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Urban aquatic ecosystems are important to many species. But they are more subject to urban anthropization which impacts the organisms living there. This study aims to determine the composition and zooplankton density of urban aquatic ecosystems in Daloa. Zooplankton were sampled in June and October 2020, by filtering 90 liters of water on a 50 µm mesh screen, from three fish ponds, three lakes, three streams and one pool. A total of 57 taxa, consisting of 29 Rotifers (50.88%), 17 Copepods (29.82%) and 11 Cladocerans (19.30%), were inventoried. The richness and density varied, depending on the ecosystems, respectively from 04 to 20 taxa and from 4.44 to 139.99 ind/L. These values were higher during the daytime than at night, and in October than in June. The highest taxonomic richness was obtained at ETPA pond (20 taxa), and the lowest at RUGO creek (04 taxa). The highest densities were obtained in the ponds (139.99 ind/L, 75.56 ind/L and 72.60 ind/L) and the lowest in the creeks (4.44 ind/L) and the pool (17.41 ind/L). Nauplii and copepodites and the cladoceran Alona sp. were most observed at night in the lakes. Redundancy analysis showed that the proliferation of some Rotifers and Copepods is optimal in relatively warm and alkaline water ecosystems. Although zooplankton richness is higher during the daytime, night-time sampling should not be overlooked as a way to expand zooplankton taxonomic databases. &nbsp

Ce volume est issu d’une session de travail tenue en 2007 a l’universite de Stanford, on y trouve quatorze contributions consacrees aux Lois dont il est un peu agacant de lire que c’est un ouvrage « largely unread and underexplored » (p. 1, p. 10). Beaucoup de travail a ete accompli ces dernieres annees, il est dommage de ne pas le reconnaitre alors qu’une riche bibliographie invalide cette formule malheureuse. Quatorze contributions et une Introduction d’Anastasia-Erasmia Peponi composent c...

L’influence des théories philosophiques d’Antiphon, telles qu’on les connaît par le traité Sur la vérité, fut considérable durant la révolution oligar­chique des Quatre Cents, en 411. Son idée, selon laquelle il faut être caché de tout regard pour vivre « selon la nature », se traduisit par une politique systéma­tique d’obscurcissement de la cité, où personne ne savait plus qui se trouvait jouir de la pleine citoyenneté. Les Trente, au contraire, en 404, après qu’Anti­phon eut été mis à mort lors de l’intermède démocratique, choisirent de publier le catalogue de leurs partisans pour qu’ils ne pussent récuser leur responsabilité dans l’installation de la tyrannie et leur complicité dans ses crimes. Antiphon’s philosophical views, that are known to us from his treatise On Truth, had a major influence during the oligarchic revolution of the Four Hundred in 411 B.C. His idea that, in order to live « according to nature », one has to be out of every eye resulted in a systematic policy of darkening of the city, where no one knew any longer who was or not a full citizen. In 404 B.C., after that Antiphon was put to death at the time of the democratic interlude, the Thirty chose instead to publish the names of their supporters, in order that they couldn’t deny either their liability for setting up the tyranny or their complicity in its crimes.

SummaryBackground. Orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) is a major surgical intervention inducing distress and anxiety. Psychiatric evaluation of organ transplant candidates is now routinely proposed. This study purposed to assess the psychological evolution in patients having received psychological and/or psychiatric assistance before and during 1–6 postoperative months.Methods. Twenty-two consecutive transplant candidates were psychically evaluated as part of the preoperative protocol. In the waiting period, 1 and 6 months after OHT, they were asked to fill out the following questionnaires: the General Health Questionnaire, the Spielberger’s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Perceived Social Support Scale, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and the Personal Reaction Inventory.Results. A DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis was found in nine patients (41%); four patients (18%) presented with an Axis II diagnosis. One month after OHT, scores of depression, anxiety and general health significantly improved, while scores of social support, alexithymia and social desirability did not differ. In the sixth postoperative month, all psychological scores remained stable.Conclusions. A high prevalence of preoperative psychopathology was reported in 22 candidates who received OHT. Surgical intervention obviously improved the quality of life after cardiac transplantation. If the impact of psychological and/or psychiatric aid remains difficult to appraise, these results emphasize the positive impact of surgery on psychological status and the appropriateness of the psychosomatician’s social support intervention on patients facing the transplant process.

