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We have measured the 3d→2p transition x rays of kaonic ^{3}He and ^{4}He atoms using superconducting transition-edge-sensor microcalorimeters with an energy resolution better than 6 eV (FWHM). We determined the energies to be 6224.5±0.4(stat)±0.2(syst) eV and 6463.7±0.3(stat)±0.1(syst) eV, and widths to be 2.5±1.0(stat)±0.4(syst) eV and 1.0±0.6(stat)±0.3(stat) eV, for kaonic ^{3}He and ^{4}He, respectively. These values are nearly 10 times more precise than in previous measurements. Our results exclude the large strong-interaction shifts and widths that are suggested by a coupled-channel approach and agree with calculations based on optical-potential models.

Background Multiple surgical treatment options are available for the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). The aim of this study is to compare the most frequently used technics in a comprehensive network approach. Methods A systematic literature search of the EMBASE, MEDLINE and COCHRANE libraries was conducted in January 2018. Publications were included that evaluated at least two of the following surgical techniques: open pyeloplasty (OP), endopyelotomy (EP), laparoscopic (LP) and robot assisted pyeloplasty (RP). Main outcomes were operative success, complications, urinary leakage, re-operation, transfusion rate, operating time, and length of stay. Network meta-analyses with random effects models simultaneously assessed effectiveness of all surgical techniques. Results A total of 26 studies including 3143 patients were analyzed. Compared with RP, EP and LP showed lower operative success rates (EP: OR = 0.09, 95%CI:0.05–0.19; p

Background Cluster immunotherapy represents an interesting alternative to conventional up-dosing schedules because it allows achieving the maintenance dose within a shorter time interval. In this study, the efficacy and safety of cluster immunotherapy with a high polymerized allergen extract of a grass/rye pollen mixture have been evaluated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study. Methods In total, 121 patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis due to grass pollen were randomized 1 : 1 to verum or placebo group. A short cluster up-dosing schedule of only 1 week was applied to achieve the maintenance dose which was administered monthly during the study period of 1 year. Total combined symptom and medication score (TCS) was defined as primary outcome parameter. Secondary outcome parameters were individual symptom and medication scores, ‘well days,’ global improvement as well as immunological effects and nasal allergen challenge. The safety profile was evaluated based on the European academy of allergy and clinical immunology grading system. Results Significant reduction in the verum compared to the placebo group (intention-to-treat, population, verum: n = 55; placebo: n = 47) was found regarding TCS (P = 0.005), rhinoconjunctivitis total symptom score (RTSS, P = 0.006), and total rescue medication score (TRMS, P = 0.002). Additionally, secondary outcomes such as ‘well days,’ nasal challenge results, and increase of specific IgG4 were in favor of the active treatment. All systemic adverse reactions (0.8% of all injections in the verum group) were of mild intensity. No severe reactions related to the study medication were observed. Conclusion Cluster immunotherapy with high polymerized grass pollen extracts resulted in significant clinical efficacy and has been shown to be a safe treatment for grass pollen-allergic patients.

The impact of H2S on the corrosion of Cu electrodes under applied bias is investigated for a test structure that simulates the conditions in a power module. Growth of Cu sulphide dendrites is identified as the predominant aging mechanism, and the influence of the main impact parameters such as humidity, concentration and voltage is modelled. The concept of reactivity monitoring of Cu coupons is applied to a proposed test condition, and the acceleration compared to a standardized operational condition is explained.

To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of gemcitabine using a fixed dose rate infusion (FDRI) in combination with gefitinib in patients (pts) with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PCa).Patients with advanced PCa were given gemcitabine at the FDRI of 10 mg/m(2)/min IV on Days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle. Dose levels of 1000, 1200, and 1500 mg/m(2) were evaluated. Oral gefitinib 250 mg was given daily. DLTs were defined as 2 instances of Grade 3 hematologic or 4 nonhematologic or any Grade 4 hematologic toxicity. At least 4 patients were treated at each dose level. Dose escalation occurred in the absence of DLTs.Five women and 8 men were enrolled. Median age was 59 and performance status 1. All had metastatic disease. Four patients received prior adjuvant chemoradiation for PCa, and one chemotherapy for lung cancer. Median cycles were 4 per patient. The MTD was 1,200 mg/m(2). Toxicity was predominantly hematologic. At 1,500 mg/m(2), 1 patient had Grade 4 granulocytopenia and 3 patients Grade 3 granulocytopenia. Overall, 8 patients (60 percent) developed Grade 1 or 2 acneiform rashes. One patient had Grade 3 vomiting; no significant diarrhea or liver toxicity was seen. There were no objective responses seen. Median time to progression and overall survival were 4.57 months and 7.13 months, respectively.Combining FDRI gemcitabine with gefitinib is feasible and tolerable. The recommended dose of gemcitabine is 1,200 mg/m(2) when used with gefitinib 250 mg daily.

