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This article explores a February 1980 trip to Japan by Douglas Fraser, the president of the United Automobile Workers. On the trip, Fraser met with the heads of Japan's biggest automakers, along with the prime minister and foreign affairs minister, pressing them to establish auto plants in the United States. Offering the first detailed examination of the trip — and the broader "build it here" campaign — this article argues that the visit was a crucial moment in the industry's history. Using rich and little-known primary records — including Fraser's personal notes and firsthand accounts from Japanese executives — this article shows that Fraser, along with supporters in the industry and federal government, influenced the Japanese to invest in the United States at a time when domestic manufacturers were in crisis. The article also reveals that the Japanese had fears about the move, especially about the quality of labor. Although they established plants, they placed them in the Lower Midwest or South, away from the UAW. The union's campaign had unintended consequences, helping the industry to survive — the foreign-owned sector grew to make half of all cars manufactured in North America — but not creating the union jobs that Fraser anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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After some initial euphoria, the SIJORI Growth Triangle--formed by Singapore, Johor (Malaysia) and Riau Islands (Indonesia)--seems to have been forgotten. The growth triangle concept was developed to enhance the attractiveness [...]

Author(s): Neil Savage Author Affiliations: The race to the top among the world's leaders in artificial intelligence A spectrogram of the sound of a human voice, used by voice-recognition software. [...], As revenues and research output soar in the field of AI, global competition between the United States, China and Europe heats up. As revenues and research output soar in the field of AI, global competition between the United States, China and Europe heats up.

This paper aims to see whether there is a commercial and financial rivalry between Turkey and Germany in the Balkans by examining the export volumes, exported items, and foreign direct investments of these two countries to five Balkan countries. Our findings show that the commercial competition between Turkey and Germany in the Balkans is not serious. However, as the export growth of Turkey in the region continues to increase as it has done in the last two decades, Turkey has the potential to be a serious competitor to Germany in electrical goods and appliances, motor vehicles parts and components, power generating machinery and vehicles, metal articles, specific and general industrial machines, and plastics., Introduction It is claimed in academic circles and in the media that there is a conflict of interest in the Balkans between Turkey and the EU in general, but Germany [...]

I. INTRODUCTION II. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION A. Realism B. Liberal and Institutional Theories C. Conclusion III. OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN COMPETITION LAW A. Problems of Not Having [...]

This article contains two distinct messages. First, when jurisdictions compete in two independent strategic variables, the decision to coordinate on one variable (a tax rate) induces a carry-over effect on the unconstrained instrument (infrastructure expenditures). Consequently, classical results of the tax coordination literature may be qualified. A second message is that the relative flexibility of the strategic instruments, which may depend on the time horizon of the decision making, does matter. In particular, tax coordination is more likely to be detrimental (in terms of revenue and/or welfare) when countries can compete simultaneously in taxes and infrastructure, rather than sequentially. The reason is that simultaneity eliminates strategic effects between tax and nontax instruments. (JEL H21, H87, H73, F21, C72), I. INTRODUCTION The debate over corporate tax coordination among international jurisdictions remains unresolved. In particular, it has been argued that the member states of the European Union (EU) should coordinate [...]

THE INDIAN-CHINESE PERCEPTIONS OF EACH OTHER In a poll conducted in 2013, 84 percent of Indians saw China posing a threat, and 60 percent saw China as a major threat [...]

I. TRADE SECRET LAW A. Trade Secret Doctrine B. Theory and Goals of Trade Secret Law II. CYBER-RISKS: CYBER-MISAPPROPRIATION AND POLITICAL REACTIONS A. The Cyber-Misappropriation Threat B. The Protectionist Response [...], Hackers all over the world exploit our reliance on computer systems to take American trade secrets. The response will likely be a dramatic strengthening of trade secret law. Congress has already passed statutes strengthening trade secret law, and more bills are pending. The alarmist rhetoric on cyber-risks to trade secrets, however, ignores the most dangerous risk. By over-reacting to the threat of cyber-misappropriation, we may suppress the innovation and competition that produce our trade secrets in the first place. This paper uses an array of studies on cyber-risks and trade secret litigation to show that bolstering trade secret rights will have little effect on cyber-misappropriation. The evidence indicates that trade secret holders cannot and will not pursue cyber-misappropriators in court for technological and business reasons, not for legal reasons. Worse, strengthening trade secret law will cause significant collateral damage. Trade secret holders will use stronger trade secret rights in other types of misappropriation cases to impede follow-on innovation, restrict worker mobility, dampen competition, and hamper public access to useful information. In short, the costs outweigh the benefits of bolstering trade secret law to combat cyber-misappropriation of trade secrets.

