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Second primary cancer (SPC) is one of the most life-threatening late effects of childhood cancers. We investigated the incidence and survival outcomes of SPC in childhood cancer patients in Japan. Data were obtained from the population-based Osaka Cancer Registry. Individuals diagnosed with cancer at age 0-14 years during 1975-2014 and survived 2 months or longer were followed through December 2015. The risk of developing SPC was assessed with standardized incidence ratio (SIR), excess absolute risk (EAR, per 100,000 person-years), and cumulative incidence. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis was carried out to assess relative risks of SPC by treatment method. Survival analysis was undertaken using the Kaplan-Meier method. Of 7229 childhood cancer survivors, 101 (1.4%) developed SPC after a median of 11.6 years. Overall SIR was 5.0, which corresponded with 84.3 EAR. The cumulative incidence was 0.9%, 2.1%, and 3.4% at 10, 20, and 30 years, respectively. Among all SPCs, the type that contributed most to the overall burden was cancers in the central nervous system (EAR = 28.0) followed by digestive system (EAR = 15.1), thyroid (EAR = 8.3), and bones and joints (EAR = 7.8); median latency ranged from 2.0 years (lymphomas) to 26.6 years (skin cancers). Patients treated with radiotherapy alone were at a 2.58-fold increased risk of developing SPC compared to those who received neither chemotherapy nor radiotherapy. Among patients who developed SPCs, 5-year and 10-year survival probabilities after SPC diagnosis were 61.7% and 52.0%, respectively. Risk-based long-term follow-up planning is essential to inform survivorship care and help reduce the burden of SPCs in childhood cancer survivors.

Purpose: Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)–associated lymphoma for which a new chemotherapeutic regimen called SMILE (steroid, methotrexate, ifosfamide, l-asparaginase, and etoposide) recently showed promising results.Experimental Design: The amount of EBV-DNA was prospectively measured in whole-blood and plasma samples by real-time quantitative PCR from 26 patients registered in the SMILE phase II study.Results: Before treatment, the EBV-DNA was detected in 22 samples of whole blood with a median number of 3,691 copies/mL (range: 0–1.14 × 107), but 15 samples of plasma with a median of 867 copies/mL (range: 0–1.27 × 107). Results of these 2 measurements of EBV-DNA well correlated (R2 = 0.994, P < 0.001). The overall response rate to SMILE was significantly higher in patients with less than 105 copies/mL of EBV-DNA in whole blood at enrollment (90% vs. 20%, P = 0.007) and in patients with less than 104 copies/mL of EBV-DNA in plasma (95% vs. 29%, P = 0.002). The incidence of grade 4 toxicity of SMILE other than leukopenia/neutropenia was significantly higher in patients with 105 copies/mL of EBV-DNA or more in whole blood (100% vs. 29%, P = 0.007) than that of others and in patients with 104 copies/mL or more in plasma (86% vs. 26%, P = 0.002).Conclusions: These findings suggest that whole blood is more sensitive for clinical use than plasma. The EBV-DNA amount in whole blood was useful for predicting tumor response, toxicity, and prognosis after SMILE chemotherapy for ENKL. Clin Cancer Res; 18(15); 4183–90. ©2012 AACR.

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PDF file - 86K, 4.Correlation of EBER positivity and EBV-DNA levels in whole blood or plasma

According to national cancer registry data in Japan, approximately 20,000 adolescents and young adults (AYAs, age 15–39 years) are newly diagnosed with cancer each year. Improvements in treatment and care for AYAs with cancer are included in the Phase Three Basic Plan to Promote Cancer Control Programs in Japan. This article reviews current cancer incidence and survival for AYAs with cancer in Japan using population-based cancer registry data. Mortality data through 2019 from the Vital Statistics of Japan are also described. Encouragingly, the 5-year survival probability for AYA cancers has continued to improve, in parallel with childhood cancers, and the mortality rate has decreased. There has been increasing attention to these vulnerable patients and improved partnerships and collaboration between adult and pediatric oncology; however, obstacles to the care of this population still exist at multiple levels. These obstacles relate to specific areas: research efforts and enrollment in clinical trials on AYA malignancies, AYA-specific psychosocial support such as education, financial support, and oncofertility care, and cancer care systems. It is important for Japanese oncologists, health care providers, and health policy makers to recognize that the AYA population remains vulnerable and still have unmet needs.

This study focused on children as well as adolescents and young adults (AYAs) and aimed to examine trends in survival of leukemia over time using population‐based cancer registry data from Osaka, Japan. The study subjects comprised 2254 children (0‐14 years) and 2,905 AYAs (15‐39 years) who were diagnosed with leukemia during 1975‐2011. Leukemia was divided into four types: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and other leukemias. We analyzed 5‐year overall survival probability (5y‐OS), using the Kaplan‐Meier method and expressed time trends using the joinpoint regression model. For recently diagnosed (2006‐2011) patients, a Cox proportional hazards model was applied to determine predictors of 5y‐OS, using age group, gender, and treatment hospital as covariates. Over the 37‐year period, 5y‐OS greatly improved among both children and AYAs, for each leukemia type. Among AYAs, 5y‐OS of ALL improved, especially after 2000 (65% in 2006‐2011), when the pediatric regimen was introduced but was still lower than that among children (87% in 2006‐2011, P, Survival of each type of leukemia in children, adolescents, and young adults has improved dramatically over the past 30 years.