The paper discusses the reconstruction of potentials for quantum systems at finite temperatures from observational data. A nonparametric approach is developed, based on the framework of Bayesian statistics, to solve such inverse problems. Besides the specific model of quantum statistics giving the probability of observational data, a Bayesian approach is essentially based on "a priori" information available for the potential. Different possibilities to implement "a priori" information are discussed in detail, including hyperparameters, hyperfields, and non--Gaussian auxiliary fields. Special emphasis is put on the reconstruction of potentials with approximate periodicity. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated for a numerical model.

A new method is presented to reconstruct the potential of a quantum mechanical many-body system from observational data, combining a nonparametric Bayesian approach with a Hartree-Fock approximation. A priori information is implemented as a stochastic process, defined on the space of potentials. The method is computationally feasible and provides a general framework to treat inverse problems for quantum mechanical many-body systems., 4 pages, 2 figures, revtex

Lycopersicon parviflorum is a sexually compatible, wild tomato species which has been largely unutilized in tomato breeding. The Advanced Backcross QTL (AB-QTL) strategy was used to explore this genome for QTLs affecting traits of agronomic importance in an interspecific cross between a tomato elite processing inbred, Lycopersicon esculentum E6203, and the wild species L. parviflorum (LA2133). A total of 170 BC2 plants were genotyped by means of 133 genetic markers (131 RFLPs; one PCR-based marker, I-2, and one morphological marker, u, uniform ripening). Approximately 170 BC3 families were grown in replicated field trials, in California, Spain and Israel, and were scored for 30 horticultural traits. Significant putative QTLs were identified for all traits, for a total of 199 QTLs, ranging from 1 to 19 QTLs detected for each trait. For 19 (70%) traits (excluding traits for which effects of either direction are not necessarily favourable or unfavourable) at least one QTL was identified for which the L. parviflorum allele was associated with an agronomically favourable effect, despite the overall inferior phenotype of the wild species.

An alternative to a complex nonlinear state feedback controller design for robot manipulators is to use a linear state feedback controller based on linearized manipulator models. For a given range of operation, the nonlinear dynamic model of the manipulator is linearized in a number of operating points (OP). New linear matrics inequalities (LMI)-methods can be used to design a linear state feedback controller which achieves good performance simultaneously in all operating points. This approach is applied to a laboratory four-link flexible manipulator. Linear models have been identified experimentally in suitable operating points, and the performance of a robust state feedback controller is illustrated by experimental results and comparison with a pole placement controller.

Advanced backcross QTL (AB-QTL) analysis is a new strategy for studying the effect of unadapted alleles on the agronomic performance of elite cultivated lines. In this paper we report results from the application of the AB-QTL strategy to cultivated tomato using the wild species Lycopersicon hirsutum LA1777 as the donor parent. RFLP genomic fingerprints were determined for 315 BC2 plants and phenotypic data were collected for 19 agronomic traits from approximately 200 derived BC3 lines which were grown in replicated field trials in three locations worldwide. Between 1 and 12 significant QTLs were identified for each of the 19 traits evaluated, with a total of 121 QTLs identified for all traits. For 25 of the QTLs (20%) corresponding to 12 traits (60%), the L. hirsutum allele was associated with an improvement of the trait from a horticultural perspective, despite the fact that L. hirsutum is overall phenotypically inferior to the elite parent. For example, L. hirsutum has fruit that remains green when ripe (lack of red pigment) yet alleles were found in this species that significantly increase red color when transferred into cultivated tomatoes. Wild alleles were also associated with increases in total yield and soluble solids (up to 15%) and brix×red yield (up to 41%). These results support the idea that one cannot predict the genetic potential of exotic germplasm based on phenotype alone and that marker-based methods, such as the AB-QTL strategy, should be applied to fully exploit exotic germplasm.

