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Porcine parvoviruses (PPVs) are diverse and persistently evolving viruses found in domestic pigs and wild boars. Porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1) causes reproductive problems in adult animals, although the veterinary relevance of PPV2, PPV3, and PPV4 has not been clarified. The detection and sequence analysis of PPVs circulating in wild boar populations in Serbia was performed to determine their phylogenetic relationships and prevalence in 122 organ samples collected during 2018. The DNA of PPV1, PPV2, and PPV3 was detected in 56.6% of the examined samples, whilst PPV4 was not identified. Overall, PPV3 was the most prevalent in 69.6% of the positive samples, followed by PPV1 in 63.8%, and PPV2 in 21.7% samples. Single infections were more common, although concurrent infections were confirmed in 34.8% samples for two, and 10.1% samples for three viruses. Sequence analysis of wild boar PPV1 showed no significant nucleotide differences from domestic pig PPV1 strains detected in Europe and the USA, however separate clustering from strains from China and the NADL-2 strain was demonstrated. Examination of the selected PPV2 sequences might suggest a certain geographical distribution of genetically diverse PPV2 strains considering high similarities to the strains from neighboring countries, and variability in comparison with other reported PPV2 sequences from different parts of the world. Wild boar PPV3 sequences clustered separately from most of the strains detected in wild boars, as well as the original porcine hokovirus strain. It is further noted that genetically different PPV3 strains circulate amongst Serbian domestic pigs and wild boars. Parvovirusi svinja predstavljaju genetski različite viruse koji izazivaju infekcije doma-ćih i divljih svinja. Parvovirus svinja 1 (PPV1) dovodi do pojave reproduktivnih pro-blema kod odraslih jedinki, dok klinički značaj PPV2, PPV3 i PPV4 još uvek nije u potpunosti razjašnjen. Izvršena je detekcija i analiza genetskih sekvenci parvovirusa koji cirkulišu u populaciji divljih svinja u Srbiji u cilju njihove fi logenetske analize i određivanja zastupljenosti u ukupno 122 uzorka organa prikupljenih tokom 2018. go-dine. Prisustvo DNK PPV1, PPV2 i PPV3 detektovano je u 56,6% ispitanih uzoraka, pri čemu prisustvo PPV4 nije utvrđeno. Među pozitivnim uzorcima, PPV3 je pro-centualno najzastupljeniji virus detektovan u 69,6%, dok je prisustvo PPV1 i PPV2 utvrđeno u 63,8%, odnosno u 21,7% pozitivnih uzoraka. Infekcije jednim virusom su češće identifi kovane, međutim, prisustvo mešovitih infekcija sa dva, odnosno tri par-vovirusa zabeleženo je u 34,8% i 10,1% uzoraka. Analizom genetskih sekvenci PPV1 detektovanih kod divljih svinja nisu utvrđene značajnije razlike u odnosu na analogne sekvence PPV1 poreklom od domaćih svinja iz Evrope i SAD, međutim zabeleženo je izdvajanje u zaseban klaster u odnosu na kineske sojeve virusa i soj NADL-2. Ispi-tivanjem sekvenci PPV2 utvrđena je izvesna geografska distribucija genetski različitih sojeva navedenog virusa s obzirom na njihovu veliku sličnost sa sojevima virusa iz su-sednih zemalja. Sekvence PPV3 detektovanih kod divljih svinja su se na fi logenetskom stablu izdvajale u zaseban klaster u odnosu na većinu dostupnih sekvenci navedenog virusa detektovanih kod divljih svinja. Pored toga, zabeleženo je da genetski različiti sojevi PPV3 cirkulišu u populacijama divljih i domaćih svinja u Srbiji.

An overreliance on experimental methods in psychology comes with its problems of low context-sensitivity, ecological invalidity, and limited scope of study. A move towards interdisciplinarity and methodological pluralism, along with an increased attention to the cultural context of behavior, can give greater validity to its findings, making psychology a more robust science.

