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Whole flour of cowpea grains of the cultivar BRS Tumucumaque biofortified in iron and zinc were processed in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder Clextral HT 25. A central rotational composite design 23, combining temperature (from 86.4 to 153.6 °C), screw rotation speed (from 163.6 to 836.4 rpm) and moisture content (from 16.6% to 23.4%), was used to assess the effects on flour constituents. The three variables significantly affected (p < 0.05) the levels of protein and copper in the extrudates. The reactions of the extrusion process caused a decrease in the levels of proteins and an increase in the levels of copper, zinc and potassium, and these amounts were accentuated as the values of the process variables approached those of the central point region. Extreme conditions at high rotational screw speeds combined with low moisture content reduced the magnesium content, at the opposite end of the values for these two variables, the intensity of the reduction was lower. In the analysis of global desirability, it was found that the extrusion condition at 112.6 °C, 587.4 rpm and 23.4% moisture provided the highest nutrient retention. The levels of iron and zinc remained above 60 and 40 mg kg-1, respectively, in extruded products. Resumo Farinha integral de grãos de feijão-caupi da cultivar BRS Tumucumaque biofortificados em ferro e zinco foi processada em extrusor de rosca dupla corrotativo Clextral HT 25. Um delineamento composto central rotacional 23, combinando as variáveis independentes: temperatura (86,4 a 153,6 °C), velocidade de rotação do parafuso (163,6 a 836,4 rpm) e teor de umidade (16,6% a 23,4%), foi utilizado para avaliar os efeitos sobre os constituintes da farinha. As três variáveis afetaram significativamente (p < 0,05) os teores de proteína e cobre dos extrusados. As reações do processo de extrusão provocaram diminuição nos teores de proteínas e aumento nos teores de cobre, zinco e potássio, e essas quantidades se acentuaram à medida que os valores das variáveis de processo se aproximaram aos da região do ponto central. Condições extremas de altas velocidades de rotação das roscas combinadas com baixos teores de umidade reduziram o teor de magnésio, enquanto que, no extremo inverso de valores para essas duas variáveis, a intensidade da redução foi menor. Na análise de desejabilidade global, verificou-se que a condição de extrusão a 112,6 °C, 587,4 rpm e 23,4% de umidade proporcionou a maior retenção de nutrientes. Os teores de ferro e zinco permaneceram acima de 60 e 40 mg kg-1, respectivamente, nos produtos extrusados.

A simplex-centroid design was used to evaluate the effect of proportions (0 to 100%) of whole wheat flour (WWF), whole mung bean flour (WMF) and whole rice flour (BRF) on the quality of cookies savory. The dough cut in the shape of a disks (37 mm × 2 mm) showed a 13% retraction in diameter when they contained exclusively WWF, it was less intense (5%) with BRF and null (0%) with WMF. The dough expansion occurred only vertically, the thicknesses of the WWF, WMF and BRF biscuits were 5.33, 2.79 and 2.13 times greater than the initial dough height, respectively. This characteristic showed high correlations with volumetric expansion (r = 0.95), specific volume (r = 0.90), hardness (r = 0.92), fracturability (r = 0.93) and spread factor (r = −0.96). BRF increased the value of the color difference of the biscuits up to 17.70, the effect of WMF was smaller (6.51). Only the radial expansion index correlated with the trough (r = 0.76), final viscosity (r = 0.79) and setback (r = 0.77) parameters. Considering the main desirable physical characteristics in savory biscuits, the highest global desirability obtained was for the proportion of 49% WWF, 24% WMF and 27% BRF.

This research evaluated the chemical, technological, and thermal properties of rice flour modified chemically using phosphorus oxychloride (0.018; 0.030; 0.059; 0.088 and 0.100 g/100 g flour). The phosphorylated rice flours (PRF) obtained showed a decrease in viscosity, but the stability increased significantly as compared to the unmodified flour. The gel force and adhesiveness values decreased with the increase in phosphate groups incorporated. However, cohesiveness and thermal properties did not show significant differences among the native and modified rice flours, with exception for gelatinization enthalpy values. The phosphorylated flours obtained can be used as ingredient, especially in cream soups, salad dressing, and filling.

