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Aim: To analyze the trends in clinicopathologic indications for enucleations over a 15-year period.Materials and Methods: Clinicopathologic details of all eyes that underwent enucleation from January 1996 to December 2010 were drawn up from a computerized database. The study was divided into three periods of 5 years each and comparison tables for each cause of enucleation during these periods were generated. Chi-square test was used to compare proportions.Results: Out of a total 1467 enucleations performed during the study period, 693 (46%) were attributable to retinoblastoma, 189 (12.5%) to uveal melanoma, 228 (15%) to trauma, and 149 (10%) to phthisis bulbi. Intraocular tumors accounted for more than 63% of all enucleations performed. Over the three time periods, proportion of enucleations secondary to retinoblastoma increased from 38% in the 1 st period to 58% in the 3 rd period (P < 0.001). Enucleations for trauma showed statistically significant reduction in trends over the three periods (24% in the 1 st period vs. 4.4% in the 3 rd period, P < 0.001). Similar trends were also seen in the proportion of enucleations due to intractable glaucoma and chronic uveitis. The absolute number of enucleations secondary to retinoblastoma out of the total cases seen during the study period did not change over the three periods (range 51-60%).Conclusion: Intraocular tumors were the commonest indications for enucleation in our patient population despite the availability of globe-conserving treatments such as chemotherapy and radioactive plaques. We observed increasing trends in the proportion of enucleations due to retinoblastoma and reduction of enucleations secondary to trauma, chronic uveitis, and glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Sm: Retinoblastoma is the commonest primary intraocular tumour in children. Chemotherapy now plays a big part in the treatment of these tumours. There is not much information about the role of the multiclrug resistance proteins (MDR)-P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and vault protein lung resistance protein (LRP)-in retinoblastoma. The authors investigated the expression of P-gp and LRP in resinoblassorna and correlated them clinicopathologically. Methods: Among 60 retinoblassomas, 40 tumours were not subjected to preoperative or postoperative chemotherapy and 20 tumours were subiecied to postoperative chernothereapy. In this cohort 27 tumours had no invasion and 33 turnouts had invasion of choroid, optic nerve, and orbit. P-gp and LRP expression were studied by immunohistochemistry. Imrnunoancilysis was clone semi-quantitatively. Results: Among the 60 tumours P-gp was expressed in 23 (38%) turnouts and LRP was expressed in 35(58%). P-gp was expressed in 11/27(40%) tumours with no invasion and in 12/33 (36%) tumours with invasion. LRP was expressed in 15/27(55%) tumours with no invasion and in 20/33(60%) tumours with invasion. Both P-gp and LRP were negative in three tumours with invasion, which had later developed bone marrow metastasis. There was no correlation between P-gp and LRP expression with invasion, differentiation and laterality of the tumours and response to treatment. Conclusion: Retinoblastoma expresses P-gp and LRP intrinsically before chemotherapy and none of these proteins predicted the response to chemotherapy. Thus, further studies are needed to understand the significance of the expression of the P-gp and LRP proteins in retinoblastoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a case of cystoid macular edema in a patient who underwent bone marrow transplant for aplastic anemia. After having ruled out all the other causes of cystoid macular edema, we concluded that it was secondary to the bone marrow transplant. The patient had mild visual impairment and did not recover the lost vision. In this case report, we describe in detail the clinical presentation, follow-up, and course of medication that this patient had. It is an illustrated case report of cystoid macular edema after bone marrow transplant with mild visual impairment and no recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blind eyes can harbor a choroidal melanoma. We report a case of uveal melanoma presenting as staphyloma and complicated cataract in a 45-year-old female. The left eye was blind for six months. She underwent comprehensive ocular examination but fundus examination was precluded due to total cataract. The ultrasound of the eye showed a large mass filling the superior, nasal and inferonasal vitreous cavity with high surface reflectivity and low to moderate internal reflectivity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma. The patient underwent extended enucleation and histopathology was consistent with uveal melanoma.

