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The nuclear charge pickup cross sections of 40Ar on polyethylene(CH2), carbon, aluminum, copper and lead targets at the highest energy of 495 MeV/n were measured using CR-39 nuclear track detector. The cross sections for H were calculated from those measured on C and CH2 targets. The dependence of charge pickup cross section on target mass was studied, it was found that the nuclear charge pickup cross section exhibits a linear dependence on the target mass.

The nuclear charge pickup cross sections of 40Ar on polyethylene(CH2), carbon, aluminum, copper and lead targets at the highest energy of 495 MeV/n were measured using CR-39 nuclear track detector. The cross sections for H were calculated from those measured on C and CH2 targets. The dependence of charge pickup cross section on target mass was studied, it was found that the nuclear charge pickup cross section exhibits a linear dependence on the target mass.

It had been suggested, after facilitating the hatching process, improved pregnancy outcomes could be attained in embryos with thick and hard zona. This study aimed to determine the effect of zona thinning on pregnancy outcomes in poor-quality frozen-thawed blastocysts. This retrospective study included 230 women (≤ 40 years) who underwent frozen embryo transfer of poor-quality blastocysts (scored 3BB). In total, 105 patients were in the assisted hatching group in which the zona was thinned by laser before transfer and 125 patients were in the control group in which the blastocysts were non-manipulated. Patients' demographics, cycle characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes were compared between the assisted hatching group and the control group. Further, regression analysis was applied to test the correlation between assisted hatching and live birth. All parameters in the patients' demographic characteristics and the cycle's characteristics were not significantly different between two groups. As for pregnancy outcomes, the second trimester pregnancy loss was significantly higher in the assisted hatching group (P = 0.035). Other pregnancy outcomes, including implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, biochemical miscarriage rate, the first trimester pregnancy loss, ongoing pregnancy rate, and live birth rate were comparable between two groups. The logistic regression analysis demonstrated no association between live birth and assisted hatching (univariate, OR = 0.787, P 0.05; multivariate, OR = 0.652, P 0.05), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the regression model was almost 0.7. It suggested that zona thinning may not be supposed to perform on poor-quality, frozen-thawed blastocysts. The indications of assisted hatching were still needed to further investigate.

