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Background: An increasing number of older people are living with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Many have complex healthcare needs and are at risk of deteriorating health and functional status, which can adversely affect their quality of life. Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is an effective intervention to improve survival and independence of older people, but its clinical utility and cost-effectiveness in frail older people living with CKD is unknown. Methods: The GOAL Trial is a pragmatic, multi-centre, open-label, superiority, cluster randomised controlled trial developed by consumers, clinicians, and researchers. It has a two-arm design, CGA compared with standard care, with 1:1 allocation of a total of 16 clusters. Within each cluster, study participants ≥ 65 years of age (or ≥ 55 years if Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander (First Nations Australians)) with CKD stage 3–5/5D who are frail, measured by a Frailty Index (FI) of > 0.25, are recruited. Participants in intervention clusters receive a CGA by a geriatrician to identify medical, social, and functional needs, optimise medication prescribing, and arrange multidisciplinary referral if required. Those in standard care clusters receive usual care. The primary outcome is attainment of self-identified goals assessed by standardised Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) at 3 months. Secondary outcomes include GAS at 6 and 12 months, quality of life (EQ-5D-5L), frailty (Frailty Index – Short Form), transfer to residential aged care facilities, cost-effectiveness, and safety (cause-specific hospitalisations, mortality). A process evaluation will be conducted in parallel with the trial including whether the intervention was delivered as intended, any issue or local barriers to intervention delivery, and perceptions of the intervention by participants. The trial has 90% power to detect a clinically meaningful mean difference in GAS of 10 units. Discussion: This trial addresses patient-prioritised outcomes. It will be conducted, disseminated and implemented by clinicians and researchers in partnership with consumers. If CGA is found to have clinical and cost-effectiveness for frail older people with CKD, the intervention framework could be embedded into routine clinical practice. The implementation of the trial's findings will be supported by presentations at conferences and forums with clinicians and consumers at specifically convened workshops, to enable rapid adoption into practice and policy for both nephrology and geriatric disciplines. It has potential to materially advance patient-centred care and improve clinical and patient-reported outcomes (including quality of life) for frail older people living with CKD. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04538157. Registered on 3 September 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patient navigators enable adult patients to circumnavigate complex health systems, improving access to health care and outcomes. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of a patient navigation program in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this multi-center, randomized controlled trial, we randomly assigned children (aged 0-16 years) with CKD stages 1-5 (including children on dialysis or with kidney transplants), from low socioeconomic status backgrounds, and/or residing in remote areas, to receive patient navigation at randomization (immediate) or at six months (waitlist). The primary outcome was self-rated health (SRH) of participating children at six months, using intention to treat analysis. Secondary outcomes included caregivers' SRH and satisfaction with health care, children's quality of life, hospitalizations, and missed school days. Repeated measures of the primary outcome from baseline to six months were analyzed using cumulative logit mixed effects models. Semi-structured interviews were thematically evaluated. Of 398 screened children, 162 were randomized (80 immediate and 82 waitlist); mean age (standard deviation) of 8.8 (4.8) years with 64.8% male. SRH was not significantly different between the immediate and wait-listed groups at six months. There were also no differences across all secondary outcomes between the two groups. Caregivers' perspectives were reflected in seven themes: easing mental strain, facilitating care coordination, strengthening capacity to provide care, reinforcing care collaborations, alleviating family tensions, inability to build rapport and unnecessary support. Thus, in children with CKD, self-rated health may not