and IOC recommendations. Main outcome measurements Percentage of dropouts and percentage of each dropout cause, description and percentage of injuries (circumstance, location, type). Results 38% of decathletes did not complete these competitions. The causes of dropout were: injury (36%), loss of motivation (36%), tiredness (9%), and indeterminate (18%). 50% of injuries were acute hamstring injuries during explosive events on the first day (100-m and long jump). Conclusion Not completing a decathlon is rather common due to various difficulties (physical, technical and psychological). Although caution is needed when interpreting these results due to methodological limitations, musculoskeletal injury prevention and motivational aspects seem important to complete an entire decathlon and to aim at best performance. More detailed prospective studies are needed to determine the exact medical causes of dropouts in decathlon.

Congenital immunologic deficiencies and congenital dwarfisms represent two seemingly unrelated disorders. Here is reported the tenth case of a definite congenital and fatal syndrome associating a severe combined immunologic deficiency and a micromelic dwarfism, affecting mainly the proximal limbs, as well as an ichtyosiform and furrowed skin disorder. Although the adenosine deaminase activity has not been determined in this patient, a 4-month old boy, this syndrome seems to be different from cases of ADA negative SCID. The associated impairment of growth and immunity emphasizes once more the close genetic linkage existing between the development of the skeleton and the lymphoid tissue.

Actes du colloque "La quantification et ses domaines", Strasbourg, octobre 2006; International audience; "Divers" participe des unités du français particulièrement réfractaires à l'analyse ainsi qu'en atteste la variété les étiquettes qui lui sont attribuées : que ce soit celle d'adjectif (qualificatif et indéfini), de déterminant (Arrivé et al., 1986, Leeman, 2004), ou encore de quantifiant-caractérisant (Wilmet, 1997 ; Denis & Sancier-Chateau, 1994, 241-242). C'est ce qui motive, entre autres, le nombre de monographies récentes qui lui ont été consacrées et en ont éclairé l'évolution (Comorovski, pour les emplois postposés/prédicatifs, Schnedecker, à par., pour une approche plus globale) ou le comportement en français contemporain (cf. Leeman, 2004 et 2006) . Pour autant, toutes les facettes de cette expression n'ont pas été mises en lumière. Deux d'entre elles restent notamment sinon en suspens, du moins en débat. Il en va ainsi de sa dimension quantificatrice, dont nous montrerons qu'elle est, en partie, un effet secondaire de sa valeur sémantique. Par ailleurs, nous essaierons de faire ressortir quelques contraintes syntaxiques et sémantiques, ignorées jusqu'à maintenant, qui pèsent sur la structure des SN dont il participe et qui nous aideront à défendre l'idée que "divers" n’oppose pas tant des individus que des sous-espèces.

International audience; Style et sociabilitéMontesquieu en son temps, qui n’était pas le dernier à aimer plaire en société, bosse dans ses Lettres persanes un tableau satirique de la sociabilité à la française. Sous la plume faussement naïve de Rica, il nous dit que l’homme est un animal sociable, et que sur ce pied-là, les Français lui paraissent plus hommes que d’autres. L’homme par excellence !Sans commenter l’extrapolation aventureuse, ni m’engager dans une étude anthropologique que je n’ai pas les moyens d’étayer, je constate que dans l’imaginaire des nations, la nôtre reste une référence en matière d’art de vivre, sous les auspices d’une valeur appelée style. Un titre comme celui de J. De Jean en témoigne de façon significative : Du Style. Comment les Français ont inventé la haute couture, la grande cuisine, les cafés chic, le raffinement et l’élégance (paris, Grasset, 2006).L’affinité entre vie sociale et goût du raffinement n’a rien de bien mystérieux. Le désir de plaire déclenche la recherche des moyens de plaire. L’empire de la représentation, la superficialité, l’aliénation au regard d’autrui n’en sont que des dérives. Les liens tissés entre Les Belles Lettres et la vie mondaine, entre l’âge d’or des salons et les ouvrages de l’esprit nous amèneront à interroger de plus près une certaine conception du style, sachant que précisément cette valeur est une valeur à géométrie variable, à mes yeux en prise directe avec un certain positionnement de l’homme dans la société. A ce titre elle a évidemment varié dans ses manifestations au fil du temps.En effet, l’émergence de la valeur style peut être appréhendée comme la résultante d’une tension consubstantielle à un habitus éminemment social qui nous fait perpétuellement négocier notre demande de reconnaissance entre conformité aux codes d’un groupe, production des insignes de notre appartenance, et, à l’inverse désir d’être distingué. On retrouve là exactement la double postulation du style : la navette entre un pôle universalisant, où se dessinent les constantes, et un pôle singularisant où se lit une appropriation.Les oscillations qui font émerger les déterminations stylistiques plutôt proches d’un pôle ou de l’autre, sont particulièrement lisibles dans l’évolution des formes des discours et singulièrement celles des discours littéraires dont nous allons donner un aperçu.

Sur la base d’un corpus hétérogène, nous esquisserons la représentation de la femme ottomane en France à partir du XVIe siècle jusqu’à la première moitié du XIXe siècle. L’analyse du lexème Turque, et de certains de ses hyponymes et synonymes (sultane, odalisque…), nous permettra de suivre l’évolution d’une sorte de « mise en mots » de la femme turque qui, du moins en partie, persiste encore de nos jours dans les descriptions de la femme musulmane. Même si nous considérons tant le plan du discours que celui de la langue, nous nous intéresserons surtout à la stabilisation des sèmes dans le noyau du lexème , et cela malgré l’éventuelle coexistence de mémoires discursives polémiques. D’où la présence dans le titre des expressions « mise en mots » et « lexème » au lieu de « mise en discours » et de « sémème ».

Le discours procuré par le dictionnaire n’est pas innocent, il propo- se une vision du monde toujours orientée par ses rédacteurs, selon leur bon vouloir ou à leur insu. il n’est pourtant pas lu comme tel: tantôt bré- viaire, tantôt trésor, c’est une référence, une autorité. est-il pourtant bien conscient de l’image qu’il procure de ce monde décomposé par l’ordre alphabétique, par les mots qui nous permettent de le recomposer? C’est ce que nous souhaitions analyser, nous proposant de limiter cette étude à la seule vision de la femme, et à celle que nous renvoie l’histoire de nos dic- tionnaires. L’image de la femme, comme on le verra, s’est modifiée à tra- vers les siècles, selon ceux qui ont bien voulu la dépeindre, selon les lieux de la francophonie où elle a été décrite et, surtout, depuis qu’elle a eu la possibilité de prendre à son tour la parole pour parler d’elle-même.

Actes du colloque de l'Association des Sciences du langage (22 novembre 2003); National audience