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The article considers the problem of the role of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in implementing the mechanism for division of jurisdictions and powers between the Russian Federation and its constituent entities. The author provides a general description of this differentiation mechanism and analyzes its evolution. Now, the division of powers takes place mainly through federal laws. However, the adoption of these laws is within the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and is carried out through a special procedure — the legislative process. Therefore, the author evaluates the role of constituent entities in the division of jurisdictions and powers mechanism through their role in federal legislation. The author identifies the main problems and formulates a few promising proposals aimed at strengthening the role of the subjects of the Russian Federation and increasing the degree of consideration of their regional interests in the division of powers.

In 1767, the New Towns were founded with the benefit of a new Town Charter. Under the government of the superintendent Pablo de Olavide, the lands of towns and places of royalty, but also of lordship, were expropriated and came under his jurisdiction. In Sierra Morena, an estate belonging to the Marquises of La Rambla, known as La Aliseda, was not expropriated. Our aim in this paper is to highlight the relations between this estate and the (Super)intendancy of Nuevas Poblaciones, analysing the problems of jurisdiction, together with the relations between the Marquises of La Rambla and the neo-populational rulers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author deals not only and primarily with legal issues, but also with political problems, processes, and perspectives that characterise Bosnia and Herzegovina. One can notice a number of conflicting opinions regarding the understanding and interpretation of the legal nature, international law status, division of jurisdiction, state organisation, and the position of the federal units (hereinafter: Entities) in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Additionally, there are also opposing concepts regarding the methods of institutional responsibilities (jurisdictions), the scope of reforms, and the future of Bosnia and Herzegovina in general. It must not be forgotten that the creation of this internationally-recognised state took place in turbulent social, political, and legal circumstances with the conclusion of the Dayton Peace Agreement. This analysis primarily includes the framework established by this agreement, with special emphasis on its Annex 4 (the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina). In this sense, the author examines how the process of peace implementation later turned into a crisis generator that is extant. Also, this issue is analysed with certain indications from the author that could be useful to overcome these impediments, but also to create a positive joint perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research dealt with studying the concept of federalism by defining it jurisprudentially and legally and determining the meanings of federalism according to the concept of some constitutional writers and jurists. The research dealt with identifying the most important characteristics of the legal system of federalism by stating the independence. This research paper reached a set of results, the most important of which is the right to independence of federal jurisdictions, which distinguishes this system from the system of administrative decentralization. The paper also suggested that it is necessary to create a balance between the federal authorities and the regional authorities in order to exclude the tendency to provocation or control on the part of the center or the central government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hamlet is a troubling piece. In this essay the reasons of internal ambiguity are analyzed through the conceptual prism of revenge. Moving from the well-known dispute between T.S. Eliot and C. Schmitt, the Author proposes an anti-canonical reading of the themes of the tragedy by reconstituting its socio-legal context. The aim is to bring to the surface legal elements which would be combined with the political facts already described by Schmitt in order to aid and amplify the validity of his argumentative approach. The historical transition from a documentary culture to a revenge culture, that marked the English imaginative world in Renaissance and post-Renaissance time, allows the interpreter to explain the excess not contained by Hamlet's plot not only with the figures of the taboo of the Queen and the taboo of the Avenger (outlined by Schmitt in his work Hamlet or Hecuba), but also with a new and yet unexplored taboo of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines air transport regulations from the perspective of persons with disabilities including persons with reduced mobility (PRM). The air transport sector has been the most advanced in terms of regulations that allow all passengers regardless of their disability to travel without barriers. In this regard, the author analyses European and US regulations that are prevalent in international air transport. The definition of PRM has been broader in transport regulations than in other regulations dealing with the rights of persons with disabilities. The rights of PRM have not been covered by an international treaty. The author identifies and examines some aspects that may have given rise to conflicts of law in international transport by air where at least two jurisdictions are involved. To do so, the comparative method of legal research has been applied, but the investigation of the law in force has helped to examine some nuances in terminology, including the definition of PRM.

