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At cosmic dawn, the first stars and galaxies are believed to form from and be deeply embedded in clouds of dense, pristine gas. Here we present a study of the JWST/NIRSpec data of the most distant, spectroscopically confirmed galaxy observed to date, JADES-GS-z14-0 (GS-z14 for short), at $z=14.179$, combined with recent far-infrared measurements of the [OIII]-$88\mu$m and [CII]-$158\mu$m line transitions and underlying dust-continuum emission. Based on the observed prominent damped Lyman-$\alpha$ (DLA) absorption profile, we determine a substantial neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) column density, $\log (N_{\rm HI} / {\rm cm^{-2}}) = 22.27^{+0.08}_{-0.09}$, consistent with previous estimates though seemingly at odds with the dynamical and gas mass of the galaxy. Using various independent but complementary approaches, considering the implied neutral gas mass from the DLA measurement, the star-formation rate surface density, and the metal abundance, we demonstrate that the total gas mass of GS-z14 is of the order $\log (M_{\rm gas} / M_\odot) = 9.8\pm 0.3$. This implies a substantial gas mass fraction, $f_{\rm gas} \gtrsim 0.9$ and that the bulk of the interstellar medium (ISM) is in the form of HI. We show that the derived gas mass is fully consistent with the non-detection of [CII]-$158\mu$m, assuming an appropriate scaling to the neutral gas. The low dust-to-gas ratio, $A_V/N_{\rm HI} = (1.3\pm 0.6)\times 10^{-23}$\,mag\,cm$^2$, derived in the line-of-sight through the DLA further indicates that the absorbing gas is more pristine than the central, star-forming regions probed by the [OIII]-$88\mu$m emission. These results highlight the implications for far-infrared line-detection searchers attainable with ALMA and demonstrate that the bright, relatively massive galaxy GS-z14 at $z=14.179$ is deeply embedded in a substantial, pristine HI gas reservoir dominating its baryonic matter content., Comment: Submitted. Comments welcome!

Metallicity is a crucial tracer of galaxy evolution, providing insights into gas accretion, star formation, and feedback. At high redshift, these processes reveal how early galaxies assembled and enriched their interstellar medium. In this work, we present rest-frame optical spectroscopy of 12 massive ($\log(M_*/\mathrm{M_{\odot}})>9$) galaxies at $z\sim 6$-$8$ from the REBELS ALMA large program, observed with JWST NIRSpec/IFU in the prism mode. These observations span emission lines from [OII]$\lambda$3727,9 to [SII]$\lambda$6716,31, providing key information on nebular dust attenuation, ionisation states, and chemical abundances. We find lower O32 ratios (average $\sim3.7$) and [OIII]$\lambda$5007 equivalent widths (average ${EW_{[OIII]}}\sim390$\AA) than are generally found in existing large spectroscopic surveys at $z>6$, indicating less extreme ionising conditions. Strong-line diagnostics suggest that these systems are some of the most metal-rich galaxies observed at $z>6$ (average $Z_{\mathrm{gas}}\sim 0.4 Z_{\odot}$), including sources with near-solar oxygen abundances, in line with their high stellar masses (average $\log{M_*/\mathrm{M_{\odot}}}\sim9.5$). Supplementing with literature sources at lower masses, we investigate the mass-metallicity and fundamental metallicity relations (MZR and FMR, respectively) over a 4 dex stellar mass range at $63$ studies., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS, 22 pages

We present a detailed exploration of the most optically-luminous Little Red Dot ($L_{H\alpha}=10^{44}$erg/s, $L_V=10^{45}$erg/s, F444W=22AB) found to date. Located in the Abell 2744 field, source A744-45924 was observed by NIRSpec/PRISM with ultradeep spectroscopy reaching SNR$\sim$100pix$^{-1}$, high-resolution 3-4 micron NIRCam/Grism spectroscopy, and NIRCam Medium Band imaging. The NIRCam spectra reveal high rest-frame EW $W_{H\alpha,0,broad}>800$\r{A}, broad H$\alpha$ emission (FWHM$\sim$4500 km/s), on top of narrow, complex absorption. NIRSpec data show exceptionally strong rest-frame UV to NIR Fe II emission ($W_{FeII-UV,0}\sim$340\r{A}), N IV]$\lambda\lambda$1483,1486 and N III]$\lambda$1750, and broad NIR O I $\lambda$8446 emission. The spectra unambiguously demonstrate a broad-line region associated with an inferred $M_{BH}\sim10^9M_\odot$ supermassive black hole embedded in dense gas, which might explain a non-detection in ultradeep Chandra X-ray data (>$10\times$ underluminous relative to broad $L_{H\alpha}$). Strong UV Nitrogen lines suggest supersolar N/O ratios due to rapid star formation or intense radiation near the AGN. The continuum shows a clear Balmer break at rest-frame 3650\r{A}, which cannot be accounted for by an AGN power-law alone. A stellar population model produces an excellent fit with a reddened Balmer break and implying a massive ($M_*\sim8\times10^{10}M_\odot$), old $\sim$500 Myr, compact stellar core, among the densest stellar systems known ($\rho\sim3\times10^6M_\odot$/pc$^2$ for $R_{e,opt}=70\pm10$ pc), and AGN emission with extreme intrinsic EW $W_{H\alpha,0}\gg$1000\r{A}. However, although high $M_*$ and $M_{BH}$ are supported by evidence of an overdensity containing 40 galaxies at $z=4.41-4.51$, deep high-resolution spectroscopy is required to confirm stellar absorption and rule out that dense gas around the AGN causes the Balmer break instead., Comment: 28 pages,10 figures, submitted to ApJ

JWST observations have unveiled faint active galactic nuclei (AGN) at high-redshift that provide insights on the formation of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and their coevolution with galaxies. However, disentangling stellar from AGN light in these sources is challenging. Here, we use an empirical approach to infer the average stellar mass of 6 faint broad line (BL) Halpha emitters at z = 4 - 5 with BH masses ~ 6 (4 - 15)x10^6 Msun, with a method independent of their spectral energy distribution (SED). We use the deep JWST/NIRcam grism survey ALT to measure the over-densities around BL-Halpha emitters and around a spectroscopic reference sample of ~300 galaxies. In our reference sample, we find that Mpc-scale over-density correlates with stellar mass, while pair counts are flat below ~50 kpc due to satellites. Their large-scale environments suggest that BL-Halpha emitters are hosted by galaxies with stellar masses ~5x10^7 Msun, ~40 times lower than those inferred from galaxy-only SED fits. Adding measurements around more luminous z~6 AGNs, we find tentative correlations between line width, BH mass and the over-density, suggestive of a steep BH to halo mass relation. The main implications are (1) when BH masses are taken at face value, we confirm extremely high BH to stellar mass ratios of ~10 %, (2) the low stellar mass galaxies hosting growing SMBHs are in tension with typical hydrodynamical simulations, except those without feedback, (3) a 1 % duty cycle implied by the host mass hints at super-Eddington accretion, which may imply over-estimated SMBH masses, (4) the masses are at odds with a high stellar density interpretation of the line broadening, (5) our results imply a diversity of galaxy masses, environments and SEDs among AGN samples, depending on their luminosity., Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures. Submitted to ApJ. Main results in Figures 12, 13, 14. Comments welcome

