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We illustrate the ideas of bulk reconstruction in the context of random tensor network toy models of holography. Specifically, we demonstrate how the Petz reconstruction map works to obtain bulk operators from the boundary data by exploiting the replica trick. We also take the opportunity to comment on the differences between coarse-graining and random projections.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a systemic metabolic bone disease that is characterized by decreased bone mineral density and microstructural damage to bone tissue. Recent studies have demonstrated significant advances in the research of programmed cell death (PCD) in OP. However, there is no bibliometric analysis in this research field. This study searched the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database for literature related to OP and PCD from 2000 to 2023. This study used VOSviewers 1.6.20, the "bibliometrix" R package, and CiteSpace (6.2.R3) for bibliometric and visualization analysis. A total of 2905 articles from 80 countries were included, with China and the United States leading the way. The number of publications related to PCD in OP is increasing year by year. The main research institutions are Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Chinese Medical University, Southern Medical University, Zhejiang University, and Soochow University. Bone is the most popular journal in the field of PCD in OP, and the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research is the most co-cited journal. These publications come from 14,801 authors, with Liu Zong-Ping, Yang Lei, Manolagas Stavros C, Zhang Wei, and Zhao Hong-Yan having published the most papers. Ronald S. Weinstein was co-cited most often. Oxidative stress and autophagy are the current research hot spots for PCD in OP. This bibliometric study provides the first comprehensive summary of trends and developments in PCD research in OP. This information identifies the most recent research frontiers and hot directions, which will provide a definitive reference for scholars studying PCD in OP., (© 2024 The Author(s). Orthopaedic Surgery published by Tianjin Hospital and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Background: Osteoporosis is a common metabolic disorder that significantly impacts quality of life in the elderly population. Macrophages play a crucial role in the development of osteoporosis by regulating bone metabolism through cytokine secretion. However, there is a lack of scholarly literature in the field of bibliometrics on this topic., Objective: This study provides a detailed analysis of the research focus and knowledge structure of macrophage studies in osteoporosis using bibliometrics., Methods: The scientific literature on macrophage research in the context of osteoporosis, retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database spanning from January 1999 to December 2023, has been incorporated for bibliometric examination. The data is methodically analyzed and visually represented using analytical and visualization tools including VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Scimago Graphica, the Bibliometrix R package, and Pajek., Results and Conclusions: In the last quarter-century, there has been a consistent rise in the quantity of scholarly publications focusing on the relationship between macrophages and osteoporosis, resulting in a total of 1499 research documents. These studies have originated from 45 different countries, with China, South Korea, and the United States being the most prominent contributors, and the United States having the highest frequency of citations. Noteworthy research institutions involved in this field include Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Wonkwang University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and Seoul National University. The Journal of Bone and Mineral Research is widely regarded as the premier and most frequently referenced publication in the field. These publications involve the collaboration of 8744 authors, with Lee Myeung Su contributing the most articles, and Takayanagi being the most co-cited author. Key emerging research focal points are encapsulated in keywords such as "mTOR," "BMSCs," "bone regeneration," and "exosome." The relationships between exosome from macrophage sources and those from BMSCs, along with the regulatory role of the mTOR signaling pathway on macrophages, represent crucial directions for future development in this field. This study represents the inaugural comprehensive bibliometric analysis detailing trends and advancements in macrophage research within the osteoporosis domain. It delineates recent frontiers and hotspots, providing valuable insights for researchers in this particular area of study., (© 2024 The Author(s). Orthopaedic Surgery published by Tianjin Hospital and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.)