We investigated the safety and efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in the prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) using a nationwide retrospective survey in Japanese children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Overall, 141 children undergoing allogeneic HSCT for hematological malignancy (n = 84), non-malignancy (n = 52), and solid tumors (n = 5) were administered MMF orally (median 8 years; range 0-15 years; 89 males and 52 females) during 1995-2011. Donors were primarily unrelated and mismatched related. In the GVHD prophylaxis group, 29% and 8.6% of patients developed grade II-IV and III-IV GVHD, respectively. Of the 32 evaluable patients, 16% developed chronic [limited (n = 4) and extensive (n = 1)] GVHD. In the acute GVHD treatment group, 61% had decreased grade. In the chronic GVHD treatment group, 36% had improved symptoms. Combined immunosuppressant was reduced or discontinued in 61% patients. Major adverse events (AEs) were neutropenia (4.3%), infection (3.5%), thrombocytopenia (2.1%), myelosuppression (2.1%), and diarrhea (1.4%). MMF dosage was reduced in two children due to grade ≥ 3 AEs; two children died from infection. MMF thus may be well tolerated in children, and may be an effective option for prophylaxis and treatment of acute and chronic GVHD.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is highly prevalent in humans and is implicated in various diseases, including cancer1,2. Chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) is an intractable disease classified as a lymphoproliferative disorder in the 2016 World Health Organization lymphoma classification1,2. CAEBV is characterized by EBV-infected T/natural killer (NK) cells and recurrent/persistent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms3. Here, we show that CAEBV originates from an EBV-infected lymphoid progenitor that acquires DDX3X and other mutations, causing clonal evolution comprising multiple cell lineages. Conspicuously, the EBV genome in CAEBV patients harboured frequent intragenic deletions (27/77) that were also common in various EBV-associated neoplastic disorders (28/61), including extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma and EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, but were not detected in infectious mononucleosis or post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (0/47), which suggests a unique role of these mutations in neoplastic proliferation of EBV-infected cells. These deletions frequently affected BamHI A rightward transcript microRNA clusters (31 cases) and several genes that are essential for producing viral particles (20 cases). The deletions observed in our study are thought to reactivate the lytic cycle by upregulating the expression of two immediate early genes, BZLF1 and BRLF14-7, while averting viral production and subsequent cell lysis. In fact, the deletion of one of the essential genes, BALF5, resulted in upregulation of the lytic cycle and the promotion of lymphomagenesis in a xenograft model. Our findings highlight a pathogenic link between intragenic EBV deletions and EBV-associated neoplastic proliferations.

The rejection rate in cord blood transplants for chronic Epstein-Bar virus-associated T or natural killer cell lymphoproliferative diseases using our standard reduced-intensity conditioning "LPAM140 regimen," which includes fludarabine, melphalan (LPAM), etoposide, and antithymocyte globulin, has been high. To ensure better engraftment, we increased the LPAM dose to 210 mg/m2 ("LPAM210 regimen"). Patient data (n = 22; LPAM140, n = 7; LPAM210, n = 15) were analyzed retrospectively. The engraftment rate after the LPAM210 regimen (100.0%) was significantly higher than that after the LPAM140 regimen (57.1%; P = .002). Fludarabine combined with melphalan (210 mg/m2 ) had a favorable impact on engraftment.

Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (CAEBV) is a prototype of the EBV-associated T- or NK-cell lymphoproliferative diseases, which also include hypersensitivity to mosquito bites and severe-type hydroavacciniforme. The manifestations of CAEBV are often self-limiting with minimum supportive care or only prednisolone and cyclosporine A with or without etoposide. However, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only cure, without which patients with CAEBV die within several years. A severe hypercytokinemia and hemophagocytic syndrome, which may occur suddenly, often results in a fatal clinical course. At out institute, we have established a 3-step strategy, including allogeneic HSCT, for the treatment of CAEBV. Seventy-nine patients with CAEBV and related diseases have been treated to date. The 3-year overall survival rate (3y-OS) is currently 87.3 ± 4.2% after planned allogeneic HSCT. However, 3y-OS in patients with uncontrolled active disease is only 16.7 ± 10.8%. To maximize survival rates with minimized late sequelae, we recommend earlier initiation and completion of the 3-step treatment without watchful waiting. We present six illustrative and difficult cases (including severe hypercytokinemia or emergent HSCT) and discuss them together with 73 residual cases.

Background: In 2004, the Japanese government halted the 6-month mass screening program for neuroblastoma. We investigated whether its cessation had led to an increase not only in mortality due to this disease but also in the incidence of advanced-stage disease among older children. Methods: Study subjects were neuroblastoma patients retrieved from the population-based Osaka Cancer Registry. Trends of incidence and mortality from neuroblastoma were analyzed by calendar year and birth cohort. Prognostic factors, including stage and v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene neuroblastoma derived homolog (MYCN) oncogene status, were compared before and after the cessation of mass screening. Results: Age-standardized incidence rates in 2005–2009 (the cessation period of mass screening; 11.1 per million) were similar to those in 1975–1979 (the pre-screening period; 8.6 per million). Age-standardized mortality rates tended to decrease from 1975–1979 (4.0 per million) to 2005–2009 (2.7 per million) in parallel with the improvement in survival. Analysis by birth cohort indicated that the mortality rates in 2004–2005 (after cessation) for children 0–4 years of age were lower than those in 1975–1979 (O:E ratio 0.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.03–0.90). For children 1–9 years of age, there was a not significant difference in the distribution of stage, MYCN oncogene status, and DNA ploidy between 1991–2003 (the mass screening period) and 2004–2008 (after cessation). Conclusions: The cessation of mass screening for neuroblastoma does not appear to have increased mortality due to this disease or incidence of advanced-stage disease among older children.

Background In children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in first remission is indicated for patients with a relatively high risk of relapse. Second HSCT is a curative option; however, few reports have been published about a second HSCT in children for AML with posttransplantation relapse. Procedure Using the database provided by the Japanese Society of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, we analyzed 46 children with AML who underwent a second allogeneic HSCT after achieving a second remission. Results The median duration from the first to second HSCT was 20 months, and the source of the second HSCT was related bone marrow (BM) in 22, related peripheral blood in 6, unrelated BM in 14, and unrelated cord blood in 4 patients. Twenty-five children eventually died of the following causes: progressive disease in 14 and transplant-related toxicities in 9. The 5-year overall survival rate was 41.7 ± 7.7%. An interval of less than 24 months between the first and second HSCT was a significant poor prognostic factor. Conclusions Children with AML who experience a relapse after HSCT in first remission have a good chance of survival with a second HSCT if a second remission is achieved.

Background Advances in cancer immunotherapy in the pediatric field are needed in order to improve the prognosis of children with malignancies. We conducted a prospective phase I/II study of WT1 peptide vaccination for children with relapsed or refractory malignancies. Methods The main eligibility criteria were affected tissues or leukemic cells expressing the WT1 gene, and patients (and donors for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) having HLA-A*24:02. Vaccination using the WT1 peptide (CYTWNQMNL), which was modified for higher affinity to this HLA-type molecule with the adjuvant Montanide ISA51, was performed weekly 12 times. Results Twenty-six patients were enrolled and 13 (50.0%) completed the vaccination 12 times. Evidence for the induction of WT1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses without severe systemic side effects was obtained. Two out of 12 patients with bulky disease exhibited a transient clinical effect (one mixed response and one stable disease), three out of six patients with minimal residual disease achieved transient molecular remission, and five out of eight patients without a detectable level of the molecular marker, but with a high risk of relapse, had the best outcome of long-term continuous complete remission. Conclusions WT1 vaccination is a safe immunotherapy and induced WT1-specific CTL responses in children; however, as a single agent, vaccination only provided patients in remission, but with a high risk of relapse, with “long-term benefits” in the context of its use for relapse prevention. WT1 peptide-based treatments in combination with other modalities, such as anti-tumor drugs or immunomodulating agents, need to be planned.