In order to realise the full potential of cancer suicide gene therapy that allows the precise expression of suicide gene in cancer cells, we used a tissue specific Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) promoter (EGP-2) that directs transgene Herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) expression preferentially in EpCAM over expressing cancer cells. EpCAM levels are considerably higher in retinoblastoma (RB), a childhood eye cancer with limited expression in normal cells. Use of miRNA regulation, adjacent to the use of the tissue-specific promoter, would provide the second layer of control to the transgene expression only in the tumor cells while sparing the normal cells. To test this hypothesis we cloned let-7b miRNA targets in the 3'UTR region of HSV-TK suicide gene driven by EpCAM promoter because let-7 family miRNAs, including let-7b, were found to be down regulated in the RB tumors and cell lines. We used EpCAM over expressing and let-7 down regulated RB cell lines Y79, WERI-Rb1 (EpCAM (+ve)/let-7b(down-regulated)), EpCAM down regulated, let-7 over expressing normal retinal Müller glial cell line MIO-M1(EpCAM (-ve)/let-7b(up-regulated)), and EpCAM up regulated, let-7b up-regulated normal thyroid cell line N-Thy-Ori-3.1(EpCAM (+ve)/let-7b(up-regulated)) in the study. The cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay, apoptosis was measured by probing cleaved Caspase3, EpCAM and TK expression were quantified by Western blot. Our results showed that the EGP2-promoter HSV-TK (EGP2-TK) construct with 2 or 4 copies of let-7b miRNA targets expressed TK gene only in Y79, WERI-Rb-1, while the TK gene did not express in MIO-M1. In summary, we have developed a tissue-specific, miRNA-regulated dual control vector, which selectively expresses the suicide gene in EpCAM over expressing cells.

Abstract Background TATA Binding Protein (TBP) is required for transcription initiation by all three eukaryotic RNA polymerases. It participates in transcriptional initiation at the majority of eukaryotic gene promoters, either by direct association to the TATA box upstream of the transcription start site or by indirectly localizing to the promoter through other proteins. TBP exists in solution in a dimeric form but binds to DNA as a monomer. Here, we present the first mathematical model for auto-catalytic TBP expression and use it to study the role of dimerization in maintaining the steady state TBP level. Results We show that the autogenous regulation of TBP results in a system that is capable of exhibiting three steady states: an unstable low TBP state, one stable state corresponding to a physiological TBP concentration, and another stable steady state corresponding to unviable cells where no TBP is expressed. Our model predicts that a basal level of TBP is required to establish the transcription of the TBP gene, and hence for cell viability. It also predicts that, for the condition corresponding to a typical mammalian cell, the high-TBP state and cell viability is sensitive to variation in DNA binding strength. We use the model to explore the effect of the dimer in buffering the response to changes in TBP levels, and show that for some physiological conditions the dimer is not important in buffering against perturbations. Conclusions Results on the necessity of a minimum basal TBP level support the in vivo observations that TBP is maternally inherited, providing the small amount of TBP required to establish its ubiquitous expression. The model shows that the system is sensitive to variations in parameters indicating that it is vulnerable to mutations in TBP. A reduction in TBP-DNA binding constant can lead the system to a regime where the unviable state is the only steady state. Contrary to the current hypotheses, we show that under some physiological conditions the dimer is not very important in restoring the system to steady state. This model demonstrates the use of mathematical modelling to investigate system behaviour and generate hypotheses governing the dynamics of such nonlinear biological systems. Reviewers This article was reviewed by Tomasz Lipniacki, James Faeder and Anna Marciniak-Czochra.

Retinoblastoma is the most common pediatric ocular malignancy. It is triggered by a biallelic mutation in the RB1 gene or MYCN oncogene amplification. Retinoblastomas can be unilateral (60%-70%) or bilateral (30%-40%); bilateral tumors are always heritable and present at an earlier age as compared to unilateral ones (18-24 months vs. 36 months in India). High prevalence rates, delayed presentation, and inaccessibility to healthcare lead to worse outcomes in developing countries. The past few decades have seen a paradigm change in the treatment of retinoblastomas, shifting from enucleation and external beam radiotherapy to less aggressive modalities for eye salvage. Multimodality treatment is now the standard of care and includes intraarterial or intravenous chemotherapy along with focal consolidation therapies such as transpupillary thermotherapy, cryotherapy, and laser photocoagulation. Intravitreal and intracameral chemotherapy can help in controlling intraocular seeds. Advanced extraocular or metastatic tumors still have a poor prognosis. Genetic testing, counseling, and screening of at-risk family members must be incorporated as essential parts of management. A better understanding of the genetics and molecular basis of retinoblastoma has opened up the path for potential targeted therapy in the future. Novel recent advances such as liquid biopsy, prenatal diagnosis, prognostic biomarkers, tylectomy, and chemoplaque point to promising future directions., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Indian Journal of Ophthalmology.)