improve in response to a navigator program, but caregivers gained skills related to providing and accessing care., (Copyright © 2024 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Inequitable access to health care based on demographic factors such as ethnicity, socioeconomic status and geographical location has been consistently found in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, little is known about the perspectives of caregivers on accessing health care. We described caregivers' perspectives on accessing health care for children with CKD from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds and/or rural or remote areas., Methods: Caregivers of Australian children aged 0 to 16 years, across all CKD stages, from low socioeconomic status backgrounds, and/or residing in rural or remote areas, purposively sampled from 5 centers, participated in semi structured interviews on accessing health care. Transcripts were analyzed thematically., Results: From 32 interviews, we identified 6 themes: lack of agency undermining ability to seek care (obscurity of symptoms, uncertain and confused about care processes, and vulnerable and unable to advocate), losing trust in clinicians (confused by inconsistencies and ambiguities in advice, and distressed by lack of collaborative care), exasperated by organizational rigidity (frustrated by bureaucratic roadblocks, lack of access to specialist care in rural and remote settings, and inadequacies of support programs), compounding burden of caregiving (unsustainable financial pressure, debilitating exhaustion, and asymmetry of responsibility), intensifying strain on family (uprooting to relocate, sibling stress and neglect, and depending on family support), building resilience and stability (empowerment through education and confidence in technical and medical support)., Conclusions: Caregivers of children with CKD from disadvantaged backgrounds feel disempowered and vulnerable when accessing care for their child. Strategies are needed to improve access to health care for families who are socioeconomically or geographically disadvantaged., (© 2024 International Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Background: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related infections, such as peritonitis, exit site, and tunnel infections, substantially impair the sustainability of PD. Accordingly, PD-related infection is the top-priority research outcome for patients and caregivers. While PD nurse trainers teach patients to perform their own PD, PD training curricula are not standardized or informed by an evidentiary base and may offer a potential approach to prevent PD infections. The Targeted Education ApproaCH to improve Peritoneal Dialysis outcomes (TEACH-PD) trial evaluates whether a standardized training curriculum for PD nurse trainers and incident PD patients based on the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) guidelines reduces PD-related infections compared to usual training practices., Methods: The TEACH-PD trial is a registry-based, pragmatic, open-label, multi-center, binational, cluster-randomized controlled trial. TEACH-PD will recruit adults aged 18 years or older who have not previously undergone PD training at 42 PD treatment units (clusters) in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) between July 2019 and June 2023. Clusters will be randomized 1:1 to standardized TEACH-PD training curriculum or usual training practice. The primary trial outcome is the time to the first occurrence of any PD-related infection (exit site infection, tunnel infection, or peritonitis). The secondary trial outcomes are the individual components of the primary outcome, infection-associated catheter removal, transfer to hemodialysis (greater than 30 days and 180 days), quality of life, hospitalization, all-cause death, a composite of transfer to hemodialysis or all-cause death, and cost-effectiveness. Participants are followed for a minimum of 12 months with a targeted average follow-up period of 2 years. Participant and outcome data are collected from the ANZ Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA) and the New Zealand Peritoneal Dialysis (NZPD) Registry. This protocol follows the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines., Discussion: TEACH-PD is a registry-based, cluster-randomized pragmatic trial that aims to provide high-certainty evidence about whether an ISPD guideline-informed standardized PD training curriculum for PD nurse trainers and adult patients prevents PD-related infections., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03816111. Registered on 24 January 2019., (© 2023. Crown.)