The dearth of high quality spectroscopy of dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) -- the main drivers of the assembly of dust and stellar mass at the peak of activity in the Universe -- greatly hinders our ability to interpret their physical processes and evolutionary pathways. We present JWST/NIRSpec observations from RUBIES of four submillimeter-selected, ALMA-detected DSFGs at cosmic noon, $z\sim2.3-2.7$. While photometry uniformly suggests vigorous ongoing star formation for the entire sample in line with canonical DSFGs, the spectra differ: one source has spectroscopic evidence of an evolved stellar population, indicating a recent transition to a post-starburst phase, while the remainder show strong spectroscopic signatures of ongoing starbursts. All four galaxies are infrared-luminous (log$_{10}$$L_{\rm{IR}}$/L$_{\rm \odot}$ $>12.4$), massive (log$_{10}\,M_\star$/M$_{\rm \odot}$ $>11$), and very dust-obscured ($A_V\sim3-4$ ABmag). Leveraging detections of multiple Balmer and Paschen lines, we derive an optical attenuation curve consistent with Calzetti overall, yet an optical extinction ratio $R_V\sim2.5$, potentially indicating smaller dust grains or differences in star-dust geometry. This case study provides some of the first detailed spectroscopic evidence that the DSFGs encompass a heterogeneous sample spanning a range of star formation properties and evolutionary stages, and illustrates the advantages of synergistic JWST and ALMA analysis of DSFGs., Comment: 20 pages, 4 figures; submitted to ApJ

Dwarf galaxies hold the key to crucial frontiers of astrophysics, however, their faintness renders spectroscopy challenging. Here we present the JWST Cycle 2 survey, All the Little Things (ALT, PID 3516), which is designed to seek late-forming Pop III stars and the drivers of reionization at $z\sim6-7$. ALT has acquired the deepest NIRCam grism spectroscopy yet (7-27 hr), at JWST's most sensitive wavelengths (3-4 $\mu$m), covering the powerful lensing cluster Abell 2744. Over the same 30 arcmin$^2$, ALT's ultra-deep F070W+F090W imaging ($\sim$30 mag) enables selection of very faint sources at $z>6$. We demonstrate the success of ALT's novel ``butterfly" mosaic to solve spectral confusion and contamination, and introduce the ``Allegro" method for emission line identification. By collecting spectra for every source in the field of view, ALT has measured precise ($R\sim1600$) redshifts for 1630 sources at $z=0.2-8.5$. This includes one of the largest samples of distant dwarf galaxies: [1015, 475, 50] sources less massive than the SMC, Fornax, and Sculptor with $\log(M_{*}/M_{\odot})<$[8.5, 7.5, 6.5]. We showcase ALT's discovery space with: (i) spatially resolved spectra of lensed clumps in galaxies as faint as $M_{\rm{UV}}\sim-15$; (ii) large-scale clustering -- overdensities at $z$=[2.50, 2.58, 3.97, 4.30, 5.66, 5.77, 6.33] hosting massive galaxies with striking Balmer breaks; (iii) small-scale clustering -- a system of satellites around a Milky Way analog at $z\sim6$; (iv) spectroscopically confirmed multiple images that help constrain the lensing model underlying all science in this legacy field; (v) sensitive star-formation maps based on dust-insensitive tracers such as Pa$\alpha$; (vi) direct spectroscopic discovery of rare sources such as AGN with ionized outflows. These results provide a powerful proof of concept for how grism surveys maximize the potential of strong lensing fields., Comment: Submitted to the Open Journal of Astrophysics. Figs. 6 and 10 illustrate the quality of the spectra and imaging, while Fig. 12 summarizes the yield of the survey. Comments warmly welcomed and greatly appreciated. The ALT DR1 catalog is available at https://zenodo.org/records/13871850

We study, from both a theoretical and observational perspective, the physical origin and spectroscopic impact of extreme nebular emission in high-redshift galaxies. The nebular continuum, which can appear during extreme starbursts, is of particular importance as it tends to redden UV slopes and has a significant contribution to the UV luminosities of galaxies. Furthermore, its shape can be used to infer the gas density and temperature of the ISM. First, we provide a theoretical background, showing how different stellar populations (SPS models, IMFs, and stellar temperatures) and nebular conditions impact observed galaxy spectra. We demonstrate that, for systems with strong nebular continuum emission, 1) UV fluxes can increase by up to 0.7~magnitudes (or more in the case of hot/massive stars) above the stellar continuum, which may help reconcile the surprising abundance of bright high-redshift galaxies and the elevated UV luminosity density at $z>10$, 2) at high gas densities, UV slopes can redden from $\beta\lesssim-2.5$ to $\beta\sim-1$, 3) observational measurements of $\xi_{ion}$ are grossly underestimated, and 4) UV downturns from two-photon emission can masquerade as DLAs. Second, we present a dataset of 58 galaxies observed with NIRSpec on JWST at $2.510$ galaxies, finding that UV slopes and UV downturns are in some cases redder or steeper than expected from SPS models, which may hint at more exotic (e.g. hotter/more massive stars or AGN) ionizing sources., Comment: 26 pages, 18 figures, submitted to The Open Journal of Astrophysics

Galaxy clusters are the most massive, gravitationally-bound structures in the Universe, emerging through hierarchical structure formation of large-scale dark matter and baryon overdensities. Early galaxy ``proto-clusters'' are believed to be important physical drivers of the overall cosmic star-formation rate density and serve as ``hotspots'' for the reionization of the intergalactic medium. Our understanding of the formation of these structures at the earliest cosmic epochs is, however, limited to sparse observations of their galaxy members, or based on phenomenological models and cosmological simulations. Here we report the detection of a massive neutral, atomic hydrogen (HI) gas reservoir permeating a galaxy proto-cluster at redshift $z=5.4$, observed one billion years after the Big Bang. The presence of this cold gas is revealed by strong damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption features observed in several background galaxy spectra taken with JWST/NIRSpec in close on-sky projection. While overall the sightlines probe a large range in HI column densities, $N_{\rm HI} = 10^{21.7}-10^{23.5}$ cm$^{-2}$, they are similar across nearby sightlines, demonstrating that they probe the same dense, neutral gas. This observation of a massive, large-scale overdensity of cold neutral gas challenges current large-scale cosmological simulations and has strong implications for the reionization topology of the Universe., Comment: Submitted

The nature of the minute-to-hour long Fast X-ray Transients (FXTs) localised by telescopes such as Chandra, Swift, and XMM-Newton remains mysterious, with numerous models suggested for the events. Here, we report multi-wavelength observations of EP240315a, a 1600 s long transient detected by the Einstein Probe, showing it to have a redshift of z=4.859. We measure a low column density of neutral hydrogen, indicating that the event is embedded in a low-density environment, further supported by direct detection of leaking ionising Lyman-continuum. The observed properties are consistent with EP240315a being a long-duration gamma-ray burst, and these observations support an interpretation in which a significant fraction of the FXT population are lower-luminosity examples of similar events. Such transients are detectable at high redshifts by the Einstein Probe and, in the (near) future, out to even larger distances by SVOM, THESEUS, and Athena, providing samples of events into the epoch of reionisation., Comment: 41 pages, 7 figures, submitted