Machine learning has emerged as a climatic technology in contemporary and prospective cyber threat intel systems, with numerous jurisdictions seamlessly integrating it into their operations. However, the current state of machine learning in cyber defence is still in its early stages, foreshadowing a noticeable unexplored research territory and practical implementation. This paper marks the initial endeavour to offer a comprehensive understanding of machine learning within the entire spectrum of cybersecurity jurisdictions, catering to potential end users with enthusiasm in this field of study. This paper aims to serve as a source of inspiration for significant advancements in ML within the cyber defence zone, laying the groundwork for the broader adoption of ML mitigations to safeguard present and heuristic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Cooperativos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The digital advertisement market has brought many changes to the approach through which companies engaged in multifarious sectors endeavour to increase the outreach of their products and services. In light of the benefits provided by digital advertisement as opposed to traditional advertisement, companies have been shifting towards digital advertisement, which also has simultaneously increased the competition concerns in this segment. Since these markets prima facie seem to be characterised by technological complexities and lack of transparency, it has been difficult for antitrust regulators throughout the world to scrutinise the activities in this market. However, the recent probes launched by the European Commission into the alleged anti-competitive activities carried out by Google and Meta in this market have the potential of carving some landmark changes in the approach of antitrust authorities to pay increasing attention to the activities carried out by these market players. In furtherance, we have provided an analysis of the approach adopted by various antitrust authorities, and the competition concerns that emanate from this market. Further, we have also elucidated India's position to regulate competition in digital advertisement markets and have also analysed some policy recommendations which can be implemented by the antitrust authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses how progressive taxation schemes, implemented by local welfarist government, affect the segregative properties of endogenous jurisdiction formation, using a model where local jurisdictions produce a local public good, financed by a progressive tax on households' wealth. A jurisdiction is composed of all the households that live in the same place. Local taxation parameters are determined so as to maximize a social welfare function. Households can "vote with their feet", which means that they can choose to move to the jurisdiction that offers the package "tax - amount of public good" that provides the highest utility level. The main result of this article is the proof that the maximin criterion is more segregative than the utilitarian one. Consequently, it suggests that local governments can not simultaneously struggle against inequalities and segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a multi-faceted emerging profession, forensic accounting is surrounded by some issues, controversies, and challenges among them lack of consensus on the entry requirements and certification of the profession, misconstruction of the innate goal of forensic accounting, and the lack of consensus on the teaching pedagogies of forensic accounting. The claim of ownership of forensic accounting by different professional bodies in different jurisdictions also exacerbates these challenges. With these issues surrounding the profession, this study sought to examine the state of affairs of forensic accounting in a developed economy, USA, and a developing economy South Africa. The comparison was based on the following criteria: certification; the profession issues; constitutional and judicial issues; and legal and regulatory issues. The study employed a desktop literature review methodology involving an in-depth review of relevant and current literature. The paper found that both countries share a similar status of the forensic accounting profession only on the profession issues. Differences were noted on the certification; constitutional and judicial issues; as well as the legal and regulatory issues. To date the profession is regulated in both jurisdictions but it happened in 2000 in the US and 2013 in South Africa. It can therefore be concluded that the similarity in forensic accounting profession status for the two jurisdictions is based only on the profession criteria with differences existing in the certification; constitutional and judicial; and legal and regulatory issues. The paper recommends more studies on comparing the status of the profession in other jurisdictions because extant literature still alludes to unresolved issues and challenges on forensic accounting in some jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario de la Sociedad Argentina de Historia de la Educación is the property of Argentinean Society of History of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to analyze the presence or absence of dialogue between national jurisdictions and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IDH Court), the article examines in a simple way and by analogy the form of who and how jurisprudence is issued in Mexico, in such a way that understood as an integration between a federation, a national judiciary and the jurisprudence issued by federal courts, respectively, it speaks of the legal impact of human rights as an ordinary source in national rights is included, like any other branch of law, it is addresses the study both from the content and from the procedural aspect, through direct sources. The Inter-American Court is aware that national judges and courts are subject to the law and therefore obliged to apply the provisions in force in the legal system, for this reason, in this article we speak of substantive conventional law, this meaning that, Human rights are preventive because, in view of the beneficial effect, it is legally prohibited for any national norm to derogate from a conventional right, unless the provisions of the country are more beneficial from the point of view of the pro hominid principle. In general, the conventional substantive law of human rights and constitutional