Here we report a case of aggressive neuroendocrine tumor (NET), which is an extremely rare secondary solid tumor that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). A patient with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection received allo-HSCT from an HLA-DR two allele-mismatched unrelated donor. Four years later, he developed NET with multiple metastases. He received thoraco-abdominal irradiation as a conditioning regimen, and developed repeated episodes of intestinal graft-versus-host disease, for which he received long-term immunosuppressive therapy. Although these factors may be potential contributing factors to the development of secondary NET, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear.

Background The relative efficacy of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) after reduced toxicity conditioning (RTC) compared with standard myeloablative conditioning (MAC) in pediatric patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has not been studied extensively. To address whether RTC is a feasible approach for pediatric patients with AML in remission, we performed a retrospective investigation of the outcomes of the first transplant in patients who had received an allo-HCT after RTC or standard MAC, using nationwide registration data collected between 2000 and 2011 in Japan. Procedure We compared a fludarabine (Flu) and melphalan (Mel)-based regimen (RTC; n = 34) with total body irradiation (TBI) and/or busulfan (Bu)-based conditioning (MAC; n = 102) in demographic- and disease-criteria-matched childhood and adolescent patients with AML in first or second complete remission (CR1/CR2). Results The incidence of engraftment, early complications, grade II–IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and chronic GVHD were similar in each conditioning group. The risk of relapse (25% vs. 26%) and non-relapse mortality (13% vs. 11%) after 3 years did not differ between these groups, and univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that the 3-year overall survival (OS) rates after Flu/Mel-RTC and MAC were comparable (mean, 72% [range, 51–85%] and 68% [range, 58–77%], respectively). Conclusions The results suggest that the Flu/Mel-RTC regimen is a clinically acceptable conditioning strategy for childhood and adolescent patients with AML in remission. Although this retrospective, registry-based analysis has several limitations, RTC deserves to be further investigated in prospective trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:883–889. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

To evaluate haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in children and adolescents, we reviewed the records of 47 patients who were ≤18 years, had relapsed or refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and received HSCT between 1990 and 2010. At HSCT, complete remission (CR) was less common in allogeneic HSCT recipients (n = 24) than in autologous HSCT recipients (n = 23) (P = 0·01). The autologous and allogeneic HSCT groups differed in terms of 5-year event-free survival (EFS) (38% vs. 50%, P = 0·63), cumulative incidence of progress or relapse (49% vs. 28%, P = 0·25), and treatment-related mortality (12% vs. 25%, P = 0·40). However, these differences were not significant. Patients with non-CR at autologous HSCT had a significantly lower EFS rate (14% vs. 48%, P = 0·03). Conversely, although those with non-CR at allogeneic HSCT had a lower EFS rate, this was not significant (44% vs. 63%, P = 0·26). Reduced-intensity conditioning regimens were used for three of the 16 allogeneic HSCTs received by patients with non-CR. These three patients achieved CR, surviving 32-65 months after HSCT. These results demonstrated that allogeneic HSCT might be a treatment option for patients who do not achieve CR through conventional chemotherapy.

Chronic Epstein-Barr virus–associated T/natural killer cell lymphoproliferative diseases represented by chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection are lethal but are curable with several courses of chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Recently, we reported that reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) provided better outcomes than myeloablative conditioning because RIC was less toxic. However, it was unclear whether cord blood transplantation (CBT) works in the context of RIC. We retrospectively analyzed 17 patients who underwent RIC followed by bone marrow transplantation (RIC-BMT) and 15 patients who underwent RIC followed by CBT (RIC-CBT). The representative regimen was fludarabine and melphalan based. The overall survival rates with RIC-BMT and RIC-CBT were 92.9% ± 6.9% and 93.3% ± 6.4%, respectively (P = .87). One patient died of lung graft-versus-host disease after RIC-BMT, and 1 patient died of multiple viral infections after RIC-CBT. Although cytotoxic chemotherapy was also immunosuppressive and might contribute to better donor cell engraftment after RIC-HSCT, the rate of engraftment failure after RIC-CBT was still higher than that after RIC-BMT (not significant); however, patients who had experienced graft failure were successfully rescued with a second HSCT. Unrelated cord blood can be an alternative source for RIC-HSCT if a patient has no family donor.

In the version of this Letter originally published, in the sentence beginning "The major driver role of DDX3X mutations...", the citation "Fig. 2a-f" should have been "Fig. 2". In addition, in the sentence beginning "Another finding of interest was the presence of identical driver mutations...", the citation "Fig. 3a,b and Fig. 4" should have been "Fig. 3". This has now been amended in all versions of the Letter.