Three variants of mean field methods for atomic and nuclear reactions are compared with respect to both conception and applicability: The time--dependent Hartree--Fock method solves the equation of motion for a Hermitian density operator as initial value problem, with the colliding fragments in a continuum state of relative motion. With no specification of the final state, the method is restricted to inclusive reactions. The time--dependent mean field method, as developed by Kerman, Levit and Negele as well as by Reinhardt, calculates the density for specific transitions and thus applies to exclusive reactions. It uses the Hubbard--Stratonovich transformation to express the full time--development operator with two--body interactions as functional integral over one--body densities. In stationary phase approximation and with Slater determinants as initial and final states, it defines non--Hermitian, time--dependent mean field equations to be solved self--consistently as boundary value problem in time. The time--independent mean field method of Giraud and Nagarajan is based on a Schwinger--type variational principle for the resolvent. It leads to a set of inhomogeneous, non--Hermitian equations of Hartree--Fock type to be solved for given total energy. All information about initial and final channels is contained in the inhomogeneities, hence the method is designed for exclusive reactions. A direct link is established between the time--dependent and time--independent versions. Their relation is non--trivial due to the non--linear nature of mean field methods., 21 pages, to be published in European Physical Journal A

Improved-processing tomato lines were produced by the molecular breeding strategy of advanced backcross QTL (AB-QTL) analysis. These near-isogenic lines (NILs) contained unique introgressions of wild alleles originating from two donor wild species, Lycopersicon hirsutum (LA1777) and L. pimpinellifolium (LA1589). Wild alleles targeted for trait improvement were selected on the basis of previously published replicated QTL data obtained from advanced backcross populations for a battery of important agronomic traits. Twenty three NILs were developed for 15 genomic regions which were predicted to contain 25 quantitative trait factors for the improvement of seven agronomic traits: total yield, red yield, soluble solids, brix×red yield, viscosity, fruit color, and fruit firmness. An evaluation of the agronomic performance of the NILs in five locations worldwide revealed that 22 out of the 25 (88%) quantitative factors showed the phenotypic improvement predicted by QTL analysis of the BC3 populations, as NILs in at least one location. Per-location gains over the elite control ranged from 9% to 59% for brix×red yield; 14% to 33% for fruit color; 17% to 34% for fruit firmness; 6% to 22% for soluble-solids content; 7% to 22% for viscosity; 15% to 48% for red yield, and 20% to 28% for total yield. The inheritance of QTLs, the implementation of the AB-QTL methodology for characterizing unadapted germplasm and the applicability of this method to other crops are discussed.

A BC3 population previously developed from a backcross of Lycopersicon peruvianum, a wild relative of tomato, into the cultivated variety L. esculentum was analyzed for QTLs. Approximately 200 BC4 families were scored for 35 traits in four locations worldwide. One hundred and sixty-six QTLs were detected for 29 of those traits. For more than half of those 29 traits at least 1 QTL was detected for which the presence of the wild allele was associated with an agronomically beneficial effect despite the inferior phenotype of the wild parent. Eight QTLs for fruit weight could be followed through the BC2, BC3, and BC4, generations, supporting the authenticity of these QTLs. Comparisons were made between the QTLs found in this study and those found in studies involving two other wild species; the results showed that while some of these QTLs can be presumed to be allelic, most of the QTLs detected in this study are ones not previously discovered.

Both technically and economically favorable operating states of voltage and reactive power are of interest from the point of view of efficient and reliable operation of high voltage grid systems. A special multicriterial optimization method is being offered which compromises various target functions. It facilitates a situation-dependent and weighted combination of the target functions and evaluates the influence of potential control variables on optimization targets basing on sensitivity coefficients. Furthermore the sensitivities are appropriate to preselect the effective actuating variables of the optimization run in advance. This enables in combination with a post filtering of small changes of actuating variables an essential reduction of the. control actions over the day without a substantial loss of performance.

