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This study aimed to determine the influences of a health-promoting lifestyle of rural women during the COVID-19 pandemic on the intention to use herbal medicine and to investigate the moderating effects of Corona anxiety on the model. The present research is a cross-section survey conducted using a questionnaire with confirmed validity and reliability. Rural women of Zanjan Province comprised the study population. Multi-stage sampling was performed, and the sample size was calculated as 272 using Cochran's formula. Data were collected between March and May 2020 during the Covid-19 pandemic. The results revealed that the lifestyle of rural women was moderately healthoriented. The results of the hypothesized structural model showed that dimensions of a health-promoting lifestyle explained 68% of the variability in intention to use herbal medicine. The drivers of intention to use herbal medicine for rural women in order of influence were health responsibility, nutrition, self-actualization, and stress management. The findings on the moderating role of Corona anxiety on the conceptual model of the study revealed that Corona anxiety significantly moderates the path relations of health responsibility and interpersonal relationships with intention to use herbal medicine. This study is significant in determining how Covid-19 infection can increase attention to certain aspects of a healthy lifestyle and intention to use herbal medicines. Furthermore, by looking at the underlying variables correlated to the intention to use herbal medicines, the results of this study could be beneficial in explaining appropriate educational interventions for rural women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After around a hundred years of being without any record of occurrence of Paracobitis rhadinaea, a species of Nemacheiline loach, in Sistan basin, southeast of Iran, the year 2012 was the turning point of wild life in this area. Twenty-five specimens were caught from Chahnimeh Reservoir, a water body adjacent to the Hamoun Wetland in Sistan basin. Morphometric and meristic characteristics were measured.

The present study tested the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) in explaining farmers' response to renewable energy in Zanjan County, Iran. The study further investigated the direct and indirect influence of knowledge on motivation to use Renewable Energies (REs) through PMT variables. The target population of this study comprised farmers in Zanjan County. Multistage sampling method was employed for sampling procedures and sample size was determined using G*Power software (n= 287). To test the study hypothesis, a multivariate technique of structural equation modeling was applied. The results indicated that the PMT threat appraisal variables comprising perceived vulnerability, severity, and intrinsic reward had statistically positive relationships with the farmers' motivation to use renewable energies. Also, the results revealed that all PMT coping appraisal variables had a statistically significant relationship with the farmers' motivation to use renewable energies. In addition, the results of full structural model specified that farmers' knowledge directly and indirectly (through PMT variables) had a statistically significant effect on the farmers' motivation to use renewable energies. The model, including knowledge and protection motivation theory variables, explained about 71% of the farmers' motivation to use renewable energies. Therefore, the results revealed the applicability of the PMT in explaining farmers' response to renewable energy in Iran. Thus, it is suggested that the future studies could use the extended model of PMT by considering the pre-influence of knowledge of renewable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) for the first time in manufacturing FeSi 6.5%, a crucial soft magnetic material. The investigation focuses on the impact of energy density on fabrication, emphasizing porosity, crack formation, and identifying an optimal processing window. Results reveal a significant correlation between energy density and defects. An increase in energy density from 54 to 82 J/mm^2 leads to pronounced porosity and cracks. However, within 61 to 68 J/mm^2, an optimal processing window emerges, ensuring minimal defects (< 0.3% porosity) and crack-free structures. Notably, manufacturing high silicon-content electrical steels without cracks is extremely challenging, but this study achieves it. Through systematic analysis, this research underscores the vital role of energy density in shaping the quality of FeSi 6.5% thin walls parts. These insights improve LMD parameters, advancing the manufacturing of soft magnetic materials.