Introduction Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that infects >95% of the human population and is associated with a substantial risk of cancer development. Most infections in children and adolescents are asymptomatic or result in infectious mononucleosis; however, in some patients, EBV is associated with various hematological malignancies including Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma. EBV infection is also present in a portion of epithelial cell neoplasms such as gastric cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Despite the large population risk of cancer associated with EBV, it is poorly understood why only a small subset of EBV-infected individuals develop neoplasms, while others do not. Patients and Methods We designed a target enrichment system to capture several EBV strains including the Akata strain, which is responsible for the majority of EBV infections in Japan. We analyzed the genomes of EBV strains in 139 patients with various EBV-associated diseases and 17 EBV-positive cell lines. Next-generation sequencing reads were aligned to the Akata reference genome to analyze nucleotide variations, copy number alterations, and structural variations including sequence insertions in the human genome. The institutional review board of Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine approved this study. Results We identified a median of 645 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in the EBV genomes, 78% of which affected coding sequences. SNVs in coding sequences were significantly biased toward synonymous variants, suggesting negative selection pressure. The SNVs detected in noncoding sequences were enriched in two evolutionarily conserved viral noncoding RNAs (EBER1 and EBER2), particularly in the PAX5-binding domain of EBER2. However, most SNVs identified in the EBV genome do not seem to affect the development of neoplasms, as hierarchical clustering of EBV genomes from neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases based on SNVs revealed no significant association between the EBV strain and disease type. In addition to SNVs, we identified frequent intragenic deletions in the EBV genomes of patients with EBV-positive DLBCL (10/14, 71%), extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (10/23, 43%), chronic active EBV infection (27/77, 35%), and other EBV-associated neoplasms (2/7). Such deletions were also identified in several EBV-associated cell lines (6/17), but not in non-neoplastic diseases such as infectious mononucleosis (0/4) and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (0/14), suggesting a unique role of these mutations in the neoplastic proliferation of EBV-infected cells. Frequent deletions were detected in BamHI A rightward transcripts microRNA clusters (31/156), which suppress viral transcription factors (BZLF1 and BRLF1) required for the lytic reactivation of EBV. Deletions also were associated with several genes essential for virus production (20/156). These observed deletions are thought to upregulate lytic cycle-associated genes, some of which benefit neoplasms by inducing genomic instability and immune escape and mitigate cell damage caused by the production of viral particles. In fact, deletion of one essential gene, BALF5, resulted in upregulation of the lytic cycle and promotion of lymphomagenesis in a xenograft model. Discussion Although the essential roles of several latency-associated genes, such as LMP-1 and EBNA-2, in EBV-mediated immortalization and transformation of human lymphocytes have long been discussed, our finding raises the possibility that lytic cycle-associated genes also contribute to lymphomagenesis. This agrees with reports that lytic cycle-associated genes are expressed in Burkitt lymphoma, DLBCL, and chronic active EBV infection, and that BZLF1-deficient lymphoblastoid cells exhibit significantly impaired tumorigenicity in mice. In addition, essential gene deletions lead to the protection of EBV-infected cells from lysis. Further studies are warranted to exploit these findings for the design of novel therapeutics for EBV-associated neoplasms. Disclosures Kiyoi: Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Novartis Pharma K.K.: Research Funding; Phizer Japan Inc.: Research Funding; Sanofi K.K.: Research Funding; Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Celgene Corporation: Research Funding; Eisai Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Astellas Pharma Inc.: Research Funding; Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Nippon Shinyaku Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; FUJIFILM Corporation: Research Funding; Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria. Nakamura:Roche/Chugai,: Research Funding; Kyowa-Kirin: Research Funding.

To the editor: Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is mostly undergone with myeloablative conditioning (MAC) and it could be the major cause of short- or long-term complications such as endocrinologic disorders including hypogonadism or

The Am and Bm phenotypes are characterized by weak expression of the A or B antigens, respectively, by red blood cells with a normal expression by the saliva of secretors. Deletion of the regulatory element in the first intron of the ABO gene and disruption of the GATA motif in the element were found to be responsible. In this study, we identified a novel mutation within the GATA motif (G>C substitution at position c.28 + 5830) in the regulatory element of the A allele that might diminish transcription activity causing the generation of the Am B phenotype.

A nationwide retrospective analysis was performed on patients who received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for primary or familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in Japan. The present analysis investigated whether reduced-intensity conditioning (RIC) followed by cord blood transplantation (CBT) (RIC-CBT) is feasible, compared to the outcomes of myeloablative conditioning and bone marrow transplantation. Based on the JSHCT data, 53 patients were analyzed. The overall survival rate (OS) was 65.4 ± 6.6 %. RIC-CBT (n = 13) was not inferior to other methods. Patients with a performance status of PS 4 (ECOG scale) with HLH-associated severe organ dysfunction during the initiation of conditioning had extremely poor outcomes. The OS rate in the RIC-CBT patients, excluding those with a performance status 4, was 80.0 ± 12.6 %. RIC may reduce treatment-related mortality; in addition, patients with engraftment failure, which is the main adverse event following RIC-CBT, were successfully rescued with secondary CBT. Unrelated cord blood may represent an alternative source if a patient has no related donor. As a RIC regimen for CBT, 140 mg/m(2) melphalan with fludarabine and anti-lymphocyte globulin or anti-thymocyte globulin may be feasible, but further dosage optimization should be performed in controlled clinical trials.

We report long-term outcomes of 329 childhood severe aplastic anemia (SAA) patients who underwent hematopoietic SCT (HSCT) from an HLA-matched sibling donor in the Japanese Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Registry. OS and EFS at 10 years were as high as 89.7+/-1.7% and 85.5+/-2.0%, respectively. Five cases of late malignancies (LM) were identified (malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, thyroid carcinoma, colon carcinoma, MDS and hepatoblastoma). Cumulative incidence of LM was 0.8% at 10 years and 2.5% at 20 years, respectively, which was lower than that in previous reports. This low incidence is in keeping with the low occurrence of skin cancer in Japanese population and of acute GVHD in our study group. Radiation-containing conditioning was not significantly associated with the incidence of LM after HSCT probably because of absolute low patient number who developed LM in our series. In terms of LM development after HSCT, low-dose TBI in HSCT for SAA to avoid graft rejection, which is commonly used in Japan, might be tolerable in the Japanese population because of its low incidence.

Summary Reports of non-anaplastic peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) in paediatric patients, especially results of stem cell transplantation (SCT), are relatively rare. We herein report the results of SCT using the Transplant Registry Unified Management Program system of the Japanese Society of Stem Cell Transplantation in paediatric patients with non-anaplastic PTCL. We analysed 26 patients (13 females and 13 males) aged 18 years with nonanaplastic PTCL who underwent a total of 28 SCT. Median age at transplantation was 135 years (range: 0–18 years). PTCL not otherwise specified was diagnosed in 17 patients; extranodal Natural Killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma, nasal type in nine; and subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma in two. Transplantation was with syngeneic donor in one, related donor in 10; unrelated donor in 10; and auto transplantation in 7. Fiveyear overall survival rate and event-free survival rate was 6296% and 5556%, respectively. Male gender, chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and reduced intensity conditioning were good prognostic factors in all patients. In 20 patients with refractory or relapsed disease, male gender and chronic GVHD were also good prognostic factors. This study is the first report concerning transplantation in children with non-anaplastic PTCL, although the number of patients was small. Larger studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Purpose: Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) is an Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)–associated lymphoma for which a new chemotherapeutic regimen called SMILE (steroid, methotrexate, ifosfamide, l-asparaginase, and etoposide) recently showed promising results. Experimental Design: The amount of EBV-DNA was prospectively measured in whole-blood and plasma samples by real-time quantitative PCR from 26 patients registered in the SMILE phase II study. Results: Before treatment, the EBV-DNA was detected in 22 samples of whole blood with a median number of 3,691 copies/mL (range: 0–1.14 × 107), but 15 samples of plasma with a median of 867 copies/mL (range: 0–1.27 × 107). Results of these 2 measurements of EBV-DNA well correlated (R2 = 0.994, P < 0.001). The overall response rate to SMILE was significantly higher in patients with less than 105 copies/mL of EBV-DNA in whole blood at enrollment (90% vs. 20%, P = 0.007) and in patients with less than 104 copies/mL of EBV-DNA in plasma (95% vs. 29%, P = 0.002). The incidence of grade 4 toxicity of SMILE other than leukopenia/neutropenia was significantly higher in patients with 105 copies/mL of EBV-DNA or more in whole blood (100% vs. 29%, P = 0.007) than that of others and in patients with 104 copies/mL or more in plasma (86% vs. 26%, P = 0.002). Conclusions: These findings suggest that whole blood is more sensitive for clinical use than plasma. The EBV-DNA amount in whole blood was useful for predicting tumor response, toxicity, and prognosis after SMILE chemotherapy for ENKL. Clin Cancer Res; 18(15); 4183–90. ©2012 AACR.