Bertrand Jean-Marie. De la stasis dans les cités platoniciennes. In: Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 10, 1999. pp. 209-224.

To determine whether initial lung volume optimization influences respiratory mechanics, which could indicate the achievement of optimal volume, we studied 17 premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) assisted by high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. The continuous distending pressure (CDP) was increased stepwise from 6–8 cmH2O up to optimal CDP (OCDP), i.e., that allowing good oxygenation with the lowest inspired O2fraction. Respiratory system compliance (Crs) and resistance were concomitantly measured. Mean OCDP was 16.5 ± 1.2 cmH2O. Inspired O2fraction could be reduced from an initial level of 0.73 ± 0.17 to 0.33 ± 0.07. However, Crs (0.45 ± 0.14 ml ⋅ cmH2O−1⋅ kg−1at starting CDP point) remained unchanged through lung volume optimization but appeared inversely related to OCDP. Similarly, respiratory system resistance was not affected. We conclude that there is a marked dissociation between oxygenation improvement and Crs profile during the initial phase of lung recruitment by early high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in infants with RDS. Thus optimal lung volume cannot be defined by serial Crs measurement. At the most, low initial Crs suggests that higher CDP will be needed.

The historian of classic antiquity studies the "political animal" in his natural environment, the city. It was not the land which set its form on the system but the human discourse. In order to understand its complexity, a geography of representations, which only allows to analyse what the working integration of man in his land was, has to be built up., L'historien de l'Antiquité classique étudie "l'animal politique" dans son milieu naturel, la cité. Ce n 'est pas le terroir qui imposa sa forme à ce système mais le discours de l'homme. Il faut donc, pour en comprendre la complexité, construire une géographie des représentations qui seule permet d'analyser ce que fut le jeu de l'insertion de l'homme dans son territoire., Bertrand Jean-Marie. Géographies de l'Antiquité. In: Espaces Temps, 68-70, 1998. Histoire/géographie, 2. Les promesses du désordre, sous la direction de Patrick Garcia. pp. 95-101.

Fourth and last article of a series dedicated to the explanation of a chapter of the Rhetoric of Aristote, is dedicated in to epieikes, he epieikeia, the fair, the equity. The text is put in parallel with diverse passages of the Ethics in Nicomaque (1137b 23-1138a 3 in particular) whose difficulty aroused divergent comments. The equity is not the negation of the straight right because its practice joins it. The fair for the litigant is not to push its advantage beyond the reasonable, for the judge not to use its legal science to crush the culprit beyond the necessities. The justice has for function to insure the social and political peace in the city so that the correct judgment is the one which establishes itself firmly on the law while meeting the needs of moment. Aristote’s propositions seem to have inspired the practice of the cities of the Hellenistic period which appealed in the moments of crisis to foreign judges to arbitrate the conflicts between their citizens rather than to appoint by the pronouncement of judgments the winners in a procedural confrontation so that they restored the harmony in the political body., Quatrième et dernier article d’une série consacrée à l’explication d’un chapitre de la Rhétorique d’Aristote, il traite de to épieikès, hè épieikeia, l’équitable, l’équité. Le texte est mis en parallèle avec divers passages de l’Éthique à Nicomaque (1137b 23-1138a 3 notamment) dont la difficulté a suscité des commentaires modernes divergents qui sont analysés. L’équité n’est pas la négation du droit car sa pratique s’y inscrit. L’équitable pour le plaideur est de ne pas pousser son avantage au delà du raisonnable, pour le juge de ne pas utiliser sa science juridique pour écraser le coupable au delà du nécessaire. La justice a pour fonction d’assurer la paix sociale et politique dans la cité de telle sorte que le jugement correct est celui qui se fonde fermement sur le droit tout en répondant aux besoins du moment. Les propositions d’Aristote semblent avoir inspiré la pratique des cités de l’époque hellénistique qui ont fait appel dans les moments de crise à des juges étrangers pour arbitrer les conflits entre leurs citoyens plutôt que pour y désigner par le prononcé de sentences les vainqueurs d’un affrontement procédural de telle sorte qu’ils rétablissaient l’harmonie dans le corps politique., Bertrand Jean-Marie. À propos de la Rhétorique d’Aristote (I, 1373b 1-1374b 23), analyse du processus judiciaire. IV. Épieikeia. In: Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 20, 2009. pp. 7-27.