rights related to fundamental rights constitute a block of constitutionality or a block of conventionality, revealing that jurisprudence allows unifying criteria and giving legal certainty to the defendants within the scope of the court decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eunomia is the property of Eunomia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, we argue that closer engagement with the field of new institutional economics (NIE) has the potential to provide researchers with a new theoretical toolbox that can be used to study economic and social practices that are not readily traceable in material culture. NIE assumes that individual actions are based on bounded rationality and that the existence of rules (institutions) and their enforcement – the institutional framework – influences agents' actions by providing different incentives and probabilities for different choices. Within this theoretical framework, we identify a number of concepts, such as collective identity and mobile jurisdictions , that seem to fit what we know of Viking age economic systems. In applying these models to the available archaeological and textual data, we outline the ways in which further research could provide a new understanding of economic interaction within a rapidly evolving context of diaspora and change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to quantify U.S. jurisdiction-level costs related to the COVID-19 Vaccination Program by estimating the per-dose-administered cost during December 20, 2020–May 31, 2021, from a combined federal and local government perspective. Costs were limited to vaccine purchase, administration (including operations and wastage), and local redistribution by jurisdictions. Data were collected through publicly available sources, published literature, and a survey of 62 jurisdictions (38 responded). A total of 284.6 million doses of COVID-19 vaccine were distributed to jurisdictions during the study period, of which 284.2 million doses were administered, and 0.4 million doses were wasted. The estimated cost per-dose-administered among the 38 jurisdictions that responded to study survey was $57.45 and imputed cost across all jurisdictions was $63.11. The findings on jurisdiction-level cost per-dose-administered and vaccination cost during the initial period of U.S. COVID-19 Vaccination Program, when demand exceeded supply, may be considered in future pandemic preparedness planning. • The estimated cost per-dose-administered among the 38 jurisdictions that responded to study survey was $57.45. • The estimate cost per-dose-administered across all jurisdictions was $63.11. • When planning for rapid vaccine access, sufficient funding is needed for redistribution and administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the author examines a batch of Tunisian archives from the modern era, not listed and never made available to researchers. By focusing on the production and archiving processes of these documents – election certificates (ittifâq-s) to public offices in local communities often involving very large sections of men – he questions the dominant gaze in the historiography of the province which, by adopting a state point of view, greatly amplifies the reality of the hegemony of central power and minimizes the role of local agents. The invisibilization of these archives participated in the construction of the image of a territorial and national state that was built by the dissolution of local authorities and the advent of a "modern" political subject, whereas in fact, local communities have integrated themselves into the global political body while retaining a relative autonomy which at least allows them to choose themselves those who govern them in the places where they live.

The administration or recognition of religious courts is a form of religious accommodation present in many constitutional states today commonly analysed in legal pluralism terms. This article contributes to the further analysis of the relationship between legal pluralism and rights in religiously diverse societies by examining the status of state religious courts and their interaction with state non-religious (secular) courts. In particular, I examine what Cover calls "jurisdictional redundancies" between the courts and conceptualize the allocation of power between religious and non-religious courts as a potentially productive site of interlegality. In doing so, I support concurrent jurisdictional allocations, arguing that exclusive jurisdiction could result in what I call an interlegal gap, whereby instead of inter-penetration of norms and production of reconciliatory principles, there is a justice gap whereby litigants may find themselves unable to obtain appropriate legal recourse including when neither court is willing to assume jurisdiction over the matter. This requires us to see the relationship between religious courts and non-religious courts through the more mundane but more practical lens of jurisdictional overlaps and competition, rather than through the more abstract framing of normative or even civilizational clashes. Accordingly, I argue that concurrent jurisdiction and interlegality have greater potential to strike a balance between individual and group rights and could be more protective of religious diversity. In other words, I argue for a closer, rather than a more separate, relationship between religious and non-religious courts, while denying that a hierarchical relationship where religious courts are subordinated to non-religious courts is the only way to protect rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External actors often advocate for organizations to address a wide range of societal concerns, such as diversity, equality, and sustainability, and organizations have frequently responded by establishing new positions to oversee these demands. However, calls to address social problems can be broad and unrelated to an organization's primary objectives, so the external mandates that underpin these new positions do not easily translate to clear task jurisdictions inside organizations. Furthermore, previous studies have found that the tasks that are pursued by occupations established through external pressure often diverge from what external groups had envisioned for these new roles. This study addresses the question of why this divergence occurs. It does so by examining the formation of the occupational group of sustainability managers in higher