UVOD: Goveđi herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) pripada rodu Varicellovirus, podfamiliji Alphaherpesvirinae i familiji Herpesviridae. Kod goveda izaziva infektivni goveđi rinotraheitis, odnosno infektivni pustulozni vulvovaginitis. Virus izaziva značajne ekonomske štete u govedarstvu. CILJ: Cilj ispitivanja je bila molekularna detekcija i karakterizacija sojeva BHV-1 izolovanih kod goveda na teritoriji Republike Srbije i upoređivanje dobijenih sekvenci sa analognim sekvencama sojeva BHV-1 iz drugih geografskih regiona. METOD: Ispitano je 110 uzoraka nosnih briseva poreklom od nevakcinisanih goveda iz različitih regiona u Republici Srbiji. Izolacija i identifikacija virusa BHV-1 vršena je korišćenjem ćelijske linije Vero. Metoda PCR je izvođena uz korišćenje prajmera za delove gena koji kodiraju sintezu glikoproteina B (gB) i timidin-kinaze (TK) BHV-1. Određivanje redosleda nukleotida dela TK i gB gena BHV-1 je vršena metodom direktnog sekvenciranja po Sanger-u, a dobijene nukleotidne sekvence su upoređivane sa analognim sekvencama delova prethodno navedenih gena referentnih i izolovanih sojeva BHV-1 dostupnih u banci gena (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). REZULTAT: Primenom metoda izolacije virusa i PCR, utvrđeno je prisustvo BHV-1 kod četiri uzorka nosnih briseva goveda. Filogenetska analiza dela gB gena je pokazala da su nukleotidne sekvence sojeva BHV-1 poreklom iz Srbije grupisane zajedno sa sojevima virusa poreklom iz Egipta i SAD. Nukleotidne sekvence dela TK gena četiri izolovana soja BHV-1 poreklom iz Srbije su međusobno imale visok stepen sličnosti i grupisane su zajedno na filogenetskom stablu, odnosno sa sojevima virusa poreklom iz SAD i Australije. ZAKLJUČAK: Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali visok stepen sličnosti između sojeva BHV-1 poreklom iz Srbije i sojeva navedenog virusa poreklom iz drugih delova sveta. Pored toga, rezultati navedenih ispitivanja su ukazali na potrebu daljih opsežnijih istraživanja koja bi imala za cilj utvrđivanje prevalencije i molekularnih karakteristika sojeva BHV-1 kod goveda na teritoriji Republike Srbije. INTRODUCTION: Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) is a member of the genus Varicellovirus of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily and Herpesviridae family. It is an important bovine pathogen causing infectious bovine rinotracheitis and infectious pustular vulvovaginitis and leads to major economic losses in the cattle industry. AIM: Molecular detection and characterization of BHV-1 strains isolated from cattle originating from The Republic of Serbia and the comparison of obtained sequences with viral sequences from other geographic regions. METHOD: A total of 110 nasal swabs from non-vaccinated animals raised in different regions of Serbia were examined. Vero cell line was used for virus isolation and identification. PCR was performed using primers for the parts of the BHV-1 genome coding the synthesis of glycoprotein B (gB) and thymidine kinase (TK). Partial sequencing of glycoprotein B (gB) and thymidine kinase (TK) genes of BHV-1 was performed according to Sanger sequencing method and the obtained nucleotide sequences were compared to analogous sequences of the mentioned genes available in GenBank database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/). RESULT: BHV-1 was detected in four samples using virus isolation and PCR. The phylogenetic analysis of partial glycoprotein B (gB) gene nucleotide sequences of all four BHV-1 strains showed the clustering with BHV-1 strains isolated in Egypt and USA. Partial TK gene nucleotide sequences of Serbian BHV-1 strains were highly similar and grouped together in one branch along with BHV- 1 strains from USA and Australia. CONCLUSION: The obtained results showed a high level of similarity between BHV-1 strains from Serbia and other parts of the world. Moreover, these results provide a prerequisite for further detailed investigations aimed to establish the prevalence and molecular characteristics of BHV-1 strains in The Republic of Serbia.

This study aimed to compare the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) between apical periodontitis lesions with different clinical and histological features. Based on clinical data and history of disease, 100 human apical periodontitis lesions were categorised as either asymptomatic or symptomatic lesions. According to histological examination, lesions were divided into periapical granulomas and radicular cysts. Pulp tissues of 25 impacted wisdom teeth were used as controls. Homogenised tissue samples were centrifuged and supernatants were used for the determination of cytokine levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Significantly higher levels of IL-1 and IL-6 were found in symptomatic lesions compared with asymptomatic lesions and control tissues (P lt 0.001, P lt 0.001, respectively). The concentration of IL-1 was significantly higher in radicular cysts compared with periapical granulomas (P=0.003). Symptomatic lesions, as judged by high local production of IL-1 and IL-6, represent an immunologically active stage of the disease.