Background: Delayed graft function (DGF) is a major adverse complication of deceased donor kidney transplantation. Intravenous fluids are routinely given to patients receiving a transplant to maintain intravascular volume and optimise graft function. Saline (0·9% sodium chloride) is widely used but might increase the risk of DGF due to its high chloride content. We aimed to test our hypothesis that using a balanced low-chloride crystalloid solution (Plasma-Lyte 148) instead of saline would reduce the incidence of DGF., Methods: BEST-Fluids was a pragmatic, registry-embedded, multicentre, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial at 16 hospitals in Australia and New Zealand. Adults and children of any age receiving a deceased donor kidney transplant were eligible; those receiving a multi-organ transplant or weighing less than 20 kg were excluded. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) using an adaptive minimisation algorithm to intravenous balanced crystalloid solution (Plasma-Lyte 148) or saline during surgery and up until 48 h after transplantation. Trial fluids were supplied in identical bags and clinicians determined the fluid volume, rate, and time of discontinuation. The primary outcome was DGF, defined as receiving dialysis within 7 days after transplantation. All participants who consented and received a transplant were included in the intention-to-treat analysis of the primary outcome. Safety was analysed in all randomly assigned eligible participants who commenced surgery and received trial fluids, whether or not they received a transplant. This study is registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, (ACTRN12617000358347), and ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03829488)., Findings: Between Jan 26, 2018, and Aug 10, 2020, 808 participants were randomly assigned to balanced crystalloid (n=404) or saline (n=404) and received a transplant (512 [63%] were male and 296 [37%] were female). One participant in the saline group withdrew before 7 days and was excluded, leaving 404 participants in the balanced crystalloid group and 403 in the saline group that were included in the primary analysis. DGF occurred in 121 (30%) of 404 participants in the balanced crystalloid group versus 160 (40%) of 403 in the saline group (adjusted relative risk 0·74 [95% CI 0·66 to 0·84; p<0·0001]; adjusted risk difference 10·1% [95% CI 3·5 to 16·6]). In the safety analysis, numbers of investigator-reported serious adverse events were similar in both groups, being reported in three (<1%) of 406 participants in the balanced crystalloid group versus five (1%) of 409 participants in the saline group (adjusted risk difference -0·5%, 95% CI -1·8 to 0·9; p=0·48)., Interpretation: Among patients receiving a deceased donor kidney transplant, intravenous fluid therapy with balanced crystalloid solution reduced the incidence of DGF compared with saline. Balanced crystalloid solution should be the standard-of-care intravenous fluid used in deceased donor kidney transplantation., Funding: Medical Research Future Fund and National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Health Research Council (New Zealand), Royal Australasian College of Physicians, and Baxter., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests MGC has received research support from Baxter Healthcare, the manufacturer of Plasma-Lyte 148, via a Baxter Investigator-Initiated Research grant that provided fluids for the BEST-Fluids trial (commercial value of US$36 270). DWJ has received consultancy fees, research grants, speaker's honoraria, and travel sponsorships from Baxter Healthcare and Fresenius Medical Care; consultancy fees from AstraZeneca and AWAK; speaker's honoraria and travel sponsorships from ONO; and travel sponsorships from Amgen. DR, LEH, LAV, EMP, CK, and JV are employees of the sponsor, The University of Queensland. KBD's salary was funded by a Better Evidence and Translation in Chronic Kidney Disease (BEAT-CKD) grant' and she is an employee of the ANZDATA Registry. PAC is the Deputy Executive Officer of the ANZDATA Registry. CMH has received fees for research committee activities from Janssen and GlaxoSmithKline paid to her institution; personal fees from Otsuka; research grants from Fresenius, Shire, and PKD Australia outside the submitted work; and research grants from Baxter and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia related to the current project. LW works in the Department of Anaesthesia at Austin Health, which has received funding from Baxter Healthcare for investigator-initiated clinical research. PFM has received honoraria for presentations on behalf of AstraZeneca and consultancy fees from Vifor. LW has received honoraria from Baxter Healthcare for consulting activities. All LW's fluid-related research, including study design, execution, data collection, analysis, and reporting, has been conducted independently of Baxter Healthcare and other commercial entities. ZHE has received consultancy fees and travel sponsorships from AstraZeneca. WHL has received honoraria from Alexion and education or research grants from Astellas. SJC has received research support, travel support, speaker fees, or honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, CSL-Behring, Novartis, and Takeda. All other authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Background: Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) require multidisciplinary care to meet their complex healthcare needs. Patient navigators are trained non-medical personnel who assist patients and caregivers to overcome barriers to accessing health services through care coordination. This trial aims to determine the effectiveness of a patient navigator program in children with CKD., Methods: The NAVKIDS 2 trial is a multi-center, waitlisted, randomized controlled trial of patient navigators in children with CKD conducted at five sites across Australia. Children (0-16 years) with CKD from low socioeconomic status rural or remote areas were randomized to an intervention group or a waitlisted control group (to receive intervention after 6 months). The study primary and secondary endpoints include the self-rated health (SRH) (primary), and utility-based quality of life, progression of kidney dysfunction of the child, SRH, and satisfaction with healthcare of the caregiver at 6 months post-randomization., Results: The trial completed recruitment in October 2021 with expected completion of follow-up by October 2022. There were 162 patients enrolled with 80 and 82 patients randomized to the immediate intervention and waitlisted groups, respectively. Fifty-eight (36%) participants were from regional/remote areas, with a median (IQR) age of 9.5 (5.0, 13.0) years, 46% were of European Australian ethnicity, and 65% were male. A total of 109 children (67%) had CKD stages 1-5, 42 (26%) were transplant recipients, and 11 (7%) were receiving dialysis., Conclusion: The NAVKIDS 2 trial is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of patient navigation in children with CKD from families experiencing socioeconomic disadvantage. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to International Pediatric Nephrology Association.)