Despite the significant impacts of natural factors such as rainfall, topography, soil type, and river network as well as agricultural activities on the environmental water quality, little is known about the influence of their temporal and spatial variations in a fluvial-lacustrine watershed. In this study, a whole process accounting method based the export coefficient model (WP-ECM) was first developed to quantify how natural factors and agricultural activities distribution influenced water quality. A case study was performed in a typical fluvial-lacustrine area - Dongting basin, China. The simulated results indicated that the natural factors can promote and inhibit the migration and transformation of agricultural pollutants generated from the watershed and the spatial distribution of the natural factors displayed high variability. It should be priority to monitor the areas with greater natural impact in the basin. Moreover, the cultivated land area and the number of pig-breeding were positively correlated with the pollutant discharge. From the perspective of the spatial distribution of comprehensive influence, the comprehensive high-impact areas are mainly distributed in the Dongting Lake district in 2005-2010 and in Xiang River watershed in 2010-2020. A key strategy for controlling or reducing the cultivated land area and the intensity of livestock breeding in these high-impacts areas is recommended to reduce the impact of the environmental water quality for the entire basin., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Investigating age and growth histories of old trees is important for census and document of old trees in China. In this study, we analyzed the age and growth histories of 20 old trees of Juglans regia and 10 old trees of Sabina tibeticain Nyemo County, Tibet, China, using dendrochronological methods. The results showed that 4, 7 and 9 J. regia trees were identified as Class 1, 2 and 3 to protection, and 2, 4 and 4 S. tibetica trees as Class 1, 2 and 3 to protection, respectively. Tree growth of both species was synchronized in the study area, especially during 1940s-1980s. There were substantial differences in the growth among individuals. Significantly positive correlation was found between the ring-width chronologies of the two tree species and Palmer drought severity indices (PDSI). Old trees were mainly distributed in villages and road sides, where human activities were frequent. In addition to the climatic factors, frequent human activities in the study area played an important role in affecting tree radial growth. It caused synchronous radial growth of the old trees between those two species and significant variation among different individuals. Both climate change and human activities should be considered to make the conservation plans for old trees in Nyemo County.

General control non-derepressible-2 (GCN2) is a ubiquitous protein kinase that phosphorylates the α subunit of the eukaryotic initiation factor, eIF2, preventing the initiation of a new cycle of protein synthesis, subsequently reducing the global protein biosynthesis. GCN2 can also regulate the response of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, two GCN2 homologs, NtGCN2-1 and NtGCN2-2 , were cloned from Nicotiana tabacum , and were predicted to have been derived from their progenitors in N. tomentosiformis and N. sylvestris , respectively. The phosphorylation of NteIF2α could be activated by promoting the expression of NtGCN2 with plant hormones, including salicylic acid (SA), azelaic acid (AZA), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), and by imposition of different stresses ( Bemisia tabaci infection, drought, and cold), indicating that NtGCN2 is involved in the response of plants to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. We also observed that the overexpression of NtGCN2-1 significantly influenced different physiological processes. It promoted seed germination and root elongation. The content of total soluble sugars and reducing sugars were decreased, whereas those of chlorophyll a and b were increased in the GCN2 overexpressing plants. In addition, the overexpressing plants had lower content of reactive oxygen species and exhibited higher antioxidant activities. These physiological alterations could be attributed to the changes in the endogenous phytohormones, decrease in the SA and abscisic acid content, and accumulation of MeJA and AZA. It indicated that the overexpression of NtGCN2 in tobacco, stimulated the plant defense responses via phosphorylation of NteIF2α and regulation of plant hormones, and changes in the antioxidant ability and plant nutrient status.

Strain ZX02 was isolated from Chinese ginger cultivated soil contaminated with various pesticides, which could utilize 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid butyl ester (2,4-D butyl ester) as the sole carbon source. On the basis of the sequence analysis of 16S rRNA gene as well as the morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of strain ZX02, the organism belonged to Gram-negative bacterium and was identified as Acinetobacter sp. ZX02. The strain ZX02 showed a remarkable performance in 2,4-D butyl ester degradation (100% removal in <96 h) in pure culture. Strain ZX02 was sensitive to tetracycline and resistant to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol in an antibiotic sensitivity test. The curing study indicates that the gene for degradation of 2,4-D butyl ester was encoded on a single plasmid of 23 kb. The gene encoding resistance to polymixin B sulfate was also located on this plasmid. On the basis of its greater biodegradation activity, this bacterium is a potential candidate as a bioremediation agent in soils contaminated with 2,4-D butyl ester.

Based on the reviews and summaries of water environment carrying capacity researches and practices, the main problems of allowable pollutants load estimation and its allocation in China were analyzed. Then a bi-direction algorithm for allowable pollutants loads calculation was proposed to support the pollutants loads management in the lake and reservoir control units. It was the combination of forward algorithm and backward algorithm. The two major steps were modeling and scenario analysis. Firstly, the basic scenario was proposed using the estimation model. Then the basic scenario was analyzed using the water quality simulation model to assess the compliance of water quality objectives. The allowable pollutant loads were calculated after several loops of scenario simulation, result analysis and scenario optimization. Finally, the Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study using Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model as the kernel model. The results demonstrated that the algorithm proposed provided an efficient and appropriate methodology for allowable pollutant load calculation.