The investigation of voltage/reactive power phenomena in large-scale power systems and the development of improved voltage control strategies require rather sophisticated simulation models, so that margins of power transmission and system limitations of real systems are correctly reproduced. For a large system this modeling has to be done as a compromise between the necesserary aggregation of parts of the complete system model and the model accuracy. An engineering-based methodology for such a modeling of the voltage/reactive power behaviour of large power systems is described. The resulting simulation model allows the realization of the usual voltage commands and allows detailed operating studies of voltage problems.

Wet chemical and Moessbauer spectroscopic investigations of natural Li-Fe micas show relations between the iron distribution, the quadrupole splitting and the Li content. The positive correlation between ferrous quadrupole splitting and Li content found for synthetic Li-Fe micas can be confirmed. A dependence of ferric content on the kind of sample collection is obtained.

Summary Background Cluster immunotherapy is becoming increasingly used. It allows for a rapid build up phase and the administration of higher doses of allergen in a shorter period of time. Objectives To evaluate the effect of short-term pre-seasonal immunotherapy using a glutaraldeyde-modified allergen vaccine in reducing specific nasal hyperreactivity in nasal challenge tests. Materials and Methods Thirty-three patients were selected. All patients had a positive history of allergic rhinitis and skin tests to grass pollen, although most of them (72.7%) were sensitized to other allergens as well. The study was conducted outside of the pollen season and the patients did not receive any pharmacological treatment during this period of time. Two randomized groups of patients were established; Group A: 22 patients (13 females and nine males) and Group B, 11 control patients (seven females and four males). Patients in Group A received immunotherapy with a vaccine containing 50% of the wild grasses Trisetum paniceum and Dactylis glomerata. All patients underwent titrated nasal provocation tests (NPT) before and after completion of the study (2.3 and 2.8 months for Groups A and B, respectively). The administration schedule consisted of 0.1 and 0.2 mL at day 1, followed by 0.3 and 0.5 mL at day 7, 0.5 mL after 2 weeks followed by 0.5 mL monthly. A single vial was used containing an allergen concentration of 10 000 TU/mL (105 μg of total protein and 24.6 μg of Group 1 plus 5 allergens/mL). A mean of 6.5 injections were administered to Group A patients between NPTs. Results There were no significant differences between both groups at the beginning of the study (P=0.48). At the end, only Group A patients needed significant greater threshold concentrations for a positive NPT than at the beginning (P=0.002). Conclusions A short-term cluster pre-seasonal inmunotherapy with a modified vaccine containing a mixture of grass pollen is effective as determined by an objective measure after only a mean 2.3 months of treatment.

The Feynman path integral representation of quantum theory is used in a non--parametric Bayesian approach to determine quantum potentials from measurements on a canonical ensemble. This representation allows to study explicitly the classical and semiclassical limits and provides a unified description in terms of functional integrals: the Feynman path integral for the statistical operator, and the integration over the space of potentials for calculating the predictive density. The latter is treated in maximum a posteriori approximation, and various approximation schemes for the former are developed and discussed. A simple numerical example shows the applicability of the method., Comment: 31 pages, 5 figures

77 Background: Utilization of oral anticancer agents (OAA) has drastically increased over the past decade, accounting for more than 70% of new oncology agents approved in 2013. There are many challenges associated with OAA, including monitoring of adverse drug reactions (ADR) and adherence. While few studies estimate adherence of OAA, it is known that a multidisciplinary approach with intensive pharmacist counseling may improve outcomes. Currently, the electronic medical record (EMR) at our institution has many limitations on tracking OAA. In 2007, 1,872 OAA prescriptions were written. The 2014 annualized OAA prescriptions will surpass 5,510, demonstrating a growth of 194%. The purpose of this project is to establish an OAA monitoring program to allow consistent documentation, closer monitoring, and timely management of ADR. Methods: American Society of Clinical Oncology’s Quality Oncology Practice Initiative criteria were utilized to develop a unique monitoring tool, specific for OAA, which was employed via EMR. The monitoring tool assesses the current regimen, ADR, labs, adherence, and drug interactions. The initial analysis focused on testing the tools on two of the most commonly prescribed OAA agents within our institution. New start patients were identified through utilization of an OAA pharmacist verification queue. The pharmacist provided education, intensive follow up, and communicated treatment complications to other healthcare team members. Results: Follow-up calls were placed for 24 capecitabine patients and four erlotinib patients. Over half of the patients required an intervention. For capecitabine, there were seven patients with barriers to adherence. There were two patients who were non-adherent and one patient who was lost to follow-up; therefore, overall adherence rate was 91%. For erlotinib, adherence rate was 100% with no barriers to adherence. Symptom management and education were provided to 16 patients with grade 1 toxicities, and four drug interactions were identified. Conclusions: Oral chemotherapy should be treated with the same intensive monitoring as IV chemotherapy. A multidisciplinary pharmacist driven OAA monitoring program may improve adherence and allow more timely management of ADR.