In the Greek world, keeping oneself to oneself is not regarded as compatible with the duties of a citizen, particularly in Plato’s Magnesia. A citizen is supposed to cultivate political virtue, without concealing what he is or what he is doing. In the Laws, the legislator gives the rulers the possibility of knowing everything about everyone. The private life of newlyweds is closely watched. If their sexual life deviates form the norms, they are publicly stigmatised., Dans le monde grec, le fait de se cantonner en son particulier, n’est jamais considéré comme conforme aux devoirs d’un citoyen, surtout dans la Magnésie platonicienne. Chacun doit s’y consacrer à la pratique de la vertu politique, sans rien dissimuler de ce qu’il fait ni de ce qu’il est. Le législateur des Lois donne aux dirigeants les moyens de tout connaître sur tous. L’intimité des jeunes époux est particulièrement surveillée. Si leur vie sexuelle n’est pas conforme aux normes, il se voient publiquement stigmatisés., Bertrand Jean-Marie. Du nid au pilori. Le clair et l’obscur dans la cité des Magnètes platoniciens. In: Ktèma : civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques, N°23, 1998. Public et privé en Grèce ancienne : lieux, conduites, pratiques. pp. 423-430.

Bertrand, Jean-Marie - The language of law and political discourse in the cities of the ancient Greeks. Some thoughts about Plato's Laws. According to Plato, the language of his ideal City should work so as to attain the perfection he dreamed about. He believes that the law can only be expressed in terms of order, knowing full well that the law-maker cannot be sure of being obeyed through persuasion alone. Legislative discourse thus appears to serve the demonstration that evil exists within the social group, rather than lead to the road of virtue. So that the words spoken by the citizens should at every instant produce the perfect City, the philosopher indicates how censorship must operate, and vocabulary control, and the networks spreading rumors and lies ; and how political speech(es) should be theatrics., Platon dans les Lois montre comment doit fonctionner le langage de la cité qu'il prétend construire de telle sorte qu'elle atteigne à la perfection dont il rêve. Il croit que la loi ne peut s'exprimer selon une autre modalité que l'ordre, il sait que l'usage de la persuasion ne peut suffire à procurer au législateur l'obéissance du justiciable. Le discours législatif semble donc servir à manifester l'existence du mal dans le groupe social et non pas à conduire à la vertu. Pour que les paroles prononcées par les citoyens puissent par leur efficace produire à chaque moment de leur énonciation la cité parfaite, le philosophe indique comment doivent fonctionner la censure, le contrôle du vocabulaire, les réseaux diffusant rumeurs et mensonges, quelle doit être par ailleurs la théâtralisation du discours politique., Bertrand Jean-Marie. Langage juridique et discours politique dans les cités grecques de l'Antiquité. Réflexions sur les Lois de Platon. In: Langage et société, n°77, 1996. pp. 55-81.

Bertrand Jean-Marie. Territoire donné, territoire attribué : note sur la pratique de l'attribution dans le monde impérial de Rome. In: Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz, 2, 1991. pp. 125-164.

The absence of the trachea is a rare and always lethal congenital malformation. Temporary survival depends on ventilation through the esophagus. We report our experience with a newborn who presented this unusual tracheal abnormality in association with cardiac malformation. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:119–120.