Recent advances in unrelated cord blood transplantation (UCBT) and high-resolution typing of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) from an unrelated donor have increased choices in alternative donor/stem cell source selection. We assessed HLA-mismatched locus-specific comparison of the outcomes of 351 single-unit UCB and 1,028 unrelated bone marrow (UBM) adult recipients 16 years old or older at the time of transplantation who received first stem cell transplantation with myeloablative conditioning for acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes. With adjusted analyses, HLA 0 to 2 mismatched UCBT showed similar overall mortality (relative risk [RR] = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68-1.06; P = .149) compared with that of single-HLA-DRB1-mismatched UBMT. UCBT showed inferior neutrophil recovery (RR = 0.50, 95% CI, 0.42-0.60; P < .001), lower risk of acute graft-versus-host disease (RR = 0.55, 95% CI, 0.42-0.72; P < .001), and lower risk of transplantation-related mortality (RR = 0.68, 95% CI, 0.50-0.92; P = .011) compared with single-HLA-DRB1-mismatched UBMT. No significant difference was observed for risk of relapse (RR = 1.28, 95% CI, 0.93-1.76; P = .125). HLA 0 to 2 antigen-mismatched UCBT is a reasonable second alternative donor/stem cell source with a survival outcome similar to that of single-HLA-DRB1-mismatched or other 7 of 8 UBMT.

We have recently reported that the outcome of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients with t(6;9)(p23;q34) who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) was comparable to that of patients with a normal karyotype. We performed a further analysis regarding the prognostic factors for t(6;9)(p23;q34) AML patients who underwent a HSCT. Seven pediatric patients and 57 adult patients, transplanted between 1996 and 2007, were assessed in this study. The overall survival (OS) of the pediatric patients tended to be better than the OS of the adults, although there were no statistically significant differences. The present study focused on the adult patients revealed that the disease status at HSCT was the sole prognostic factor affecting the OS identified in the univariate analysis. A multivariate analysis showed that the disease status at HSCT and M2 in the FAB classification were extracted as the significant variables affecting the OS. The patients who were not in remission at HSCT and had non-FAB-M2 showed a poorer outcome; 6 deaths in the 9 patients were due to a relapse of the AML. These findings suggest that novel therapeutic approaches might be needed for patients with these poor prognostic factors., 発行後6か月より全文公開

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with t(6;9)(p23;q34) is well known to have a poor prognosis treated with chemotherapy and autotransplantation. The presence of this karyotype is an indicator for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT); however, the impact of t(6;9)(p23;q34) on the HSCT outcome remains unclear. We conducted a matched-pair analysis of de novo AML patients with and without t(6;9)(p23;q34) using data obtained from the Japanese HSCT data registry. A total of 57 patients with t(6;9)(p23;q34) received transplants between 1996 and 2007, and 171 of 2056 normal karyotype patients matched for age, disease status at HSCT and graft source were selected. The overall survival, disease-free survival, cumulative incidence of relapse and the non-relapse mortality in t(6;9)(p23;q34) patients were comparable to those for normal karyotype patients. A univariate analysis showed that t(6;9)(p23;q34) had no significant impact on the overall survival. These findings suggest that allogeneic HSCT may overcome the unfavorable impact of t(6;9)(p23;q34) as an independent prognostic factor. © 2012 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved.

EBV-associated T/NK–cell lymphoproliferative disease (T/NK-LPD) is defined as a systemic illness characterized by clonal proliferation of EBV-infected T or NK cells. We prospectively enrolled 108 nonimmunocompromised patients with this disease (50 men and 58 women; median onset age, 8 years; age range, 1-50 years) evidenced by expansion of EBV+ T/NK cells in the peripheral blood; these were of the T-cell type in 64 cases and of the NK-cell type in 44, and were clinically categorized into 4 groups: 80 cases of chronic active EBV disease, 15 of EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, 9 of severe mosquito bite allergy, and 4 of hydroa vacciniforme. These clinical profiles were closely linked with the EBV+ cell immunophenotypes. In a median follow-up period of 46 months, 47 patients (44%) died of severe organ complications. During the follow-up, 13 patients developed overt lymphoma or leukemia characterized by extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma and aggressive NK-cell leukemia. Fifty-nine received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, 66% of whom survived. Age at onset of disease (≥ 8 years) and liver dysfunction were risk factors for mortality, whereas patients who received transplantation had a better prognosis. These data depict clinical characteristics of systemic EBV+ T/NK-LPD and provide insight into the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for distinct disease.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) is a disorder characterized by maternal alloimmunization against paternal fetal platelet antigens. Two healthy, unrelated Japanese women each gave birth to a child with severe NAIT. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To elucidate the maternal causes of NAIT, we conducted serologic and genetic studies in these two NAIT infants. RESULTS: The serologic experiments localized the antigens to the glycoprotein (GP) IIIa subunit of the GPIIb/IIIa complex. Sequence-based typing studies subsequently identified a G>A mutation at Nucleotide 1960 (a glutamic acid > lysine substitution at Position 628) in the 11th exon of the GPIIIa gene. This mutation was recently identified in a report as HPA-21bw. Next, it was determined that the cause of NAIT in both cases was the HPA-21bw antigen, as shown by the mothers' antibodies reacting with the mutated GPIIIa-transfected cells, but not with transfectants expressing wild-type GPIIIa. A molecular genetic screening for the HPA-21bw allele among Japanese donors showed that its genetic frequency in the population was 0.53% (10/1888), indicating that HPA-21bw occurs at a low but appreciable frequency in the population. Furthermore, in a retrospective study of 50 previous NAIT cases of unknown causes, we found one NAIT case associated with the HPA-21bw antibody. The two NAIT cases in this study represent the first ones to be associated with HPA-21bw in Japan. CONCLUSION: We identified the HPA-21bw allele from two unrelated Japanese infants with severe NAIT. We identified 10 individuals (1.06%) positive for the HPA-21bw allele from a genetic screening of 944 Japanese blood donors.