education. Through fieldwork, interviews, and analyses of longitudinal archival data, this paper uncovers the dynamics of jurisdictional drift and shows how jurisdictional drift unfolded first through sustainability managers' confrontation of their jurisdictional ambiguity, and then through their efforts at performing neutrality, in particular by trading external Politics for internal politics and trading values for standards. Additionally, it uncovers how the sustainability managers attempted to partially realign their jurisdiction with their external mandate, but did so in a concealed manner. This study illuminates the process of how jurisdictions can come to drift away from mandates, highlights the importance of studying how mandates are translated into jurisdictions, and also furthers our understanding of the formation of externally mandated occupational groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of territorial power among the different jurisdictions has undergone a number of modulations throughout the pandemic. The most intense ones have occurred during the states of alarm, due to the irruption of a general state power that conditions the exercise of the ordinary powers of the other jurisdictions, both regional and local. But even beyond the states of alarm, several phenomena of adaptation have occurred in the constitutional and legal distribution of powers. It is still too early to say which of these phenomena will persist once the pandemic is over. For the time being, these phenomena are only identifiable for analytical purposes: a relaxation in the rigidity of the legal distribution of powers; an increased relevance of preemption versus colliding decisions of different jurisdictions; redefinition of the limits of the organic law and the ordinary law; new types of intergovernmental delegations; widening of the state powers of coordination; and greater extension of the indirect Administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world in the 21st century has proven to be a dangerous and unsafe place to live full of unpredictable threats and risks that vary in form and intensity of manifestation. Due to the unpredictable trajectory of the dangers, there is a need to obtain timely, accurate, and verified intelligence data on the situation in certain regions and countries. Thus the modern intelligence services whose primary role is to protect the state and its vital interests from various types of security threats and risks were developed. Hence, we will analyze the process of reforms in the security-intelligence sector as an important segment for the integration of R.N.Macedonia in the Euro-Atlantic structures. At the same time, we will perceive the place and role that the security and intelligence services have as key entities in the national security system of the Republic of North Macedonia in order to take preventive and repressive measures in the fight against modern threats, as well as their legal competencies in the field of security and intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Constitucional is the property of Revista Historia Constitucional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent years have seen increased attention to legislative capacity and performance, including the development of individual Legislative Effectiveness (LE) scores for the US Congress. In comparing new committee chairs' scores to their scores prior to becoming chair I find significant variation in the 'boost' that committees impart to their chairs' LE, including several committees that do not significantly boost their chairs' LE scores at all. This study advances an organisational explanation for legislative effectiveness (at least as measured by LE scores) in contrast to previous work that emphasises member-level characteristics. Variation in committee tasks, roles, and member turnover significantly affect a committee chair's LE boost, often moreso than individual characteristics or shifts in party status. The LE boost a committee chair receives does not endure but disappears once the member is no longer chair, which challenges our understanding of the connections between experience, learning, and skill in the legislative process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are four Anglican jurisdictions in continental Europe. Two are national churches, Spain and Portugal; two are non-geographical jurisdictions serving persons not geographical regions. These four have overlaps among themselves; they also overlap with full-communion partners. The Episcopal Church's Convocation of Episcopal Churches in Europe is not officially a diocese, though it acts like one. Like the Diocese of Gibraltar in Europe, its mission is not limited geographically. The competition unwittingly engendered creates conflict that detracts from the part of God's mission accorded to each Church. This essay argues that creating an official Episcopal diocese in Europe is not the way forward, if common care for that mission is and should be the primary concern of all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Fronteras de la Historia is the property of Instituto Colombiano de Antropologia e Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On 28 August 2019, the Full Federal Court of Australia handed down its decision in four test cases selected by the Court as representative of over 50 cases brought on behalf of asylum seekers on Nauru and Papua New Guinea against the Minister for Home Affairs (the test cases). The test cases confirmed that the Federal Court does have the jurisdiction to hear negligence claims brought by immigration transferees offshore, but that the jurisdiction of the Federal Court has limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In India the concept of civil justice is not new. It has existed since time immemorial. A large number of related provisions are found in Manu, who compiled the then existing justice system in India of thousands of years ago in his fourteen-volume work titled Manava Dharma Shastra. The concept of justice is also found in detail in the Vedas, which are from avery ancient time. In both these scriptures the rule of law was adequately provided. Today, however, the Indian civil justice system resembles its common law counterparts. It features a coordinated, pyramid structure of judicial authority, emphasizing formal procedural justice dominated by litigants of equal status engaged in adversarial processes, and provides binding, win-lose remedies.

