Search

Tiivistelmä. Tässä kandityössä esitellään UVM ja pohditaan sen käyttöä järjestelmäpiirien verifi- oinnissa IP-lohkotasolla. Työ on katsaus UVM:n perusteisiin, RTL-tason verifiointiin, SystemVerilogiin ja olio-ohjelmointiin. Tarkastelu keskittyy syvemmin UVM:n käyttöön järjestelmäpiirin CPU:n väylän ympärille suunniteltavan logiikan verifioinnissa. UVM- komponenteista keskitytään tarkastelemaan pääosin agenttia.UVM in the verification of SoCs at IP block level. Abstract. This Bachelor’s thesis is about UVM and the main focus is on its use in the verification of SoC at IP block level. The work is an overview of the basics of UVM, RTL level verification, SystemVerilog and object-oriented programming. The review focuses more deeply on the use of UVM in the verification of the logic designed around the SoC’s CPU bus. Of the UVM components, the focus is mainly at the agent.

Tiivistelmä. Diplomityö sijoittuu Pelkosenniemellä sijaitsevaan Suvannon kylään, joka on valtakunnallisesti merkittävä kulttuuriympäristö. Kauniissa ja viljavassa jokilaaksossa sijaitsevalla kylällä on pitkä historia. 1900-luvun alussa elinvoimaisimmillaan oleva kylä hyötyi omavaraisesta maataloudesta, mutta elinkeinorakenteen muutoksen vuoksi kylän väestö on pienentynyt jatkuvasti. Tämän myötä kaunis kylämiljöö on muuttunut suuresti. Rakennukset ovat huonossa kunnossa ja perinnemaisemalle tyypilliset luonnonniityt ovat alkaneet kasvaa umpeen. Tämä työ pyrkii löytämään vastauksia perinnemaiseman säilyttämiseksi ja palauttamiseksi. Diplomityössä perehdytään kylän historiaan, luontoon ja elinkeinoihin. Suvannon vieressä virtaavan Kitisen patoamisen vaikutukset kylään on nostettu omaksi teemaksi. Nykytilanteeseen on pureuduttu laajan maisema-analyysin kautta, joka selvittää muuttunutta maisemaa ja luo pohjan työssä esiteltävälle maisemasuunnitelmalle. Maisemasuunnitelmassa on esitetty keinoja muuttuneiden alueiden palauttamiseksi ja säilyneiden alueiden suojelemiseksi. Suvannossa tarvitaan mittavia maisemanhoidollisia toimenpiteitä, kuten metsien ja pensoittuneiden alueiden raivausta, laidunnusta ja niittoa. Tavoitteena on mahdollisimman monimuotoinen ja perinteitä kunnioittava, viihtyisä kyläympäristö. Suunnitelmassa on etsitty keinoja myös kylämaiseman elävöittämiselle ja mahdollisen matkailun lisääntymiselle. Diplomityö ottaa kantaa myös Suvannon osayleiskaavaan, jossa on ongelmallisia kohtia maisemanhoidon toteuttamiseksi. Työn lopussa esitellään yhden pihapiirin kunnostussuunnitelma, jota voidaan pitää esimerkkinä myös kylän muiden pihapiirien hoidolle. Diplomityö toimii toivon mukaan ponnahduslautana ja ohjenuorana Suvannossa tapahtuvalle pitkäjänteiselle perinnetyölle, jonka avulla valtakunnallisesti arvokas kulttuuriympäristö saataisiin säilytettyä.