The objective of this paper was to determine the influence of three culture media with different water activities, times of incubation and temperatures on the growth of A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius and A. niger. Spores of A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius and A. niger were inoculated onto three culture media: Czapeck Yeast extract Agar (CYA), Dichloran 18% Glycerol Agar (DG18) and Malt Yeast extract 40% Glucose Agar (MY40G). The plates were incubated at five different temperatures (8, 25, 30, 35 and 41ºC). The growth of fungi was evaluated every 24h, measuring the colony diameter (mm). None of the species grew at 8ºC in any culture media. For A. carbonarius, 30ºC was the best temperature for growth while for A. niger temperatures above 30ºC were better in all culture media. A. ochraceus presented good growth at 25 and 30ºC in all culture media, while at 35ºC, growth was slower, especially on CYA. At 41ºC, A. ochraceus did not grow in any culture media and A. carbonarius was significantly inhibited. A. niger grew at 41ºC and was shown to be the most xerophilic fungi when compared to A. carbonarius and A. ochraceus.Esporos de A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius e A. niger foram inoculados em três meios de cultura: Agar extrato de levedura Czapeck (CYA), Agar Glicerol 18% com dicloran (DG18), Agar Extrato de levedura e malte com 40% de glicose (MY40G). As placas foram incubadas em 5 temperaturas diferentes: 8, 25, 30, 35 e 41ºC. O crescimento dos fungos foi avaliado medindo o diâmetro da colônia a cada 24h. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência de três meios de cultura com atividade de água diferente tempo de incubação e temperaturas, sobre o crescimento de A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius and A. niger. Nenhuma das espécies cresceu à 8ºC em nenhum dos meios de cultura. Para A. carbonarius, 30ºC foi a melhor temperatura para o seu crescimento enquanto para A. niger temperaturas acima de 30ºC foram melhores em todos os meios de cultura. A. ochraceus apresentou bom crescimento a 25 e 30ºC em todos os meios de cultura, enquanto seu crescimento à 35ºC foi mais lento, especialmente no meio CYA. A 41ºC, A. ochraceus não cresceu em nenhum dos meios de cultura estudados e A. carbonarius foi significantemente inibido. A. niger cresceu à temperatura de 41ºC e apresentou-se como o fungo mais xerofílico, comparado com A. carbonarius e A. ochraceus.

The objective of this paper was to determine the influence of three culture media with different water activities, times of incubation and temperatures on the growth of A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius and A. niger. Spores of A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius and A. niger were inoculated onto three culture media: Czapeck Yeast extract Agar (CYA), Dichloran 18% Glycerol Agar (DG18) and Malt Yeast extract 40% Glucose Agar (MY40G). The plates were incubated at five different temperatures (8, 25, 30, 35 and 41ºC). The growth of fungi was evaluated every 24h, measuring the colony diameter (mm). None of the species grew at 8ºC in any culture media. For A. carbonarius, 30ºC was the best temperature for growth while for A. niger temperatures above 30ºC were better in all culture media. A. ochraceus presented good growth at 25 and 30ºC in all culture media, while at 35ºC, growth was slower, especially on CYA. At 41ºC, A. ochraceus did not grow in any culture media and A. carbonarius was significantly inhibited. A. niger grew at 41ºC and was shown to be the most xerophilic fungi when compared to A. carbonarius and A. ochraceus. Esporos de A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius e A. niger foram inoculados em três meios de cultura: Agar extrato de levedura Czapeck (CYA), Agar Glicerol 18% com dicloran (DG18), Agar Extrato de levedura e malte com 40% de glicose (MY40G). As placas foram incubadas em 5 temperaturas diferentes: 8, 25, 30, 35 e 41ºC. O crescimento dos fungos foi avaliado medindo o diâmetro da colônia a cada 24h. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a influência de três meios de cultura com atividade de água diferente tempo de incubação e temperaturas, sobre o crescimento de A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius and A. niger. Nenhuma das espécies cresceu à 8ºC em nenhum dos meios de cultura. Para A. carbonarius, 30ºC foi a melhor temperatura para o seu crescimento enquanto para A. niger temperaturas acima de 30ºC foram melhores em todos os meios de cultura. A. ochraceus apresentou bom crescimento a 25 e 30ºC em todos os meios de cultura, enquanto seu crescimento à 35ºC foi mais lento, especialmente no meio CYA. A 41ºC, A. ochraceus não cresceu em nenhum dos meios de cultura estudados e A. carbonarius foi significantemente inibido. A. niger cresceu à temperatura de 41ºC e apresentou-se como o fungo mais xerofílico, comparado com A. carbonarius e A. ochraceus.

