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The effects of the new structural analogue of benactyzine, a derivative of fluorencarbonic acid, on monoamine levels in brain structures were studied in male Wistar rats with experimental depression. Depressive state in rats was modeled by single injection of reserpine (4 mg/kg). The concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and their metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanilic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in the hypothalamus and striatum were measured by HPLC. It was found that preliminary treatment (30 days) with the derivative of fluorencarbonic acid prevented a decrease in monoamine level in the hypothalamus (NE, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA) and striatum (DA, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA). The neurochemical shifts (correction of 5-HT deficiency and stabilization of DA and NE levels) correlated with the high antidepressant activity of this agent observed in Porsolt forced swimming test.

Methods: Experiments were carried out on outbred albino male rats (n = 150, 230-250 g). For modeling dislipoproteinemia (DLP) we used 3 models: single intraperitoneal injection of the detergent triton WR-1339; administration of ethanol; maintenance on a special hypercholesterolaemic diet (HD) during 21 days. Animals were divided into four groups: normal control, model group, gemfibrozil (Gfb) group, benzohexonium (Benz) group. Rats received per os benzohexonium (20mg/kg), reference drug gemfibrozil (50 mg/kg). We determined content of total cholesterol (TCh), triglycerides (TG) in samples of blood serum and liver, TCh in aorta. TCh, TG and Ch-HDL were analyzed spectrophotometrically using of standardized methods. Results: Compared with model group the contents of TCh, TG in serum and liver were significantly decreased in model + Benz group, whereas Ch-HDL was raised in rats fed special HD (P<0.05). Calculated index of atherogenity (TCh - Ch-HDL) / (Ch-HDL) showed the positive effect. Conclusion: The results obtained were shown the hypolipidemic activity of N-cholinergic antagonist Benzohexonium (20 mg/kg) lowered the content of lipids in blood, liver, and aorta.

Behavioral, hormonal, and neurotransmitter reactions to foot shock were studied in adult rats treated with IL-1β during week 3 of life. After stress, these animals differed from controls treated with saline by high levels of dopamine, serotonin, and 5-hydroxy-indolacetic acid in the hypothalamus. In contrast to controls, they developed a significant stress-induced increase of blood corticosterone level and exhibited lesser motor and exploratory activities in the open field test.

We have found that N-cholinolytic drug benzohexonium produces a hypolipidemic effect: it reduces dyslipoproteinemia, fatty infiltration of the liver, and risk of atherosclerotic lesions.

Experiments on rats with myocardial ischemia modeled by occlusion of the left coronary artery aggravated by alimentary dislipoproteinemia showed that therapy with taurepar (50 mg/kg), a taurine derivative, decreased blood corticosterone concentration and increased the level of endogenous testosterone, which attests to normalization of the compensatory-adaptive and gonadotropic functions of the organism.

In this review there was introduced the experimental and clinical data on the important role of stress in pathogenesis of eating behavior disorder, the development of obesity, metabolic disease and there were analyzed the pharmacological approaches to the correction of body weight. It has been indicate, that energy balance and eating behavior are regulated with genetic, behavioral and neuroendocrine factors.

The results obtained on the model of starvation shows that nutritional dropsy led to the significant decrease of glucose, total cholesterol (TCh) and triglycerides (TC), as well as increase of non-estherified fatty acids (NEFA) in blood serum. In the rats with nutritional dropsy after treatment fed with standard diet enriched with soybean protein body weight returned to normal values as well as levels of Glucose, TCh and TC. However, concentration of NEFA remained increased. In the experimental group received additionally taurepar or taurhythman the level of NEFA decreased up to the normal one. It is necessary to mention that taurine derivatives did not change the biochemical parameters in blood of normal non-starved rats. We suppose that these new substances promote reduction of intensity of hyperlipidemic processes. It is known, that during starvation incomplete oxidation of fatty acids leads to acidosis with following destruction of mitochondria membraine. Finding property of taurine derivatives to decrease the concentration of non-estherified fatty acids points at their ability for restoration of tricarboxilic acid's cycle and prevention of accumulation of suboxidized molecules of NEFA and acidosis development.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is often combined with arterial hypertension, which increases the risk of serious complications. The purpose of this review was analysis of the peculiarities of pharmacotherapy with drugs belonging to different groups (ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, alpha- and beta-adrenoblockers, diuretics, angiotensin II blockers, and imidazoline receptor agonists) as a part of combined therapy of compensated DM.

A method for evaluation of the initial weight of the liver is developed for calculating the regeneration coefficient after partial hepatectomy on the basis of linear regression analysis. Experiments on rats showed that the model reflecting the relationship between liver weight and body weight for calculation of regeneration coefficient after partial resection of the liver expressed by the equation P0=0.033 x M can be used for screening of potential hepatoprotectors for quantitative evaluation of the regeneration processes.

An antiischemic effect of a new n-phenylalkyl derivative of taurine was shown in experiments with rats. The effect is predetermined by an improvement of energetic metabolism in the myocardium, by the restoration of the activity of energetic exchange enzymes and by a reduction of the lipid peroxidation intensity. Besides, it was found that the drug can inhibit the activity of cytokines (IL-l gamma, and TNF gamma), which can be of significant practical importance in the treatment of myocardial ischemia and chronic heart insufficiency.