Background and Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different types of isokinetic contractions on hemodynamic parameters in men. Materials and Methods: Ten healthy male subjects (age, 26.1±3.4 years) in three separate sessions performed three exercise protocols included Concentric/Concentric (C/C), Eccentric/Eccentric (E/E) and Concentric/Eccentric (C/E) contractions (flexion and extension) in the knee joint. In each session subjects performed 4 sets, 10 repetitions, at the speed of 60 degree per second. Hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and rate of pressure product) were measured before exercise, immediately after exercise and after 30 min recovery. Data were analyzed using two- way repeated measures of ANOVA. Results: Statistical analysis of data showed significant increases in heart rate, systolic blood pressure (P<0.001), mean arterial blood pressure (P=0.053) and rate of pressure product (P<0.001) during exercise and significant reductions in these parameters in recovery period. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was significantly different among the contraction protocols (F2,34=15.5) and post-hoc test showed that RPE was lower in E/E protocol than the other two protocols. Conclusion: Hemodynamic parameters change in response to different muscular contractions, though these changes are not related to contraction type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earthquake has become one of the most lethal problems in Indonesia, especially across the ring of the fire zone. On September 30th, 2009, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.6 SR occurred, triggering tsunami and liquefaction. The liquefaction potential and tsunami forces need to be mitigated when an earthquake happens to reduce the risk. This study designs the building foundation that can endure the loads from an earthquake, tsunami, and liquefaction in the Air Tawar estuary of Padang City. The soil profile and liquefaction potential can be identified with CPT (Cone Penetration Test) data. After identifying the liquefaction potential, the upper structure was designed to consider the earthquake load and tsunami waves according to FEMA P-464 (2012). Afterward, design the foundation dimensions based on the ultimate load from the upper structure, wherein the amount of the settlement should be smaller than the tolerable soil settlement. The method used in the paper is taking the CPT data in the Air Tawar Estuary. After analyzing the liquefaction potential, making an upper structure design with ETABS 2016, recapitulate the maximum joint reaction to design the foundation that can withstand the ultimate load, and calculate the amount of soil settlement. Thus the design of the upper structure and lower structure take into account liquefaction. The amount of soil settlement obtained in the building design is still within the tolerance range of 9.79 mm, where the maximum limit of reduction is 32m.