Masquerade syndromes in uveitis are complex clinical conditions where non-inflammatory diseases mimic uveitic manifestations, often leading to diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This review delves into the diverse spectrum of masquerade syndromes, categorizing them into neoplastic and non-neoplastic entities. We explore the prevalence of primary intraocular lymphoma, leukaemia, retinoblastoma, and other malignancies, as well as conditions like retinitis pigmentosa and endophthalmitis that can present as uveitis. Through detailed analysis of symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches, the review emphasizes the importance of considering masquerade syndromes in differential diagnoses to prevent mismanagement. The synthesis of current knowledge aims to enhance clinicians' ability to discern these complex presentations, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and care, thereby improving patient outcomes in cases of uveitic masquerade syndromes., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a rare primary form of ciliopathy, with heterogeneous clinical and genetic presentation is characterized by rod cone dystrophy, obesity, polydactyly, urogenital abnormalities, and cognitive impairment. Here, we delineate the genetic profile in a cohort of 108 BBS patients from India by targeted gene sequencing-based approach for a panel of ciliopathy (including BBS) and other inherited retinal disease genes. We report here a higher frequency of BBS10 and BBS1 gene variations. A different spectrum of variations including a putatively novel gene TSPOAP1, for BBS was identified. Increased percentage frequency of digenic variants (36%) in the disease cohort, role of modifiers in familial cases are some of the salient observations in this work. This study appends the knowledge of BBS genetics pertaining to patients from India. We observed a different molecular epidemiology of BBS patients in this study cohort compared to other reports, which emphasizes the need for molecular testing in affected patients., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Purpose: Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) are a heterogeneous group of retinal diseases leading to progressive loss of photoreceptors through apoptosis. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is considered the most common form of IRD. Panel-based testing in RP has proven effective in identifying the causative genetic mutations in 70% and 80% of the patients. This is a retrospective, observational, single-center study of 107 RP patients who had undergone next-generation sequencing-based targeted gene panel testing for IRD genes. These patients were inspected for common phenotypic features to arrive at meaningful genotype-phenotype correlation., Methods: Patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination, and blood was collected from the proband for DNA extraction after documenting the pedigree. Targeted Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) was done by panel-based testing for IRD genes followed by co-segregation analysis wherever applicable., Results: Of the 107 patients, 72 patients had pathogenic mutations. The mean age of onset of symptoms was 14 ± 12 years (range: 5-55). Mean (Best Corrected Visual Acuity) BCVA was 6/48 (0.9 logMAR) (range 0.0-3.0). At presentation, over one-third of eyes had BCVA worse than 6/60 (<1 logMAR). Phenotype analysis with the gene defects showed overlapping features, such as peripheral well-defined chorioretinal atrophic patches in patients with CERKL, PROM1, and RPE65 gene mutations and large macular lesions in patients with RDH12 and CRX gene mutations, respectively. Nummular or clump-like pigmentation was noted in CRB1, TTC8, PDE6A, and PDE6B., Conclusion: NGS-based genetic testing can help clinicians to diagnose RP more accurately, and phenotypic correlations can also help in better patient counselling with respect to prognosis and guidance regarding ongoing newer gene-based therapies., Competing Interests: None