Although a great deal of progress has been made toward understanding the role of abscisic acid (ABA) in fruit ripening, many components in the ABA signalling pathway remain to be elucidated. Here, a strawberry gene homologous to the Arabidopsis gene ABI1, named FaABI1, was isolated and characterized. The 1641bp cDNA includes an intact open reading frame that encodes a deduced protein of 546 amino acids, in which putative conserved domains were determined by homology analysis. Transcriptional analysis showed that the levels of FaABI1 mRNA expression declined rapidly during strawberry fruit development as evidenced by real-time PCR, semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and northern blotting analyses, suggesting that the Ser/Thr protein phosphatase PP2C1 encoded by FaABI1 may be involved in fruit ripening as a negative regulator. The results of Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing and PBI121 vector-mediated overexpression suggested that the down- and up-regulation of FaABI1 mRNA expression levels in degreening strawberry fruit could promote and inhibit ripening, respectively. Furthermore, alteration of FaABI1 expression could differentially regulate the transcripts of a set of both ABA-responsive and ripening-related genes, including ABI3, ABI4, ABI5, SnRK2, ABRE1, CHS, PG1, PL, CHI, F3H, DFR, ANS, and UFGT. Taken together, the data provide new evidence for an important role for ABA in regulating strawberry fruit ripening in the processes of which the type 2C protein phosphatase ABI1 serves as a negative regulator. Finally, a possible core mechanism underlying ABA perception and signalling transduction in strawberry fruit ripening is discussed.

Remote sensing monitoring of alpine grassland nutritional status is a key factor of grassland reasonable utilization, also a difficulty for dynamic vegetation monitoring. The present paper studies the correlations between vegetation nutrition and hyperspectral data. The results showed that two band ratio models have a significant correlation with biomass, air-DM, P, CF, and CP. MAXR models have a significant correlation with most of nutrition index when selected wavebands equaled five. On the whole, the MAXR model precedes two band ratio models. Using MAXR models to estimate air-DM, P and CF can obtain higher accuracy.

Although the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been suggested to play a role in the ripening of non-climatic fruit, direct genetic/molecular evidence is lacking. In the present study, a strawberry gene homologous to the Arabidopsis ABA receptor gene PYR1, named FaPYR1, was isolated and characterized. The 627 bp cDNA includes an intact open reading frame that encodes a deduced protein of 208 amino acids, in which putative conserved domains were detected by homology analysis. Using tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), the FaPYR1 gene was silenced in strawberry fruit. Down-regulation of the FaPYR1 gene not only significantly delayed fruit ripening, but also markedly altered ABA content, ABA sensitivity, and a set of ABA-responsive gene transcripts, including ABI1 and SnRK2. Furthermore, the loss of red colouring in FaPYR1 RNAi (RNA interference) fruits could not be rescued by exogenously applied ABA, which could promote the ripening of wild-type fruits. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the putative ABA receptor FaPYR1 acts as a positive regulator in strawberry fruit ripening. It was also revealed that the application of the VIGS technique in strawberry fruit could be used as a novel tool for studying strawberry fruit development.

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been suggested to play a role in fruit development, but supporting genetic evidence has been lacking. Here, we report that ABA promotes strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) fruit ripening. Using a newly established Tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing technique in strawberry fruit, the expression of a 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase gene (FaNCED1), which is key to ABA biosynthesis, was down-regulated, resulting in a significant decrease in ABA levels and uncolored fruits. Interestingly, a similar uncolored phenotype was observed in the transgenic RNA interference (RNAi) fruits, in which the expression of a putative ABA receptor gene encoding the magnesium chelatase H subunit (FaCHLH/ABAR) was down-regulated by virus-induced gene silencing. More importantly, the uncolored phenotype of the FaNCED1-down-regulated RNAi fruits could be rescued by exogenous ABA, but the ABA treatment could not reverse the uncolored phenotype of the FaCHLH/ABAR-down-regulated RNAi fruits. We observed that down-regulation of the FaCHLH/ABAR gene in the RNAi fruit altered both ABA levels and sugar content as well as a set of ABA- and/or sugar-responsive genes. Additionally, we showed that exogenous sugars, particularly sucrose, can significantly promote ripening while stimulating ABA accumulation. These data provide evidence that ABA is a signal molecule that promotes strawberry ripening and that the putative ABA receptor, FaCHLH/ABAR, is a positive regulator of ripening in response to ABA.