Previous assessments of the effectiveness of protected areas (PAs) focused primarily on changes in human pressure over time and did not consider the different human-pressure baselines of PAs, thereby potentially over- or underestimating PA effectiveness. We developed a framework that considers both human-pressure baseline and change in human pressure over time and assessed the effectiveness of 338 PAs in China from 2010 to 2020. The initial state of human pressure on PAs was taken as the baseline, and changes in human pressure index (HPI) were further analyzed under different baselines. We used the random forest models to identify the management measures that most improved effectiveness in resisting human pressure for the PAs with different baselines. Finally, the relationships between the changes in the HPI and the changes in natural ecosystems in PAs were analyzed with different baselines. Of PAs with low HPI baselines, medium HPI baselines, and high HPI baselines, 76.92% (n=150), 11.11% (n=12), and 22.86% (n=8) , respectively, showed positive effects in resisting human pressure. Overall, ignoring human-pressure baselines somewhat underestimated the positive effects of PAs, especially for those with low initial human pressure. For PAs with different initial human pressures, different management measures should be taken to improve effectiveness and reduce threats to natural ecosystems. We believe our framework is useful for assessing the effectiveness of PAs globally, and we recommend it be included in the Convention on Biological Diversity Post-2020 Strategy.Las evaluaciones previas de la efectividad de las áreas protegidas (AP) se han enfocado principalmente en los cambios de las presiones humanas con el tiempo y no han considerado las diferentes líneas base de las presiones humanas en las AP, por lo que potencialmente han sobrestimado o subestimado su efectividad. Desarrollamos un marco de trabajo que considera las líneas base de presión humana y los cambios de las presiones humanas con el tiempo y evaluamos a la efectividad de 338 AP en China entre 2010 y 2020. Consideramos el estado inicial de la presión humana en las AP como la línea base y analizamos los cambios en el índice de presión humana (IPH) bajo diferentes líneas base. Utilizamos modelos de bosque aleatorio para identificar las medidas de gestión que más aumentaron la efectividad de la resistencia a las presiones humanas en las AP con líneas base diferentes. Finalmente, analizamos con diferentes líneas base las relaciones entre los cambios en el IPH y los cambios en los ecosistemas naturales de las AP. De las AP con líneas base de IPH bajas, medianas y altas, 76.92% (n=150), 11.11% (n=12) y 22.86% (n=8), respectivamente, mostraron efectos positivos de resistencia a las presiones humanas. En general, si ignoramos las líneas base de las presiones humanas, se subestiman los efectos positivos de las AP de una u otra manera, especialmente aquellas con poca presión humana al inicio. En el caso de las AP que al inicio tienen diferentes presiones humanas, se deben tomar diferentes medidas de gestión para mejorar la efectividad y reducir las amenazas a los ecosistemas naturales. Creemos que nuestro marco de trabajo sirve para evaluar la efectividad mundial de las AP y recomendamos que se incluya en la Estrategia Post-2020 de la Convención sobre la Diversidad Biológica. Mejoría de la Efectividad de un Área Protegida al Considerar Diferentes Líneas Base de Presión Humana.自然保护地保护成效评估过去主要关注两个时间段之间人类压力的变化, 较少考虑自然保护地不同的人类压力基线(初始背景状态), 这可能会过高或过低估计自然保护地保护成效。我们提出了一个同时考虑人类压力基线和人类压力随时间变化的评估框架, 并评估了2010-2020年中国338处自然保护地在不同基线下减缓人类压力的有效性。首先以人类压力的初始状态作为基线, 在不同基线下进一步分析了自然保护地内人类压力指数的变化;然后利用随机森林模型明确了对于不同基线的自然保护地提高其保护成效最重要的管理措施;最后进一步探讨了不同基线下人类压力指数变化与自然生态系统变化之间的关系。结果表明, 对于初始人类压力较低、中等和较高的自然保护地, 分别有76.92%、11.11%和22.86%在减缓人类压力方面表现出显著正效应。总体而言, 忽略人类压力基线在一定程度上低估了自然保护地的成效, 特别是对于初始人类压力较低的自然保护地。对于具有不同初始人类压力的自然保护地, 应采取不同的管理措施提高其保护成效并减少对自然生态系统的威胁。本研究提出的评估框架对评估全球自然保护地的保护成效具有重要作用, 我们建议将其纳入2020年后生物多样性战略目标的评估体系。.

The total charge-changing cross sections and the partial cross sections of 56Fe fragmentation on polyethylene, carbon and aluminum targets at the highest energy of 496 A MeV are investigated using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. The total charge-changing cross-section for hydrogen target is calculated based on the results of polyethylene and carbon targets. It is found that the total charge-changing cross sections for fragmentation of 56Fe on hydrogen, carbon and aluminum targets are independent on the beam energy in our studied energies, and are consistent with the predictions of Bradt–Peter semi-empirical formula, Nilsen parameterized formula, NUCFRG2 and QMSFRG theoretical simulation codes. The partial cross sections for projectile fragment production are independent on beam energy in our studied energies for each targets and do not show a significant even-odd effect.

According to the Classical Electrical Theory of Capacitor-to-Resistance Discharge, the Sample of Sic can Be Equivalent to a Parallel Circuit of Resistance and Capacitance. due to the High Resistance of the Wideband-Gap Semiconductors and the Long Discharge Time of the Capacitance, the Samples Resistivity can Be Calculated Manually or by Computer by Applying a Pulse Voltage to the Sample and then Accurately Measuring its Discharge Time. the Measuring Equipment Consists of Sample Stage, Pulse Generator, Charge Converter and Digital Oscilloscope. if High-Speed Data Acquisition Card and Industrial Computer are Used Instead of the Digital Oscilloscope, the Measurement Repeatability can Be Better than 1%, and the Measurement Range is within 104-1012 Ω•cm.

The total charge-changing cross sections and the partial cross sections of 56Fe fragmentation on polyethylene, carbon and aluminum targets at the highest energy of 496 A MeV are investigated using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. The total charge-changing cross-section for hydrogen target is calculated based on the results of polyethylene and carbon targets. It is found that the total charge-changing cross sections for fragmentation of 56Fe on hydrogen, carbon and aluminum targets are independent on the beam energy in our studied energies, and are consistent with the predictions of Bradt–Peter semi-empirical formula, Nilsen parameterized formula, NUCFRG2 and QMSFRG theoretical simulation codes. The partial cross sections for projectile fragment production are independent on beam energy in our studied energies for each targets and do not show a significant even-odd effect.