Aim: To investigate whether the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) clinical category cT2b needs to be subclassified by the type and distribution of retinoblastoma (RB) seeding., Methods: Multicentre, international registry-based data were collected from RB centres enrolled between January 2001 and December 2013. 1054 RB eyes with vitreous or subretinal seeds from 18 ophthalmic oncology centres, in 13 countries within six continents were analysed. Local treatment failure was defined as the use of secondary enucleation or external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) and was estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method., Results: Clinical category cT2b included 1054 eyes. Median age at presentation was 16.0 months. Of these, 428 (40.6%) eyes were salvaged, and 430 (40.8%) were treated with primary and 196 (18.6%) with secondary enucleation. Of the 592 eyes that had complete data for globe salvage analysis, the distribution of seeds was focal in 143 (24.2%) and diffuse in 449 (75.8%). The 5-year Kaplan-Meier cumulative globe-salvage (without EBRT) was 78% and 49% for eyes with focal and diffuse RB seeding, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis confirmed a higher local treatment failure risk with diffuse seeds as compared with focal seeds (hazard rate: 2.8; p<0.001). There was insufficient evidence to prove or disprove an association between vitreous seed type and local treatment failure risk(p=0.06)., Conclusion: This international, multicentre, registry-based analysis of RB eyes affirmed that eyes with diffuse intraocular distribution of RB seeds at diagnosis had a higher risk of local treatment failure when compared with focal seeds. Subclassification of AJCC RB category cT2b into focal vs diffuse seeds will improve prognostication for eye salvage., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2023. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Purpose: The purpose of the South Indian GeNetics of DiAbeTic Retinopathy (SIGNATR) Study is to identify non-genetic and genetic risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). This report examines the non-genetic risk factors for DR in South Indian patients. Methods: Participants with South Indian ancestry and type 2 diabetes (T2D) were included from two sources: the Sankara Nethralaya Diabetic Retinopathy and Molecular Genetics Study (SN-DREAMS) and prospective recruitment at Sankara Nethralaya affiliates. Fundus photography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were obtained on participants. Fundus images were graded for DR severity and OCTs were graded for center-involved diabetic macular edema (ciDME). Multivariate analyses were performed using stepwise logistic regression to assess effects of the demographic and clinical factors on proliferative DR (PDR) and DME. Results: Among the 2941 participants with DR grading, participants with PDR were more likely to be younger [odds ratio (OR)=0.95], men (OR = 1.83), have a longer duration of diabetes (OR = 1.10), have a higher hemoglobin A1c (OR = 1.12), have albuminuria (OR = 5.83), have hypertension (OR = 1.69), have a higher HDL (OR = 1.02) and a lower total cholesterol (OR = 0.99) (all p  < 0.05). Among the 483 participants with gradable OCT scans, participants who had ciDME were more likely to be younger (OR = 0.97), men (OR = 2.80), have a longer duration of diabetes (OR = 1.06), have lower triglycerides (OR = 0.99), and have albuminuria (OR = 3.12) (all p  < 0.05). Conclusions: Younger age, male sex, longer duration of diabetes, higher HbA1c, and presence of albuminuria were identified as risk factors for PDR and DME in a South Indian population with T2D.

The main purpose of our study is to determine the outcomes of bucket handle medial meniscus tears repaired with the inside out technique in recreational sports players, and the return of these to pre-injury sports levels. 41 athletes with medial meniscus bucket handle tear were included in the study. 28 cases were associated with ACL tear while rest were isolated tears. Medial meniscus repair was done exclusively with arthroscopy assisted inside out technique. Lysholm score, IKDC score and Tegner staging were used to evaluate functional status of patients with minimum 1-year follow-up. Data was analyzed using Wilcoxon Matched pairs test, and Friedman test. All patients were examined clinically at regular intervals. Lysholm score and IKDC score showed significant increase in their values. Tegner staging showed no significant change compared to their preinjury game level. On VAS pain scale, there was significant decrease in their pain at regular follow up intervals. 2 patients had re-tears of the repaired medial meniscus. Repairing bucket handle tears of the medial meniscus in recreational sports players with the inside out technique yields good results in terms of clinical and functional outcomes. It successfully allows them to return to sports at 1 year.