Among therapeutic proteins, cytokines and growth factors have great potential for regenerative medicine applications. However, these molecules have encountered limited clinical success due to low effectiveness and major safety concerns, highlighting the need to develop better approaches that increase efficacy and safety. Promising approaches leverage how the extracellular matrix (ECM) controls the activity of these molecules during tissue healing. Using a protein motif screening strategy, we discovered that amphiregulin possesses an exceptionally strong binding motif for ECM components. We used this motif to confer the pro-regenerative therapeutics platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) a very high affinity to the ECM. In mouse models, the approach considerably extended tissue retention of the engineered therapeutics and reduced leakage in the circulation. Prolonged retention and minimal systemic diffusion of engineered PDGF-BB abolished the tumour growth-promoting adverse effect that was observed with wild-type PDGF-BB. Moreover, engineered PDGF-BB was substantially more effective at promoting diabetic wound healing and regeneration after volumetric muscle loss, compared to wild-type PDGF-BB. Finally, while local or systemic delivery of wild-type IL-1Ra showed minor effects, intramyocardial delivery of engineered IL-1Ra enhanced cardiac repair after myocardial infarction by limiting cardiomyocyte death and fibrosis. This engineering strategy highlights the key importance of exploiting interactions between ECM and therapeutic proteins for developing effective and safer regenerative therapies., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Understanding drivers of farmers' extractive and non-extractive behavior regarding natural resources has become increasingly important in the face of anthropogenic climatic change, which is a major challenge in today's world. Non-extractive behavior on the farm refers to the use of natural resources to the extent that it is possible to renew the context and not harm nature and non-renewable resources. Extractive behavior on the farm is associated with the extensive extraction of natural resources without provision for their renewal such as digging deeper wells instead of using water optimally, using chemical fertilizers with more repetition and higher dosage instead of the bio-fertilizers, and as a later result more climate change. To successfully respond human-made climate change using a cognitive hierarchy model, the influence of values on belief and behavior was assessed by a survey method among farmers of Zanjan province, Iran. A representative sample of 265 farmers was surveyed using proportional randomized multi-stage sampling. The results revealed that value orientation significantly elucidated 21% of the variability in non-extractive behavior and 26% of extractive behavior variance in a direct way and through beliefs in climate change. The recommendations have been presented to increase farmer's efforts to reduce their ecological footprint in nature., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestThe author declares no conflict of interest with respect to the authorship or the publication of this article., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2023, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Abstract: Trigger finger is a relatively common condition affecting the smooth gliding of tendons in the hand. When this entity affects the gliding motion of the wrist, it is termed as trigger wrist. In this article, we report the extremely rare case of a double trigger wrist caused by 2 tendon sheath tumors resulting in 2 trigger points in the motion of the wrist and carpal tunnel syndrome. The patient was managed with surgical excision of the tumors and release of the flexor retinaculum with resolution of symptoms., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: A large liver size is a factor that may increase the difficulty of bariatric surgery (BS) and unwanted complications. Some agents have been used to decrease the liver size before BS. Silymarin has been used as an antioxidant agent to improve liver function tests. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of silymarin on liver dimensions, function, and lipid profile., Materials and Methods: A double-blind randomized clinical trial was performed on 56 patients. The patients were divided into silymarin and placebo groups. Blood samples and sonographic examinations were taken from the patients before and 4 weeks after the administration of the silymarin or placebo. In the first group, 140 mg silymarin was prescribed every 8 h for 4 weeks, and the other group received placebo in the same way with the same tablet shape. After the completion of the 4-week treatment, laboratory tests and ultrasonography were carried out again., Results: Thirty-nine (69.6%) patients were female with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 46.2 kg/m 2 and a mean age of 36.8 years. Most of the patients had a compliance of 80% and higher. The analysis did not show any significant difference in aspartate transaminase, alkaline transaminase, liver size, cholesterol, and triglyceride changes among the silymarin and placebo groups. BMI loss was slightly higher in the silymarin group although the difference was not statistically significant., Conclusion: The present findings show that silymarin administration for 4 weeks does not affect liver size and function, but further evaluations should be carried out on the subject., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.)

Background: Historically, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has been considered the gold standard of bariatric surgery (BS). This procedure acts as a mixed restrictive and malabsorptive operation., Methods:  This retrospective cohort study included 410 morbidly obese patients (BMI > 40 kg/m 2 or BMI > 35 kg/m 2  along with at least one major comorbidity) who underwent primary laparoscopic RYGB surgery from 2009 to 2015 by a single surgery team. The patients were 18 years and older with at least 12 months of follow-up. Total weight loss (%TWL) and comorbidity resolution were compared in short-term (12 months) and mid-term (12-60 months) follow-ups. The primary and secondary outcomes were evaluating the effect of Roux-en-Y on weight loss and control of comorbidities, respectively., Results:  The mean ± SD age, weight, and BMI at surgery were 40.1 ± 10.58 years, 123.32 ± 19.88 kg, and 45.78 ± 5.54 kg/m 2 , respectively, and 329 (80%) were female, and 62 (15%) had T2DM. %TWL was significantly higher in T2DM patients 9 months postoperatively and after that. Patients with lower BMI (< 50 kg/m 2 ) at surgery and non-diabetic patients had a significantly lower %TWL over a short- and long-term follow-up (P < 0.001)., Conclusions: BS remains the most efficacious and durable weight loss treatment. However, a proportion of patients will experience insufficient weight loss following BS., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

In patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m 2 , it is difficult to select an appropriate procedure that can lead to optimum results. This study aims to evaluate mid-term weight loss outcomes in patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m 2 following one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) as a one-stage procedure. A prospective study was conducted on patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m 2 , aged 18 years and above who had undergone primary OAGB from January 2016 to February 2019 with at least two years follow-ups. A total of 197 patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m 2 had underwent OAGB. The mean age was 38 years and the mean pre-operative BMI was 53.7 kg/m 2 . Mean EWL% were 63.7%, 67.8% and 66.2% at one, two and five years after OAGB respectively. The highest level of EWL% was 68.4%, which was achieved in the 18th month following OAGB. OAGB can be performed safely in patients with BMI ≥ 50 kg/m 2 as a one-stage procedure with acceptable weight loss outcomes and remission of obesity associated medical problems., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The most accepted procedures as conversion for poor weight changes after sleeve gastrectomy (SG), are malabsorptive surgeries. This study was designed to evaluate the 5-year outcomes of One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB) following SG due to weight loss failure and weight regain. From September 2014 to January 2017, totally 23 patients with a history of SG conversion to OAGB in terms of weight loss failure or weight regain who had completed their 5-year follow-ups were studied. Some obesity related co-morbidities containing type-2 diabetes (DM), hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) were also investigated at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years after conversional surgery. All cases had remission/improvement in DM, DLP, HTN and OSA 1 year after conversional OAGB. Analysis showed statistically significant (P < 0.001) change in trend of BMI. Mean BMI before conversional surgery, at 1, 2, 3and 5 years were 46.3 ± 10.4, 34.5 ± 8.5, 34.1 ± 8.6, 35.7 ± 8.7 and 37.5 ± 11.6, respectively. Mean percent excess weight loss (%EWL) at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years was 51.6 ± 11.0, 52.9 ± 13.1, 45.5 ± 16.4 and 41.0 ± 18.0, respectively. Mean percent total weight loss (%TWL) at 1, 2, 3 and 5 years was 26.6 ± 5.9, 27.4 ± 7.2, 23.9 ± 9.2 and 20.9 ± 9.3, respectively. OAGB is an effective conversional procedure for insufficient weight loss and weight regain following failed SG and lead to satisfactory changes in obesity associated medical problems. The optimal weight loss results are obtained at 2-year follow-ups and these effects are then reduced., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The widespread prevalence of using chemical substances such as fertilizers and pesticides in garden threatens the health of horticulturists. This study aimed to investigate the underlying elements of protective behavior of horticulturists from psychological aspects. The health Belief Model is the theoretical basis of this study and moderating the role of locus of control is explored over the model. The target population of study was horticulturists of Zanjan County, Iran. A questionnaire was distributed among a random sample of 293, who were selected using multi stage stratified sampling. The study results revealed that all elements of the proposed theory significantly influence the protective behavior. Furthermore, the study results confirmed the moderating effects of locus of control on the path relation between perceived profit and cues to action with protective behavior. The suggestions to improve protective behavior for individual with internal and external locus of control are presented., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest with respect to the authorship or the publication of this article., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022.)

Bariatric surgery affects gut microbial flora due to the anatomical and physiological changes it causes in the gastrointestinal tract. Understanding the interaction between the gut flora, the type of bariatric surgery and weight loss may help improve bariatric surgery outcomes. This study was designed to compare the effects of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) and Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG) on two main phyla of the gut microbiota in humans and evaluate their potential effect on weight changes. Thirty morbidly obese patients were divided into two groups and underwent laparoscopic SG or laparoscopic RYGB. The patients' weight changes and fecal samples were evaluated at baseline and 6 months after the surgery. A microbial flora count was carried out of the phyla Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and Bacteroides Fragilis. Changes in the abundance of the flora and their correlation with weight loss were analyzed. After 6 months, the patients with a history of RYGB showed a significant decrease in stool Bacteroidetes while the reduction in the SG group was insignificant. Firmicutes abundance was almost unchanged following SG and RYGB. There was no significant change in Bacteroides Fragilis abundance in either of the two groups, but a positive correlation was observed between Bacteroides Fragilis and weight loss after SG and RYGB. Bariatric surgery can affect gut microbiota. It can be concluded that these changes are dependent on many factors and may play a role in weight loss., (© 2020. Italian Society of Surgery (SIC).)

