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7. MISTRAL campaign in support of W7-X long pulse operation

Author

Oosterbeek Johan W., Stern Mathias, Braune Harald, Ewert Karsten, Hirsch Matthias, Hollmann Frank, Killinger Andreas, Laqua Heinrich P., Maquet Philippe, Marsen Stefan, Martínez-García Venancio, Moseev Dmitry, Noke Frank, Pak Sunil, Reintrog Arne, Stange Torsten, Wolf Robert C., and Zubieta-Lupo Rafael J.

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Following two initial campaigns [1], Stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) has now completed the construction phase by installation of active cooling of all plasma facing components. The machine is presently commissioned for the next campaign (OP2) aiming at 1 GJ per pulse, e.g. 100 s at 10 MW, eventually aiming at 18 GJ, e.g. 1800 s at 10 MW. The key heating system is the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) system, consisting of 10 gyrotrons with power per gyrotron ranging from 0.6 MW up to 1.0 MW at 140 GHz. A phased upgrade of the installation is in progress with the addition of 2 gyrotrons and the development of 1.5 MW and 2.0 MW gyrotrons, such that at the end of the upgrade 4 gyrotrons will be available in each power class of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 MW [2]. The increased ECRH power, combined with O2 and X3 heating schemes at high densities, will lead to increased microwave stray radiation. This is non-absorbed microwave power that diffuses inside the vessel and is incident on all in-vessel components including vacuum windows and attached diagnostic systems. A fraction of the stray radiation is absorbed by resistive or dielectric losses of these components, leading to thermal loads that scale with stray radiation levels and pulse length. At W7-X a high power microwave stray radiation launch facility ’MISTRAL’ is available that is used to qualify invessel components for use at specified microwave surface power densities [Wm−2]. This paper reports on MISTRAL campaigns in 2020 2021 for testing of stray radiation loads during OP2 in W7-X, as well as on an EUROfusion program assessing stray radiation loads on ITER components. A dedicated, absolutely calibrated, caloric load was developed for the campaign to obtain measurement of stray radiation power levels as well as to conveniently expose samples. Amongst other we report on shielding concepts using metal enclosures combined with microwave absorbing coatings and dielectric heating of vacuum windows.

Published
2023
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13. Prediction of In-Flight Particle Properties and Mechanical Performances of HVOF-Sprayed NiCr–Cr 3 C 2 Coatings Based on a Hierarchical Neural Network.

Author

Gui, Longen, Wang, Botong, Cai, Renye, Yu, Zexin, Liu, Meimei, Zhu, Qixin, Xie, Yingchun, Liu, Shaowu, and Killinger, Andreas

Subjects
COMPOSITE coating, METAL spraying, CHEMICAL processes, SURFACE coatings, PROTECTIVE coatings, CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks, COATING processes, MECHANICAL wear
Abstract

High-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying is a promising technique for depositing protective coatings. The performances of HVOF-sprayed coatings are affected by in-flight particle properties, such as temperature and velocity, that are controlled by the spraying parameters. However, obtaining the desired coatings through experimental methods alone is challenging, owing to the complex physical and chemical processes involved in the HVOF approach. Compared with traditional experimental methods, a novel method for optimizing and predicting coating performance is presented herein; this method involves combining machine learning techniques with thermal spray technology. Herein, we firstly introduce physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to address the overfitting problem in small-sample algorithms and then apply the algorithms to HVOF processes and HVOF-sprayed coatings. We proposed the PINN and CNN hierarchical neural network to establish prediction models for the in-flight particle properties and performances of NiCr–Cr3C2 coatings (e.g., porosity, microhardness, and wear rate). Additionally, a random forest model is used to evaluate the relative importance of the effect of the spraying parameters on the properties of in-flight particles and coating performance. We find that the particle temperature and velocity as well as the coating performances (porosity, wear resistance, and microhardness) can be predicted with up to 99% accuracy and that the spraying distance and velocity of in-flight particles exert the most substantial effects on the in-flight particle properties and coating performance, respectively. This study can serve as a theoretical reference for the development of intelligent HVOF systems in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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17. The 2016 Thermal Spray Roadmap