This paper examines how different types of interactions with U.S. markets by non-U.S. firms are associated with higher levels of CEO pay, greater emphasis on incentive-based compensation, and smaller pay [...]

Delaware corporate law is the de facto national law for publicly traded corporations. But whereas its importance is beyond dispute, its efficiency is not. In particular, prominent voices in the [...]

During the past decade, offshoring has become an established business practice. Yet it is still more common to offshore less advanced tasks compared with offshoring more advanced tasks, i.e., tasks closer to the core activities of the firm. The latter is a new phenomenon which raises many new issues on the boundaries of the firm. More or less advanced tasks can be found within all activities, e.g., in sales and marketing where telesales is on the less advanced end of the scale while branding and identity building are on the advanced end of the scale. This article focuses on the antecedents of advanced offshoring, exploring what causes firms to offshore some of their more advanced tasks. Our findings indicate that while the lower cost of unskilled, labor-intensive processes is the main driver for firms that offshore less advanced tasks, the offshoring of advanced tasks is part of firms' strategy to achieve international competitiveness through access to crossborder knowledge flows and foreign knowledge resources. Furthermore, offshoring of advanced manufacturing tasks seems to be more widespread and experience-based than the offshoring of advanced service tasks. Keywords Offshoring strategy * Advanced tasks * Offshoring experience, Introduction Offshoring of firm value chain activities across national and firm boundaries is a fundamental element in the ongoing reorganization of the world economy. In this paper, we explore the [...]

International competitiveness ultimately depends upon the linkages between a firm's unique, idiosyncratic capabilities (firm-specific advantages, FSAs) and its home country assets (country-specific advantages, CSAs). In this paper, we present a modified FSA/CSA matrix building upon the FSA/CSA matrix (Rugman 1981). We relate this to the diamond framework for national competitiveness (Porter 1990), and the double diamond model (Rugman and D'Cruz 1993). We provide empirical evidence to demonstrate the merits and usefulness of the modified FSA/CSA matrix using the Fortune Global 500 firms. We examine the FSAs based on the geographic scope of sales and CSAs that can lead to national, home region, and global competitiveness. Our empirical analysis suggests that the world's largest 500 firms have increased their firm-level international competitiveness. However, much of this is still being achieved within their home region. In other words, international competitiveness is a regional not a global phenomenon. Our findings have significant implications for research and practice. Future research in international marketing should take into account the multi-faceted nature of FSAs and CSAs across different levels. For MNE managers, our study provides useful insights for strategic marketing planning and implementation. Keywords International competitiveness * Regional * Global * Diamond * Double diamond * International marketing strategy * Firm-specific advantages (FSAs) * Country-specific advantages (CSAs), Introduction The collaboration between scholarly disciplines (e.g., psychology and marketing; marketing and international business) has been the driver of some major advancements in academic fields. International competitiveness is a subject [...]