In order to deal with the water pollution accident and take emergency measures effectively, water pollution forewarning decision support systems (DSS) is important to be established and water quality forewarning model is one of the hard points of DSS. Miyun Reservoir is the most important surface water sources of Beijing. Baihe River, which is the upstream river of Miyun Reservoir, is selected as the case study in this paper. The three-layer frame of the water pollution forewarning DSS is proposed with the core of mathematical model; then model development and parameterization are studied. Finally, a typical accident of NaCN pollution is taken for instance; the scenario of the accident is simulated and analyzed by DSS. The case study shows that the DSS could precisely analyze and forecast the pollution development trend, and simulate the different impact of emergency proposal. The result could support the primary decision of the emergency proposal to meet the functional requirement of the system.

The rivers with the distinct gradient of water quality in the southern region of China were selected as a case study. The objective of this study was to develop the monitoring and evaluating technology of the water quality based on C-band polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR). The random rough surface scattering model to describe the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of polluted water was briefly introduced. The potential effect of organic pollutants to the scattering model and backscattering coefficient were explored. The simultaneously obtained POLSAR data and the measured water quality indexes were analyzed. By comparing the POLSAR data and the water quality indexes, it could be observed that the chemical oxygen demand (COD) was in proportional to the ratio between HH and VV backscattering coefficients, which matched the analysis based on electromagnetic scattering theory. A fitting model was proposed to retrieve the chemical oxygen demand by ratio between HH and VV channel backscattering coefficients using least square method, with the fit coefficient of 0.90. In this study, the model using the ratio between HH and VV backscattering coefficients was established, which was mainly based on the analysis of experimental results, and was also supported by theoretical interpretation.

Based on the problems analysis on development and application of water pipe network model, the model parameters automatic identification is regarded as a kernel bottleneck of model's application in water supply enterprise. The methodology of water pipe network model parameters automatic identification based on GIS and SCADA database is proposed. Then the kernel algorithm of model parameters automatic identification is studied, RSA (Regionalized Sensitivity Analysis) is used for automatic recognition of sensitive parameters, and MCS (Monte-Carlo Sampling) is used for automatic identification of parameters, the detail technical route based on RSA and MCS is presented. The module of water pipe network model parameters automatic identification is developed. At last, selected a typical water pipe network as a case, the case study on water pipe network model parameters automatic identification is conducted and the satisfied results are achieved.

Supported by the integrated model of nutrients for the Miyun Reservoir in part I, effects of different control measures were studied on the water quality of the reservoir. Four scenarios were assumed and analyzed. Results of the base case scenario showed that TN concentration of the Miyun Reservoir had highly exceeded the environmental quality standard for surface water, and TP was relatively better. Furthermore, there were many regions that chlorophyll-a concentration exceeded 10 microg/L in the reservoir, and centralized in the reservoir area of Chaohe River. Scenario 1, 2 and 3 investigated effects of different pollution control measures on the water quality of the reservoir. Results showed that the control of nutrient input loads could improve the water quality greatly, especially control of TP loadings would limit algae growth effectively, and regions that chlorophyll-a concentration exceeded 10 microg/L even disappeared. The results indicated that some control measures, such as changing farming style, part treatment on stockbreeding pollution and reducing point source pollutant loadings were very effective and essential to decrease the eutrophic level of the reservoir.

In recent years, the Miyun Reservoir faces severe problems of water quality and quantity due to continuous drought. In order to simulate and predict the eutrophic status of the Miyun Reservoir and its watershed, an integrated model was developed based on GIS and RS technology, which was composed of non-point source (NPS) simulation model, aquatic ecological-hydrodynamic model, and river water quality model. Ecological-hydrodynamic model was developed through coupling water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) with environmental fluid dynamics Code (EFDC). SWAT was selected as NPS simulation model, which could also perform water quality simulation in the river. Then the integrated model was calibrated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo method and verified using observed data. Results indicated that observed water quality data laid around the mode curves of simulation distribution, and which also dropped into the confidence interval on 80 percent credibility of water quality simulation distribution. In conclusion, the results show that the integrated model can meet the need of application.