Abstrakti Kylmäaltistus, suomalaisittain tutummin avantouinti, on noussut kausiluontoiseksi some-ilmiöksi ja kansainvälisesti näkyväksi terapeuttiseksi ruumiintekniikaksi, jota koskevalle tutkimustiedolle on populaaria kysyntää. Tarkastelemme artikkelissa, miten kylmäaltistuksen paikoin jännitteisiä merkityksiä tuotetaan ja artikuloidaan monimediaisessa aineistossamme. Analyysimme keskiössä on somealustoilla suosittu Wim Hof -metodi, jossa kylmäaltistus tuotteistetaan (hengitys- ja tietoisuusharjoitusten ohella) tieteellisesti todennetuksi hyvinvointitekniikaksi. Analysoimme, miten metodia merkityksellistetään erilaisissa visuaalisissa mediatuotteissa ja kirjallisuudessa yksilöllisenä vaihtoehtohoitona, tapana luoda autenttinen luontoyhteys ja miten tekniikasta rakennetaan ruumiin koettelemisen ja ”biohakkeroinnin” spektaakkeleja. Media-antropologiselle tutkimusotteelle ominaisesti media-aineistomme keskustelee Suomesta kerätyn empiirisen aineiston kanssa, mikä tuo esiin, miten mediaesitysten rakentamat merkitykset resonoivat Wim Hof -ohjaajien haastatteluissa ja talviuinnin harrastajien kyselyvastauksissa. Kontekstualisoimme tulkintojamme laajempiin ruumiinkulttuurisiin ilmiöihin, kuten ”uuteen työruumiiseen”, ääriurheiluun sekä niin sanottuun ruumisnostalgiaan., Cold exposure, more commonly known in Finland as winter swimming, has become a seasonal social media phenomenon and internationally recognized therapeutic technique, which has created popular demand for research on the topic. In this article, we examine how representations of cold exposure are produced and articulated in our multimedia material. Our analysis focuses on the Wim Hof Method, popular on social media platforms, in which cold exposure is marketed (alongside breathing and mindfulness exercises) as a scientifically proven wellness technique. We analyze how the method is represented in various audiovisual products and literature as an individualistic alternative treatment, a way to create an authentic nature connection, and how the technique makes use of spectacles of physical endurance and “biohacking”. In line with our media-anthropological approach, our media materials are discussed in conjunction with empirical data collected from Finland, which highlights how media representations resonate with interviews with Wim Hof instructors and written responses from winter swimming enthusiasts. We contextualize our interpretations within broader body culture phenomena, such as the “new work body”, extreme sports, and so-called body nostalgia.

We elucidated the effect of four known T1D-susceptibility associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers in three genes (rs12722495 and rs2104286 in IL2RA, rs689 in INS and rs2476601 in PTPN22) on CpG site methylation of their proximal promoters in different lymphocyte subsets using pyrosequencing. The study cohort comprised 25 children with newly diagnosed T1D and 25 matched healthy controls. The rs689 SNP was associated with methylation at four CpG sites in INS promoter: −234, −206, −102 and −69. At all four CpG sites, the susceptibility genotype AA was associated with a higher methylation level compared to the other genotypes. We also found an association between rs12722495 and methylation at CpG sites −373 and −356 in IL2RA promoter in B cells, where the risk genotype AA was associated with lower methylation level compared to the AG genotype. The other SNPs analyzed did not demonstrate significant associations with CpG site methylation in the examined genes. Additionally, we compared the methylation between children with T1D and controls, and found statistically significant methylation differences at CpG −135 in INS in CD8+ T cells (p = 0.034), where T1D patients had a slightly higher methylation compared to controls (87.3 ± 7.2 vs. 78.8 ± 8.9). At the other CpG sites analyzed, the methylation was similar. Our results not only confirm the association between INS methylation and rs689 discovered in earlier studies but also report this association in sorted immune cells. We also report an association between rs12722495 and IL2RA promoter methylation in B cells. These results suggest that at least part of the genetic effect of rs689 and rs12722495 on T1D pathogenesis may be conveyed by DNA methylation.

Shortcut learning, or ‘Clever Hans effect’ refers to situations where a learning agent (e.g., deep neural networks) learns spurious correlations present in data, resulting in biased models. We focus on finding shortcuts in deep learning based spoofing countermeasures (CMs) that predict whether a given utterance is spoofed or not. While prior work has addressed specific data artifacts, such as silence, no general normative framework has been explored for analyzing shortcut learning in CMs. In this study, we propose a generic approach to identifying shortcuts by introducing systematic interventions on the training and test sides, including the boundary cases of ‘near-perfect’ and ‘worse than coin flip’ (label flip). By using three different models, ranging from classic to state-of-the-art, we demonstrate the presence of shortcut learning in five simulated conditions. We also analyze the results using a regression model to understand how biases affect the class-conditional score statistics.

