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Emerging multidrug‐resistant (MDR) strains are the main challenges to the progression of new drug discovery. To diminish infectious disease–causing pathogens, new antibiotics are required while the drying pipeline of potent antibiotics is adding to the severity. Plant secondary metabolites or phytochemicals including alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and terpenes have successfully demonstrated their inhibitory potential against the drug‐resistant pathogens. In quest of potential phytochemicals, we selected tea (Camellia sinensis) and agarwood (Aquilaria malaccensis) leaves for antimicrobial activity. Fresh tea leaves were collected in three varieties, namely, BT‐6, BT‐7, and BT‐8, including green tea (nonfermented tea), black tea (fully fermented tea), and agarwood leaves collected from Sylhet region of Bangladesh. This study is aimed at analyzing the phytochemical constituency and antimicrobial activity of tea and agarwood leaf extracts and analyzing if there is a combined effect or synergistic activity against multidrug‐resistant pathogens. The antimicrobial activity of tea and agarwood leaf extracts was analyzed against MDR pathogenic bacteria and fungus. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical constituency profiling of these six leaf extracts was evaluated, and preliminary screening exhibited that most of the leaves contained diverse groups of metabolites (alkaloids, tannin, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, etc.). The highest amounts of TPC (total phenolic content) (110.16 ± 0.48 μg/mg) were found in BT‐7 in ethanol extracts, and BT‐8 in methanol extracts possessed the highest (128.1 ± 0.43 μg/mg) TFC (total flavonoid content). Notably, green tea showed remarkable results in TPC and TFC. In antioxidant scavenging activity, BT‐7 and green tea showed significant IC50 values which were 13.23 and 20.75 mg/mL, respectively. In antimicrobial assays, both 50 μL of each tea and agarwood leaf extract antimicrobial activities were examined against 50 μL of each bacterial and fungal culture. In synergistic activity, 50 μL of each type of leaf extracts was poured over the commercial antibiotics to evaluate their synergism, additive, or antagonism activity against the multidrug‐resistant pathogens. In the antimicrobial activity test, green tea showed a maximum diameter (22.0 ± 1.1 mm) zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae whereas BT‐8 showed 22.0 ± 2.5 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Indeed, fresh tea BT‐6 and BT‐7 both showed remarkable zone of inhibition against the selected microbes including Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria. Besides, leaf extract also showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic fungus Mucor circinelloides. Aiming to increase antibiotic resistance efficacy, synergistic activities were evaluated among leaf extracts and antibiotics against the selected pathogens where synergism, antagonism, and additive results were noted. Combination of BT‐8 extracts with antibiotics (ceftiofur) showed the highest synergism nearly 36 mm of the zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli. Additionally, green tea with gentamicin and erythromycin also showed remarkable synergism 35 and 33 mm against Mucor circinelloides and E. coli, respectively. Tea and agarwood leaves grown in Bangladesh possess high antioxidant activity, promising antibacterial and antifungal activity, thus might provide a potential source for drug discovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kitchen waste is the best alternative for biogas production due to its high biodegradability and water content. These characteristics of kitchen waste make it a good candidate for anaerobic digestion with the concomitant benefit of biogas production. The aim of the study was to convert different categories of kitchen waste into biogas with a view to reducing environmental pollution and compare gas production among them. Two experiments were carried out to observe gas production in presence of rumen fluid and bacterial inoculum with cow manure and different categories of kitchen waste including vegetable, fish, chicken, rice, bread, paper, egg etc. SAU has seven residential hall and each of them contains individual dining, where daily a large amount of kitchen waste is obtained which can be utilized for better purpose. Since biogas production depends on the organic contents of substrate, therefore these wastes were categorized after collection. Carbohydrate and protein rich organic waste showed better biogas production result while the fat percentage on substrate lowered biogas yield. Gas production was higher in rumen fluid compared to bacterium inoculum at 48 hrs. For example, the volume of gas was higher for vegetable waste (21.75ml/g) as well as other carbohydrate source such as bread (31.25 ml/g), paper (25.5 g/ml), rice (22.25 ml/g) at 48hrs. On the other hand, gas production was lower in chicken (8.0 ml/g) and fish waste (3.0 ml/g) at 48 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice cream is a popular dairy product in the world. Its chemical and microbial quality has always been remarkably important to consumer. The aims of this study were to investigate chemical and microbiological quality of ice cream from four companies (Igloo, Kwality, Polar and Baby) sold in Sylhet city, Bangladesh. Total solids (TS), Fat, Protein, Ash, and Acidity content, total viable count and coliform counts were measured Standard procedure. There were highly significant differences (P<0.001) within the chemical parameters of ice