Introduction In 1990, the Commission on Health Research for Development identified international health research partnerships as key to advancing health in developing countries and promoting global health equity. (1) Reports [...], International collaborative health research is justifiably expected to help reduce global health inequities. Investment in health policy and systems research in developing countries is essential to this process but, currently, funding for international research is mainly channelled towards the development of new medical interventions. This imbalance is largely due to research legislation and policies used in high-income countries. These policies have increasingly led these countries to invest in health research aimed at boosting national economic competitiveness rather than reducing health inequities. In the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the regulation of research has encouraged a model that: leads to products that can be commercialized; targets health needs that can be met by profitable, high-technology products; has the licensing of new products as its endpoint; and does not entail significant research capacity strengthening in other countries. Accordingly, investment in international research is directed towards pharmaceutical trials and product development public-private partnerships for neglected diseases. This diverts funding away from research that is needed to implement existing interventions and to strengthen health systems, i.e. health policy and systems research. Governments must restructure their research laws and policies to increase this essential research in developing countries. [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] Systemes de recherche pour la sante: faut-il encourager l'equite en matiere de sante ou la competitivite economique? La recherche collaborative internationale pour la sante devrait a juste titre permettre de reduire les injustices sanitaires. L'investissement realise dans la recherche en matiere de systemes et de politiques de sante dans les pays en developpement est essentiel a ce processus, mais, actuellement, le financement de la recherche internationale s'adresse principalement au developpement de nouvelles interventions medicales. Ce desequilibre est en grande partie du aux politiques et a la reglementation afferentes a la recherche que les pays a revenu eleve utilisent. Ces politiques incitent toujours davantage ces pays a investir dans la recherche medicale visant a stimuler la competitivite economique nationale, plutot qu'a reduire les injustices sanitaires. Aux Etats-Unis d'Amerique et au Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'lrlande du Nord, la reglementation relative a la recherche a encourage un modele qui: mene a des produits commercialisables, cible les besoins sanitaires auxquels des produits haute technologie rentables peuvent repondre, veut des licences sur les nouveaux produits comme resultat et ne suppose aucun renforcement significatif de la capacite de recherche dans d'autres pays. Par consequent, l'investissement dans la recherche internationale est dirige vers les essais pharmaceutiques et les partenariats publics-prives de developpement de produits pour les maladies negligees. Cela detourne le financement de la recherche necessaire a la mise en oeuvre d'interventions exjstantes et au renforcement des systemes de sante, c.-a-d, la recherche pour les systemes et les politiques de sante. Les gouvernements doivent restructurer leur reglementation et leurs politiques en matiere de recherche afin d'augmenter cette recherche essentielle dans les pays en developpement. [TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII.] Sistemas de investigacion sanitaria: [??]promocion de la igualdad sanitaria o competitividad economica? Es logico esperar que la investigacion sanitaria internacional ayude a reducir las injusticias en materia sanitaria en el mundo. Para este proceso resulta fundamental la inversion en investigacion acerca de estrategias y sistemas sanitarios en paises en vias de desarrollo. No obstante, la financiacion para la investigacion iniernacional esta canalizada en la actualidad hacia el desarrollo de intervenciones medicas nuevas. Este desequilibrio se debe en gran parte a la legislacion y a las estrategias de investigacion empleadas en los paises de ingresos elevados. Esas estrategias han llevado a dichos paises a invertir cada vez mas en una investigacion en salud dirigida a aumentar la competitividad economica nacional mas que a reducir las injusticias sanitarias. En los Estados Unidos de America y el Reino Unido de Gran Bretana e Irlanda del Norte, la regulacion de la investigacion ha fomentado un modelo que: se dirige a productos que pueden comercializarse; se centra en necesidades sanitarias que puedan cumplirse a traves de productos rentables y de alta tecnologia; tiene como objetivo final la autorizacion de productos nuevos; y no implica un fortalecimiento considerable de la capacidad de investigacion en otros paises. Por consiguiente, las inversiones en investigacion internacional estan dirigidas a ensayos farmaceuticos y colaboraciones publico-privadas de desarrollo de productos para enfermedades desatendidas. Esto desvia fondos de investigaciones necesarias para aplicar las intervenciones existentes y para reforzar los sistemas de salud, por ejemplo, las politicas de salud y los sistemas de investigacion. Los gobiernos deben reestructurar las leyes y politicas de investigacion para aumentar esta investigacion que resulta esencial en los paises en vias de desarrollo.

I. TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AS A CHALLENGE TO COMPETITION POLICY The fundamental nexus of private law and competition policy is mundane: economic competition requires a functional market, which in turn requires [...], In this article we criticize the so-called more economic approach to European competition law for disregarding the importance of a functional system of private law. Based on the availability of market governance as an alternative mode for organizing transactions, it is presumed that vertical integration, which is the central organizational structure of transnational corporations, is economically efficient. Since the enforcement of cross-border contracts by state-organized systems of private law, however, is insufficient, 'make-or-buy' decisions in international commerce are prejudiced against arms' length transactions in markets. Consequently, international transactions are integrated vertically into firms' structures to a higher degree than comparable domestic transactions organized in the shadow of domestic private law. The resulting overintegration of world markets leads to reduced competitive incentives and high bureaucratic costs. Contrary to the fundamental assumptions of the more economic approach, vertical integration does not, therefore, foster consumer welfare in the global economy per se. However, as this overintegration is a reasonable reaction to the deficits in state protection of cross-border contracts, a strict world antitrust law cannot counter it without suppressing cross-border exchange. Thus, international private law policy establishing legal certainty in the enforcement of cross-border contracts currently seems to be the instrument of choice in promoting competition in the global economy.