The objective of this study was the application of polymerase chain reaction in detection of bovine herpesvirus 1 in clinical samples. Twenty samples of bovine nasal swabs were separately inoculated in Vero cells. Laboratory strain TN 41 of bovine herpesvirus 1 served as a control in the experiment. The cytopathic effects were recovered in the cell line previously inoculated with a sample of bovine nasal swab, as well as in cells inoculated with the laboratory strain TN 41 of the bovine herpesvirus 1 after a period of incubation of 24h, 36h and 48h. Identification of the isolated strains of the virus was done by the virus - neutralization test with specific immune sera against BHV 1, with a titre of 1:16. Comparative analysis of DNA fragments of the laboratory strain of BHV1 and isolated strain obtained by polymerase chain reaction with primers for viral gB glycoprotein and thymidine-kinase coding region, confirmed that the isolated strain of the virus belongs to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV 1). Cilj nàših istraživanja je bio primena lančane reakcije polimeraze u dokazivanju prisustva goveđeg herpesvirusa 1 u kliničkim uzorcima materijala. Dvadeset uzoraka nosnih briseva goveda pojedinačno je inokulisano u ćelijsku liniju Vero. Referentni soj TN 41 virusa BHV 1 služio je kao pozitivna kontrola u ogledu. Posle 24h, 36h i 48h od inokulacije, utvrđena je pojava citopatogenog efekta u ćelijskoj liniji inokulisanoj uzorkom poreklom od jednog nosnog brisa goveda. Iste promene su ustanovljene i posle inokulacije referentnog soja TN 41 virusa BHV 1 u ćelijsku liniju Vero. Identifikacija izolovanog soja virusa poreklom iz uzorka nosnog brisa goveda, vršena je primenom testa virus - neutralizacije uz korišćenje specifičnog imunog seruma protiv virusa BHV 1, titra od 1:16. Uporednom analizom DNK fragmenata referentnog soja virusa BHV 1 i izolovanog soja virusa, dobijenih primenom lančane reakcije polimeraze uz korišćenje dva para prajmera koji su amplifikovali gene na molekulu DNK koji kodiraju sintezu glikoproteina B spoljašnjeg omotača virusa BHV 1 i timidin - kinaze, potvrđena je pripadnost izolovanog soja virusa goveđem herpesvirusu 1.

Oral reactivation of latent Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection may easily occur in cancer patients. Virus reactivation can cause oral mucosa damage, worsen already existing lesions caused by stomatotoxic effect of cancer therapy and, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, ample spreading and promote viral transmission. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cell-culture and direct immunofluorescence have been used to determine the frequency of oral HSV reactivation in 60 patients undergoing chemotherapy for different malignancies. By means of PCR, the presence of viral DNA was detected in 71.7% of patients prior to chemotherapy and in 85.0% after chemotherapy. 33.3% of patients before and 40.0% after chemotherapy were viral-culture positive, while 3.3% of patients before and 11.7% after chemotherapy were positive as shown by direct immunofluorescence. No significant difference in HSV-1 reactivation was found before and after chemotherapy. In addition, no significant difference was found when comparing HSV-1 reactivation in patients with and without mucositis. HSV-2 was not detected in any of the patients. Reactivation of latent HSV is exceptionally frequent in cancer patients. The results of this study suggest that virus reactivation occurs independently of cancer chemotherapy. The potential role of HSV reactivation in oral mucosa damage remains unclear.

Essential oils are widely used in medicine, dentistry and cosmetology as flavour and odour corrigents in various substances for oral hygiene. The aim of this study was to present comprehensively the possibilities for application of Melaleuca Alternifolia essential oil in dentistry based on the analysis of contemporary scientific and professional publications. The application of Tea tree essential oil in the treatment of periodontal, fungal and viral diseases is very efficient. The study of antimicrobial potential of ten different essential oils confirmed the efficiency of Tea tree oil against numerous Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. In vitro studies of bacteriostatic, bactericidal and fungicidal effect of Tea tree oil solution against ten different microorganisms confirmed sensitivity of the following microorganisms: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, and slightly weaker effect against Streptococcus Mutans and Prevotella intermedia. Tea tree is very effective in the treatment of various diseases and is an introduction and momentum for the application of plant substances in the treatment of numerous diseases in dentistry. ., Etarska ulja imaju široku primenu u medicini, stomatologiji i kozmetologiji, kao korigensi ukusa i mirisa različitih sredstava za oralnu higijenu. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se kroz analizu aktuelnih naučnih i stručnih publikacija sveobuhvatno prikažu mogućnosti primene etarskog ulja Melaleuca Alternifolia u stomatologiji. Primena etarskog ulja čajnog drveta u lečenju parodontopatije, gljivičnih oboljenja, kao i u terapiji virusnih infekcija, se pokazala izuzetno efikasnom. Ispitivanjem antimikrobnog dejstva deset različitih etarskih ulja, potvrđeno je da je etarsko ulje čajnog drveta vrlo efikasno protiv niza Gram + i Gram - bakterija. In vitro ispitivanja bakteriostatskog, baktericidnog i fungicidnog delovanja rastvora ulja čajnog drveta na deset različitih mikroorganizama su potvrdila osetljivost sledećih mikroorganizama: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum i Porphyromonas gingivalis, i nešto slabije prema bakterijama Streptococcus Mutans i Prevotella intermedia. Čajno drvo se pokazalo izuzetno blagotvornim u lečenju različitih oboljenja i predstavlja uvod i podstrek za primenu biljnih preparata u lečenju brojnih manifestacija kod različitih oboljenja u stomatologiji. .