The spectral features in the optical/near-infrared counterparts of neutron star mergers (kilonovae, KNe), evolve dramatically on hour timescales. To examine the spectral evolution we compile a temporal series complete at all observed epochs from 0.5 to 9.4 days of the best optical/near-infrared (NIR) spectra of the gravitational-wave detected kilonova AT2017gfo. Using our analysis of this spectral series, we show that the emergence times of spectral features place strong constraints on line identifications and ejecta properties, while their subsequent evolution probes the structure of the ejecta. We find that the most prominent spectral feature, the 1$\mathrm{\mu}$m P Cygni line, appears suddenly, with the earliest detection at 1.17 days. We find evidence in this earliest feature for the fastest kilonova ejecta component yet discovered, at 0.40-0.45$c$; while across the observed epochs and wavelengths, the velocities of the line-forming regions span nearly an order of magnitude, down to as low as 0.04-0.07$c$. The time of emergence closely follows the predictions for Sr II, due to the rapid recombination of Sr III under local thermal equilibrium (LTE) conditions. The time of transition between the doubly and singly ionised states provides the first direct measurement of the ionisation temperature, This temperature is highly consistent, at the level of a few percent, with the temperature of the emitted blackbody radiation field. Further, we find the KN to be isotropic in temperature, i.e. the polar and equatorial ejecta differ by less than a few hundred Kelvin or within 5%, in the first few days post-merger, based on measurements of the reverberation time-delay effect. This suggests that a model with very simple assumptions, with single-temperature LTE conditions, reproduces the early kilonova properties surprisingly well., Comment: Main text 14 pages, 8 figures, 1 table. Submitted to A&A

We present a comprehensive spectro-photometric analysis of the galaxy GS9422 from the JADES GTO survey located at $z=5.943$, anomalously showing a simultaneous strong Ly$\alpha$ emission feature and damped Ly$\alpha$ absorption (DLA), based on JWST NIRSpec and NIRCam observations. The best-fit modelling of the spectral energy distribution (SED) reveals a young, low-mass (${\rm log}(M_\star/M_{\odot}) = 7.8 \pm 0.01$) galaxy, with a mass-weighted mean age of the stellar population of $(10.9^{+0.07}_{-0.12})\,$Myr. The identified strong nebular emission lines suggest a highly ionized ($O_{32} = 59$), low-metallicity ($12+\log({\rm O/H}) = 7.78\pm 0.10$) star-forming galaxy with a star-formation rate SFR = ($8.2 \pm 2.8$) $\rm M_{\odot}\;yr^{-1}$ over a compact surface area $A_e = 1.85$ kpc$^{2}$, typical for galaxies at this epoch. We carefully model the rest-frame UV NIRSpec Prism spectrum around the Ly$\alpha$ edge, finding that the Ly$\alpha$ emission-line redshift is consistent with the longer-wavelength recombination lines and an escape fraction of $f_{\rm esc,Ly\alpha} = 30\%$ but that the broad DLA feature is not able to converge on the same redshift. Instead, our modelling suggests $z_{\rm abs}= 5.40 \pm 0.10$, the exact redshift of a newly identified proto-cluster in nearby projection to the target galaxy. We argue that most of the HI gas producing the strong Ly$\alpha$ damping wing indeed has to be unassociated with the galaxy itself, and thus may indicate that we are probing the cold, dense circumcluster medium of this massive galaxy overdensity. These results provide an alternative solution to the recent claims of continuum nebular emission or an obscured active galactic nucleus dominating the rest-frame UV parts of the spectrum and provide further indications that strong DLAs might preferentially be associated with galaxy overdensities. [Abridged], Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures + appendix, 2 tables. Submitted to A&A

Observations with JWST have revealed an unexpected high abundance of bright z>10 galaxy candidates. We explore whether a stellar initial mass function (IMF) that becomes increasingly top-heavy towards higher redshifts and lower gas-phase metallicities results in a higher abundance of bright objects in the early universe and how it affects the evolution of galaxy properties compared to a constant IMF. We incorporate such an evolving IMF into the Astraeus framework that couples galaxy evolution and reionisation in the first billion years. Our implementation accounts for the IMF dependence of supernova feedback, metal enrichment, ionising and ultraviolet radiation emission. We conduct two simulations: one with a Salpeter IMF and one with the evolving IMF. Compared to a constant Salpeter IMF, we find that (i) the higher abundance of massive stars in the evolving IMF results in more light per unit stellar mass, a slower build-up of stellar mass and lower stellar-to-halo mass ratio; (ii) due to the self-similar growth of the underlying dark matter halos, the evolving IMF's star formation main sequence hardly deviates from that of the Salpeter IMF; (iii) the evolving IMF's stellar mass-metallicity relation shifts to higher metallicities while its halo mass-metallicity relation remains unchanged; (iv) the evolving IMF's median dust-to-metal mass ratio is lower due to its stronger SN feedback; (v) the evolving IMF requires lower values of the escape fraction of ionising photons and exhibits a flatter median relation and smaller scatter between the ionising photons emerging from galaxies and the halo mass. Yet, the topology of the ionised regions hardly changes compared to the Salpeter IMF. These results suggest that a top-heavier IMF alone is unlikely to explain the higher abundance of bright z>10 sources, since the lower mass-to-light ratio is counteracted by the stronger stellar feedback., Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

JWST has revealed a class of numerous, extremely compact sources, with rest-frame red optical/near-infrared (NIR) and blue ultraviolet (UV) colours, nicknamed "little red dots". We present one of the highest signal-to-noise ratio JWST NIRSpec/PRISM spectra of a little red dot, J0647_1045 at $z = 4.5321 \pm 0.0001$, and examine its NIRCam morphology, to differentiate the origin of the UV and optical/NIR emission, and elucidate the nature of the little red dot phenomenon. J0647_1045 is unresolved ($r_e < 0.17$ kpc) in the three NIRCam long-wavelength filters, but significantly extended ($r_e = 0.45 \pm 0.06$ kpc) in the three short-wavelength filters, indicating a red compact source in a blue star-forming galaxy. The spectral continuum shows a clear change in slope, from blue in the optical/UV, to red in the restframe optical/NIR, consistent with two distinct components, fit by power-laws with different attenuation: $A_V = 0.54 \pm 0.01$ (UV) and $A_V = 5.7 \pm 0.2$ (optical/NIR). Fitting the H$\alpha$ line requires both broad (full width at half-maximum $\sim 4300 \pm 300 km s^{-1}$) and narrow components, but none of the other emission lines, including H$\beta$, show evidence of broadness. We calculate $A_V = 1.1 \pm 0.2$ from the Balmer decrement using narrow H$\alpha$ and H$\beta$, and $A_V > 4.1 \pm 0.2$ from broad H$\alpha$ and upper limit on broad H$\beta$, consistent with the blue and red continuum attenuation respectively. Based on single-epoch H$\alpha$ linewidth, the mass of the central black hole is $8 \pm 1 \times 10^8 M_\odot$. Our findings are consistent with a multi-component model, where the optical/NIR and broad lines arise from a highly obscured, spatially unresolved region, likely a relatively massive active galactic nucleus, while the less obscured UV continuum and narrow lines arise, at least partly, from a small but spatially resolved star-forming host galaxy., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures. Submitted to A&A. Comments welcome