Retinoblastoma (RB1) protein is a multifunctional protein that plays an important role in cell cycle regulation and cell differentiation, including adipogenesis. A detailed literature search to understand the role of RB1 in adipogenesis revealed that the nature of the RB1 inactivation (in vivo/in vitro) led to differences in adipogenesis. The majority of these studies were animal-based, and the only study in humans employed an in vitro mode of RB1 inactivation. To overcome these differences and lack of human studies, we sought to explore the role of RB1 in adipogenesis using orbital adipose mesenchymal stem cells (OAMSCs) from patients with retinoblastoma that innately carry a heterozygous RB1 mutation. We hypothesized that these patient-derived RB1 mutant OAMSCs can model in vivo RB1 inactivation in humans. Our study revealed increased adipogenesis with a bias toward brown adipogenesis in the RB1 mutant in addition to an increased number of adipocytes in the mitotic phase., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: To investigate in a large global sample of patients with retinoblastoma whether sex predilection exists for this childhood eye cancer., Methods: A cross-sectional analysis including 4351 treatment-naive retinoblastoma patients from 153 countries who presented to 278 treatment centers across the world in 2017. The sex ratio (male/female) in the sample was compared to the sex ratio at birth by means of a two-sided proportions test at global level, country economic grouping, continent, and for selected countries., Results: For the entire sample, the mean retinoblastoma sex ratio, 1.20, was higher than the weighted global sex ratio at birth, 1.07 (p < 0.001). Analysis at economic grouping, continent, and country-level demonstrated differences in the sex ratio in the sample compared to the ratio at birth in lower-middle-income countries (n = 1940), 1.23 vs. 1.07 (p = 0.019); Asia (n = 2276), 1.28 vs. 1.06 (p < 0.001); and India (n = 558), 1.52 vs. 1.11 (p = 0.008). Sensitivity analysis, excluding data from India, showed that differences remained significant for the remaining sample (χ 2  = 6.925, corrected p = 0.025) and for Asia (χ 2  = 5.084, corrected p = 0.036). Excluding data from Asia, differences for the remaining sample were nonsignificant (χ 2  = 2.205, p = 0.14)., Conclusions: No proof of sex predilection in retinoblastoma was found in the present study, which is estimated to include over half of new retinoblastoma patients worldwide in 2017. A high male to female ratio in Asian countries, India in specific, which may have had an impact on global-level analysis, is likely due to gender discrimination in access to care in these countries, rather than a biological difference between sexes., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Purpose: To evaluate presenting features, tumor size, and treatment methods for risk of metastatic death due to advanced intraocular retinoblastoma (RB)., Design: International, multicenter, registry-based retrospective case series., Participants: A total of 1841 patients with advanced RB., Methods: Advanced RB was defined by 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) categories cT2 and cT3 and new AJCC-Ophthalmic Oncology Task Force (OOTF) Size Groups (1: < 50% of globe volume, 2: > 50% but < 2/3, 3: > 2/3, and 4: diffuse infiltrating RB). Treatments were primary enucleation, systemic chemotherapy with secondary enucleation, and systemic chemotherapy with eye salvage., Main Outcome Measures: Metastatic death., Results: The 5-year Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival estimates by patient-level AJCC clinical subcategories were 98% for cT2a, 96% for cT2b, 88% for cT3a, 95% for cT3b, 92% for cT3c, 84% for cT3d, and 75% for cT3e RB. Survival estimates by treatment modality were 96% for primary enucleation, 89% for systemic chemotherapy and secondary enucleation, and 90% for systemic chemotherapy with eye salvage. Risk of metastatic mortality increased with increasing cT subcategory (P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis confirmed a higher risk of metastatic mortality in categories cT3c (glaucoma, hazard ratio [HR], 4.9; P = 0.011), cT3d (intraocular hemorrhage, HR, 14.0; P < 0.001), and cT3e (orbital cellulitis, HR, 19.6; P < 0.001) than in category cT2a and with systemic chemotherapy with secondary enucleation (HR, 3.3; P < 0.001) and eye salvage (HR, 4.9; P < 0.001) than with primary enucleation. The 5-year Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival estimates by AJCC-OOTF Size Groups 1 to 4 were 99%, 96%, 94%, and 83%, respectively. Mortality from metastatic RB increased with increasing Size Group (P < 0.001). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that patients with Size Group 3 (HR, 10.0; P = 0.002) and 4 (HR, 41.1; P < 0.001) had a greater risk of metastatic mortality than Size Group 1., Conclusions: The AJCC-RB cT2 and cT3 subcategories and size-based AJCC-OOTF Groups 3 (> 2/3 globe volume) and 4 (diffuse infiltrating RB) provided a robust stratification of clinical risk for metastatic death in advanced intraocular RB. Primary enucleation offered the highest survival rates for patients with advanced intraocular RB., (Copyright © 2022 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Intervening in and preventing diabetes distress requires an understanding of its causes and, in particular, from a patient's perspective. Social media data provide direct access to how patients see and understand their disease and consequently show the causes of diabetes distress., Objective: Leveraging machine learning methods, we aim to extract both explicit and implicit cause-effect relationships in patient-reported diabetes-related tweets and provide a methodology to better understand the opinions, feelings, and observations shared within the diabetes online community from a causality perspective., Methods: More than 30 million diabetes-related tweets in English were collected between April 2017 and January 2021. Deep learning and natural language processing methods were applied to focus on tweets with personal and emotional content. A cause-effect tweet data set was manually labeled and used to train (1) a fine-tuned BERTweet model to detect causal sentences containing a causal relation and (2) a conditional random field model with Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT)-based features to extract possible cause-effect associations. Causes and effects were clustered in a semisupervised approach and visualized in an interactive cause-effect network., Results: Causal sentences were detected with a recall of 68% in an imbalanced data set. A conditional random field model with BERT-based features outperformed a fine-tuned BERT model for cause-effect detection with a macro recall of 68%. This led to 96,676 sentences with cause-effect relationships. "Diabetes" was identified as the central cluster followed by "death" and "insulin." Insulin pricing-related causes were frequently associated with death., Conclusions: A novel methodology was developed to detect causal sentences and identify both explicit and implicit, single and multiword cause, and the corresponding effect, as expressed in diabetes-related tweets leveraging BERT-based architectures and visualized as cause-effect network. Extracting causal associations in real life, patient-reported outcomes in social media data provide a useful complementary source of information in diabetes research., (©Adrian Ahne, Vivek Khetan, Xavier Tannier, Md Imbesat Hassan Rizvi, Thomas Czernichow, Francisco Orchard, Charline Bour, Andrew Fano, Guy Fagherazzi. Originally published in JMIR Medical Informatics (https://medinform.jmir.org), 19.07.2022.)