A robust multi-model design approach is used to control a four-link lightweight manipulator arm. The nonlinear plant model is linearized in a number of operating points, and recent LMI methods are employed to design a linear state feedback controller that places the closed-loop poles in a desired pole region simultaneously for all models. Only the joint angles are available for feedback, however, and a fast output sampling technique is used to robustly realize the state feedback design by output feedback. The resulting controller has been testet in real-time experiments and compared with an observer-based robust multi-model approach reported earlier.

A Bayesian approach is developed to determine quantum mechanical potentials from empirical data. Bayesian methods, combining empirical measurements and "a priori" information, provide flexible tools for such empirical learning problems. The paper presents the basic theory, concentrating in particular on measurements of particle coordinates in quantum mechanical systems at finite temperature. The computational feasibility of the approach is demonstrated by numerical case studies. Finally, it is shown how the approach can be generalized to such many-body and few-body systems for which a mean field description is appropriate. This is done by means of a Bayesian inverse Hartree-Fock approximation., LaTex, 32 pages, 19 figures

A nonparametric Bayesian approach is developed to determine quantum potentials from empirical data for quantum systems at finite temperature. The approach combines the likelihood model of quantum mechanics with a priori information over potentials implemented in form of stochastic processes. Its specific advantages are the possibilities to deal with heterogeneous data and to express a priori information explicitly, i.e., directly in terms of the potential of interest. A numerical solution in maximum a posteriori approximation was feasible for one--dimensional problems. Using correct a priori information turned out to be essential., Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, revtex

191 Background: Oral chemotherapy’s exponentially increasing role in the treatment of malignancies continues to pose unique challenges to oncology. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) drafted measures in the Chemotherapy Administration Safety Standards that help address some of these issues concerning oral chemotherapy. There is a lack of data describing the prescribing process for oral chemotherapy. In a retrospective chart review, prescriptions at a hospital-based outpatient oncology center were evaluated for completeness of prescribing and follow up measures. Methods: A retrospective chart review of ten oral chemotherapy medications from May 2012 to July 2012 was conducted. The primary outcome measure was compliance with ASCO and ONS Chemotherapy Administration Safety Standards. A secondary outcome was frequency of pharmacist interventions on oral chemotherapy prescriptions. Results: 412 prescriptions were evaluated. Prescriptions were graded on a scale from 1 to 8. One point was given for inclusion of each of the following: prescribing physician, patient name, drug name, dose, dosing methodology, quantity, refills, and accurate directions. Of all the prescriptions, 23% contained all aspects of a complete prescription. The most common reasons for point deductions were contradictory or unclear directions and allowing refills for oral chemotherapy which should not be refillable. Four percent of prescriptions had a documented pharmacist intervention. Conclusions: This study revealed areas for improvement in the prescribing process of oral chemotherapy. Targeting directions and refill fields within prescription templates will improve compliance with ASCO and ONS standards. This can be accomplished by implementing customized oral chemotherapy prescription templates within treatment plans in the electronic medical record system. Unlike chemotherapy administered in the clinic setting, oral chemotherapy prescriptions are not generally reviewed by oncology trained pharmacists. With the collaboration of medical and nursing staff, a new work flow was implemented which includes pharmacist review of electronic oral chemotherapy prescriptions.

The modelling and simulation of superconducting circuits (e.g., SQUID structures) is a fundamental prerequisite for the elaboration of a design and dimensioning documentation. The suitable choice of the simulation model and the accuracy of the model parameters are of crucial importance for successfully carrying out design tasks by means of simulation methods.