The possibility of using a combined preparation cytoflavine was studied on rats with myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery occlusion. The drug produces a positive action upon the energy exchange and the lipid peroxidation process and normalizes functioning of the system of antioxidant protection of the ischemized myocardium. Cytoflavine treatment led to a more favorable course of ischemic and necrotic processes and optimum organization of the necrosis zones.

Therapeutic properties of a novel taurin N-phenylakyl derivative (TAU-15) in a dose 25 mg/kg were studied in male rats on models of chronic toxic hepatitis and partial hepatectomy. A hepatoprotective action of TAU-15 was established which is due to antioxidative action of TAU-15 and its ability to normalize protein-synthetizing activity of hepatocytes.

The possibility of using cycloferon (interferon inductor) for a complex treatment (in combination with the main drug solcoseryl possessing pronounced therapeutic properties) of duodenum ulcers was experimentally studied in male rats. The experiments showed a considerable difference in the interferon status of animals with model duodenum ulcers treated with cycloferon, solcoseryl, their combination, and placebo (control). The healing effect of solcoseryl administered in combination with cycloferon exceeded that of each component administered separately.

The influence of a new N-phenylalkyl derivative of taurine in combination with a diet enriched with soybean proteins was studied in rats with nutritional dystrophia induced by 3/4 reduced standard diet. It is shown biochemically and morphologically that usage of the drug simultaneously with the diet stimulated protein synthesis, reduced lipid peroxidation, normalized spermatogenesis and compensatory adaptation of different functions.

The effects of TAU-5, a new N-phenylalkyl derivative of taurine, on the metabolic changes in heart were studied in rats with experimental myocardial infarction. The new drug exhibits a pronounced antiischemic effect related to recovery of the activity of enzymes involved in the energy exchange, decrease in the rate of lipid peroxidation, and normalization of the function of enzymes responsible for the antioxidant activity. The results of the pathomorphologic analysis and data on the state of cardiac metabolism showed that the antiischemic effect of TAU-5 is comparable with that of neoton.

The effects of new taurine derivatives TAU-15 and TAU-60 with normal and branched alkyl chains, respectively, in a dose of 25 mg/kg on the primary immune response in rats were studied in rats. Intraperitoneal injections of test compounds for 24 days caused transient inhibition of immune reactions to thymus-dependent antigen, which was related to suppressed production of interleukin-1beta playing a key role in antigen presentation. This effect was probably associated with activation of cortisol secretion. TAU-15 inhibited production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and, therefore, prevented tissue damages. The immune response was normalized after withdrawal of these preparations.

The results of examining the mechanisms of development of neurogenic visceral abnormalities induced by the body's extreme exposures, search for modes of its pharmacological correction are presented. Experiments have provided evidence for that the neutropic agents recovering the functional activity of the sympathetic nervous system, normalizing energy and plastic exchange have a positive effect in the treatment of the cardiovascular and gastroduodenal diseases which are caused by a neurogenic agent. A basically new approach to treating peptic ulcer, coronary heart diseases, and myocardial infarction is proposed depending on the stage of a disease.

Neurogenic gastric lesions in rats were induced by a combination of immobilization and 3-hour electrostimulation. Neurogenic cardiac injury in rabbits were induced by 3-hour electrical stimulation of the aortic arch. Thereafter the activation of lipid peroxidation in the stomach and heart was recorded. There was an increase in MDA levels and a decrease in antioxidative enzyme activity in the tissues and serum (catalase and superoxide dismutase). The administration of the neurotropic drugs which restore the activity of the sympathetic nervous system (L-DOPA, aethimizol, fenibut and piracetam) was shown to normalize the processes of lipid peroxidation.

Clinical and experimental studies showed a high therapeutic activity of L-DOPA in combination with traditional methods of infarction treatment. L-DOPA promoted a rapid disappearance of heart failure symptoms and accelerated reparative processes by restoring the activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Correctness of the experimentally developed basically new scheme for administration of neurotropic drugs to patients with infarction depending on the disease stage has been validated.

Neurogenic gastric lesions in rats were induced by combination of immobilization with 3-h long electrostimulation. After this stress a distinct decrease of noradrenalin and creatine phosphate content and then the activation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the stomach tissue was recorded. If the stress treatment was preceded by application of piracetam and fenibute, gastric tissue trophic was protected by way of prevention from a decrease of the content of noradrenalin, creatine phosphate and the activation of LPO.

It was found that 3 hours after electrostimulation of the immobilized rats there was observed in addition to destructive lesions in the gastric mucosa a significant decrease of noradrenaline, dopamine, DOPA, homovanillic acid and creatine phosphate levels in the brain tissue involving the hypothalamus and the midbrain surrounding it. The use before the extreme impact of neurotropic agents blocking transmission of the damaging impulses from the site of stimulation of reflexogenic zones through the central adrenergic synapses which activate genome in the nerve cell or prevent depletion of catecholamine stores and disturbance of energy formation processes in the brain tissue protects against the development of neurogenic damage of the stomach.

Experiments were conducted on male rats; a study was made of the activity of pituitary-adrenal cortex system under conditions of electrolyte destruction of various hypothalamic areas. Pharmacological analysis pointed to the irregular distribution in the hypothalamus of the cholinergic and adrenergic systems controlling the secretion of ACTH-glucocorticoids. As suggested, the cholinergic systems are situated in the mammillary region, alpha-adrenergic ones--in the anterior or the posterior regions of the hypothalamus, and beta-adrenergic receptors--in the ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus. The latter possibly play an inhibitory role.