Background: A functioning vascular access (VA) is crucial to providing adequate hemodialysis (HD) and considered a critically important outcome by patients and healthcare professionals. A validated, patient-important outcome measure for VA function that can be easily measured in research and practice to harvest reliable and relevant evidence for informing patient-centered HD care is lacking. Vascular Access outcome measure for function: a vaLidation study In hemoDialysis (VALID) aims to assess the accuracy and feasibility of measuring a core outcome for VA function established by the international Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology (SONG) initiative., Methods: VALID is a prospective, multi-center, multinational validation study that will assess the accuracy and feasibility of measuring VA function, defined as the need for interventions to enable and maintain the use of a VA for HD. The primary objective is to determine whether VA function can be measured accurately by clinical staff as part of routine clinical practice (Assessor 1) compared to the reference standard of documented VA procedures collected by a VA expert (Assessor 2) during a 6-month follow-up period. Secondary outcomes include feasibility and acceptability of measuring VA function and the time to, rate of, and type of VA interventions. An estimated 612 participants will be recruited from approximately 10 dialysis units of different size, type (home-, in-center and satellite), governance (private versus public), and location (rural versus urban) across Australia, Canada, Europe, and Malaysia. Validity will be measured by the sensitivity and specificity of the data acquisition process. The sensitivity corresponds to the proportion of correctly identified interventions by Assessor 1, among the interventions identified by Assessor 2 (reference standard). The feasibility of measuring VA function will be assessed by the average data collection time, data completeness, feasibility questionnaires and semi-structured interviews on key feasibility aspects with the assessors., Discussion: Accuracy, acceptability, and feasibility of measuring VA function as part of routine clinical practice are required to facilitate global implementation of this core outcome across all HD trials. Global use of a standardized, patient-centered outcome measure for VA function in HD research will enhance the consistency and relevance of trial evidence to guide patient-centered care., Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03969225. Registered on 31st May 2019., (© 2022. Crown.)