Maintaining dose intensity in Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (HL) correlates with an improved outcome in patients treated with combination chemotherapy. Filgrastim is commonly used as secondary prophylaxis for neutropenia to avoid dose delays and dose reductions. Results from a retrospective review at the Mayo Clinic (Blood104(11):abs 1317, 2004) demonstrated an increased frequency of pulmonary toxicity in patients with HL treated with bleomycin who had received G-CSF. Thus, using the minimum amount of filgrastim required to maintain dose intensity may be beneficial. We describe below our results using a shortened regimen of filgrastim in conjunction with ABVD chemotherapy. The electronic and/or paper charts of twenty-one adult patients with HL receiving ABVD at KCCC between January 2002 and May 2005 were reviewed. All patients completed at least 2 cycles of ABVD, with a median of 6 (range 2–8) cycles per patient. Of the 21 patients evaluated, 18 required administration of filgrastim as secondary prophylaxis. The precipitating factor requiring administration of filgrastim was a low ANC, which resulted in treatment being held or delayed in all patients. The filgrastim dosing regimen utilized consisted of a median of 3 doses (range 2–4) given days 6–10 post ABVD treatment. The chart review included 21 patients who received a total of 213 treatments with ABVD. Of these treatments, 78 were not preceded by filgrastim, while 135 included filgrastim. When filgrastim was not given, a subsequent dose delay occurred in 16 instances (20.5%) and dose reduction occurred in one (1.33%) instance. Of the 135 ABVD treatments with filgrastim prior to treatment, a subsequent dose delay occurred only once (0.74%) and there were five (3.7%) dose reductions. Filgrastim was dosed at 5 mcg/kg, rounded to the nearest vial size. Five patients received 300 mcg, while the remaining 13 were dosed at 480 mcg. Using this shorter dosing regimen, there is a potential cost savings of $2420 per treatment when compared to 10 doses of filgrastim. Similarly, when compared to pegfilgrastim, there is a potential cost savings of $2470 per treatment. In conclusion, using 2–4 doses of filgrastim is a cost effective method that allows patients who are receiving ABVD to sustain dose intensity. This shortened course of filgrastim may also decrease the risk of lung toxicity. These results identify a valuable approach to potentially improve outcomes in patients with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

4118 Background: Patients (pts) with metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PCa) treated with GEM using a FDRI have a longer survival than with 30 min infusion schedules1. Over 40% of metastatic PCa’s overexpress EGFR2. This study aimed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) of GEM using a FDRI in combination with gefitinib, an EGFR TK inhibitor in pts with PCa. Methods: Pts with advanced pancreatic cancer were given GEM at the FDRI of 10 mg/m2/min IV on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28 day cycle. Dose levels of 1000, 1200 and 1500 mg/m2 were evaluated. Oral gefitinib 250 mg was given daily. DLTs were defined as two instances of grade III hematologic or IV non-hematologic toxicity or any grade IV hematologic toxicity. Four pts were treated at each dose level. Dose level escalation occurred in the absence of DLTs. Results: Four women and 8 men were enrolled. Median age was 61. All pts were PS 0 or 1 and had metastatic disease (83.3% liver; 16.6% lungs). Three pts received...

The authors investigated the nitrogen content of different fractions and in particular the aminoacid composition of the trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable and TCA-soluble peptides in the distal small intestine of rats which had been fed experimental diets (nitrogen-free or containing casein, wheat gluten or molasses yeast as a protein carrier). Parallel with this, they determined in growing rats the nitrogen and amino-acid digestibility of molasses yeast and wheat gluten according to the technique of faecal analysis, and studied the amino-acid composition of the faecal protein. Independently of the dietary protein fed, the peptide fractions of the content of the intestine showed an amino-acid composition that was largely similar to that found in case of nitrogen-free diet. The amino-acid composition of the faecal protein is, independently of the dietary protein given, relatively constant and corresponds approximately to the intestinal loss protein. There is agreement between the amino-acid composition of the TCA-precipitable peptide fractions and those of the corresponding faecal proteins. These components seem to be of endogenous origin.