Kilonovae (KNe) are one of the fastest types of optical transients known, cooling rapidly in the first few days following their neutron-star merger origin. We show here that KN spectral features go through rapid recombination transitions, with features due to elements in the new ionisation state emerging quickly. Due to time-delay effects of the rapidly-expanding KN, a 'wave' of these new features passing though the ejecta is a detectable phenomenon. In particular, isolated line features will emerge as blueshifted absorption features first, gradually evolving into more pronounced absorption/emission P Cygni features and then pure emission features. In this analysis, we present the evolution of the individual exposures of the KN AT2017gfo observed with VLT/X-shooter that together comprise X-shooter's first epoch spectrum (1.43 days post-merger). We show that the spectra of these 'sub-epochs' show a significant evolution across the roughly one hour of observations, including a decrease of the blackbody temperature and photospheric velocity. The cooling blackbody constrains the recombination-wave, where a Sr II interpretation of the AT2017gfo $1\mu$m feature predicts both a specific timing for the feature emergence and its early spectral shape, including the very weak emission component observed at about 1.43 days. This empirically indicates a strong correspondence between the radiation temperature and the ejecta's electron temperature. Furthermore, this reverberation suggests that temporal modelling is important for interpreting individual spectra and that higher cadence spectral series, especially when concentrated at specific times, can provide strong constraints on KN line identifications and the ejecta physics. Given the use of such short-timescale information, we lay out improved observing strategies for future KN monitoring. [abridged], Comment: A&A, in press

The evolution of the cosmic dust content and the cycle between metals and dust in the interstellar medium (ISM) play a fundamental role in galaxy evolution. The chemical enrichment of the Universe can be traced through the evolution of the dust-to-metals ratio (DTM) and the dust-to-gas ratio (DTG) with metallicity. We use a novel method to determine mass estimates of the DTM, DTG and dust composition based on our previous measurements of the depletion of metals in different environments (the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds, and damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers, DLAs, toward quasars and towards gamma-ray bursts, GRBs), which were calculated from the relative abundances of metals in the ISM through absorption-line spectroscopy column densities observed mainly from VLT/UVES and X-shooter, and HST/STIS. We derive the dust extinction from the estimated dust depletion ($A_{V, \rm depl}$) and compare with the $A_{V}$ from extinction. We find that the DTM and DTG ratios increase with metallicity and with the dust tracer [Zn/Fe]. This suggests that grain growth in the ISM is a dominant process of dust production. The increasing trend of the DTM and DTG with metallicity is in good agreement with a dust production and evolution model. Our data suggest that the stellar dust yield is much lower than the metal yield and thus that the overall amount of dust in the warm neutral medium that is produced by stars is much lower. We find that $A_{V,\rm depl}$ is overall lower than $A_{V, \rm ext}$ for the Milky Way and a few Magellanic Clouds lines of sight, a discrepancy that is likely related to the presence of carbonaceous dust. We show that the main elements that contribute to the dust composition are, O, Fe, Si, Mg, C, S, Ni and Al for all the environments. Abundances at low dust regimes suggest the presence of pyroxene and metallic iron in dust., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. Abstract abridged

We present high-resolution 1.5 $-$ 6 GHz Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) optical and infrared observations of the extremely active repeating fast radio burst (FRB) FRB 20201124A and its barred spiral host galaxy. We constrain the location and morphology of star formation in the host and search for a persistent radio source (PRS) coincident with FRB 20201124A. We resolve the morphology of the radio emission across all frequency bands and measure a star formation rate SFR $\approx 8.9\,M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$, approximately $\approx 2.5-6$ times larger than optically-inferred SFRs, demonstrating dust-obscured star formation throughout the host. Compared to a sample of all known FRB hosts with radio emission, the host of FRB 20201124A has the most significantly obscured star formation. While HST observations show the FRB to be offset from the bar or spiral arms, the radio emission extends to the FRB location. We propose that the FRB progenitor could have formed in situ (e.g., a magnetar born from a massive star explosion). It is still plausible, although less likely, that the progenitor of FRB 20201124A migrated from the central bar of the host. We further place a limit on the luminosity of a putative PRS at the FRB position of $L_{\rm 6.0 \ GHz}$ $\lesssim$ 1.8 $\times 10^{27}$ erg s$^{-1}$ Hz$^{-1}$, among the deepest PRS luminosity limits to date. However, this limit is still broadly consistent with both magnetar nebulae and hypernebulae models assuming a constant energy injection rate of the magnetar and an age of $\gtrsim 10^{5}$ yr in each model, respectively., Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, Accepted to ApJ; doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0cbd

We present the results of a systematic study of the rest-frame optical morphology of quiescent galaxies at $z \geq 3$ using the Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) onboard $JWST$. Based on a sample selected by $UVJ$ color or $NUVUVJ$ color, we focus on 26 quiescent galaxies with $9.8<\log{(M_\star/M_\odot)}<11.4$ at $2.810.3$ implies that our size - stellar mass relations are below those at lower redshifts, with the amplitude of $\sim0.6\, {\rm kpc}$ at $M_\star = 5\times 10^{10}\, M_\odot$. This value agrees with the extrapolation from the size evolution of quiescent galaxies at $z<3$ in the literature, implying that the size of quiescent galaxies increases monotonically from $z\sim3-5$. Our sample is mainly composed of galaxies with bulge-like structures according to their median S\'ersic index and axis ratio of $n\sim3-4$ and $q\sim0.6-0.8$, respectively. On the other hand, there is a trend of increasing fraction of galaxies with low S\'ersic index, suggesting $3

The onset of galaxy formation is thought to be initiated by the infall of neutral, pristine gas onto the first protogalactic halos. However, direct constraints on the abundance of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) in galaxies have been difficult to obtain at early cosmic times. Here we present spectroscopic observations with JWST of three galaxies at redshifts $z=8.8 - 11.4$, about $400-600$ Myr after the Big Bang, that show strong damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption ($N_{\rm HI} > 10^{22}$ cm$^{-2}$) from HI in their local surroundings, an order of magnitude in excess of the Lyman-$\alpha$ absorption caused by the neutral intergalactic medium at these redshifts. Consequently, these early galaxies cannot be contributing significantly to reionization, at least at their current evolutionary stages. Simulations of galaxy formation show that such massive gas reservoirs surrounding young galaxies so early in the history of the universe is a signature of galaxy formation in progress., Comment: Submitted

The assembly and build-up of neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) in galaxies is one of the most fundamental processes in galaxy formation and evolution. Studying this process directly in the early universe is hindered by the weakness of the hyperfine 21-cm HI line transition, impeding direct detections and measurements of the HI gas masses ($M_{\rm HI}$). Here we present a new method to infer $M_{\rm HI}$ of high-redshift galaxies using neutral, atomic oxygen as a proxy. Specifically, we derive metallicity-dependent conversion factors relating the far-infrared [OI]-$63\mu$m and [OI]-$145\mu$m emission line luminosities and $M_{\rm HI}$ in star-forming galaxies at $z\approx 2-6$ using gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as probes. We substantiate these results by observations of galaxies at $z\approx 0$ with direct measurements of $M_{\rm HI}$ and [OI]-$63\mu$m and [OI]-$145\mu$m in addition to hydrodynamical simulations at similar epochs. We find that the [OI]$_{\rm 63\mu m}$-to-HI and [OI]$_{\rm 145\mu m}$-to-HI conversion factors universally appears to be anti-correlated with the gas-phase metallicity. The high-redshift GRB measurements further predict a mean ratio of $L_{\rm [OI]-63\mu m} / L_{\rm [OI]-145\mu m}=1.55\pm 0.12$ and reveal generally less excited [CII]. The $z \approx 0$ galaxy sample also shows systematically higher $\beta_{\rm [OI]-63\mu m}$ and $\beta_{\rm [OI]-145\mu m}$ conversion factors than the GRB sample, indicating either suppressed [OI] emission in local galaxies or more extended, diffuse HI gas reservoirs traced by the HI 21-cm. Finally, we apply these empirical calibrations to the few high-redshift detections of [OI]-$63\mu$m and [OI]-$145\mu$m line transitions from the literature and further discuss the applicability of these conversion factors to probe the HI gas content in the dense, star-forming ISM of galaxies at $z\gtrsim 6$, well into the epoch of reionization., Comment: Submitted to A&A. Comments welcome