This study examines a recent reform in the Swedish teaching profession—the so-called first teacher reform, aimed at increasing teacher professionalism and the status of teachers. The reform created a situation by which a new role had to be created and inhabited by first teachers, appointed on what were considered arbitrary criteria. There were few existing norms, rules, and routines to draw upon for the newly appointed first teachers. The empirical focus of this study, based upon interviews and observations from seven schools in four Swedish municipalities, is how the newly appointed first teachers shape their role in relation to other teachers and to school management. We contribute to inhabited institutions theory by showing how processes of institutional change rely on externalization by relational work, through which the new role gains legitimacy and mutual recognition, and on objectification by jurisdictional work, through which the new role becomes taken for granted in a new division of labour. We thus argue that changes in the material basis of work processes are key to understanding processes of institutional inhabitation. Moreover, we show how changes in intra-professional jurisdictions can lead to upgrading, rather than degradation, of professional work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Feeding wild birds is a common and popular human-wildlife interaction throughout the world. However, controversy exists over the benefits and costs to the birds and humans involved. This bibliometric study documents wild bird feeding policies around the globe and examines environmental and socio-cultural factors which may influence the position adopted by these policies. We located 412 policies from 237 different countries, territories or dependencies (jurisdictions); 58.7% of jurisdictions had no information available online regarding wild bird feeding policy. Generalized Linear Modelling revealed that colder minimum ambient temperatures were associated with more pro-feeding policy settings. An index of controversy was calculated for each jurisdiction; most (77.6%) had no controversy. This study highlights the significant variation in policy settings for wild bird feeding across jurisdictions and controversy in almost a quarter of jurisdictions. Recommendations are made for the development of clear, consistent and readily available policy advice on this globally popular human-wildlife interaction. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • 59% of world's countries have no online wild bird feeding policy available. • Controversy over policy position evident in 22% of countries • 70% of located policies do not advise on provision of water for birds. • Pro-feeding policy is more likely in countries with lower temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study aims to provide a quantitative basis for the precision emission reduction of land-based total nitrogen (TN) pollutants in Qingdao, China. The total maximum allocated load (TMAL) of TN pollutants within jurisdictions in Qingdao was calculated by using a 3D hydrodynamic-water quality model and a linear programming model. The TMAL includes emission TMAL, point-source and nonpoint source TMAL, TMAL removed by municipal sewage treatment system (MSTS), and soil-retained and water-retained TMAL, which were calculated after the division of source units, establishment of the land-based TN load matrix, simulation of the concentration response matrix, setting of a dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration control standard in the Qingdao coastal area, and calculation of TMAL. In the reliability analysis, a concentration under TMAL was considered to indicate satisfactory water quality criteria (relative standard deviation = 17%, Kappa = 0.55). The results showed that the emission TMAL density of nitrogen pollutants in source units was 1.8 ton/km2/a. Nonpoint and point source-produced TMAL densities were 17.0 ton/km2/a and 5.2 ton/km2/a, respectively. MSTS-removed TMAL density was 12.2 ton/km2/a. Soil- and water-retained TMAL were 4.0 ton/km2/a and 0.7 ton/km2/a, respectively. The summed F (D) ∗ proportions of 10 districts were, in descending order, Huangdao (22%), Laoshan (21%), Jimo (18%), Shibei (13%), Licang (7%), Pingdu (7%), Jiaozhou (4%), Shinan (3%), Laixi (3%) and Chengyan (2%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]