Aims/hypothesis: Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like T cells that recognise derivatives of bacterial riboflavin metabolites presented by MHC-Ib-related protein 1 (MR1) molecules and are important effector cells for mucosal immunity. Their development can be influenced by the intestinal microbiome. Since the development of type 1 diabetes has been associated with changes in the gut microbiome, this can be hypothesised to lead to alterations in circulating MAIT cells. Accordingly, peripheral blood MAIT cell alterations have been reported previously in patients with type 1 diabetes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the frequency and phenotype of circulating MAIT cells at different stages of type 1 diabetes progression is currently lacking. Methods: We analysed the frequency, phenotype and functionality of peripheral blood MAIT cells, as well as γδ T cells, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and natural killer (NK) cells with flow cytometry in a cross-sectional paediatric cohort (aged 2–15) consisting of 51 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 27 autoantibody-positive (AAb+) at-risk children, and 113 healthy control children of similar age and HLA class II background. The frequency of MAIT cells was also assessed in a separate cross-sectional adult cohort (aged 19–39) of 33 adults with established type 1 diabetes and 37 healthy individuals of similar age. Results: Children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes displayed a proportional increase of CD8⁻CD27⁻ MAIT cells compared with healthy control children (median 4.6% vs 3.1% of MAIT cells, respectively, p = 0.004), which was associated with reduced expression of C-C chemokine receptor (CCR)5 (median 90.0% vs 94.3% of MAIT cells, p = 0.02) and β7 integrin (median 73.5% vs 81.7% of MAIT cells, p = 0.004), as well as decreased production of IFN-γ (median 57.1% vs 69.3% of MAIT cells, p = 0.04) by the MAIT cells. The frequency of MAIT cells was also decreased in AAb⁺ child

This dissertation studies Finnish upper secondary school students’ associational life from the beginning of the1950s through the 1970s. The study focuses on the student generations of that time as well as their memories of participation in local student associations. Through a large body of memory-based sources, this research analyzes how student associations were transformed during the period, and how the student generations can be characterized. Student associations were a traditional form of secondary school students’ spontaneous activity that boosted their sense of community and offered a platform for innovation as well as the execution of important issues. Local student associations were organized under a central organization, The Finnish Union of Secondary School Students, which was an acknowledged representative and political advocate for students. Its influence, both on the lives of students and in Finnish educational policy, have been significant and far-reaching but have gone widely unrecognized. For example, discussions on the history of student radicalism largely neglect school-aged children and their activism. However, during the 1960s, student associations grew into a national-level school student movement and students exemplified socially and politically active, even radical, young people. This research examines students’ peer activity from a temporal perspective. By doing so, this research offers new historical knowledge on the mechanisms of young people’s participation and the formation of a sense of community among them. The research is built on a dialogue between multidisciplinary sources and methods which focus on narrativity and remembering. In addition, the history of the school student movement is perceived through archival sources and newspapers. Personal and subjective memories and narrative interpretations of historical documents are at the core of the research method. Both the premise and the most significant result of this resear, Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkitaan oppikoulujen teinikuntien historiaa ja menneiden koululaissukupolvien muistoja ja kokemuksia osallisuudestaan teinikuntien toiminnassa. Väitöskirjassa analysoidaan laajan muistitietoaineiston kautta, miten teinikuntatoiminta muuttui 1950- ja 1970-lukujen välisenä aikana ja millaisia erityispiirteitä näiden vuosikymmenten sisään mahtuvilla teinisukupolvilla oli. Teinikunnat olivat oppikoululaisten omaehtoinen toimintamuoto, joka ylläpiti yhteisöllisyyttä sekä tarjosi mahdollisuuden kokeilla ja toteuttaa yhdessä tärkeitä asioita. Teinikuntien kattojärjestönä toimi Suomen Teiniliitto, josta kasvoi valppaan koululaisnuorison edunvalvoja ja äänekäs poliittinen puolestapuhuja. Teinitoiminnan vaikutukset koululaisten elämään ja suomalaiseen koulutuspolitiikkaan ovat olleet merkittäviä, mutta historiallisena ilmiönä lähes tutkimattomia. Esimerkiksi opiskelijaradikalismin historiassa kouluikäiset nuoret ovat jääneet sivuosaan. Kulttuuriharrastusten varaan rakentuneesta teinitoiminnasta kasvoi 1960-luvun kuluessa yhteiskunnallinen koululaisliike, ja teinikuntalaisista muodostui malliesimerkki yhteiskunnallisesti ja poliittisesti osallistuvista ja aktiivisista, jopa radikaaleista, koululaisista. Tutkimus asettaa koululaisten vertaistoiminnan ajalliseen perspektiiviin ja tuottaa historiallista tutkimustietoa nuorten yhteiskunnallisesta osallistumisesta, vapaa-ajasta ja yhteisöllisyyden muodostumisesta. Väitöstutkimus rakentuu monitieteisten aineistojen väliselle keskustelulle, jossa painopiste on kerronnallisuudessa ja muistamisessa. Teinikuntatoiminnan historiaa rakennetaan myös perinteisten historiantutkimuksen lähdeaineistojen, kuten arkistojen ja sanomalehtien kautta. Tutkimusmenetelmän ytimessä ovat henkilökohtaisten muistojen sekä historian lähdeaineistojen kerronnalliset tulkinnat. Aineistojen vuoropuhelun kautta arvioidaan teinikuntatoiminnan henkilökohtaisia ja laajempia yhteiskunnallisia merkityksiä ja vaikutuksia. Väitöstutk

