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6. Effects of adaptive wormhole routing in event builder networks

Author

Bauer, Gerry, Boyer, Vincent, Branson, James, Brett, Angela, Cano, Eric, Carboni, Andrea, Ciganek, Marek, Cittolin, Sergio, Erhan, Samim, Gigi, Dominique, Glege, Frank, Gomez-Reino, Robert, Gulmini, Michele, Mlot, Esteban Gutierrez, Gutleber, Johannes, Jacobs, Claude, Kim, Jin Cheol, Klute, Markus, Lipeles, Elliot, Perez, Juan Antonio Lopez, Maron, Gaetano, Meijers, Frans, Meschi, Emilio, Moser, Roland, Murray, Steven, Oh, Alexander, Orsini, Luciano, Paus, Christoph, Petrucci, Andrea, Pieri, Marco, Pollet, Lucien, Racz, Attila, Sakulin, Hannes, Sani, Matteo, Schieferdecker, Philipp, Schwick, Christoph, Sumorok, Konstanty, Suzuki, Ichiro, Tsirigkas, Dimitrios, and Varela, Joao

Subjects
Computer networks -- Management, Information networks -- Management, Data entry -- Methods, Gigabit ethernet -- Equipment and supplies, Computer networks -- Equipment and supplies, Computer networks -- Usage, Gigabit Ethernet, Monitor/keyboard extender, Company business management, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

The data acquisition system of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider features a two-stage event builder, which combines data from about 500 sources into full events at an aggregate throughput of 100 GB/s. To meet the requirements, several architectures and interconnect technologies have been quantitatively evaluated. Myrinet will be used for the communication from the underground frontend devices to the surface event building system. Gigabit Ethernet is deployed in the surface event building system. Nearly full bi-section throughput can be obtained using a custom software driver for Myrinet based on barrel shifter traffic shaping. This paper discusses the use of Myrinet dual-port network interface cards supporting channel bonding to achieve virtual 5 GBit/s links with adaptive routing to alleviate the throughput limitations associated with wormhole routing. Adaptive routing is not expected to be suitable for high-throughput event builder applications in high-energy physics. To corroborate this claim, results from the CMS event builder preseries installation at CERN are presented and the problems of wormhole routing networks are discussed. Index Terms--Computer network performance, multistage interconnection networks, queuing analysis, routing.

Published
2008

7. The terabit/s super-fragment builder and Trigger Throttling System for the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at CERN

Author

Bauer, Gerry, Boyer, Vincent, Branson, James, Brett, Angela, Cano, Eric, Carboni, Andrea, Ciganek, Marek, Cittolin, Sergio, Erhan, Samim, Gigi, Dominique, Glege, Frank, Gomez-Reino, Robert, Gulmini, Michele, Mlot, Esteban Gutierrez, Gutleber, Johannes, Jacobs, Claude, Kim, Jin Cheol, Klute, Markus, Lipeles, Elliot, Perez, Juan Antonio Lopez, Maron, Gaetano, Meijers, Frans, Meschi, Emilio, Moser, Roland, Murray, Steven, Oh, Alexander, Orsini, Luciano, Paus, Christoph, Petrucci, Andrea, Pieri, Marco, Pollet, Lucien, Racz, Attila, Sakulin, Hannes, Sani, Matteo, Schieferdecker, Philipp, Schwick, Christoph, Sumorok, Konstanty, Suzuki, Ichiro, Tsirigkas, Dimitrios, and Varela, Joao

Subjects
Data entry -- Methods, Radiation warning systems -- Usage, Feedback control systems -- Methods, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

The Data Acquisition System of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment at the Large Hadron Collider reads out event fragments of an average size of 2 kB from around 650 detector front-ends at a rate of up to 100 kHz. The first stage of event-building is performed by the Super-Fragment Builder employing custom-built electronics and a Myrinet optical network. It reduces the number of fragments by one order of magnitude, thereby greatly decreasing the requirements for the subsequent event-assembly stage. Back-pressure from the down-stream event-processing or variations in the size and rate of events may give rise to buffer overflows in the subdetector's front-end electronics, which would result in data corruption and would require a time-consuming re-sync procedure to recover. The Trigger-Throttling System protects against these buffer overflows. It provides fast feedback from any of the subdetector front-ends to the trigger so that the trigger can be throttled before buffers overflow. This paper reports on new performance measurements and on the recent successful integration of a scaled-down setup of the described system with the trigger and with front-ends of all major subdetectors. The on-going commissioning of the full-scale system is discussed. Index Terms--Data acquisition, feedback systems, multistage interconnection networks, triggering.

Published
2008

8. The CMS high level trigger system

Author

Afaq, Anzar, Badgett, William, Bauer, Gerry, Biery, Kurt, Boyer, Vincent, Branson, James, Brett, Angela, Cano, Eric, Carboni, Andrea, Cheung, Harry, Ciganek, Marek, Cittolin, Sergio, Dagenhart, William, Erhan, Samim, Gigi, Dominique, Glege, Frank, Gomez-Reino, Robert, Gulmini, Michele, Gutleber, Johannes, Jacobs, Claude, Kim, Jin Cheol, Klute, Markus, Kowalkowski, Jim, Lipeles, Elliot, Perez, Juan Antonio Lopez, Maron, Gaetano, Meijers, Frans, Meschi, Emilio, Moser, Roland, Mlot, Esteban Gutierrez, Murray, Steven, Oh, Alexander, Orsini, Luciano, Paus, Christoph, Petrucci, Andrea, Pieri, Marco, Pollet, Lucien, Racz, Attila, Sakulin, Hannes, Sani, Matteo, Schieferdecker, Philipp, Schwick, Christoph, Sexton-Kennedy, Elizabeth, Sumorok, Konstanty, Suzuki, Ichiro, Tsirigkas, Dimitrios, and Varela, Joao