The majority of long duration ($>2$ s) gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are believed to arise from the collapse of massive stars \cite{Hjorth+03}, with a small proportion created from the merger of compact objects. Most of these systems are likely formed via standard stellar evolution pathways. However, it has long been thought that a fraction of GRBs may instead be an outcome of dynamical interactions in dense environments, channels which could also contribute significantly to the samples of compact object mergers detected as gravitational wave sources. Here we report the case of GRB 191019A, a long GRB (T_90 = 64.4 +/- 4.5 s) which we pinpoint close (<100 pc projected) to the nucleus of an ancient (>1~Gyr old) host galaxy at z=0.248. The lack of evidence for star formation and deep limits on any supernova emission make a massive star origin difficult to reconcile with observations, while the timescales of the emission rule out a direct interaction with the supermassive black hole in the nucleus of the galaxy, We suggest that the most likely route for progenitor formation is via dynamical interactions in the dense nucleus of the host, consistent with the centres of such galaxies exhibiting interaction rates up to two orders of magnitude larger than typical field galaxies. The burst properties could naturally be explained via compact object mergers involving white dwarfs (WD), neutron stars (NS) or black holes (BH). These may form dynamically in dense stellar clusters, or originate in a gaseous disc around the supermassive black hole. Future electromagnetic and gravitational-wave observations in tandem thus offer a route to probe the dynamical fraction and the details of dynamical interactions in galactic nuclei and other high density stellar systems., Comment: Accepted to Nature Astronomy. This is the submitted version and will differ from the published version due to modifications in the refereeing process

We present ALMA deep spectroscopy for a lensed galaxy at $z_{\rm spec}=8.496$ with $\log(M_{\rm star}/M_{\odot})\sim7.8$ whose optical nebular lines and stellar continuum are detected by JWST/NIRSpec and NIRCam Early Release Observations in SMACS0723. Our ALMA spectrum shows [OIII]88$\mu$m and [CII]158$\mu$m line detections at $4.0\sigma$ and $4.5\sigma$, respectively. The redshift and position of the [OIII] line coincide with those of the JWST source, while the [CII] line is blue-shifted by 90 km s$^{-1}$ with a spatial offset of $0.''5$ ($\approx0.5$ kpc in source plane) from the JWST source. The NIRCam F444W image, including [OIII]$\lambda$5007 and H$\beta$ line emission, spatially extends beyond the stellar components by a factor of $>8$. This indicates that the $z=8.5$ galaxy has already experienced strong outflows whose oxygen and carbon produce the extended [OIII]$\lambda$5007 and the offset [CII] emission, which would promote ionizing photon escape and facilitate reionization. With careful slit-loss corrections and removals of emission spatially outside the galaxy, we evaluate the [OIII]88$\mu$m/$\lambda$5007 line ratio, and derive the electron density $n_{\rm e}$ by photoionization modeling to be $220^{+170}_{-100}$ cm$^{-3}$, which is comparable with those of $z\sim2-3$ galaxies. We estimate an [OIII]88$\mu$m/[CII]158$\mu$m line ratio in the galaxy of $>4$, as high as those of known $z\sim6-9$ galaxies. This high [OIII]88$\mu$m/[CII]158$\mu$m line ratio is generally explained by the high $n_{\rm e}$ as well as the low metallicity ($Z_{\rm gas}/Z_{\odot}=0.04^{+0.02}_{-0.02}$), high ionization parameter ($\log U > -2.27$), and low carbon-to-oxygen abundance ratio ($\log$(C/O) $=[-0.52:-0.24]$) obtained from the JWST/NIRSpec data; further [CII] follow-up observations will constrain the covering fraction of photodissociation regions., Comment: 27 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables. ApJ in press

Galaxies throughout the last 12 Gyr of cosmic time follow a single, universal relation that connects their star-formation rates (SFRs), stellar masses ($M_\star$) and chemical abundances. Deviation from these fundamental scaling relations would imply a drastic change in the processes that regulate galaxy evolution. Observations have hinted at the possibility that this relation may be broken in the very early universe. However, until recently, chemical abundances of galaxies could be only measured reliably as far back as redshift $z=3.3$. With JWST, we can now characterize the SFR, $M_\star$, and chemical abundance of galaxies during the first few hundred million years after the Big Bang, at redshifts $z=7-10$. Here we show that galaxies at this epoch follow unique SFR-$M_\star$--main-sequence and mass-metallicity scaling relations, but their chemical abundance is a factor of three lower than expected from the fundamental-metallicity relation of later galaxies. These findings suggest that galaxies at this time are still intimately connected with the intergalactic medium and subject to continuous infall of pristine gas which effectively dilutes their metal abundances., Comment: Resubmitted version, taking reviewers comments into account

One of the most fundamental baryonic matter components of galaxies is the neutral atomic hydrogen (H$\,{\rm \scriptsize I}$). At low redshifts, this component can be traced directly through the 21-cm transition, but to infer H$\,{\rm \scriptsize I}$ gas content of the most distant galaxies, a viable tracer is needed. We here investigate the fidelity of the fine structure transition of the ($^2P_{3/2} - ^2P_{1/3}$) transition of singly-ionized carbon [C$\,{\rm \scriptsize II}$] at $158\,\mu$m as a proxy for H$\,{\rm \scriptsize I}$ in a set simulated galaxies at $z\approx 6$, following the work by Heintz et al. (2021). We select 11,125 star-forming galaxies from the SIMBA simulations, with far-infrared line emissions post-processed and modeled within the SIGAME framework. We find a strong connection between [C$\,{\rm \scriptsize II}$] and H$\,{\rm \scriptsize I}$, with the relation between this [C$\,{\rm \scriptsize II}$]-to-H$\,{\rm \scriptsize I}$ relation ($\beta_{\rm [C\,{\rm \scriptsize II}]}$) being anti-correlated with the gas-phase metallicity of the simulated galaxies. We further use these simulations to make predictions for the total baryonic matter content of galaxies at $z\approx 6$, and specifically the HI gas mass fraction. We find mean values of $M_{\rm HI}/M_\star = 1.4$, and $M_{\rm HI}/M_{\rm bar,tot} = 0.45$. These results provide strong evidence for H$\,{\rm \scriptsize I}$ being the dominant baryonic matter component by mass in galaxies at $z\approx 6$., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures. Accepted for publication by ApJL

Recent studies have shown that galaxies at cosmic noon are redder in the center and bluer in the outskirts, mirroring results in the local universe. These color gradients could be caused by either gradients in the stellar age or dust opacity; however, distinguishing between these two causes is impossible with rest-frame optical photometry alone. Here we investigate the underlying causes of the gradients from spatially-resolved rest-frame $U-V$ vs. $V-J$ color-color diagrams, measured from early observations with the James Webb Space Telescope. We use $1\, \mu m - 4\, \mu m$ NIRCam photometry from the CEERS survey of a sample of 54 galaxies with $M_* / M_\odot>10$ at redshifts $1.7