The odd–even effect of fragmentation cross sections is studied by improved quantum molecular dynamics model and the GEMINI statistical decay model for reactions 36Ar and 40Ar on C, Al, Cu and Pb targets at 400 A MeV. The odd–even effect is produced in the de-excitation process. The pairing energy plays an important role for the odd–even effect. The odd–even effect disappears without the pairing energy. The excitation energy of prefragments is researched. The odd–even effect for proton is produced obviously at low excitation energy for 36Ar projectile. The odd–even effect is stronger for the neutron fragmentation than the proton one.

The value evaluation of endangered species can provide important supports for policy-making in biodiversity conservation. We evaluated the stakeholders' preference and willingness to pay (WTP) from the perspective of stakeholders by the choice experiment method (CEM) and discussed the ecological compensation mechanism, with濒危物种价值评估可为生物多样性保护提供重要的政策支撑。本文以国家二级重点保护植物翅果油树为例,从利益相关者视角作为切入点,基于选择实验法评价其偏好和支付意愿(WTP),进而探讨生态补偿机制。基于管理部门、企业和农户三方利益相关者的利益诉求,分析确定了5个翅果油树的物种属性,即种植面积、产品分类、树苗品种、保护投入和农户收益。运用随机参数Logit模型分析了利益相关者对不同物种属性变量的偏好和支付意愿。结果表明: 受访者对“保护增加投入”偏好最强和支付意愿最高,每户为331.00 yuan·a

A method was established for simultaneous determination of 21 active constituents including flavanols, isoflavones, flavonols, dihydroflavones, dihydroflavonols, chalcones, pterocarpan, anthocyanidins and phenolic acids in Spatholobi Caulis by ultra fast liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS). Then, it was employed to analyze and evaluate the dynamic accumulation of multiple bioactive constituents in Spatholobi Caulis. The chromatographic separation was performed on a XBridge®C_(18)(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 μm) at 30 ℃ with a gradient elution of 0.3% formic acid aqueous solution-methanol, and the flow rate was 0.8 mL·min~(-1), using multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. A comprehensive evaluation of the multiple bioactive constituents was carried out by gray correlation analysis(GRA). The 21 target components showed good linearity(rgt;0.999 0) in the range of the tested concentrations. The average recovery rates of the 21 components were from 97.46% to 103.6% with relative standard deviations less than 5.0%. There were differences in the contents of 21 components in Spatholobi Caulis at diffe-rent harvest periods. Spatholobi Caulis had high quality from early November to early December, which is consistent with the local tradi-tional harvest period. This study reveals the rule of the dynamic accumulation of 21 components in Spatholobi Caulis and provides basic information for the suitable harvest time. At the same time, it provides a new method reference for the comprehensive evaluation of the internal quality of Spatholobi Caulis.

The emission angle distributions of projectile fragments (PFs) and the temperature of PFs emission source for fragmentation of 20Ne on C, Al and CH2 targets at 400 MeV/u are investigated. It is found that the averaged emission angle increase with the decrease of the charge of PF for the same target, and no obvious dependence of angular distribution on the mass of target nucleus is found for the same PF. The cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution of PF can be well explained by a single Rayleigh distribution, the temperature parameter of PFs emission source is obtained, which is about 2.0 MeV and do not depend on the size of PF and mass of target for PF with charge of 5 ⩽ Z ≤ 9.

The emission angle distributions of projectile fragments (PFs) and the temperature of PFs emission source for fragmentation of 20Ne on C, Al and CH2 targets at 400 MeV/u are investigated. It is found that the averaged emission angle increase with the decrease of the charge of PF for the same target, and no obvious dependence of angular distribution on the mass of target nucleus is found for the same PF. The cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution of PF can be well explained by a single Rayleigh distribution, the temperature parameter of PFs emission source is obtained, which is about 2.0 MeV and do not depend on the size of PF and mass of target for PF with charge of 5 ⩽ Z ≤ 9 .