Delayed graft function (DGF) is a major complication of deceased donor kidney transplantation. Saline (0.9% sodium chloride) is a commonly used intravenous fluid in transplantation but may increase the risk of DGF because of its high chloride content. Better Evidence for Selecting Transplant Fluids (BEST-Fluids), a pragmatic, registry-based, double-blind, randomized trial, sought to determine whether using a balanced low-chloride crystalloid solution (Plasma-Lyte 148) instead of saline would reduce DGF. We sought to evaluate the generalizability of the trial cohort by reporting the baseline characteristics and representativeness of the trial participants in detail., Methods: We compared the characteristics of BEST-Fluids participants with those of a contemporary cohort of deceased donor kidney transplant recipients in Australia and New Zealand using data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry. To explore potential international differences, we compared trial participants with a cohort of transplant recipients in the United States using data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients., Results: During the trial recruitment period, 2373 deceased donor kidney transplants were performed in Australia and New Zealand; 2178 were eligible' and 808 were enrolled in BEST-Fluids. Overall, trial participants and nonparticipants were similar at baseline. Trial participants had more coronary artery disease (standardized difference [d] = 0.09; P = 0.03), longer dialysis duration (d = 0.18, P < 0.001), and fewer hypertensive (d = -0.11, P = 0.03) and circulatory death (d = -0.14, P < 0.01) donors than nonparticipants. Most key characteristics were similar between trial participants and US recipients, with moderate differences (|d| ≥ 0.2; all P < 0.001) in kidney failure cause, diabetes, dialysis duration, ischemic time, and several donor risk predictors, likely reflecting underlying population differences., Conclusions: BEST-Fluids participants had more comorbidities and received slightly fewer high-risk deceased donor kidneys but were otherwise representative of Australian and New Zealand transplant recipients and were generally similar to US recipients. The trial results should be broadly applicable to deceased donor kidney transplantation practice worldwide., Competing Interests: M.G.C. has received research support from Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd, the manufacturer of Plasma-Lyte 148, through a Baxter Investigator-Initiated Research grant that provided fluids for the BEST-Fluids trial (commercial value of US $36 270). D.W.J. has received consultancy fees, research grants, speaker’s honoraria, and travel sponsorships from Baxter Healthcare and Fresenius Medical Care; consultancy fees from AstraZeneca and AWAK; speaker’s honoraria and travel sponsorships from ONO; and travel sponsorships from Amgen. D.R., L.E.H. L.A.V., E.M.P., C.K., and J.V. are employees of the sponsor, The University of Queensland. K.B.D.’s salary was funded by a BEAT-CKD grant‚ and she is an employee of the ANZDATA Registry. P.A.C. is the deputy executive officer of the ANZDATA Registry. C.M.H. has received fees for research committee activities from Janssen and GlaxoSmithKline paid to her institution; personal fees from Otsuka; research grants from Fresenius, Shire, and PKD Australia outside the submitted work; and research grants from Baxter and NHMRC related to the current project. L.W. works in the Department of Anaesthesia at Austin Health, which has received funding from Baxter Healthcare for investigator-initiated clinical research. L.W. has received honoraria from Baxter Healthcare for consulting activities. All L.W.’s fluid-related research, including study design, execution, data collection, analysis, and reporting, has been conducted independently of Baxter Healthcare and other commercial entities. Z.H.E. has received consultancy fees and travel sponsorships from AstraZeneca. W.H.L. has received honoraria from Alexion and education/research grants from Astellas. S.J.C. has received research support, travel support, speaker fees, or honoraria from AstraZeneca, Bayer, CSL-Behring, Novartis, and Takeda. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Transplantation Direct. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

Background: This update summarises key changes made to the protocol since the publication of the original protocol for the NAVKIDS 2 trial of patient navigators for children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) experiencing social disadvantage and provides the statistical analysis plan (SAP) which has not previously been published., Methods/design: The original protocol was published in BMC Nephrology ( https://doi.org/10.1186/s12882-019-1325-y ) prior to the commencement of trial recruitment. During the course of the trial, some key methodological changes needed to be made including changes to eligibility criteria (addition of patients with CKD stages 1-2, broadening of financial status eligibility criterion, addition of patients living in rural/remote areas, modification of age eligibility to 0-16 years, addition of limits related to the language spoken by family, guidance regarding families with multiple eligible children), changes to sites, reduction of sample size, addition of virtual options for consent and study procedures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, removal of staggered recruitment across sites, addition of outcomes, and changes to the timing and number of assessments. This update summarises the changes made and their rationale and provides the detailed plan for statistical analysis of the trial. These changes have been finalised prior to the completion of study follow-up and the commencement of data analysis., Trial Registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) ACTRN12618001152213 . Prospectively registered on 12 July 2018., (© 2022. The Author(s).)