Author

Vardelle, Armelle, Moreau, Christian, Akedo, Jun, Ashrafizadeh, Hossein, Berndt, Christopher C., Berghaus, Jörg Oberste, Boulos, Maher, Brogan, Jeffrey, Bourtsalas, Athanasios C., Dolatabadi, Ali, Dorfman, Mitchell, Eden, Timothy J., Fauchais, Pierre, Fisher, Gary, Gaertner, Frank, Gindrat, Malko, Henne, Rudolf, Hyland, Margaret, Irissou, Eric, Jordan, Eric H., Khor, Khiam Aik, Killinger, Andreas, Lau, Yuk-Chiu, Li, Chang-Jiu, Li, Li, Longtin, Jon, Markocsan, Nicolaie, Masset, Patrick J., Matejicek, Jiri, Mauer, Georg, McDonald, André, Mostaghimi, Javad, Sampath, Sanjay, Schiller, Günter, Shinoda, Kentaro, Smith, Mark F., Syed, Asif Ansar, Themelis, Nickolas J., Toma, Filofteia-Laura, Trelles, Juan Pablo, Vassen, Robert, and Vuoristo, Petri

Published
2016
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20. List of Contributors

Author

Adamiano, Alessio, primary, Adolfsson, Erik, additional, Affatato, Saverio, additional, Anglada, Marc, additional, Baino, Francesco, additional, Bernstein, Anke, additional, Castiello, Emanuela, additional, Cerroni, Loredana, additional, Champion, Eric, additional, Chartier, Thierry, additional, Chevalier, Jerome, additional, Dapporto, Massimiliano, additional, De Mattia, Jonathan S., additional, Drouet, Christophe, additional, Fini, Milena, additional, Fornabaio, Marta, additional, Gremillard, Laurent, additional, Hampshire, Stuart, additional, Hellmich, Christian, additional, Iafisco, Michele, additional, Kashani, Mitra, additional, Kern, Frank, additional, Killinger, Andreas, additional, Leriche, Anne, additional, Magnaudeix, Amandine, additional, Marchat, David, additional, Montanaro, Laura, additional, Montesi, Monica, additional, Nicoli Aldini, Nicolò, additional, Palmero, Paola, additional, Panseri, Silvia, additional, Pascaud-Mathieu, Patricia, additional, Piconi, Corrado, additional, Reveron, Helen, additional, Ruffini, Andrea, additional, Sandri, Monica, additional, Scheiner, Stefan, additional, Sprio, Simone, additional, Stamboulis, Artemis, additional, Tadier, Solène, additional, Tampieri, Anna, additional, and Torricelli, Paola, additional

Published
2017
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26. Erratum to: The 2016 Thermal Spray Roadmap

Author

Vardelle, Armelle, Moreau, Christian, Akedo, Jun, Ashrafizadeh, Hossein, Berndt, Christopher C., Berghaus, Jörg Oberste, Boulos, Maher, Brogan, Jeffrey, Bourtsalas, Athanasios C., Dolatabadi, Ali, Dorfman, Mitchell, Eden, Timothy J., Fauchais, Pierre, Fisher, Gary, Gaertner, Frank, Gindrat, Malko, Henne, Rudolf, Hyland, Margaret, Irissou, Eric, Jodoin, Bertrand, Jordan, Eric H., Khor, Khiam Aik, Killinger, Andreas, Lau, Yuk-Chiu, Li, Chang-Jiu, Li, Li, Longtin, Jon, Markocsan, Nicolaie, Masset, Patrick J., Matejicek, Jiri, Mauer, Georg, McDonald, André, Mostaghimi, Javad, Sampath, Sanjay, Schiller, Günter, Shinoda, Kentaro, Smith, Mark F., Syed, Asif Ansar, Themelis, Nickolas J., Toma, Filofteia-Laura, Trelles, Juan Pablo, Vassen, Robert, and Vuoristo, Petri

Published
2017
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35. Thin Degradable Coatings for Optimization of Osteointegration Associated with Simultaneous Infection Prophylaxis