The reaction of dialdehyde starch with the proteins of certain model protein texturates produces changes in the nutrition physiological quality of the proteins. Under the experimental conditions chosen, these changes were barely or not at all detectable by amino-acid analysis. On using the technique of aminoacid liberation under in vitro conditions, these changes were evidenced only for lysine and arginine. The determination of the lysine availability, however, testifies to a reversible or irreversible change of lysine which reduces significantly the PER values (animal experiments) of protein texturates treated with 100% oxidized dialdehyde starch. The differences between the NPU values were but insignificant. In spite of the detectable change in protein quality, the quality of the model protein texturates tested still satisfies the criteria for proteins with a composition which is favourable from the viewpoint of nutrition physiology.

Es wird ein Uberblick uber die Ultrastruktur der Dunndarmepithelzelle, insbesondere uber deren lumenwartige Membran, gegeben. Dabei wird auf die in der Burstensaumregion und im Zellinneren lokalisierten Peptidasen eingegangen. Es wird die Reinigung der fur die Spaltung von Nahrungspeptiden wichtigen membrangebundenen Aminopeptidase besprochen und ihre Spezifitat am Beispiel der Caseinspaltung erlautert. Die wahrend der Peptidspaltung entstehenden freien Aminosauren besitzen teilweise einen Inhibitoreffekt auf die Aminopeptidase. Die moglichen verdauungsphysiologischen Konsequenzen werden diskutiert. Im In-vivo-Versuch wurde der distale Dunndarminhalt von Ratten im Hinblick auf die Zusammensetzung von Peptiden in Abhangigkeit von der Zusammensetzung verschiedener Nahrungsproteine untersucht. Die Zusammensetzung der Peptide des Darminhaltes ist im wesentlichen unabhangig von der Aminosaurenzusammensetzung der Nahrung; es erfolgt keine deutliche Anreicherung bestimmter Aminosauren. Die Bedeutung der Resorption von Peptiden wird auch in vergleichenden Resorptions-untersuchungen deutlich, in denen enzymatische Hydrolysate von Proteinen, also Peptidgemische, der Mischung freier Aminosauren gleicher Gesamtzusammensetzung gegenuber-gestellt werden. Am Beispiel des Glycyl-glycin-glycin wird dargestellt, das in bestimmten Konzentrationsbereichen auch Tripeptide teilweise intakt resorbiert werden konnen. Abschliesend wird die Bedeutung der Peptidresorption eingeschatzt, und es werden Konsequenzen fur weitere Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und Pathophysiologie der Verdauung gezogen.

Der exopeptidatische Abbau von Peptidgemischen durch die Aminopeptidase der Burstensaume wird durch die Anwesenheit freier Aminosauren gehemmt. Nach Entfernung der freien Aminosauren aus dem Peptidgemisch erfolgt eine weitergehende Spaltung. Die Aminosaurezusammensetzung der verbleibenden Restpeptide stellt einen zweiten Faktor dar, der einer vollstandigen Spaltung der Peptide entgegensteht.

The reaction of dialdehyde starch with casein and field-bean globulin leads to a blocking of the protein amino groups and to a decrease of free lysine, arginine and histidine. Maximum values are reached at high protein concentrations and great molar reagent excess. At best 80-93% of the amino groups or of the available lysine may be blocked in this way. For 1% casein and I and 5% globulin solutions, the pH optimum of the reaction lies at approximately 8; for 5% casein solutions, it is shifted towards the neutral to weakly acidic range. The value for the proportion of unblocked lysine is higher (approximately 5%) when determined by amino-acid analysis after acid total hydrolysis than when measured by means of the colorimetric method according to Carpenter (20%). The difference is designed as reversibly blocked lysine proportion. There is a linear correlation between the proportion of blocked lysine and the relative nutritional value as determined by means of the test organism Tetrahymena pyriformis. Dependently on protein concentration and reagent excess, gel chromatographically detectable cross-linking products of higher molecular weight are formed by the reaction of dialdehyde starch with casein. In 5% protein solutions, such products with molecular weights of less than or equal to 900 000 are the sole detectable components.