It is well known that the most of AIDS patient have evidence of more severe herpetic infection than immunocompetent persons. In this study we examined the characteristics of humoral immune response during active herpes simplex virus infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients, and correlate the value of specific markers (titre of specific anti-HSV-IgM, anti-HSV-IgG antibody, titre of neutralization antibody and avidity of IgG) between these 2 groups. The results have shown that although AIDS patients have severe depression of their cellular immune response, they can mount an intensive humoral antiviral response during the active HSV-1 infection. They have higher titre and avidity of specific anti-HSV antibody than immunocompetent persons. But even with high titre of specific antibody, AIDS patient have no enough neutralizing antibodies. According to the clinical manifestation of herpetic infection in AIDS patient, our result showed significant association between the quantity of in vitro neutralizing activity and in vivo protection from severe herpetic infection.

carcinoma-HNSCC) ukazuje se na ulogu onkogenih virusa i to humanih papiloma virusa (HPV) Epštajn-Bar virusa (EBV) i BK i JC poliomavirusa, kao i značaju HLA-G polimorfizama. Cilj istraživanja. Cilj studije je bio određivanje učestalosti infekcija i koinfekcija onkogenim virusima i HLA-G polimorfizama i njihova korelacija sa demografskim i bihevioralnim karakteristikama pacijenata i kliničkim statusom HNSCC. Materijal i metod. Ispitivano je 100 uzoraka tkiva HNSCC. Single PCR, Nested PCR i Real-time PCR su rađeni za dokazivanje HPV i EBV, a seminested PCR za poliomaviruse. Genotipizacija HPV je rađena metodom sekvenciranja po Sangeru, a EBV genotipizacija Nested PCR metodom. Određivanje HLA-G tipova rađeno je metodom sekvenciranja po Sangeru. Rezultati. Učestalost HPV je bila 27%, EBV 20%, BKV 3% i JCV 0%. Dokazano je 5 HPV genotipova sa značajnom učestalošću visoko onkogenih tipova (84%) i to tipa HPV 16 (57,1%). Utvrđena su oba EBV tipa sa dominacijom EBV-1 (93,75%). HPV i EBV su značajno češći kod muškaraca od 50 do 69 godina sa karcinomom larinksa patohistološkog gradusa 2. Pojedinačna infekcija je utvrđena kod 28% uzoraka, a HPV infekcija je značajno najčešća. Koinfekcije su potvrđene kod 11% uzoraka, HPV/EBV koinfekcija je najzastupljenija ali bez razlike u učestalosti vrste koinfekcija. Utvrđeno je 6 HLA-G tipova, gde je *01:01:01 najučestaliji (56,66%), ali bez razlike u zastupljenosti HLA-G tipova i prisustva pojedinačnih infekcija i koinfekcija onkogenim virusima. Zaključak. Pokazana je povezanost prisustva infekcije onkogenim virusima sa karcinomima glave i vrata, ali nije utvrđena korelacija HLA-G polimorfizama sa prisustvom infekcija i koinfekcija onkogenim virusima u HNSCC. Introduction. The oncogenic viruses, namely Human papillomaviruses (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and BK and JC polyomaviruses, as well as HLA-G polymorphisms may play significant role in the etiology of Head and Neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Aim. Determination of the frequency of oncogenic virus infections and coinfections and HLA-G polymorphisms and their correlation with the demographic and behavioral characteristics of patients and clinical status of HNSCC. Material and method. 100 HNSCC tissue samples were examined. Single, Nested and Real-time PCR were used to detect HPV and EBV, and seminested PCR for polyomaviruses. HPV and EBV genotyping were done by Sanger sequencing method, and Nested PCR, respectively. Determination of HLA-G types was done by Sanger sequencing method. Results. The prevalence of HPV was 27%, EBV 20%, BKV 3% and JCV 0%. Five HPV genotypes were identified with a significant frequency of high-risk types (84%), namely HPV type 16 (57.1%). Both EBV types were detected with a predominance of EBV-1 (93.75%). HPV and EBV are significantly more common in men aged 50 to 69 with laryngeal cancer of pathohistological grade 2. Single infection was found in 28% of samples with a significant prevalence of HPV infection. Co-infections were confirmed in 11% of samples. HPV/EBV co-infection is the most common but without a difference in the frequency of co-infection type. Six HLA-G types were identified, where *01:01:01 is the most common (56.66%), with no difference between HLA-G types and the presence of single infections and co-infections. Conclusion. The association of the presence of oncogenic virus infection with HNSCC has been shown, but without the correlation between HLA-G polymorphisms and presence of oncogenic virus infections and coinfections in HNSCC.