Early Respiratory changes after Surfactant Therapy in Premature Infants assisted by Primary High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV). 1684

Background:The bactericidal efficacy of Aminoglycosides (Ags) is directly related to peak (P) serum concentrations (C), particularly the first one. Transitory high C of Ags do not result in such a high-drug uptake by renal and cochlear tissues because of the saturation of cell binding sites. In most clinical practice using conventional schedule of Ags administration in sick neonates (N), pharmacokinetic profiles remain inadequate (low P and too elevated trough (T) C), which diminishs efficacy, increases risks of toxicity and emergence of bacterial resistance. Objective: Prospective evaluation of a new dosing-chart of Amikacin (Ak),based on a previous pharmacokinetic population study, in high risk N suspected of infection within the 2 first days of life. Study Design: 177 N (69 females and 108 males); mean gestational age (GA) ±1SD: 33.6 ± 4.1 Weeks (W) received Ak regimen dosage according to the following dosing-chart: Group (Gr) 1a GA 0.05) between the treated Gr and the corresponding non-treated control Gr. While the primary aim was not to test the bactericidal efficacy of this new regimen, the recovery was excellent in 37 N with proven or highly suspected infection. Conclusion:The proposed scheme of Ak Administration, even in high-risk N, allows to achieve adequate Ak P and T serum C (whatever the GA at birth), while drug-induced renal and cochlear toxicity is kept minimal. These serum C would allow for a P-Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ratio ≥ 8 to be easily reached, which is now considered as optimal for Ags treatment.

High Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation (HFOV) in Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): effects of early Lung Volume Optimization(LVO). 1522

Bertrand J.-P., Chalmin Philippe. Les mutations dans l'environnement international de la CEE sur les grands marchés des produits agricoles. In: Économie rurale. N°164, 1984. pp. 52-55.

Bertrand Jean-Marie - "Language and Politics : on the pseudo-Xenophon Treatise The Constitution of the Athenians". In a pamphlet issued at the beginning of the Peloponesis war, Pseudo-Xenonphontes seems to regret that the language which is spoken in Athens is losing its purity. He thus plays a demagogic game with the people's distrust towards foreigners, whose presence in the City would be responsible for this degeneracy. In fact, he wishs the poor to be deprived of citizenship. Those, as oarsmen in the fleet, do know the technical vocabulary of seafaring, but only the rich would be able to speak a language which could be useful for political discourse., Dans un pamphlet paru au début de la Guerre du Péloponèse, le Pseudo-Xénophon prétend regretter que la langue parlée à Athènes perde de sa pureté. Il joue ainsi de façon démagogiqque avec la méfiance du peuple à l'égard des étrangers dont la présence en ville serait responsable de cet abâtardissement. En fait il souhaiterait que soient privés de leur citoyenneté les pauvres. Ceux-ci, rameurs de la flotte, connaissent bien le vocabulaire technique de la marine, mais seuls les riches seraient capables de parler une langue qui puisse servir de discours politique., Bertrand Jean-Marie. Langage et politique : réflexion sur le traité pseudo-xénophontique De la République des Athéniens. In: Langage et société, n°49, 1989. pp. 25-41.