Die Nahrungen bestanden aus Futter mit 20% Proteinanteilen aus Casein, Proteinisolat aus Sonnenblumensaat, Proteinisolat aus Ackerbohne, einem Modellproteintexturat unter Verwendung von Ackerbohnenproteinisolat, einem Modellproteintexturat unter Verwendung von mit Dialdehydstarke behandeltem Ackerbohnenproteinisolat sowie N-freiem Futter. Der distale Dunndarminhalt der Ratten wurde 3 h nach der Nahrungsaufnahme gewonnen und die Aminosaurezusammensetzung der Trichloressigsaure (TCE-)-fallbaren Peptide und der TCE-loslichen, von freien Aminosauren abgetrennten Peptide des Darminhaltes untersucht. Der Vergleich der Aminosaurezusammensetzungen der beiden Peptidfraktionen mit dem jeweiligen Nahrungsprotein zeigt keine Ubereinstimmung, der Vergleich der beiden Peptidfraktionen nach N-freier Diat mit den jeweiligen Peptidfraktionen nach Proteinaufnahme zeigt unabhangig vom Nahrungsprotein ein hohes Mas an Ubereinstimmung, und der Vergleich der beiden Peptidfraktionen untereinander zeigt einen hoheren proteolytischen Abbaugrad der TCE-loslichen Peptide. Ackerbohnenproteinhaltige Diaten fuhren im Vergleich zu den anderen Proteindiaten und N-freier Diat zu einer Zunahme TCE-fallbarer Peptide und zu einer Zunahme von Glycin in beiden Peptidfraktionen. Dieses Verhalten zeigt sich auch in den Modellproteintexturaten, die nur 30% Ackerbohnenprotein enthalten. Eine Behandlung mit Dialdehydstarke fuhrt zu einer gewissen Schadigung von basischen Aminosauren und deren Anreicherung in den unverdauten Peptidfraktionen.

After feeding with protein containing diets the protein quantity increases in the aqueous supernatant (U1), in the trichloracetic acid soluble (U2) and precipitable (S2) fractions of the content of the distal part of the small intestine of rats. Independent of the dietary proteins the amino acid composition of both fractions (S2 and the peptides from U2) is similar in relation to protein-free feeding; a similarity with the amino acid composition of the dietary proteins doesn't exist. In relation to fraction S2 the peptides of fraction U2 show anording to the higher content of amino acids, which are difficult to liberate by protein cleavage, a high proteolytic degradation.

An 4 verschiedenen Proteinisolaten aus Ackerbohnen (Vicia faba) und 2 Ackerbohnenprotein-Casein(1:1)-Fasern werden mittels Bestimmung der Aminosaurezusammensetzung, der enzymatischen Aminosaurefreisetzung (in vitro) und der biologischen Wertigkeit (Ratte) Aussagen zum ernahrungsphysiologischen Wert dieser Proteine gemacht. Die Aminosaurezusammensetzungen verschiedener Proteinisolate weisen untereinander eine gute Ubereinstimmung auf. Im Vergleich zu Casein fallt der niedrigere Gehalt an essentiellen Aminosauren insgesamt auf. Der niedrige Methionin- + Cystingehalt begrenzt den biologischen Wert dieser Proteine an erster Stelle. Der Lysingehalt ist als gunstig hoch anzusehen. Die enzymatische Freisetzung der Aminosauren im in-vitro-Test ergibt fur die Proteinisolate eine dem Casein vergleichbare Freisetzung insgesamt. Die Verdaulichkeit ist als sehr gut zu kennzeichnen, die biologische Wertigkeit liegt unter 50 und damit recht niedrig. Die Ackerbohnenprotein-Casein(1:1)-Fasern entsprechen, von dem geringeren Gehalt an schwefelhaltigen Aminosauren abgesehen, in ihrer Aminosaurezusammensetzung dem Erwartungswert. Sie sind damit ernahrungsphysiologisch gunstiger als die Ackerbohnenproteinisolate zusammengesetzt (hoherer Anteil an essentiellen Aminosauren). Die enzymatische Verfugbarkeit der Fasern ist ebenfalls mit der des Caseins vergleichbar. Die Verdaulichkeit im N-Bilanz-Versuch ist sehr gut, die biologische Wertigkeit der untersuchten Faserproben entspricht der von Casein.