Takahashi E, Ohshima K, Kimura H, Hara K, Suzuki R, Kawa K, Eimoto T & Nakamura S for the NK-cell Tumor Study Group (2011) Histopathology59, 660–671 Clinicopathological analysis of the age-related differences in patients with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated extranasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma with reference to the relationship with aggressive NK cell leukaemia and chronic active EBV infection-associated lymphoproliferative disorders Aims: Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL), comprising nasal NKTL and extranasal NKTL (ENKTL), is associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). A bimodal age distribution was noted in NKTL patients. We examined the clinicopathological differences between two age groups of ENKTL patients (n = 23) and compared the findings with those of aggressive NK cell leukaemia (ANKL; n = 10) and monoclonal chronic active EBV infection-associated T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorders [chronic active EBV infection/TNK-lymphoproliferative disorders (CAEBV/TNK-LPD)] of NK-cell type (n = 45). Methods and results: Distinct differences existed between elderly (>50 years; n = 13) and younger (≤50 years; n = 10) ENKTL patients; the latter showed a higher disease stage (P = 0.0286), worse performance status (P = 0.0244), more frequent B symptoms (P = 0.0286) and more frequent liver, spleen and bone marrow involvement (P = 0.0222, 0.0005 and 0.0259, respectively). Few clinicopathological differences existed between younger ENKTL and ANKL patients. Patients with monoclonal CAEBV/TNK-LPD of NK-cell type (n = 45) showed features similar to those in younger ENKTL/ANKL patients, except a more juvenile onset of CAEBV-related symptoms and better prognosis. However, the onset age of overt leukaemia/lymphoma in CAEBV/TNK-LPD patients and overall survival thereafter were similar to those in younger ENKTL/ANKL patients. Conclusions: ENKTL (≤50 years) is distinct from that in elderly patients and may encompass ANKL and overlap in the clinicopathological profile with NK-cell type CAEBV/TNK-LPD.

Members of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family participate in the innate immune system, exerting widespread effects on cytokine secretion, autophagy, and apoptosis. Recent studies in Caucasians revealed the association between mutants of NOD2, a member of the NLR family, and severity of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). NOD2 polymorphism screening has been recommended for donor selection and risk assessment at bone marrow transplantation. To investigate whether NOD2 plays a role in the pathogenesis of GVHD in a Japanese population, we examined DNA from 142 bone marrow transplant patient/donor pairs to detect genetic variation in the NOD2 gene. No genetic variants of NOD2 were associated with the severity of acute GVHD in our patients. However, a weak association between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the NOD2 gene (R471C) and acute myeloid leukemia in the bone marrow patients (p = 0.029, odds ratio 4.08, 95% CI 1.22-13.67) was detected. This polymorphism was not prevalent in 479 Crohn's disease (CD) patients in Japan. These results suggest that, in the Japanese population, unlike the Caucasian, NOD2 is not a major contributor to susceptibility to severe acute GVHD.

Summary We report the results of umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) performed in 88 patients with primary immunodeficiency (PID) between 1998 and 2008 in Japan; severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID, n = 40), Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS, n = 23), chronic granulomatous disease (n = 7), severe congenital neutropaenia (SCN, n = 5) and other immunodeficiencies (n = 13). Five-year overall survival (5-year OS) for all patients was 69% [95% confidence interval (CI), 57–78%], and was 71% and 82% for SCID and WAS, respectively. The main cause of death before day 100 was infection (17/19), while that after day 100 was graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (5/7). Using multivariate analyses, pre-transplant infection, no conditioning, ≥2 human leucocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches or diagnosis other than SCID, SCN or WAS were all associated with poor prognosis. Reduced-intensity conditioning was associated with decreased overall mortality compared with myeloablative therapy. The cumulative incidence of grade 2–4 acute GVHD at day 100 was 28% (95% CI, 19–38%), and that of chronic GVHD at day 180 was 13% (95% CI, 7–23%). We conclude that UCBT should be considered for PID patients without an HLA-matched sibling. The control of pre-transplant infection and selection of HLA-matched donors will lead to a better outcome.

Polymorphisms in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) latent genes can identify virus strains from different human populations and individual strains within a population. An Asian EBV signature has been defined almost exclusively from Chinese viruses, with little information from other Asian countries. Here we sequenced polymorphic regions of the EBNA1, 2, 3A, 3B, 3C and LMP1 genes of 31 Japanese strains from control donors and EBV-associated T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease (T/NK-LPD) patients. Though identical to Chinese strains in their dominant EBNA1 and LMP1 alleles, Japanese viruses were subtly different at other loci. Thus, while Chinese viruses mainly fall into two families with strongly linked ‘Wu’ or ‘Li’ alleles at EBNA2 and EBNA3A/B/C, Japanese viruses all have the consensus Wu EBNA2 allele but fall into two families at EBNA3A/B/C. One family has variant Li-like sequences at EBNA3A and 3B and the consensus Li sequence at EBNA3C; the other family has variant Wu-like sequences at EBNA3A, variants of a low frequency Chinese allele ‘Sp’ at EBNA3B and a consensus Sp sequence at EBNA3C. Thus, EBNA3A/B/C allelotypes clearly distinguish Japanese from Chinese strains. Interestingly, most Japanese viruses also lack those immune-escape mutations in the HLA-A11 epitope-encoding region of EBNA3B that are so characteristic of viruses from the highly A11-positive Chinese population. Control donor-derived and T/NK-LPD-derived strains were similarly distributed across allelotypes and, by using allelic polymorphisms to track virus strains in patients pre- and post-haematopoietic stem-cell transplant, we show that a single strain can induce both T/NK-LPD and B-cell-lymphoproliferative disease in the same patient.