The tremendous expansion of the Brazilian soybean complex is not only caused by the transfer of the American soybean model (consumption and production model) by multinational firms. Neither is it a simple case of a «green revolution» success. The Brazilian complex results from a research effort, a response of the wheat and coffee producers and an «agri-business» mobilization helped and protected by the State. This complex produces an original model which although partially «dependant» is however definitively national. Cultivated on 8 millions of hectares, soybean is a capital-intensive crop, locally processed by a competitive crushing industry. Brazil is becoming a strong competiter of the United States on the international market of soybean meal and oil. The limit of the soybean model is its selective character — only 20 % of the producers receive credits and assistance— which creates a new desequilibrium between regions and products. The substitution between soybean and others crops leads to a certain food shortages. The constitution of the soybean complex is linked to the rise of Brazil on the international scene. Its arrival has created a new situation on the international soybean market where the oligopolistic structure has been destabilized., Le développement spectaculaire de la production et des échanges de soja au Brésil correspond-il à un nouveau cycle «agro-exportateur» de type classique ou à un transfert pur et simple, par l'intermédiaire des firmes multinationales, du «modèle» américain de consommation et de production de soja ? Aucune de ces réponses n'est satisfaisante car elles minimisent le rôle de l'État. Nous montrons qu'au Brésil, un «complexe» se constitue autour du soja dans le cadre d'une politique globale très sélective. Il naît de la convergence entre un effort de recherche, une réponse des producteurs (de blé, de café surtout), une mobilisation des industriels et des commerçants (nationaux et étrangers) et la protection de l'État. Ce «complexe» définit un modèle original, «dépendant» certes en partie de l'extérieur, mais incontestablement national. Dans le cadre de ce «modèle», le Brésil exporte aujourd'hui des produits transformés «agro-industriels» (huile et tourteaux de soja, viande de volailles, etc.) à partir d'une agriculture intensive, forte consommatrice d'intrants industriels. Le modèle ne concerne toutefois qu'une minorité (environ 20 %) des producteurs surtout localisés dans le Sud, ce qui accentue les déséquilibres régionaux, tandis que les problèmes alimentaires du pays demeurent. Participant à l'émergence du Brésil sur la scène des échanges agro-alimentaires internationaux, la formation du complexe soja brésilien entraîne une modification de la structure du marché mondial de ce produit : le Brésil est désormais un partenaire de poids dans une dynamique d'oligopole déstabilisé., Bertrand J.-P. Le « boom » du soja au Brésil : les formes de développement agricole et alimentaire adoptées peuvent-elles servir du paradigme pour le Tiers-Monde ?. In: Économie rurale. N°147-148, 1982. pp. 21-26.

Bertrand Jean-Marie, Gruenais Max-Peter. Sur les termes réputés techniques dans les sources anciennes : l'exemple de "topos". In: Langage et société, n°16, 1981. pp. 67-82.

Bertrand Jean-Marie, Gruenais Max-Peter. Quelques aspects de la métaphore organique dans le domaine politique. In: Langage et société, n°29, 1984. pp. 39-57.

Ten children with cystic fibrosis, aged 3.5 to 12 years, whose weights were lower than 90% of the expected weight for height, received high-calorie elemental enteral alimentation for four weeks. Clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical evaluations as well as blood gas analyses and chest radiograph scoring were performed in all. Pulmonary function tests were performed in the five older children, and progressive exercise tests in three. These evaluations were done before, immediately after, and two months after termination of therapy. Nutritional therapy resulted in an increase of caloric intake and in dramatic weight gain, which persisted only for a short time and was mainly related to adipose tissue accretion. No functional improvement accompanied the amelioration in nutritional status. This short-term nutritional therapy in malnourished children with cystic fibrosis was effective in increasing relative weight and energy stores, but there was no evidence of any long-term functional benefit.