The dysfunction of FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells (Tregs) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, previous studies analyzing the peripheral blood Treg compartment in patients with T1D have yielded partially conflicting results. Moreover, the phenotypic complexity of peripheral blood Tregs during the development of human T1D has not been comprehensively analyzed. Here, we used multi-color flow cytometry to analyze the frequency of distinct Treg subsets in blood samples from a large cohort comprising of 74 children with newly diagnosed T1D, 76 autoantibody-positive children at-risk for T1D and 180 age- and HLA-matched control children. The frequency of CD4+CD25+CD127lowFOXP3+ Tregs was higher in children with T1D compared to control children, and this change was attributable to a higher proportion of naïve Tregs in these subjects. Further longitudinal analyses demonstrated that the increase in Treg frequency correlated with disease onset. The frequencies of the minor subsets of CD25+FOXP3low memory Tregs as well as CD25lowCD127lowFOXP3+ Tregs were also increased in children with T1D. Moreover, the ratio of CCR6-CXCR3+ and CCR6+CXCR3- memory Tregs was altered and the frequency of proliferating Ki67-positive and IFN-γ producing memory Tregs was decreased in children with T1D. The frequency of CXCR5+FOXP3+ circulating follicular T regulatory cells was not altered in children with T1D. Importantly, none of the alterations observed in children with T1D were observed in autoantibody-positive at-risk children. In conclusion, our study reveals multiple alterations in the peripheral blood Treg compartment at the diagnosis of T1D that appear not to be features of early islet autoimmunity.

BACKGROUND: High Body Mass Index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) affect an increasing number of pregnancies. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has issued recommendations on the optimal GWG for women according to their pre-pregnancy BMI (healthy, overweight or obese). It has been shown that pregnant women rarely met the recommendations; however, it is unclear by how much. Previous studies also adjusted the analyses for various women's characteristics making their comparison challenging. METHODS: We analysed individual participant data (IPD) of healthy women with a singleton pregnancy and a BMI of 18.5 kg/m2 or more from the control arms of 36 randomised trials (16 countries). Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to describe the association between GWG outside (above or below) the IOM recommendations (2009) and risks of caesarean section, preterm birth, and large or small for gestational age (LGA or SGA) infants. The association was examined overall, within the BMI categories and by quartile of GWG departure from the IOM recommendations. We obtained aOR using mixed-effects logistic regression, accounting for the within-study clustering and a priori identified characteristics. RESULTS: Out of 4429 women (from 33 trials) meeting the inclusion criteria, two thirds gained weight outside the IOM recommendations (1646 above; 1291 below). The median GWG outside the IOM recommendations was 3.1 kg above and 2.7 kg below. In comparison to GWG within the IOM recommendations, GWG above was associated with increased odds of caesarean section (aOR 1.50; 95%CI 1.25, 1.80), LGA (2.00; 1.58, 2.54), and reduced odds of SGA (0.66; 0.50, 0.87); no significant effect on preterm birth was detected. The relationship between GWG below the IOM recommendation and caesarean section or LGA was inconclusive; however, the odds of preterm birth (1.94; 1.31, 2.28) and SGA (1.52; 1.18, 1.96) were increased. CONCLUSIONS: Consistently with previous findings, adhe