Cell dose is one of the major factors that can be manipulated in unrelated BMT. However, regarding disease-stage-stratified effects of cell dose, data are limited. We analyzed the registry data from 3559 patients with acute leukemia, CML and myelodysplastic syndrome who received T-cell replete unrelated BMT through the Japan Marrow Donor Program. Adjusted effects of cell dose were evaluated for various outcomes separately according to disease stages and children or adults. Acute GVHD and nonrelapse mortality were not affected by cell dose. Among children, a cell dose lower than 3.0 × 10(8)/kg was associated with lower engraftment rates in advanced-stage diseases. Among adults, a cell dose of 3.4 × 10(8)/kg or higher was associated with lower relapse rates and better survival rates only in early-stage diseases, whereas cell dose below 2.3 × 10(8)/kg was associated with lower engraftment rates in advanced-stage diseases. In conclusion, effects of cell dose may differ among disease stages. A cell dose of 3.4 × 10(8)/kg or higher is recommended only for adults with early-stage diseases. With the number of patients available for analysis in this study, we could not show any significant benefits associated with 4.6 × 10(8)/kg or higher in children.

Newly diagnosed children with ALL (n = 32) were treated on a protocol incorporating minimal residual disease (MRD)-based treatment decisions. MRD was monitored at 4 time points by semi-quantitative PCR detection of antigen receptor gene rearrangement, flow cytometry, quantitative RT-PCR detection of chimeric gene transcripts and overexpressed WT1 mRNA. Four patients positive for MRD at week 5 were treated with an intensified regimen. Median follow-up was 5.0 years (range 3.8–6.6 years) with a 4-year event-free survival rate of 93.8 ± 4.3%. This MRD-based treatment strategy seems to be highly successful and may improve the outcomes of children with ALL. A large study is warranted.

Epstein-Barr virus–encoded small RNA (EBER) is nonpolyadenylated, noncoding RNA that forms stem-loop structure by intermolecular base-pairing, giving rise to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)–like molecules, and exists abundantly in EBV-infected cells. Here, we report that EBER induces signaling from the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), which is a sensor of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and induces type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines. A substantial amount of EBER, which was sufficient to induce signaling from TLR3, was released from EBV-infected cells, and the majority of the released EBER existed as a complex with a cellular EBER-binding protein La, suggesting that EBER was released from the cells by active secretion of La. Sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis (IM), chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV), and EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH), whose general symptoms are caused by proinflammatory cytokines contained EBER, and addition of RNA purified from the sera into culture medium induced signaling from TLR3 in EBV-transformed lymphocytes and peripheral mononuclear cells. Furthermore, DCs treated with EBER showed mature phenotype and antigen presentation capacity. These findings suggest that EBER, which is released from EBV-infected cells, is responsible for immune activation by EBV, inducing type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines. EBER-induced activation of innate immunity would account for immunopathologic diseases caused by active EBV infection.

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is caused by mutations of the common gamma chain (γc) and usually characterized by the absence of T and natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we report an atypical case of XSCID presenting with autologous T and NK cells and Omenn syndrome-like manifestations. The patient carried a splice-site mutation (IVS1+5G>A) that caused most of the mRNA to be incorrectly spliced but produced normally spliced transcript in lesser amount, leading to residual γc expression and development of T and NK cells. The skin biopsy specimen showed massive infiltration of revertant T cells. Those T cells were found to have a second-site mutation and result in complete restoration of correct splicing. These findings suggest that the clinical spectrum of XSCID is quite broad and includes atypical cases mimicking Omenn syndrome, and highlight the importance of revertant mosaicism as a possible cause for variable phenotypic expression.

Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) infection is characterized by a status of lymphoproliferative disease of EBV-infected cells, resulting in chronic or recurrent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms. CAEBV is always accompanied by life-threatening complications. We report the case of a 2-year-old female patient with CAEBV who subsequently developed Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) presenting with bilateral exophthalmos, bone, and skin involvement. In situ hybridization for EBER revealed EBV-infected B-cells present in lesional tissue implying that interactions between EBV-infected B-cells and lesional Langerhans cells may be associated with the development of LCH.

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a disorder of the mononuclear phagocyte system, can be classified into two distinct forms: primary HLH (FHL) and secondary HLH. To clarify the epidemiology and clinical outcome for each HLH subtype, we conducted a nationwide survey of HLH in Japan. Since 799 patients were diagnosed in 292 institutions of Japan between 2001 and 2005, the annual incidence of HLH was estimated as 1 in 800,000 per year. Among them, 567 cases were actually analyzed in this study. The most frequent subtype was Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated HLH, followed by other infection- or lymphoma-associated HLH. Age distribution showed a peak of autoimmune disease- and infection-associated HLH in children, while FHL and lymphoma-associated HLH occurred almost exclusively in infants and the elderly, respectively. The 5-year overall survival rate exceeded 80% for patients with EBV- or other infection-associated HLH, was intermediate for those with FHL or B-cell lymphoma-associated HLH, and poor for those with T/NK cell lymphoma-associated HLH (

We initially conducted a multicenter, randomized trial (n=43), and subsequently a questionnaire study (n=209) of participating hospitals, to evaluate whether infused fresh frozen plasma (FFP) could prevent the occurrence of hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) after stem cell transplantation (SCT). Forty-three patients were divided into two groups: 23 receiving FFP infusions and 20 not receiving it. VOD developed in three patients not receiving FFP. Plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen levels were lower at days 0, 7 and 28 after SCT in patients receiving FFP than in those not receiving it, whereas plasma ADAMTS13 activity (ADAMTS13:AC) did not differ between them. Plasma VWF multimer (VWFM) was demonstrated to be defective in the high approximately intermediate VWFM during the early post-SCT phase, but there was a significant increase in high VWFM just before VOD onset. This suggests that a relative enzyme-to-substrate (ADAMTS13/high-VWFM) imbalance is involved in the pathogenesis of VOD. To strengthen this hypothesis, the incidence of VOD was apparently lower in patients receiving FFP infusions than in those not receiving it (0/23 vs 3/20) in the randomized trial. Further, the results combined with the subsequent questionnaire study (0/36 vs 11/173) clearly showed the incidence to be statistically significant (0/59 vs 14/193, P=0.033).

In children with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in first remission is indicated for patients with a relatively high risk of relapse. Second HSCT is a curative option; however, few reports have been published about a second HSCT in children for AML with posttransplantation relapse.Using the database provided by the Japanese Society of Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, we analyzed 46 children with AML who underwent a second allogeneic HSCT after achieving a second remission.The median duration from the first to second HSCT was 20 months, and the source of the second HSCT was related bone marrow (BM) in 22, related peripheral blood in 6, unrelated BM in 14, and unrelated cord blood in 4 patients. Twenty-five children eventually died of the following causes: progressive disease in 14 and transplant-related toxicities in 9. The 5-year overall survival rate was 41.7 ± 7.7%. An interval of less than 24 months between the first and second HSCT was a significant poor prognostic factor.Children with AML who experience a relapse after HSCT in first remission have a good chance of survival with a second HSCT if a second remission is achieved.