$JWST$'s first glimpse of the $z>10$ Universe has yielded a surprising abundance of luminous galaxy candidates. Here we present the most extreme of these systems: CEERS-1749. Based on $0.6-5\mu$m photometry, this strikingly luminous ($\approx$26 mag) galaxy appears to lie at $z\approx17$. This would make it an $M_{\rm{UV}}\approx-22$, $M_{\rm{\star}}\approx5\times10^{9}M_{\rm{\odot}}$ system that formed a mere $\sim220$ Myrs after the Big Bang. The implied number density of this galaxy and its analogues challenges virtually every early galaxy evolution model that assumes $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. However, there is strong environmental evidence supporting a secondary redshift solution of $z\approx5$: all three of the galaxy's nearest neighbors at $<2.5$" have photometric redshifts of $z\approx5$. Further, we show that CEERS-1749 may lie in a $z\approx5$ protocluster that is $\gtrsim5\times$ overdense compared to the field. Intense line emission at $z\approx5$ from a quiescent galaxy harboring ionized gas, or from a dusty starburst, may provide satisfactory explanations for CEERS-1749's photometry. The emission lines at $z\approx5$ conspire to boost the $>2\mu$m photometry, producing an apparent blue slope as well as a strong break in the SED. Such a perfectly disguised contaminant is possible only in a narrow redshift window ($\Delta z\lesssim0.1$), implying that the permitted volume for such interlopers may not be a major concern for $z>10$ searches, particularly when medium-bands are deployed. If CEERS-1749 is confirmed to lie at $z\approx5$, it will be the highest-redshift quiescent galaxy, or one of the lowest mass dusty galaxies of the early Universe detected to-date. Both redshift solutions of this intriguing galaxy hold the potential to challenge existing models of early galaxy evolution, making spectroscopic follow-up of this source critical., Comment: Submitted to ApJL. Fig. 1 shows the "superposed" state, Fig. 2 presents the potential z~5 protocluster, Fig. 3 shows some atypical z~5 SEDs, Fig. 4 studies the morphology, Fig. 5 summarizes the extraordinary situation at z~17, and Fig. 6 argues for why such interlopers may not be a major issue for z>10 searches. Comments warmly welcomed

Large fractions of metals are missing from the observable gas-phase in the interstellar medium (ISM) because they are incorporated into dust grains, a phenomenon called dust depletion. The study of dust depletion in the ISM is important to investigate the origin and evolution of metals and cosmic dust. Here we aim at characterizing the dust depletion of several metals from the Milky Way to distant galaxies. We collect ISM metal column densities from absorption-line spectroscopy in the literature, and in addition, we determine Ti and Ni column densities from a sample of 70 damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers (DLAs) towards quasars, observed with UVES/VLT. We use ISM relative abundances to estimate the dust depletion of 18 metals (C, P, O, Cl, Kr, S, Ge, Mg, Si, Cu, Co, Mn, Cr, Ni, Al, Ti, Zn and Fe) for different environments (the Milky Way, the Magellanic Clouds (MCs), DLAs towards quasars and towards gamma-ray bursts). We observe linear relations between the depletion of each metal and the strength of dust depletion, which we trace with the observed [Zn/Fe]. In the neutral ISM of the MCs we find small deviations from linearity observed as an overabundance of the $\alpha$-elements Ti, Mg, S and an underabundance of Mn. The deviations disappear if we assume that all OB stars observed towards the MCs in our sample have an $\alpha$-element enhancement and Mn underabundance. This may imply that the MCs have been recently enriched in $\alpha$-elements, potentially due to recent bursts of star formation. The observed strong correlations of the depletion sequences of the metals all the way from low metallicity QSO-DLAs to the Milky Way suggest that cosmic dust has a common origin, independently of the star formation history, which varies significantly between these different galaxies. This supports the importance of grain growth in the ISM as a significant process of dust production., Comment: 30 pages, 35 figures, 12 tables, Accepted for publication in A&A, Abstract abridged for arXiv

We investigate the fine-structure [C${\rm \scriptsize II}$] line at $158\,\mu$m as a molecular gas tracer by analyzing the relationship between molecular gas mass ($M_{\rm mol}$) and [C${\rm \scriptsize II}$] line luminosity ($L_{\rm [CII]}$) in 11,125 $z\simeq 6$ star-forming, main sequence galaxies from the SIMBA simulations, with line emission modeled by S\'IGAME. Though most ($\sim 50-100\,\%$) of the gas mass in our simulations is ionized, the bulk ($> 50\,\%$) of the [C${\rm \scriptsize II}$] emission comes from the molecular phase. We find a sub-linear (slope $0.78\pm 0.01$) $\log L_{\rm [CII]}-\log M_{\rm mol}$ relation, in contrast with the linear relation derived from observational samples of more massive, metal-rich galaxies at $z \lesssim 6$. We derive a median [C${\rm \scriptsize II}$]-to-$M_{\rm mol}$ conversion factor of $\alpha_{\rm [CII]} \simeq 18\,{\rm M_{\rm \odot}/L_{\rm \odot}}$. This is lower than the average value of $\simeq 30\,{\rm M_{\rm \odot}/L_{\rm \odot}}$ derived from observations, which we attribute to lower gas-phase metallicities in our simulations. Thus, a lower, luminosity-dependent, conversion factor must be applied when inferring molecular gas masses from [C${\rm \scriptsize II}$] observations of low-mass galaxies. For our simulations, [C${\rm \scriptsize II}$] is a better tracer of the molecular gas than CO $J=1-0$, especially at the lowest metallicities, where much of the gas is 'CO-dark'. We find that $L_{\rm [CII]}$ is more tightly correlated with $M_{\rm mol}$ than with star-formation rate (${\rm SFR}$), and both the $\log L_{\rm [CII]}-\log M_{\rm mol}$ and $\log L_{\rm [CII]}-\log {\rm SFR}$ relations arise from the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation. Our findings suggest that $L_{\rm [CII]}$ is a promising tracer of the molecular gas at the earliest cosmic epochs., Comment: 13 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

We report the archival discovery of Lyman-$\alpha$ emission from the bright ultraviolet galaxy Y002 at $z=7.677$, spectroscopically confirmed by its ionized carbon [CII] 158$\mu$m emission line. The Ly$\alpha$ line is spatially associated with the rest-frame UV stellar emission ($M_{\rm UV}$~-22, 2x brighter than $M^\star_{\rm UV}$) and it appears offset from the peak of the extended [CII] emission at the current ~1" spatial resolution. We derive an estimate of the unobscured SFR(UV)=$(22\pm1)\,M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ and set an upper limit of SFR(IR)$<15\,M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$ from the far-infrared wavelength range, which globally place Y002 on the SFR(UV+IR)-L([CII]) correlation observed at lower redshifts. In terms of velocity, the peak of the Ly$\alpha$ emission is redshifted by $\Delta v$(Ly$\alpha$)~500 km s$^{-1}$ from the systemic redshift set by [CII] and a high-velocity tail extends to up to ~1000 km s$^{-1}$. The velocity offset is up to ~3.5x higher than the average estimate for similarly UV-bright emitters at z~6-7, which might suggest that we are witnessing the merging of two clumps. A combination of strong outflows and the possible presence of an extended ionized bubble surrounding Y002 would likely facilitate the escape of copious Ly$\alpha$ light, as indicated by the large equivalent width EW(Ly$\alpha$)=$24^{+5}_{-6}$ \r{A}. Assuming that [CII] traces the neutral hydrogen, we estimate a HI gas fraction of $M({\rm HI})/M_\star\gtrsim8$ for Y002 as a system and speculate that patches of high HI column densities could contribute to explain the observed spatial offsets between Ly$\alpha$ and [CII] emitting regions. The low dust content, implied by the non-detection of the far-infrared continuum emission at rest-frame ~160 $\mu$m, would be sufficient to absorb any potential Ly$\alpha$ photons produced within the [CII] clump as a result of large HI column densities., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters

The HI gas content is a key ingredient in galaxy evolution, the study of which has been limited to moderate cosmological distances for individual galaxies due to the weakness of the hyperfine HI 21-cm transition. Here we present a new approach that allows us to infer the HI gas mass $M_{\rm HI}$ of individual galaxies up to $z\approx 6$, based on a direct measurement of the [CII]-to-HI conversion factor in star-forming galaxies at $z\gtrsim 2$ using $\gamma$-ray burst afterglows. By compiling recent [CII]-158 $\mu$m emission line measurements we quantify the evolution of the HI content in galaxies through cosmic time. We find that the HI mass starts to exceed the stellar mass $M_\star$ at $z\gtrsim 1$, and increases as a function of redshift. The HI fraction of the total baryonic mass increases from around $20\%$ at $z = 0$ to about $60\%$ at $z\sim 6$. We further uncover a universal relation between the HI gas fraction $M_{\rm HI}/M_\star$ and the gas-phase metallicity, which seems to hold from $z\approx 6$ to $z=0$. The majority of galaxies at $z>2$ are observed to have HI depletion times, $t_{\rm dep,HI} = M_{\rm HI}/{\rm SFR}$, less than $\approx 2$ Gyr, substantially shorter than for $z\sim 0$ galaxies. Finally, we use the [CII]-to-HI conversion factor to determine the cosmic mass density of HI in galaxies, $\rho_{\rm HI}$, at three distinct epochs: $z\approx 0$, $z\approx 2$, and $z\sim 4-6$. These measurements are consistent with previous estimates based on 21-cm HI observations in the local Universe and with damped Lyman-$\alpha$ absorbers (DLAs) at $z\gtrsim 2$, suggesting an overall decrease by a factor of $\approx 5$ in $\rho_{\rm HI}(z)$ from the end of the reionization epoch to the present., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present the localization and host galaxies of one repeating and two apparently non-repeating Fast Radio Bursts. FRB20180301A was detected and localized with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array to a star-forming galaxy at $z=0.3304$. FRB20191228A, and FRB20200906A were detected and localized by the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder to host galaxies at $z=0.2430$ and $z=0.3688$, respectively. We combine these with 13 other well-localized FRBs in the literature, and analyze the host galaxy properties. We find no significant differences in the host properties of repeating and apparently non-repeating FRBs. FRB hosts are moderately star-forming, with masses slightly offset from the star-forming main-sequence. Star formation and low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) emission are major sources of ionization in FRB host galaxies, with the former dominant in repeating FRB hosts. FRB hosts do not track stellar mass and star formation as seen in field galaxies (more than 95% confidence). FRBs are rare in massive red galaxies, suggesting that progenitor formation channels are not solely dominated by delayed channels which lag star formation by Gigayears. The global properties of FRB hosts are indistinguishable from core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) and short gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) hosts, and the spatial offset (from galaxy centers) of FRBs is mostly inconsistent with that of the Galactic neutron star population (95% confidence). The spatial offsets of FRBs (normalized to the galaxy effective radius) also differ from those of globular clusters (GCs) in late- and early-type galaxies with 95% confidence., Comment: 27 pages, 12 figures, 8 tables. Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal

We present the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) localization and follow-up observations of the host galaxy of the repeating fast radio burst (FRB) source, FRB20201124A, the fifth such extragalactic repeating FRB with an identified host. From spectroscopic observations using the 6.5-m MMT Observatory, we derive a redshift of $z=0.0979 \pm 0.0001$, a star formation rate inferred from H$\alpha$ emission of SFR(H$\alpha$) $\approx 2.1 M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$, and a gas-phase metallicity of 12+log(O/H)$\approx 9.0$. By jointly modeling the 12-filter optical-mid-infrared (MIR) photometry and spectroscopy of the host, we infer a median stellar mass of $\approx 2 \times 10^{10} M_{\odot}$, internal dust extinction of $A_V\approx 1-1.5$ mag, and a mass-weighted stellar population age of $\approx 5-6$ Gyr. Connecting these data to the radio and X-ray observations, we cannot reconcile the broad-band behavior with strong AGN activity and instead attribute the dominant source of persistent radio emission to star formation, likely originating from the circumnuclear region of the host. The modeling also indicates a hot dust component contributing to the MIR luminosity at a level of $\approx 10-30\%$. We model the host galaxy's star formation and mass assembly histories, finding that the host assembled $>90\%$ of its mass by 1 Gyr ago and exhibited a fairly constant SFR for most of its existence, with no clear evidence of past star-burst activity., Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, 5 tables. Added tables and updated to current literature. Accepted to ApJ Letters

We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST/WFC3) ultraviolet and infrared observations of eight fast radio burst (FRB) host galaxies with sub-arcsecond localizations, including the hosts of three known repeating FRBs. We quantify their spatial distributions and locations with respect to their host galaxy light distributions, finding that they occur at moderate host normalized-offsets of 1.4 $r_e$ ([0.6,2.1] $r_e$; 68% interval), occur on fainter regions of their hosts in terms of IR light, but overall trace the radial distribution of IR light in their galaxies. The FRBs in our tested distribution do not clearly trace the distributions of any other transient population with known progenitors, and are statistically distinct from the locations of LGRBs, H-poor SLSNe, SGRBs, and Ca-rich transients. We further find that most FRBs are not in regions of elevated local star formation rate and stellar mass surface densities in comparison to the mean global values of their hosts. We also place upper limits to the IR flux at the FRB positions of $m_{\rm IR}\gtrsim\!24.8-27.6$~AB~mag, constraining both satellite and background galaxies to luminosities well below the host luminosity of FRB121102. We find that 5/8 FRB hosts exhibit clear spiral arm features in IR light, and that the positions of all well-localized FRBs located in such hosts are consistent with their spiral arms, although not on their brightest regions. Our results do not strongly support the primary progenitor channel of FRBs being connected either with the most massive (stripped-envelope) stars, or with events which require kicks and long delay times (neutron star mergers)., Comment: 21 pages, 9 figures, Accepted for publication in ApJ

We present deep Apache Point Observatory optical observations within seconds of the outburst of the periodic fast radio burst (FRB) 180916.J0158+65 obtained on 3 September 2020. FRB 180916.J0158+65 is located in a nearby spiral galaxy 150 Mpc away and has an "active phase" with a well-measured period of approximately 16.3 days. Targeting the FRB at the peak of its expected active phase and during a recent 30 minute observing window by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME), we did not detect any transient optical emission at m_i=24.7~mag (3-sigma) from 2.2 to 1938.1 seconds after the burst arrival time in optical bands (corrected for dispersion). Comparing our limiting magnitudes to models of a synchrotron maser formed in the circumburst environment of FRB 180916+J0158.65, we constrain scenarios where the burst energy was >1e44 erg and the circumburst density was >1e4 cm-3., Comment: submitted to ApJL