Aims/hypothesis: Type 1 diabetes is preceded by a period of asymptomatic autoimmunity characterised by positivity for islet autoantibodies. Therefore, T helper cell responses that induce B cell activation are likely to play a critical role in the disease process. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of a recently described subset, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 5-negative, programmed cell death protein 1-positive (CXCR5−PD-1hi) peripheral T helper (Tph) cells, in human type 1 diabetes. Methods: The phenotype of blood CXCR5−PD-1hi CD4+ T cells was analysed by multicolour flow cytometry. The frequencies of circulating CXCR5−PD-1hi T cells were analysed in a cohort of 44 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, 40 autoantibody-positive (AAb+) at-risk children and 84 autoantibody-negative healthy control children, and the findings were replicated in a separate cohort of 15 children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes and 15 healthy control children. Results: Circulating CXCR5−PD-1hi Tph cells share several features associated with B cell helper function with circulating CXCR5+PD-1hi follicular T helper (Tfh) cells. Moreover, the frequency of circulating Tph cells was increased in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, especially in those who are positive for multiple autoantibodies. Importantly, circulating Tph cells were also increased in autoantibody-positive at-risk children who later progressed to type 1 diabetes. Conclusions/interpretation: Our results demonstrate that circulating CXCR5−PD-1hi Tph cells are associated with progression to clinical type 1 diabetes. Consequently, Tph cells could have potential both as a biomarker of disease progression and as a target for immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes.

Kinship verification is a challenging problem, where recognition systems are trained to establish a kin relation between two individuals based on facial images or videos. However, due to variations in capture conditions (background, pose, expression, illumination and occlusion), state-of-the-art systems currently provide a low level of accuracy. As in many visual recognition and affective computing applications, kinship verification may benefit from a combination of discriminant information extracted from both video and audio signals. In this paper, we investigate for the first time the fusion audio-visual information from both face and voice modalities to improve kinship verification accuracy. First, we propose a new multi-modal kinship dataset called TALking KINship (TALKIN), that is comprised of several pairs of video sequences with subjects talking. State-of-the-art conventional and deep learning models are assessed and compared for kinship verification using this dataset. Finally, we propose a deep Siamese network for multi-modal fusion of kinship relations. Experiments with the TALKIN dataset indicate that the proposed Siamese network provides a significantly higher level of accuracy over baseline uni-modal and multi-modal fusion techniques for kinship verification. Results also indicate that audio (vocal) information is complementary and useful for kinship verification problem.

Aims/Hypothesis: Evidence of the role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has remained inconclusive. Our aim was to elucidate the possible role of CMV infection in the initiation of islet autoimmunity and in the progression to clinical T1D among children with human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐conferred T1D risk. Methods: A total of 1402 children from the prospective Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) study were analyzed for CMV‐specific IgG antibodies during early childhood. All the children carried HLA‐DQ genotypes associated with increased risk for T1D. The effect of CMV infection on the appearance of T1D‐associated autoantibodies (insulin autoantibodies [IAA], glutamic acid decarboxylase [GADA], and insulinoma antigen‐2 [IA‐2A], n = 356) and on the progression rate to clinical T1D (n = 233) were analyzed with Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis and Log‐rank test. Results: Early childhood CMV infection was inversely associated with the development of T1D during childhood. Cumulative progression to T1D was decreased in subjects with an early CMV infection (P = 0.035). In further analyses, the effect of early CMV infection on the initiation of islet autoimmunity and progression to clinical T1D were examined separately. Interestingly, early CMV infection did not affect the appearance of T1D‐associated autoantibodies but a decelerating effect was observed on the progression rate from islet autoimmunity to clinical T1D (P = 0.015). Conclusion: Our results suggest that an early childhood CMV infection may decelerate the progression from islet autoimmunity to clinical T1D among at‐risk children and may thus protect these children from progressing to T1D during childhood.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of self-reported temporomandibular disorders (TMD) symptoms and clinically diagnosed TMD among Finnish prisoners. Material and methods: Altogether 100 prisoners from the Pelso Prison, Vaala, Finland, underwent dental and TMD clinical examinations performed by a calibrated and well-trained dentist. Symptom Questionnaire and clinical examination according to a Finnish pre-final version of the DC/TMD (Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders) Axis I protocol were used to evaluate the prevalence of TMD sub-diagnoses. Results: The most common TMD symptoms were facial pain (54.0%), temporomandibular joint noises (43.0%) and headache (37.0%). The prevalence of joint-related TMD diagnoses was four and a half times higher than diagnoses attributed with pain (76.0% vs. 17.0%). The most common TMD diagnoses were degenerative joint disease (33.0%) and disc displacement with reduction (33.0%). Conclusions: The prevalence of self-reported TMD symptoms and clinical assessed TMD, especially join-related TMD diagnoses, is high among Finnish prisoners. Examination and treatment of TMD should become a common practice also in prison dental care.