Subjects
Data entry -- Methods, Software -- Usage, Software quality, Business, Electronics, Electronics and electrical industries
Abstract

The CMS Data Acquisition (DAQ) System relies on a purely software driven High Level Trigger (HLT) to reduce the full Level 1 accept rate of 100 kHz to approximately 100 Hz for archiving and later offline analysis. The HLT operates on the full information of events assembled by an event builder collecting detector data from the CMS front-end systems. The HLT software consists of a sequence of reconstruction and filtering modules executed on a farm of O(1000) CPUs built from commodity hardware. This paper presents the architecture of the CMS HLT, which integrates the CMS reconstruction framework in the online environment. The mechanisms to configure, control, and monitor the Filter Farm and the procedures to validate the filtering code within the DAQ environment are described. Index Terms--Data acquisition, high level triggering, triggering.

Published
2008

9. Flexible custom designs for CMS DAQ

Author

Arcidiacono, Roberta, Bauer, Gerry, Boyer, Vincent, Brett, Angela, Cano, Eric, Carboni, Andrea, Ciganek, Marek, Cittolin, Sergio, Erhan, Samim, Gigi, Dominique, Glege, Frank, Gomez-Reino Garrido, Robert, Gulmini, Michele, Gutleber, Johannes, Jacobs, Claude, Maron, Gaetano, Meijers, Frans, Meschi, Emilio, Murray, Steven, Oh, Alexander, Orsini, Luciano, Paus, Christoph, Petrucci, Andrea, Gomez, Jonatan Piedra, Pieri, Marco, Pollet, Lucien, Racz, Attila, Sakulin, Hannes, Schwick, Christoph, Sumorok, Konstanty, Suzuki, Ichiro, Tsirigkas, Dimitrios, and Varela, Joao

Published
2007
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19. Foreword

Author

Jacobs, Claude, Hörl, Walter H., Vanrenterghem, Yves, Frei, Dieter, and Perkins, Alan C.

Published
2005

24. The pharmaceutical industry -- to whom is it accountable?

Author

Holmer, Alan F., Reif, Max C., Schwarting, J. Steven, Bohrer, Robert A., Hayes, Thomas A., Rightor, Ned, Summers, William K., Driscoll, James, Orient, Jane M., Jacobs, Claude, Mehta, Dilip J., and Angell, Marcia

Subjects
Pharmaceutical industry -- Analysis
Published
2000

30. Renal tolerance for ioxaglate in patients with chronic renal failure

Author

Deray, Gilbert, Cacoub, Patrice, Jacquiaud, Claude, Drobinski, Michel, Brillet, Georges, Bunker, David, Jaudon, Marie-Chantal, and Jacobs, Claude

Subjects
Chronic kidney failure -- Causes of, Contrast media -- Physiological aspects, Ioxaglate -- Adverse and side effects, Health
Abstract

Contrast materials are chemicals used for diagnostic purposes that are often injected into blood vessels. They can cause side effects, including kidney damage resulting in renal (kidney) failure. Research has suggested that high-osmolality (large concentration of ions or solutes) contrast agents are more likely to cause renal failure than low ones. Low-osmolality contrast agents, such as ioxaglate, have been developed to prevent these side effects. Research has indicated that ioxaglate has less toxic effects on the kidneys than high-osmolality agents, but these studies have been primarily based measuring serum creatinine levels. Serum creatinine levels rise when kidney failure occurs, but they often do not rise until after severe damage has occurred. This study examined the effects of ioxaglate on renal function using more sensitive measurements. These tests included measuring renal clearance of inulin and p-aminohippuric acid and determining excretion of urinary enzyme. These were measured in eight patients with chronic renal failure undergoing cardiac evaluations that required the injection of ioxaglate. Results showed that clearance rates and enzyme levels were comparable before and after the agent was administered. These results indicate that ioxaglate does not cause renal failure and is safe for use in those with kidney problems. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1991

32. The Final prototype of the Fast Merging Module (FMM) for readout status processing in CMS DAQ

Author

Rácz, Attila, Brigljevic, Vuko, Bruno, Giacomo, Cano, Eric, Cittolin, Sergio, Erhan, Samim, Gigi, Dominique, Glege, Frank, Gómez-Reino Garrido, R, Gulmini, Michele, Gutleber, Johannes, Jacobs, Claude, Kreuzer, Peter, Lo Presti, Giuseppe, Magrans de Abril, Ildefons, Marinelli, Nancy, Maron, Gaetano, Meijers, Frans, Meschi, Emilio, Murray, Stephen S, Oh, Alexander, Orsini, Luciano, Pieri, Marco, Pollet, Lucien, Rosinsky, Peter, Schwick, Christoph, Sphicas, Paris, and Varela, Joao

Subjects
Detectors and Experimental Techniques
Published
2004

45. Patients and methods

Author

Valderrábano, Fernando, primary, Hörl, Walter H., additional, Jacobs, Claude, additional, Macdougall, Iain C., additional, Parrondo, Ima, additional, Manhaeve, Dominique, additional, and Milisen, Koen, additional

Published
2000
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49. Foreword

Author

Valderrábano, Fernando, primary, Hörl, Walter H., additional, Jacobs, Claude, additional, and Macdougall, Iain C., additional

Published
2000
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