Summary Blends of cassava bran and cassava starch were processed in a single-screw extruder. Response surface methodology was used to determine the effect of the concentration of cassava bran (10–50%), barrel temperature (150–210 °C), feed moisture (16–20%) and screw speed (120–180 r.p.m.) on the characteristics of the dried extrudates. All the independent variables were significant (P

Extrusion-cooked blends of cassava starch (CS) and wheat gluten (WG) were studied. The data were analysed using response surface methodology. The results showed the formation of new structures characterised by lower radial expansion (RE) and specific volume (SV) when gluten was added to CS. WG content was the most important variable affecting RE, water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), SV and difference in colour (AE) of the extruded products, but feed moisture content and barrel temperature also influenced RE. WAI was affected by a significant interaction between WG content and barrel temperature. The extruded products had lower WAI values and higher WSI values than WG-free products. Heat, high shear rate and high pressure during extrusion cooking caused mechanical destruction or denaturation of the WG and gelatinisation and dextrinisation of the starch components. The extruded blends could have diverse applications. Cette etude recherche les effets de l'ajout de gluten de ble a des produits extrudes a base d'amidon de manioc sur l'expansion radiale, le volume specifique, la difference de couleur, l'absortion d'eau et la solubilite dans l'eau du produit. Les donnees sont analysees par la methodologie des surfaces de reponse. Les resultats montrent la formation de nouvelles structures caracterisees par une expansion radiale et un volume specifique plus faible lors de l'ajout de gluten.

A aplicação de nutrientes via água de irrigação aumenta sua eficiência de utilização pelas plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação potássica e da irrigação na produtividade e qualidade de frutos de bananeiras, cv. Willians, na região do Médio Paranapanema, São Paulo. Foram avaliados quatro regimes hídricos: sequeiro; 0,7 da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo); 1,4 ETo, e 2,1 ETo, combinados com quatro doses de potássio (K): 0; 300; 600 e 900 kg ha.ano-1 de K2O, aplicados semanalmente via fertirrigação. Sob sequeiro, a adubação potássica foi aplicada durante o período chuvoso, parcelada em quatro vezes. Observou-se que a adubação potássica realizada via fertirrigação interfere positivamente tanto na produção como na qualidade dos frutos de bananeiras cv. Willians. Além disso, a fertirrigação favorece maior eficiência da adubação potássica quando comparada à adubação sob sequeiro.

Orientador: Fumio Yokoya Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Doutorado Doutor em Ciência de Alimentos