Author

Burtscher, Sophie, Krieg, Peter, Killinger, Andreas, Al-Ahmad, Ali, Seidenstücker, Michael, Latorre, Sergio Hernandez, and Bernstein, Anke

Subjects
lcsh:QH201-278.5, lcsh:T, bioglass, coating, lcsh:Technology, Article, calcium phosphate, high velocity flame suspension spraying, biocompatibility, lcsh:TA1-2040, lcsh:Descriptive and experimental mechanics, lcsh:Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, lcsh:Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), lcsh:Microscopy, antimicrobial active metals, lcsh:TK1-9971, lcsh:QC120-168.85
Abstract

One of the most common causes of implant failure is aseptic prosthesis loosening. Another frequent complication after prosthesis implant is the microbial colonization of the prosthesis surface, which often leads to a replacement of the prosthesis. One approach to reduce these complications is the application of bioactive substances to implant surfaces. Both an antibiotic prophylaxis and a faster osteointegration can be obtained by incorporation of bactericidal active metals in degradable calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings. In this study, thin degradable calcium phosphate ceramic coatings doped with silver (Ag), copper (Cu), and bismuth (Bi) on a titanium substrate were prepared with the aid of the high-velocity suspension flame spraying (HVSFS) coating process. To characterize the samples surface roughness, brightfield microscopy of the coatings, X-ray diffraction (XRD)-analysis for definition of the phase composition of the layers, Raman spectroscopy for determination of the phase composition of the contained metals, element-mapping for Cu-content verification, release kinetics for detection of metal ions and ceramic components of the coatings were carried out. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity of the coatings. For biocompatibility testing, growth experiments were performed using the cell culture line MG-63. Cell viability was investigated by Giemsa staining and live/dead assay. The WST-1 kit was used to quantify cell proliferation and vitality in vitro and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) kit to quantify cytotoxicity. The formation of hydroxyapatite crystals in simulated body fluid was investigated to predict bioactivity in vivo. The Safe Airborne Antibacterial Assay with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was used for antimicrobial testing. The results showed good biocompatibility of all the metal doped CaP coatings, furthermore Cu and Ag doped layers showed significant antibacterial effects against S. aureus.

Published
2019

50. Statik und Dynamik von ferromagnetischen Nanostrukturen

Author

Killinger, Andreas

Subjects
ddc:530, Magnetismus , Dynamik , Magnetoelektronik , Ferromagnetismus , Nanostrukturen , dynamics , nanostructures , magnetism, 75.40.Gb, 75.40.Mg, 530 Physik
Abstract

Der Eigenschaften kleiner ferromagnetischer Strukturen auf Halbleiteroberflächen stehen im Brennpunkt des Interesses der sog. "Magneto-Elektronik", weil man sich von solchen Strukturen sowohl im Hinblick auf die "Informationsspeicherung" (=statische Eigenschaften) als auch im Hinblick auf die "Informationsverarbeitung" (=dynamische Eigenschaften, Schaltprozesse) viel verspricht. In dieser Arbeit wird die Statik und Dynamik flacher zirkularer Permalloy Nanomagneten mit magnetischer Vortex- oder eindomäniger Konfiguration mit Hilfe mikromagnetischer Simulationen untersucht. Es gibt 4 äquivalente Vortexzustände, da die Vortizität (im oder gegen den Uhrzeigersinn) und die Polarität der Vertikalkomponente ("up" oder "down") unabhängig voneinander sind. Die Möglichkeit, bei diesen Vortexstrukturen zwei Bits unabhängig voneinander und reproduzierbar zu speichern und zu schalten, macht diese Strukturen sehr interessant., The magnetism of small ferromagnetic structures has become increasingly important e.g. for nonvolatile random access memories (MRAMs). Nanostructured Permalloy is a possible candidate for such devices. As it is an essential feature in the technology of magnetic recording to read and write magnetic states as fast as possible we study the dynamics of flat circular permalloy nanomagnets with magnetic vortex or single domain configuration using micromagnetic simulations. There are four equivalent vortex states since the vorticity (clockwise/counterclockwise) and the central polarization (up or down) are independent. The possibility of storing and switching two bits of information instead of only one makes these vortex structures quite interesting.

Published
2003

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