Competing Interests: None

Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

To report a case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that was diagnosed 35-month of initial ocular manifestation. Retrospective chart review. A 53-year-old male presented with painless diminution of vision in both eyes. He subsequently underwent extensive laboratory investigations including multiple vitreous biopsies with a suspicion of intraocular lymphoma. Cytology from the vitreous aspirate failed to diagnose any relevant pathology. After 35-month from the onset of his ocular symptom, a brain biopsy revealed a round cell tumor suggestive of NHL. Even with high index of suspicion, consultation with ocular oncologist, imaging, and diagnostic vitrectomy, the diagnosis of lymphoma remains challenging., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright: © 2022 Oman Ophthalmic Society.)

Purpose: To report a case of ocular co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii in an immunocompetent woman., Method: Retrospective observational case report., Result: A 61-year-old woman presented with decreased vision and floaters in the right eye of 1-month duration. Ocular examination revealed panuveitis with a large yellowish-white retinochoroiditis lesion adjacent to a chorioretinal scar. Investigations showed positive Mantoux test, QuantiFERON TB test, and HRCT chest suggestive of active pulmonary tuberculosis. Serology revealed raised IgG anti T. gondii antibody. Vitreous aspirate was positive for M. tuberculosis and T. gondii genome by polymerase chain reaction and showed high IgG and IgM T. gondii antibodies. She was treated with anti toxoplasmic and antitubercular therapy along with oral corticosteroid and therapeutic vitrectomy., Conclusion: Ocular tuberculosis and toxoplasmosis can not only mimic each other but also present as co-infection in rare cases.