Differentiation of ABO mosaics from chimeras is performed using flow cytometry (FCM) analysis. Although mosaics and chimeras have been distinguished by presence or absence of clear resolution using FCM analysis, the lack of quantitative metrics and definitive criteria for this differentiation has made some cases difficult to differentiate. In this study, therefore, we attempted to establish a definitive and quantitative criterion for this differentiation. When FCM histogram gates for group “A” or “B” antigen-negative and -positive red blood cells (RBCs) were set such that group O RBCs were classified as 99 percent negative and group A or B RBCs as 99 percent positive, the percentages of RBCs in the middle region of six chimeras and 23 mosaics (12 A mosaics and 11 B mosaics) were 0.1–0.6 percent and 7.0–19.0 percent, respectively. This result suggested that ABO mosaics and chimeras can be unambiguously differentiated when the cutoff point of the intermediate region is set to 1 percent. Immunohematology 2015;31:24–28.

Advances in cancer immunotherapy in the pediatric field are needed in order to improve the prognosis of children with malignancies. We conducted a prospective phase I/II study of WT1 peptide vaccination for children with relapsed or refractory malignancies.The main eligibility criteria were affected tissues or leukemic cells expressing the WT1 gene, and patients (and donors for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) having HLA-A*24:02. Vaccination using the WT1 peptide (CYTWNQMNL), which was modified for higher affinity to this HLA-type molecule with the adjuvant Montanide ISA51, was performed weekly 12 times.Twenty-six patients were enrolled and 13 (50.0%) completed the vaccination 12 times. Evidence for the induction of WT1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses without severe systemic side effects was obtained. Two out of 12 patients with bulky disease exhibited a transient clinical effect (one mixed response and one stable disease), three out of six patients with minimal residual disease achieved transient molecular remission, and five out of eight patients without a detectable level of the molecular marker, but with a high risk of relapse, had the best outcome of long-term continuous complete remission.WT1 vaccination is a safe immunotherapy and induced WT1-specific CTL responses in children; however, as a single agent, vaccination only provided patients in remission, but with a high risk of relapse, with "long-term benefits" in the context of its use for relapse prevention. WT1 peptide-based treatments in combination with other modalities, such as anti-tumor drugs or immunomodulating agents, need to be planned.

A total of 57 patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) were studied after undergoing stem cell transplantation (SCT) in Japan between January 1985 and December 2004. Eleven patients received transplants from human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-matched related donors, 10 from HLA-mismatched related donors, 21 from unrelated bone marrow donors, and 15 from unrelated cord blood donors. Nine of the 57 patients rejected the initial graft. The overall 5-year survival rate was 73.7% and the 5-year failure-free survival rate was 65.7% (failure was defined as rejection or death). The overall 5-year survival rates for patients receiving bone marrow and cord blood from unrelated donors were both 80.0%. Based on univariate analysis, the factors associated with poor survival were: transplantation from an HLA-mismatched related donor, patient age of more than 5 years at the time of transplantation, and a conditioning regimen other than busulfan and cyclophosphamide (BU-CY) or busulfan, cyclophosphamide and antithymocyte globulin (BU-CY-ATG). In a multivariate analysis, a conditioning regimen other than BU-CY and BU-CY-ATG was the only independent factor associated with transplantation failure. Given the improved outcome for WAS patients following transplantation from an unrelated donor, we conclude that patients with WAS should receive SCT as soon as possible after diagnosis.

A nationwide survey of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) was started in Japan in 1991, and the analyzed survey data have been presented as the annual report of the Japan Society for Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation. The 10-year overall survival (OS) rates after HCT for each disease are as follows: acute myelogenous leukemia, 44.2%; acute lymphocytic leukemia, 33.7%; adult T-cell leukemia, 24.6%; chronic myelogenous leukemia, 53.3%; myelodysplastic syndrome, 37.3%; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 41.5%; Hodgkin's lymphoma, 50.8%; aplastic anemia, 72.5%; breast cancer, 37.1%; germ cell tumor, 52.6%; and ovarian cancer, 44.2%. The 5-year OS rates for multiple myeloma and lung cancer were 40.6% and 23.6%, respectively. Except in cord blood transplantation, engraftment was accomplished in more than 90% of patients. The respective frequencies of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and chronic GVHD were 41.1% and 34.9% for related bone marrow transplantation (BMT), 66.8% and 34.5% for unrelated BMT, 52.9% and 36.0% for allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, and 53.3% and 32.1% for allogeneic cord blood transplantation. OS for each disease was analyzed by patient age, stem cell source, donor type, disease status, and disease type. These data provide objective and valuable information for hematologists as well as for patients who need HCT.

Neoplasms of natural killer (NK)-lineage are rare. Their prognosis is generally poor except for cases of solitary nasal NK-cell lymphoma. The NK-cell Tumor Study Group performed a survey in Japan on patients diagnosed between 1994 and 1998. Of 228 patients selected for analysis, 40 underwent HSCT (15 allografts and 25 autografts). The underlying diseases were myeloid/NK cell precursor acute leukemia (n = 4), blastic NK-cell lymphoma (n = 11), aggressive NK-cell leukemia (n = 3), and nasal-type extranodal NK-cell lymphoma (n = 22). At the time of HSCT, 22 patients were in complete remission (CR), 11 were in relapse, and seven were primary refractory. All patients received myeloablative conditioning regimens including total-body irradiation. Sixteen died of disease progression, and six of treatment-related causes. Overall, 4-year survival was 39% with a median follow-up of 50 months; this was significantly better than that of patients who did not undergo HSCT (21%, P = 0.0003). For patients transplanted in CR, the 4-year overall survival was 68%, which was significantly better than that of patients who went into CR but did not undergo HSCT (P = 0.03). These findings suggest that the HSCT is a promising treatment strategy for NK-cell lineage.

Irinotecan is expected to become a new drug for childhood solid tumors. Sixteen children with relapsed solid tumors received irinotecan 180 mg/m2/day for 3 consecutive days, repeated once after 25 days off. Their original tumors were neuroblastoma in 7, rhabdomyosarcoma in 3, nephroblastoma and undifferentiated sarcoma in 2 each, and primitive neuroectodermal tumor and leiomyosarcoma in 1 each. The average age at trials was 6 years. Partial response was achieved in 5 (31.3%) (neuro-blastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, nephroblastoma, undifferentiated sarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma), and decrease in tumor marker in the other 2. Irinotecan appears promising, and could become included in the first-line treatment.