Foram produzidas massas alimentícias instantâneas sem glúten a partir de farinha de arroz suplementadas com aditivos, utilizando-se extrusor de laboratório Brabender de rosca única. Foi testada a adição dos emulsificantes, estearoil lactil lactato de sódio (Esterlac) e monoglicerídio destilado (Dimodan), ambos nas concentrações de 0,00; 0,25; 0,50, 0,75 e 1,00%, além da mistura dos mesmos (0,00:1,00; 0,50:0,50; 0,75:0,25 e 0,00:1,00%). Também foram estudadas as propriedades de cozimento. A adição de emulsificante tanto individualmente como em mistura melhorou a qualidade do produto, principalmente pela propriedade lubrificante. Essa facilitou o processo de extrusão e possibilitou o uso de temperaturas de extrusão acima de 90°C sem formação de bolhas no interior das massas. O uso do Dimodan exerceu maior influência sobre o produto do que o Esterlac, principalmente em relação ao aumento de volume e de peso do produto cozido. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com a mistura de 0,75% de Dimodan e 0,25% de Esterlac. No entanto, as massas alimentícias contendo Dimodan, individualmente ou em misturas, apresentaram rachaduras laterais após o cozimento. AbstractEFFECT OF EMULSIFIERS ADDITION IN PASTA WITHOUT GLUTEN PRODUCED BY THERMOPLASTIC EXTRUDER Instantaneous pasta without gluten were produced from rice flour suplemented with additives, prepared by laboratory extruder. The addition of the emulsifiers, sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate (Esterlac) and distilled monoglyceride (Dimodan) was tested, both in the concentrations of 0,00; 0,25; 0,50, 0,75 and 1,00%, and also the mixture (0,00:1,00; 0,50:0,50; 0,75:0,25 and 0,00:1,00%). The cooking properties were also studied. The emulsifier addition individually as in mixture brought improvements in the quality of the product, mainly for the lubricating property. This facilitated the extrusion process and made possible the use of temperatures of extrusion over 90°C, without bubbles formation into the pasta. The use of Dimodan had higher influence on the product than Esterlac, presenting the highest values of volume and weight increase of the cooked product. The best results were obtained through the mixture of 0,75% Dimodan and 0,25% Esterlac. However, the pasta containing Dimodan, individually or in mixtures, presented lateral cracks after cooking.

The objective was to determine the nutritional and functional characteristics of cookies with the addition of Gurguéia nut and soursop residue. Three whole-grain cookie formulations were developed from a standard (SC). Whole-grain cookies 2 (WC2) had greater acceptance and preference. Proximate composition, microbiological, and bioactive compound analyses were performed for WC2 and SC. WC2 exhibited higher levels of proteins, lipids, ash, total phenolics, condensed tannins, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity, with lower carbohydrate content and equivalent energy. In the microbiological analysis, the cookies were shown to be adequate for consumption. Cookies produced with regional raw materials proved to be a healthier option. Made available in DSpace on 2022-02-14T15:00:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NutritionalFunctionalCharacteristicsWholeGrainCookiesJCSTFev2022.pdf: 1580920 bytes, checksum: 2152acabf742d9cb8a56c34b66962e90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2022 Published online: 13 Feb 2022.

A mixture design was used to evaluate the effect of replacing (0 to 100%) wheat flour (WF) with wholegrain azuki bean (WABF) and rice (RF) flours on the biscuits quality. High proportions of WABF increased diameter and decreased thickness, whereas WF affected inversely and RF intermediate. The WF biscuit specific volume was 17% greater than that of the dough, and the WABF and RF biscuits were 5 and 13% smaller, respectively. Made available in DSpace on 2022-03-29T13:01:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CorrelationBetweenRheologicalTechnologicalPropertiesBiscuitsFST56.2021.pdf: 3019893 bytes, checksum: 4e37ecdd3a302b897f4ab1c6be445a6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

