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Continuous developments in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) make them a promising technology to achieve zero emissions in multiple applications including mobility. Incremental advancements in fuel cells materials and manufacture processes make them now suitable for commercialization. However, the complex operation of fuel cell systems in automotive applications has some open issues yet. This work develops and compares three different controllers for PEMFC systems in automotive applications. All the controllers have a cascade control structure, where a generator of setpoints sends references to the subsystems controllers with the objective to maximize operational efficiency. To develop the setpoints generators, two techniques are evaluated: off-line optimization and Model Predictive Control (MPC). With the first technique, the optimal setpoints are given by a map, obtained off-line, of the optimal steady state conditions and corresponding setpoints. With the second technique, the setpoints time profiles that maximize the efficiency in an incoming time horizon are continuously computed. The proposed MPC architecture divides the fast and slow dynamics in order to reduce the computational cost. Two different MPC solutions have been implemented to deal with this fast/slow dynamics separation. After the integration of the setpoints generators with the subsystems controllers, the different control systems are tested and compared using a dynamic detailed model of the automotive system in the INN-BALANCE project running under the New European Driving Cycle., This work was supported in part by the Spanish national project DOVELAR (RTI2018-096001-B-C32, MINECO/FEDER) also in part by the Spanish State Research Agency through the María de Maeztu Seal of Excellence to IRI (MDM-2016-0656), and finally in part by the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking under Grant INN-BALANCE 735969. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and Hydrogen Europe and N. ERGHY.

The eruption that took place in Lanzarote between 1 September 1730 and 16 April 1736 differs from the normal pattern of the historic (last 500 years) volcanism of the Canary Islands. The duration (2.053 days), extension (200 km2), volume of materials emitted (3-5 km3) and the evolution of magmas towards olivine tholeiite compositions are quite unique in the historic trend of volcanism in the Archipelago. However, no specific study has been undertaken until now to attempt its reconstruction. In this work the detailed geologic mapping (on a scale 1: 10.000) of the area was carried out, in addition to a thorough petrologic study and the correlation of data provided by eye witness accounts, one of which is a hitberto unpublished manuscript. The main phases of activity have been differentiated as a function of important changes in the composition of the magmas and of the relationship of tbe eruption with a large (at least 14 km) fracture. The petrologic and geochemical study of 51 stratigraphically and temporally well located samples shows significant changes in the magma generation processes and in the internal feeding system of the eruption. Magmas evolve from nepheline basanites to alkali basalts (7 to 12,5 % melting) during the initial phase of the eruption and from the second phase onwards from alkali basalts to olivine tholeiites (13 to 20 % melting), at shallower depths. Trace elements analysis indicates the predominant role of partial melting processes. The «anomalous» nature of this eruption in relation to the historic volcanism of the Canaries might be explained by the continuation of the eruption once the initial phase was completed (some 3-5 months), when the magma generation front was raised and placed at ao intermediate depth along a large fracture.