In this study, we have calculated the energy levels and binding energies for exciton associated with the ground state and some low-lying states in GaAs/AlGaAs core/shell spherical quantum dot (QD) by using the finite difference method. The correctness of the numerical results is verified by comparison with the analytical solution without considering exciton effects. Simultaneously, the third harmonic generation (THG) in GaAs/AlGaAs core/shell spherical QD is theoretically investigated within the framework of the compact-density-matrix approach and iterative method for both cases with and without exciton effects. All paths of the system are considered which generates third harmonics. Our results indicate that the energy levels and binding energies are depended dramatically on the size of the QD. The THG is greatly enhanced because of the quantum confinement of exciton. It is over two times bigger than that obtained by without considering exciton effects. In addition, the resonant peaks and its corresponding to resonant energy are also taken into account.

The nuclear charge pickup cross sections of 12C on CH2, C, Al, Cu, and Pb targets at the highest energy of 398 MeV/n were investigated using CR-39 nuclear track detector. The cross section for H was calculated from those measured on C and CH2 targets. The dependence of charge pickup cross section on target mass was investigated, it was found that the nuclear charge pickup cross section is linearly depended on the target mass. This linear dependence is consistent with the prediction of nuclear peripheral and surface collision of charge pickup.

The emission angle distribution of projectile fragments (PFs) and the temperature of PF emission sources for fragmentation of $$^{56}\hbox {Fe}$$ on polyethylene, carbon, and aluminum targets at the highest energy of 497 A MeV are investigated on the basis of corrected data, using a CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. It is found that the average emission angle of PFs increases with the decrease in PF charge for the same target, and no obvious dependence of angular distribution on the mass of the target nucleus is found for the same PF. The cumulative squared transverse momentum distribution of PFs can be well represented by a single Rayleigh distribution. The temperature of PF emission sources is extracted from the distribution, and it is about 1.0–8.0 MeV and does not depend on the mass of the target for PFs with charges of $$9\le {Z}\le 25$$.

Genetic variation and population structure may reflect important information for invasion success of exotic plant species and thus help improve management of invasive plants. Spartina alterniflora is an invasive plant that is a major threat to the economy and environment of the coastal regions in China. We analyzed the genetic structure and diversity of six populations of S. alterniflora differing in invasion histories in Guangxi, China. A total of 176 individuals from the six populations produced 348 AFLP fragments. The average heterozygosity was significantly lower than in the native population. And genetic bottlenecks were also detected in most populations. Standardized FST statistics (Φpt = 0.015) and AMOVA results indicated weak genetic differentiation. Genetic admixture and obviously isolation by distance indicated populations in Guangxi come from a pre-admixed population by a single introduction. High phenotypic variations of S. alterniflora in Guangxi influenced by soil salinity and temperature might be an important reason for the successful invasion.

Increasingly frequent urban waterlogging disasters, which are mainly caused by the increase in impervious surfaces due to rapid urbanization, have attracted public attention. Green roofs are conducive to increasing the urban pervious surface area to control sources of runoff, which has great significance for the ecological environment. This study uses the green roof of the administrative building of Jinling Primary School in Nanjing as the study area. 76 rainfall-runoff events collected over 17 months (2016-06-2017-10) were used to calculate the comprehensive runoff control ability and factors influencing the green roof in the context of the site scale. Based on life cycle assessment theory, the benefits of stormwater regulation over its 30-year life cycle were quantitatively evaluated. The results show that:① The average retention of the green roof was 62.7%, which could have a significant impact on runoff and peak flow, reducing the runoff time and delaying the flood peak. ② The green roof has a strong ability to retain runoff during small and medium rainfall; however, this ability becomes low when the retention capacity is saturated or not fully recovered, even in small rainfall-runoff events. ③ The main factors affecting the retention ability of the green roof are the total rainfall, rainfall intensity, and water content of the growth substrate soil. ④ The green roof has great economic benefits, with a construction cost of about 12.51 yuan·m

The total charge-changing cross-sections and the partial cross-sections for projectile fragments (PFs) production for the fragmentation of 12C on C, Al, Cu, Pb and CH2 targets at the highest energy of 290[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]MeV were studied. It was found that the total charge-changing reaction cross-sections and the partial reaction cross-sections of PFs production were independent of the beam energy, and increased with increase of mass of target for the same beam energy. The total charge-changing reaction cross-section was the same as the prediction of Bradt–Peters semi-empirical formula, PHITS and NUCFRG2 simulation models. The partial cross-section of PFs production increased with the increase of the mass of target, and it was the same as the prediction of NUCFRG2 models. The mean scattering angle of projectile particle was smaller than the average emission angle of PF, and the width of scattering angle distribution of projectile particle was smaller than that of emission angle distribution of PFs. The mean emission angle of PFs does not obviously depend on the target mass and beam energy in our studied beam energy regions.