The Conditions of International Competition between Ground-nuts, Soya beans and Colza - Ground nuts, colza and soya beans are comparable p-oducts as foodstuffs. They all contain oil and proteins in varying quantities. Their use and the regions where they are produced depend at any given time on the relations and exchanges between nations and on the protectionist or free-trade policies of states. Thus the colonial policy of European countired situated table-oil production (ground nuts, colza and soya) in Asia (India, China) and in Africa (Senegal, Nigeria). Under an appearance of free-trade this poHcy fixed the trade flow in zones of influence where the old industrial countries controlled the supply of raw materials. The protectionist policy of the « Young Countries » are an answer to these policies. In 1930 already the USA developped the production of soya beans with tariff-protection and idirect aid for production. The break up of the colonial system after the war benefited American soya which dominated oil-protein exchanges while new forms of protection in Europe were an attempt to aid national production (colza in France and Germany). But the struggle is unequal. Soya in the US is one of the bases of multinational firms whose strategy depends partly on European protectionism. European colza cannot win because the national economic agents (French firms) are not able to make it the basis of an alternative food pattern (oil and proteins). The competition (after 1967) between ground nuts and soya concerns totally different production conditions. Ground nuts are not (unlike colza) the xesult of a form of agriculture integrated in the industrial production process., Arachide, colza et soja sont des produits comparables du point de vue alimentaire. Ce sont des oléoprotéa- gineux, dont la composition en huile et protéines varie. Leurs utilisations, la localisation de leurs productions, sont fonction, à un moment donné, des rapports, des flux d'échanges entre pays, et des politiques protectionnistes ou libre- échangistes des Etats. Ainsi la politique coloniale des pays européens localise la production oléagineuse (arachide, colza et soja) en Asie (Inde, Chine) et en Afrique (Sénégal, Nigeria). Sous couleur libre-échangiste, cette politique compartimente les flux d'échanges en zones d'influences où les vieux pays industriels contrôlent les sources d'approvisionnement en matières premières. A de telles politiques répondent les politiques protectionnistes des « Jeunes pays ». Les USA dès 1930 développent la production de soja sur la base de protections douanières et d'un soutien direct à la production. Le démantèlement des relations coloniales après-guerre favorise le soja américain qui domine les échanges oléoprotéagineux, alors que de nouvelles protections en Europe tentent de soutenir des productions nationales (colza en France et en Allemagne). Mais la bataille est inégale. Le soja est, aux USA, une des bases matérielles des firmes multinationales dont la stratégie repose en partie sur le protectionnisme européen. Le colza européen part battu, car les agents économiques nationaux (firmes françaises) sont incapables d'en faire la base d'un modèle alimentaire (huile et protéines) alternatif. La concurrence (après 1967) entre arachide et soja confronte des conditions de production totalement differences. L'arachide n'est pas au même titre que le soja le fruit d'une agriculture très intégrée au processus de production industriel., Berlan J.-P., Bertrand J.-P., Lebas L., Marlone M. Les conditions de la concurrence internationale entre soja, arachide et colza. In: Économie rurale. N°116, 1976. Les produits alimentaires stratégiques - deuxième partie. pp. 10-22.

Twelve children were evaluated 7.1 years (mean) after surgical repair of a vascular ring causing tracheal compression. Nine patients complained of persistent respiratory symptoms, mostly cough, dyspnea, and/or wheezing. Functional evaluation revealed abnormal spirometry and/or lung volumes in seven subjects. Analysis of maximal expiratory-inspiratory flow-volume loops suggested the presence of residual upper airway obstruction in three patients and peripheral airway obstruction in three others. Eleven patients demonstrated bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine.

The representations of Italian peninsula and their metamorphoses as described in the geographical works of Polybe, Strabon and Pliny the Elder., Les représentations de la péninsule italienne et leurs métamorphoses dans les écrits géographiques de Polybe, Strabon et Pline l’Ancien., Las representaciones de la península italiana y sus metamorfosis en los escritos geográficos de Polibio, Estrabón y Plinio el Viejo., Bertrand Jean-Marie. Sur quelques descriptions antiques de la péninsule italienne. In: Mappemonde, 1986/2. pp. 26-30.

Of 33 children admitted within 24 hours after accidental ingestion of a caustic substance, 14 (42.5%) had evidence of upper airway lesions on direct laryngoscopy. Three patients, 10 to 12 months old, needed endotracheal intubation for acute respiratory obstruction; four patients younger than 2 years had severe dyspnea without obstruction; seven patients had mild or no respiratory symptoms. All were discharged without respiratory sequelae, although esophageal stenosis developed in six patients. Nine of 13 patients younger than 2 years, compared to five of 20 patients older than 2 years, had upper airway lesions (P less than 0.01). The frequency of respiratory tract lesions was higher in patients with severe esophagitis. Eleven of 17 patients with severe esophagitis, compared to three of 16 with mild inflammation, had respiratory tract lesions (P less than 0.025). No specific caustic substance predisposed to upper airway lesions.