I. COMPETITION FOR LAW AS A PRODUCT Competition in markets for goods and services is a central feature of market economy systems. The market decides which products and services are [...], In many regions of the world and across various fields, law has become a product. Individuals and companies seek attractive legal regulations, and countries advertise their legal wares globally as they compete for customers. Transnational corporations in particular are prominent actors in the emerging transnational law market. This article investigates the causes of this development and discusses these changes with respect to company law, contract law, the law of dispute resolution, and insolvency law. It assesses the market for legal rules and its practical consequences, and it provides legal policy recommendations for an efficient framework of the transnational law market. The emphasis is on transnational corporations as market actors and on specifics of the European regulatory framework.

How knowledge obtained from partners in a strategic alliance influences organizational knowledge creation is discussed. An organization involved in such a partnership is expected to eventually show global innovative performance. How the coexistence of inter-firm cooperation and competition in strategic alliances affect knowledge acquisition is also discussed.

A study was conducted to show that offshore outsourcing of administrative and technical services by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is associated with greater extent and scope of internationalization of sales. Findings indicate that offshore outsourcing improves international competitiveness.

In recent years, the automakers have been forcing their suppliers (automotive parts manufacturers) to provide better quality products at competitive prices. To meet the challenge, the suppliers are outsourcing their business processes to either domestic or foreign suppliers. A survey of 160 CEO's/Presidents of automotive parts manufacturers in the North America was conducted to examine the effects of outsourcing strategy on the financial well-being of a firm. This study finds that the outsourcing strategy is widely used, and it is contributing positively to a supplier's financial performance. Keywords: Outsourcing, Offshoring, Automotive, Manufacturing, Financial Performance., CURRENT STATE OF OUTSOURCING Global competition dictates that manufacturing firms deliver quality goods to customers on demand and at lower costs. One of the ways to be competitive is through [...]

The recent proliferation of regional trade agreements in the East Asian region can be seen as the most notable development in the region's trading panorama in recent years. Yet, very [...]

Imperfect competition and variable markups integrated in a quantitative model of international trade is presented. International relative prices in industrialized countries show large and systematic deviations from purchasing power parity. Pricing-to-market is seen to depend on the presence of international trade costs.

In today's global construction industry, firms exist in competitive market environments. To gain and maintain a competitive position in an increasingly challenging climate, firms must achieve a deep understanding of their dynamic environments and shape their strategies according to evolving conditions. Effectively leveraging external forces and shaping internal company focus in relation to the environment are essential for competitive positioning and achieving sustainable growth. This paper explores the concepts of competitive positioning and continuity in the context of mode (cost, quality, innovation, and timing) and scope (segment, vertical, geographic, and industry) of competition for U.S. and Turkish construction firms in international markets. The analysis of selected U.S. and Turkish firms demonstrates the strategic choice perspectives of different firms and the effects of environmental forces on these strategies over time. This study shows that construction firms tend to pursue consistent strategies in international markets while they adjust these strategies according to market demands and global tendencies. Research findings also show the differences between the strategic perspectives of construction firms in high and middle income countries enabling the identification of the factors for competitive advantage of nations in international construction markets. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2008)24:4(207) CE Database subject headings: Competition; Construction companies; International factors; Marketing.

The revision in the business combination guidelines of Japan and the activities of the Japanese Fair Trade Commission's mergers and acquisition (M&A) division are discussed. The revised M&A laws are similar to the U.S and European Union guidelines and are supposed to promote fair and free competition by using actual merger reviews and the proper and prompt application of the business merger guidelines.

The article examines the interaction between firms and the Competition Authority in Ireland and ways in which it encourages pro-competitive complaints. The Authority by increasing the level of knowledge of firms as to what conduct or behavior is a breach of the Act, the object of competition policy and the method of analysis of acts of breaches, it is likely to receive more pro- and fewer anti-competitive allegations.

The article discusses the lack of antitrust enforcement in the European Union and the commission's suggestion of monetary compensation for damages. For the effective enforcement of law, more than the monetary incentives the European Commission needs to review the incompleteness of the antitrust laws and the requirements of relevant evidence to initiate a successful lawsuit.

The article examines the use of European Commission Article 82 for action against exploitation of oligopolistic dominance. To make a clear distinction between unilateral abuses of collective dominance another clause that is using practices like advance price notification or adopting a favorable customer clause should be added to Article 82 as abuse of oligopolistic dominance.

The article discusses the application of European law to the issue of national champions with regard to merger operations with community dimension. These mergers are controlled by the EC Merger Regulation, which allows the member states to decide on the number of merger operations across the border with provisions to protect its legitimate interests.

The behavior of Asian and Latin American firms in cases of successful acquisitions of advanced technological assets and international trade competitiveness is studied. The state plays the critical role of innovator at times, while the existence of alternative forms of organization is confirmed.