With the rapid development of electronic information and technology, especially the explosive advance of novel electronic devices, ultra-wideband radar detector and satellite communication, the elimination of adverse electromagnetic waves (EWs) effectively is very necessary both for electronic safety and national defense security. As one of the important material basis for controlling adverse EW pollution, compatibility, shielding, and stealth capability of weaponry, microwave absorbing materials has long been an area of intense research activity. Graphene-based materials have attracted great interests for microwave absorption in recent years due to the unique structure and physicochemical properties of graphene, such as high specific surface area, ultrathin thickness, large interface, optical transmittance, and tunable conductive properties, etc. In this paper, the properties and absorption behavior of different kinds of microwave absorbing materials based on graphene were reviewed and discussed in detail. In addition, the perspective of the current challenges and key issues for achieving better microwave absorption performance of the graphene-based materials are provided.

The emission angle and the transverse momentum distributions of projectile fragments (PFs) produced in fragmentation of 28Si on C and CH2 targets at 775 A. MeV are measured. It is found that the mean emission angle and the mean transverse momentum increase with the decrease of the charge of PFs for the same target, and no obvious dependence of angular and transverse momentum distribution on the mass of target nucleus are found for the same PF. The cumulative squared transverse momentum distribution of PF can be well explained by a single Rayleigh distribution. The temperature of PF emission source do not depend on the size of PF and mass of target for PF with charge 5 ≤ Z < 13.

The total charge-changing cross sections and the partial cross sections of silicon ions on carbon and polyethylene targets are studied at 788 A MeV by using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detectors. The results are compared with other experimental and theoretical results. The obvious even-odd effect for partial cross sections is observed.

Polarization is defined as an asymmetry in the direction of vibration with respect to the direction of light propagation. Polarization information is an important component to remote sensed data, which comprises spatial, spectral, and radiation information. In optical remote sensing, polarization information supplements spectral information. Polarization-based remote sensing has a significant application potential for analyzing the spectral characteristics of water bodies, wherein a very important technique is eliminating the mirror reflection caused by skylight on the water surface and extracting water-leaving radiance that carry the constituent information. The incident sunlight on the surface of water either reflects or scatters owing to the existence of particles in water, which results in water-leaving signals with strong polarization characteristics. The ongoing experiments on remote sensing involve water polarization cover either clean ocean waters under natural light or indoor simulations of water under artificial light; however, turbid inland waters under natural light have rarely been investigated. Through the combination of a field spectroradiometer and a Thompson polarizing prism, this study obtained in-situ measurements of the spectral polarization reflectance over inland waters under natural light conditions. Using the obtained multiangle polarized reflectance spectra, the polarization spectral characteristics of water under multiangle viewing conditions were quantitatively analyzed, and the water-leaving radiance was achieved by eliminating skylight reflection. When observing water bodies at an azimuth of 135° and a zenith of 53°, the measurement of polarization to eliminate skylight reflection had better elimination efficiency than at other viewing angles, and this observation angle was recommended for conducting spectral polarized above-water observations. Compared with the traditional methods including non-polarized above-water measurements, the proposed method is less prone to being affected by changes in weather conditions, and it can extract water-leaving radiance more accurately.

Trichoderma spp. are widely used in agriculture as biofungicides. In this study, effects of elevated CO2 on the growth and enzyme activities of Nilaparvata lugens infected by T. asperellum were studied. The results showed that fecundity of N. lugens adversely decreased under elevated CO2 relative to ambient CO2 irrespective of infection with T. asperellum. The contents of protein and alkaline phosphatase significantly decreased in N. lugens nymphs with T. asperellum infection under elevated CO2 relative to ambient CO2. Significantly higher activities of carboxylesterase and acetylcholinesterase were observed in N. lugens infested with T. asperellum under elevated CO2 compared with ambient CO2. While significantly lower catalase and glutathione S-transferase were observed in N. lugens nymphs infested by T. asperellum under elevated CO2 relative to ambient CO2. Measuring the antioxidases and detoxification enzymes in N. lugens infected with T. asperellum can partly explain the response of fitness parameters...