Chronic wounds are a major clinical problem where wound closure is prevented by pathologic factors, including immune dysregulation. To design efficient immunotherapies, an understanding of the key molecular pathways by which immunity impairs wound healing is needed. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) plays a central role in regulating the immune response to tissue injury through IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1). Generating a knockout mouse model, we demonstrate that the IL-1-IL-1R1 axis delays wound closure in diabetic conditions. We used a protein engineering approach to deliver IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in a localised and sustained manner through binding extracellular matrix components. We demonstrate that matrix-binding IL-1Ra improves wound healing in diabetic mice by re-establishing a pro-healing microenvironment characterised by lower levels of pro-inflammatory cells, cytokines and senescent fibroblasts, and higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Engineered IL-1Ra has translational potential for chronic wounds and other inflammatory conditions where IL-1R1 signalling should be dampened.

Pediatric burn injuries are frequently complicated by burn scar contractures that often create functional limitations. Usually release followed by skin grafts, local flaps or tissue expansion is adequate. In rare instances, when the contracture is severe and simpler forms of reconstruction have failed, microsurgical free tissue transfer becomes essential. Even though in pediatric patients it can be technically more demanding and there is a reported risk of vasospasm, free tissue transfer has proven to be a good alternative. It is a one-stage procedure that guarantees decent functional outcomes. The perforator anterolateral thigh flap is a workhorse flap in microsurgery. The versatility of this flap allows it to be used in various anatomic locations. In this paper we report its use in neck, wrist, foot and face reconstructions. Flap success rates were 100%, with no cases of partial or complete flap loss. No acute or chronic complications were noted. Only one patient required reoperation for thinning of the flap to allow proper shoe fitting. All patients had good functional outcomes and the contractures were fully released. Joint function was regained in all patients except one that required wrist fusion. When indicated, the free perforator ALT flap is an excellent option for challenging reconstructions., (Copyright © 2020 Euro-Mediterranean Council for Burns and Fire Disasters.)

Although growth factors (GFs) are key molecules for regenerative medicine, their use has been limited by issues associated with suboptimal delivery systems and incomplete understanding of their signaling dynamics. Here, we explored how proinflammatory signals affect GF regenerative potential. Using bone regeneration in mouse, we found that the regenerative capacity of two clinically relevant GFs (BMP-2 and PDGF-BB) is impaired by interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R1). Mechanistically, IL-1R1 activation in bone-forming cells desensitizes them to GFs and accelerates senescence. Moreover, administration of the GFs triggers IL-1 release by macrophages. To provide localized and sustained IL-1R1 inhibition, we engineered IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra) to bind the extracellular matrix (ECM) very strongly and demonstrate that codelivering GFs with ECM-binding IL-1Ra induces superior regeneration. Thus, we highlight that GF regenerative activity is hindered by proinflammatory signals, and GF-based therapies should integrate immunomodulation. Particularly, ECM-binding IL-1Ra holds clinical translational potential by enhancing efficacy of GF therapies., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).)

Natural killer cells (NKs) are the most important cells in the fetomaternal immune tolerance induced through interaction of maternal killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) and fetal human leucocyte antigens (HLA). Hence, we intend to perform a meta-analysis on the role of maternal KIR genes diversity in recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). The present paper is a meta-analysis of previous genetic association studies and our previous original study. The results showed that KIR3DL1 was a significantly protecting factor for RSA (p=0.044; OR=0.833 [0.698-0.995]; fixed effect model). KIR2DS2 (p=0.034; OR=1.195 [1.013-1.408]; fixed effect model) and KIR2DS3 (p=0.013; OR=1.246 [1.047-1.483]; fixed effect model) were significantly risk factors for RSA. For KIR2DS1 there was a high heterogeneity and publication bias. Briefly, the inhibitory gene KIR3DL1 was a protecting factor, and the activating genes KIR2DS2 and KIR2DS3 were risk factors for RSA. However, the effect sizes were not suitable. We suggest further studies on different causes of pregnancy loss, to find the role of KIR2DS1.

Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD), also known as sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, is a rare and benign proliferative disease that affects histiocytes. Its etiology remains unclear. Rosai-Dorfman disease primarily affects lymph nodes with many extranodal manifestations present, including cutaneous, pulmonary, ophthalmic, and gastrointestinal. Diagnosis is mainly histologic with the presence of Rosai-Dorfman cells, which demonstrate emperipolesis. We report a case of a 30-year-old man who presented with a facial cutaneous mass and was diagnosed with RDD; he underwent surgical excision. The patient experienced recurrent lesions on the surgical scar and parotid gland as well as the lower back. Treatment consisted of systemic steroids and surgical excision.

Proboscis Lateralis is a rare congenital anomaly composed of an accessory tubular appendage with possible associated craniofacial anomalies. Computed tomography scan is essential for evaluation of the anomaly and proposing a plan of management. Treatment is complex and should be individualized. The authors present the case of an 18-month old female with left proboscis lateralis associated with left heminasal hypoplasia and coloboma of the left upper eyelid.

Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are one of the most hazardous chemicals used as insecticides/pesticide in agricultural practices. A large variety of OP compounds are hydrolyzed by organophosphorus hydrolases (OPH; EC 3.1.8.1). Therefore, OPHs are among the most suitable candidates that could be used in designing enzyme-based sensors for detecting OP compounds. In this work, a novel nanobiosensor for the detection of paraoxon was designed and fabricated. More specifically, OPH was covalently embedded onto chitosan and the enzyme-chitosan bioconjugate was then immobilized on negatively charged gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) electrostatically. The enzyme was immobilized on AuNPs without chitosan as well, to compare the two systems in terms of detection limit and enzyme stability under different pH and temperature conditions. Coumarin 1, a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme, was used as a fluorogenic probe. The emission of coumarin 1 was effectively quenched by the immobilized Au-NPs when bound to the developed nanobioconjugates. However, in the presence of paraoxon, coumarin 1 left the nanobioconjugate, leading to enhanced fluorescence intensity. Moreover, compared to the immobilized enzyme without chitosan, the chitosan-immobilized enzyme was found to possess decreased Km value by more than 50%, and increased Vmax and Kcat values by around 15% and 74%, respectively. Higher stability within a wider range of pH (2-12) and temperature (25-90°C) was also achieved. The method worked in the 0 to 1050 nM concentration ranges, and had a detection limit as low as 5 × 10(-11) M.

Objective: In the present work, the effects of different fractions of Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum), on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures and brain tissues oxidative damage were investigated in rats., Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into the following groups: (1) vehicle, (2) PTZ (90 mg/kg), (3) water fraction (WF) of C. sativum (25 and 100 mg/kg), (4) n-butanol fraction (NBF) of C. sativum (25 and 100 mg/kg), and (5) ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of C. sativum (25 and 100 mg/kg)., Results: The first generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) latency in groups treated with 100 mg /kg of WF or EAF was significantly higher than that of PTZ group (p<0.01). In contrast to WF, the EAF and NBF were not effective in increasing the first minimal clonic seizure (MCS) latency. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in both cortical and hippocampal tissues of PTZ group were significantly higher than those of control animals (p<0.001). Pretreatment with WF, NBF, or EAF resulted in a significant reduction in the MDA levels of hippocampi (p<0.01 - p<0.001). Following PTZ administration, a significant reduction in total thiol groups was observed in the brain tissues (p<0.05). Pretreatment with WF and NBF significantly elevated thiol concentrations in cortical and hippocampal tissues, respectively (p<0.05)., Conclusion: The present study showed that different fractions of C. sativum possess antioxidant activity in the brain and WF and EAF of this plant have anticonvulsant effects.