Based on the principle of regional differentiation and gravity model, this paper proposes a GIS-based urban medical waste treatment facility spatial site selection assessment method. And the method is implemented by use of the third generation GIS database model, Geodatabase. Taking a city in Pearl River Delta as a case, based on its 46 basic units, two scenarios for medical waste central treatment are designed and analyzed by means of scenario analysis (SA) and then the better scenario is recommended. The assessment result of traditional cost model shows the same conclusion. Further spatial analysis shows that the distribution of medical waste quantity and density are both related to the better scenario spatially.

Parameter identification plays an important role in environmental model application. Markov Chain Monte Carlo method was introduced to estimate parameter uncertainty, since usual Bayes discrete methods were not applicable to produce posterior distribution of complicated environmental model due to the limit of computation. In order to study the performance and efficiency of MCMC, two case studies were used. Results indicate that, either sampling performance or sampling efficiency, MCMC method both has its special advantages in producing posterior distribution. Moreover, results of Gelman convergence diagnostics indicate that sampling sequence can converge to a stationary distribution. A key finding was that the MCMC scheme presented herein provided a powerful means of parameter identification and uncertainty analysis.

Parameter identification plays an important role in environmental model application. As a commonly used global optimization method, genetic algorithm (GA) has very simple structure, the key related to whether a practical issue can be solved using GA or not is algorithm design and selection of the control parameters. Based on the feature of parameter optimization of water quality model, orthogonal test method was proposed for reviewing effects of different control parameters of GA on the performance of water quality parameter optimization. The results indicate that orthogonal method could identify key factors, and also provide possible optimized experiment plan. It is concluded that GA can be applied to the research on parameter identification of complicated water quality model.

The losses of non-point pollutant combined with natural rainfall events were monitored at outlets of Luxi watershed and several field plots with different land use. The paper probes characteristics of the sediment and chemical losses during a single rainfall-runoff process. The impact of preceding precipitation is also discussed. The results of field experiments show that the concentration of SS in runoff dropped off obviously with the increase of antecedent rainfall. The observed data were 265.6, 145.8, 124.2mg/L respectively with precipitation of 15, 115, 161 mm in preceding 5 days. Compared to the losses of SS, nutrients and COD were not changed greatly by the preceding rainfalls. The fluctuations of pollutant concentration were less than 15%. The results from plots suggested that land use play an important role in pollutant losses. The following is the list ordered according to concentration of pollutant in runoff, from the highest to the lowest: Dry land,residential area, grassland, woodland and paddy land. Vegetation cover is effective on the reduction of soil erosion and sediment loss. About 80% SS could be cut down when the coverage changed from 50% to 90%. Losses of TN were mainly determined by the TN concentration in soil. The ratios of TN concentration in runoff to that in soil were 2.75%, 2.79%, 2.42 % respectively for the land use of dry land, grassland and woodland. Augment of vegetation overage contributed to increment of N losses,including NO3- -N and NH+ -N.

The forward and backward algorithms for watershed water pollution control planning were summarized in this paper as well as their advantages and shortages. The spatial databases of water environmental function region, pollution sources, monitoring sections and sewer outlets were built with ARCGIS8.1 as the platform in the case study of Ganjiang valley, Jiangxi province. Based on the principles of the forward algorithm, four scenarios were designed for the watershed pollution control. Under these scenarios, ten sets of planning schemes were generated to implement cascade pollution source control. The investment costs of sewage treatment for these schemes were estimated by means of a series of cost-effective functions; with pollution source prediction, the water quality was modeled with CSTR model for each planning scheme. The modeled results of different planning schemes were visualized through GIS to aid decision-making. With the results of investment cost and water quality attainment as decision-making accords and based on the analysis of the economic endurable capacity for water pollution control in Ganjiang river basin, two optimized schemes were proposed. The research shows that GIS technology and scenario analysis can provide a good guidance to the synthesis, integrity and sustainability aspects for river basin water quality planning.

There is a need to find a comprehensive approach focusing on the conflicts between economical growth and environmental protection. Chinese scholars advocate a comprehensive ecosystem viewpoint named social-economic-natural complex ecosystem(SENCE). The kernel of the concept lies in the hierarchical structure of SENCE, through which methods from ecological network can be useful to the compound system. The author gives a schema depicting its structure, following a model analysis to help understand the reliance of economy on ecosystem. It is obvious that more actions should be done to strive for sustainable development.