Diamond coatings were prepared on alumina by hot filament chemical vapor deposition, which constituted an insulator used in a laser pump. The composition and morphologies of the diamond coatings were characterized by Raman spectra and scanning electron microscope. The effects of the pressure of the deposition chamber and the distance from the filament to the base on the composition and structure of the deposited diamond coatings were studied.

SiBCN powders have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition using borazine and liquid polycarbosilane as source precursors in the deposition temperature range from 800 °C to 1100 °C, with the pressure of 10 kPa. The effect of the temperatures on the surface morphologies of the as-received powders was investigated by SEM. FTIR analysis of the powders was used to obtain the composition of the powders, and the XRD analysis was used to determine the crystalline state of the deposits. The results showed the powders were amorphous and composed of normally spherical grains.

The total charge-changing cross sections and the partial cross sections of projectile fragment production of the fragmentation of silicon ions on polyethylene target at 800 A · MeV are measured using CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. The total charge-changing cross sections of silicon ions on polyethylene targets at 800 A · MeV is 761 ± 24 mb, which agree well with the prediction of Bradt-Peters semi-empirical formula using parameter r 0 = 1.31fm and b = 0.94 within experimental errors. The obvious even-odd effect is observed for the partial cross sections in present investigation.

The emission angle and the transverse momentum distributions of projectile fragments (PFs) produced in fragmentation of silicon on carbon and polyethylene targets at 800 A MeV are measured. It is found that the angular and transverse distribution of PFs do not evidently depend on the mass of target nucleus, the averaged emission angle and transverse momentum decrease with increase of the charge of PF for the same target, and no obvious dependence on the target mass is found for the same PF. The cumulated squared transverse momentum distribution of PF can be well explained by a single Rayleigh distribution. The temperature parameter of PF emission source is determined, which is about 2-4 MeV and independent of the target and PF size.

A series of novel indole-based oxalamide and aminoacetamide derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antiproliferative activities. Preliminary results revealed that compound 8g exhibited significant antiproliferative effect against PC-3, HeLa and HCT-116 cell lines. Flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle demonstrated the compound 8g induced the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in HeLa cell lines. Immunocytochemistry revealed loss of intact microtubule structure in cells treated with 8g andinhibition of tubulinpolymerization. Additionally, molecular docking analysis suggested that 8g formed stable interactions in the colchicine-binding site of tubulin. These preliminary results demonstrated that a new class of novel indole-based oxalamide and aminoacetamide derivatives described in the investigation could be developed as potential scaffolds to new anticancer agents.

Panorama image can provide 360 degrees view in one hotspot, which could solve the traditional three-dimensional expression of inadequate authenticity, difficult data acquisition as well as laborious and time-consuming modeling. However, we need other geographic information. So we propose a kind of integrated model based on GML, which contains a set of data structures to obtain panorama, terrain and 3D Data rapidly from the GML file, after analyzing GML files structure and parsing by the Document Object Model (DOM). The experiment shows that integrated model is very validated in web application using PTViewer, Java 3D and Web-related technologies.

The emission angle distribution of projectile fragments (PFs) and the temperature of PF emission sources for fragmentation of 56Fe on polyethylene, carbon, and aluminum targets at the highest energy of 497 A MeV are investigated on the basis of corrected data, using a CR-39 plastic nuclear track detector. It is found that the average emission angle of PFs increases with the decrease in PF charge for the same target, and no obvious dependence of angular distribution on the mass of the target nucleus is found for the same PF. The cumulative squared transverse momentum distribution of PFs can be well represented by a single Rayleigh distribution. The temperature of PF emission sources is extracted from the distribution, and it is about 1.0–8.0 MeV and does not depend on the mass of the target for PFs with charges of 9

The total charge-changing cross-section and the partial cross-section of projectile fragments (PFs) production for the fragmentation of 12C on Cu target at the highest energy close to about 400 A MeV is investigated. It is found that the total charge-changing cross-sections of PFs production is independent of the beam energy, but the partial cross-sections of PFs production increase with decrease beam energy for the same target. The total charge-changing reaction cross section is in agreement with the prediction of Bradt-Peters semi-empirical formula, PHITS and NUCFRG2 models. The partial cross section of PFs production is larger than the prediction of PHITS model. The average scattering angle of beam particle is smaller than the mean emission angle of PF, and the width of scattering angle distribution of beam particle is smaller than that of emission angle distribution of PF.