We explore the prompt magnetar progenitor scenario in the context of fast radio burst (FRB) host galaxies demographics and offset distributions. Magnetars are neutron stars with strong magnetic fields on the order of $10^{15}$ G with a short decay lifetime of less than $10^4$ years. Due to their extremely short lifetimes, magnetars should follow the demographics of galaxies according to their current star-formation rate (SFR). Moreover, we hypothesize that magnetars should follow the SFR profile within galaxies, which we assume to follow an exponential profile. We construct a simple model for the host galaxies of magnetars assuming these events track SFR in all galaxies and compare it to observed properties from a sample of \nsecure\ secure FRB hosts. We find the distribution of observed SFRs is inconsistent with the model at $>95\%$ c.l. The offset distribution is consistent with this scenario; however, this could be due to the limited sample size and the seeing limited estimates for the effective radii of the FRB host galaxies. Despite the recent association of an FRB with a magnetar in the Milky Way, magnetars may not be the only source of FRBs in the universe, yet any other successful model must account for the demographics of the FRB host in SFR and their observed galactocentric offsets., Comment: Accepted for publication at ApJ Letters

We present observations and detailed characterizations of five new host galaxies of fast radio bursts (FRBs) discovered with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) and localized to $\lesssim 1''$. Combining these galaxies with FRB hosts from the literature, we introduce criteria based on the probability of chance coincidence to define a sub-sample of 10 highly-confident associations (at $z=0.03-0.52$), three of which correspond to known repeating FRBs. Overall, the FRB host galaxies exhibit a broad, continuous range of color ($M_u-M_r = 0.9 - 2.0$), stellar mass ($M_\star = 10^{8} - 6\times 10^{10}\,M_{\odot}$), and star-formation rate (${\rm SFR} = 0.05 - 10\,M_{\odot}\,{\rm yr}^{-1}$) spanning the full parameter space occupied by $z<0.5$ galaxies. However, they do not track the color-magnitude, SFR-$M_\star$, nor BPT diagrams of field galaxies surveyed at similar redshifts. There is an excess of "green valley" galaxies and an excess of emission-line ratios indicative of a harder radiation field than that generated by star-formation alone. From the observed stellar mass distribution, we rule out the hypothesis that FRBs strictly track stellar mass in galaxies ($>99\%$ c.l.). We measure a median offset of 3.3 kpc from the FRB to the estimated center of the host galaxies and compare the host-burst offset distribution and other properties with the distributions of long- and short-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs and SGRBs), core-collapse supernovae (CC-SNe), and Type Ia SNe. This analysis rules out galaxies hosting LGRBs (faint, star-forming galaxies) as common hosts for FRBs ($>95\%$ c.l.). Other transient channels (SGRBs, CC- and Type Ia SNe) have host galaxy properties and offsets consistent with the FRB distributions. All of the data and derived quantities are made publicly available on a dedicated website and repository., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. All data are publicly available at https://frbhosts.org and https://github.com/FRBs/FRB. Version 2 of manuscript includes updated FRB uncertainty estimates

We present a high-resolution analysis of the host galaxy of fast radio burst (FRB)~190608, an SB(r)c galaxy at $z=0.11778$ (hereafter HG 190608), to dissect its local environment and its contributions to the FRB properties. Our Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 ultraviolet and visible light image reveals that the subarcsecond localization of FRB~190608 is coincident with a knot of star-formation ($\Sigma_{\rm SFR} = 1.5 \times 10^{-2}~ M_{\odot} \, \rm \, yr^{-1} \, kpc^{-2}$) in the northwest spiral arm of HG~190608. Using H$\beta$ emission present in our Keck Cosmic Web Imager integral field spectrum of the galaxy with a surface brightness of $\mu_{\rm H\beta}= \mathrm{(3.36\pm0.21)\times10^{-17}\;erg\;s^{-1}\;cm^{-2}\;arcsec^{-2}}$, we infer an extinction-corrected H$\alpha$ surface brightness and compute a dispersion measure (DM) from the interstellar medium of HG 190608 of $\rm DM_{\rm Host,ISM} = 94 \pm 38~ \;pc\;cm^{-3}$. The galaxy rotates with a circular velocity $v_{\rm circ} = \rm 141 \pm 8~ km\;s^{-1}$ at an inclination $i_{\mathrm{gas}} = 37 \pm 3^\circ$, giving a dynamical mass $M_{\rm halo}^{\rm dyn} \approx 10^{11.96 \pm 0.08}~M_{\odot}$. This implies a halo contribution to the DM of $\rm DM_{\rm Host,Halo}= \rm 55\pm25 \;pc\;cm^{-3}$ subject to assumptions on the density profile and fraction of baryons retained. From the galaxy rotation curve, we infer a bar-induced pattern speed of $\Omega_p=34\pm 6\;\mathrm{km\;s^{-1}\;kpc^{-1}}$ using linear resonance theory. We then calculate the maximum time since star-formation for a progenitor using the furthest distance to the arm's leading edge within the localization, and find $t_{\mathrm{enc}} = 21_{-6}^{+25}$ Myr. Unlike previous high-resolution studies of FRB environments, we find no evidence of disturbed morphology, emission, or kinematics for FRB 190608., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figure files, 10 figures in paper, 3 tables. Accepted to ApJ on Sept. 16, 2021, published Nov. 29, 2021

The amount of cold, molecular gas in high-redshift galaxies is typically inferred from proxies of molecular hydrogen (H$_2$), such as carbon monoxide (CO) or neutral atomic carbon ([CI]) and molecular gas mass conversion factors. The use of these proxies, however, relies on modeling and observations that have not been directly measured outside the local universe. Here, we use recent samples of high-redshift gamma-ray burst (GRB) and quasar molecular gas absorbers to determine this conversion factor $\alpha_{\rm [CI]}$ from the column density of H$_2$, which gives us the mass per unit column, and the [CI]($J=1$) column density, which provides the luminosity per unit column. This technique allows us to make direct measurements of the relative abundances in high-redshift absorption-selected galaxies. Our sample spans redshifts of z=1.9-3.4 and covers two orders of magnitude in gas-phase metallicity. We find that $\alpha_{\rm [CI]}$ scales linearly with the metallicity: $\log \alpha_{\rm [CI]} = -1.13\times \log(Z/Z_{\odot}) + 1.33$, with a scatter of $\sigma_{\alpha_{\rm [CI]}} = 0.2$ dex. Using a sample of emission-selected galaxies at z~0-5, with both [CI] and CO line detections, we apply the $\alpha_{\rm [CI]}$ conversion to derive independent estimates of the molecular gas mass and $\alpha_{\rm CO}$. We find a remarkable agreement between the molecular gas masses inferred from the absorption-derived $\alpha_{\rm [CI]}$ compared to typical $\alpha_{\rm CO}$-based estimates, and an inferred metallicity evolution of $\alpha_{\rm CO}$ that is consistent with $\alpha_{\rm [CI]}$ and previous estimates from the literature. These results thus support the use of the absorption-derived $\alpha_{\rm [CI]}$ conversion factor for emission-selected star-forming galaxies and demonstrate that both methods probe the same universal properties of molecular gas in the local and high-redshift universe., Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. Abstract abridged. Accepted for publication in ApJL