There is little research on the viscosity profile analysis of cowpea cotyledon flour (CCF). Due to the new ways of using pulses grains in the diet, it is important to evaluate the viscoamylographic behavior of raw and processed CCF. The CCF was obtained from the cultivars BRS Guariba and BRS Novaera and evaluated in the Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). For raw CCF it was used the “Standard 1” program. The extruded CCF was obtained from the cultivar BRS Guariba, which was processed following a central rotational composite design, combining thermoplastic extrusion temperatures (124; 130; 145; 160; 166 °C) and conditioning moisture (16.2%; 17%; 19%; 21%, 21.8%). The obtained extrusions were ground (Ø > 0.5 mm) and evaluated in the RVA using the program “Extrusion 2”. The raw CCF from BRS Guariba presented higher protein, lipid and mineral content and lower carbohydrate content than BRS Novaera. The raw CCF from BRS Guariba showed lower values of pasting temperature (79.35 °C), viscosity breakdown (103.00 cP) and seatback (1447.33 cP) compared to raw CCF from BRS Novaera. The extrusion process drastically changed all viscosity parameters, increasing the initial viscosity value and decreasing the value of other parameters. The extruded CCF had different pasting properties. CCF extruded at 166 °C and 19% moisture resulted in flours with higher initial viscosity and lower retrogradation values, which can be used as a thickener in food products, in addition to increase nutritional value. Resumo Há poucas pesquisas sobre a análise do perfil de viscosidade de farinhas de cotilédone de feijão-caupi (FCFC). Devido às novas formas de utilização dos grãos de pulses na dieta, torna-se importante avaliar o comportamento viscoamilográfico de FCFC cruas e processadas. As FCFC foram obtidas das cultivares BRS Guariba e BRS Novaera e avaliadas no Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA). Para a FCFC crua foi utilizado o programa “Standard 1”. As FCFC processadas foram obtidas da cultivar BRS Guariba, que foi extrusada seguindo um delineamento composto central rotacional, combinando temperaturas de extrusão termoplásticas (124; 130; 145; 160; 166 °C) e umidade de condicionamento (16,2%; 17%; 19%; 21%; 21,8%). Os extrusados obtidos foram moídos (Ø > 0,5 mm) e avaliados no RVA utilizando o programa “Extrusion 2”. A FCFC crua da BRS Guariba apresentou maior teor de proteínas, lipídios e minerais e menor teor de carboidratos que a BRS Novaera. A FCFC crua da BRS Guariba apresentou valores inferiores de temperatura de pasta (79,35 °C), quebra da viscosidade (103,00 cP) e retrogradação (1447,33 cP) em comparação à FCFC crua da BRS Novaera. O processo de extrusão alterou drasticamente todos os parâmetros de viscosidade, aumentando o valor inicial de viscosidade e diminuindo o valor dos demais parâmetros. As FCFC extrusadas apresentaram diferentes propriedades de pasta. A FCFC extrusada a 166 °C e 19% de umidade resultou em farinhas com maior viscosidade inicial e menores valores de retrogradação, que podem ser utilizadas como espessante em produtos alimentícios, além de aumentar o valor nutricional.

Flour production through milling is an alternative for the cowpea processing, when the aim is to obtain a product with higher added value. The objective of this work was to determine the chemical composition, the granulometry, and evaluate the microbiological characteristics of whole-bean flours from five cowpea cultivars (BRS Cauamé, BRS Guariba, BRS Xiquexique, BRS Novaera and BRS Itaim)... Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-05T23:22:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RevistaCaatinga31n1p217.pdf: 552937 bytes, checksum: a4096fc000f9cb252ce16363d1c697af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-05

The demand for clean, safe and sustainable alternative control measures of postharvest diseases of fruit has increased in recent years, and the use of UV-C irradiation is a potential option. This study focused on evaluating UV-C dose effect on in vitro and in vivo development of fungi species and also on postharvest decay on mango cv. Tommy Atkins. The evaluated fungi which cause decay were as follows: Botryosphaeria dothidea, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Alternaria alternata and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Fungus mycelium was exposed to increasing doses of UV-C irradiation: 0 (control), 2.0, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20 kJ m−2. L. theobromae and A. alternata received dose up to 59.7 kJ m−2. Mangos artificially inoculated with B. dothidea were treated with doses of UV-C irradiation: 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 e 10.0 kJ m−2 and stored at 10 °C for 15 days and for 2 days at 22 °C, observing the rot on daily basis. The trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with six replicates for in vitro tests and four replicates with seven fruit as experimental unit. The in vitro trials demonstrated that even high dose of UV-C (20 kJ m−2) was not able to control the fungi development. Nonetheless, low dose of UV-C irradiation at 2.5 kJ m−2 controlled around 70 % of fruit rot severity. Higher doses (>5 kJ m−2) caused damage on mango peel increasing the rot severity. Results suggest that, the application of low dose (