cream from different companies. Ice cream from Kwality Company contained 3.48% protein, 36.30% total solids, 13.00% fat, 1.05% ash and 0.22% acidity which were higher than other companies. Total viable bacteria were in the range of 1942cfu/gm to 3692cfu/gm. Coliform counts of the ice cream samples from Igloo, Kwality, Polar and Baby were 16.00, 12.42, 36.17 and 47.17cfu/g respectively. Ice cream from Kwality Company was superior to other companies on the basis of chemical and microbial parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are becoming increasingly common, leading to a global health crisis. The effects of abusing antibiotics not only increase pathogenic resistance but also cause various diseases and syndromes. Gut microbiota contains many beneficial roles for health, while antibiotics kill both pathogens and gut microbiota which is considered one of the major side effects of antibiotics. In fact, new antibiotic compounds are needed in this urgent scenario; phytoremediation is the oldest but most effective method, and research on the antibacterial properties of several types of medicinal plants has already been conducted. Tea and agarwood plants are well known for their economic contribution in both beverage and cosmetic production, as well as for their medicinal value. In this study, tea and agarwood leaf extracts were analyzed for their antimicrobial activity against both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria. Fresh tea ( Camellia sinensis ) leaves were collected in three varieties, namely, BT-6 from Sylhet, BT-7 from Moulvibazar, and BT-8 from Habiganj; also, green tea (nonfermented tea), black tea (fully fermented tea), and agarwood ( Aquilaria malaccensis ) were collected from Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Unlike commercial antibiotics, which have side effects on probiotics (beneficiary bacteria), leaf extract activities were analyzed to check if they had positive effects on probiotics that can be found in the gastrointestinal tract as well as dairy products. Potential beneficiary bacteria, Lysinibacillus macroides strain SRU-001 (NCBI accession no. MW665108), and pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas caviae strain YPLS-62 (NCBI accession no. MW666783), were isolated from the small intestine of poultry and curd, respectively. Tea and agarwood leaves (5 g powder/80 mL methanol) with solvents were kept for seven days at room temperature, and extracts were applied for antimicrobial assays by the disc diffusion assay against the isolated bacteria. 50  µ L of each leaf extract was examined against 50  µ L of each bacterial culture, where gentamicin was a control. After 24 hours of incubation, tea and agarwood leaf extracts showed an 11-15 mm zone of inhibition against pathogenic A. caviae , while only BT-8 showed 7 mm (disc diameter 6 mm) against probiotic L. macroides . However, compared to leaf extracts, gentamicin showed a 27 mm zone of inhibition against both L. macroides strain SRU-001 and A. caviae strain YPLS-62 bacteria. This research clearly indicates that gentamicin kills both pathogenic and beneficiary bacteria, while leaf extracts from tea and agarwood plants contain antimicrobial activity against only pathogenic A. caviae but no effects on probiotic L. macroides . This outcome indicates not only the potential therapeutic values of tea and agarwood leaves as antibiotics over commercial antibiotics but also the chance of having pathogens in curd and potential beneficial bacteria from the poultry small intestine., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Shah Rucksana Akhter Urme et al.)

Objectives: The research was carried out on broilers to determine the efficacy of probiotics ( Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces boulardii combined) supplementation on growth performances, nutrient retention (metabolizable energy, dry matter, and crude protein), and cecal microbiology ( Bifidobacteria spp., Clostridium spp., and coliforms)., Materials and Methods: A total of 160 broiler chicks (day-old) were selected and differentiated randomly into 4 groups (T 0 , T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 ) (40 × 4) comprising 40 birds in every single group. The control group (T 0 ) was fed commercial broiler feed only and the other three groups, referred to as treatment groups (T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 ), were treated with 1 gm ciprofloxacin, 1 gm probiotic, and 1 gm probiotic plus 0.5 gm enzyme, respectively, in per liter of fresh dietary water 8 h daily for 7 days in each phase. Experimental trials were divided into 2 phases, the starter phase from day 0 to 21 and the finisher phase from day 22 to 35., Results: Bodyweight gain and nutrient retention in experimental broiler birds in treatment groups were significantly ( p < 0.05) higher than the control group. Overall body weight gain and nutrient retention of broiler chicks in treatment groups T 2 and T 3 were better than T 1 . From day 22 to 35, cecal Clostridium and coliform bacterial load counts were significantly lower p < 0.01, p < 0.05, and p < 0.01, respectively, in T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 treatments than T 0 . Overall, Clostridium and coliform bacterial counts in the birds of treatment group T 2 were significantly lower ( p < 0.05) than T 0 ., Conclusion: The probiotics, in addition to enzyme supplementation, had suitable influence effects on growth performance of broilers, birds retention of nutrient, and microfloral count in birds' cecum., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © Journal of Advanced Veterinary and Animal Research.)