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The prevalence of HF with preserved ejection raction (HFpEF, with EF ≥50%) is increasing across all populations with high rates of hospitalization and mortality, reaching up to 80% and 50%, respectively, within a 5-year timeframe. Comorbidity-driven systemic inflammation is thought to cause coronary microvascular dysfunction and increased epicardial adipose tissue, leading to downstream friborsis and molecular changes in the cardiomyocyte, leading to increased stiffness and diastolic dynsfunction. HFpEF poses unique challenges in terms of diagnosis due to its complex and diverse nature. The diagnosis of HFpEF relies on a combination of clinical assessment, imaging studies, and biomarkers. An additional important step in diagnosing HFpEF involves excluding certain cardiac diagnoses that may be specific underlying causes of HFpEF or may be masquerading as HFpEF and require specific alternative treatment approaches. In addition to administering sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors to all patients, the most effective approach to enhance clinical outcomes may involve tailored therapy based on each patient's unique clinical profile. Exercise should be recommended for all patients to improve the quality of life. Glucagon-like peptide-1 1 agonists are a promising treatment option in obese HFpEF patients. Novel approaches targeting inflammation are also in early phase trials., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Randomized sham-controlled trials have confirmed the efficacy and safety of catheter-based renal denervation in hypertension. Data on the very long-term effects of renal denervation are scarce., Aims: This study evaluates the 10-year safety and efficacy of renal denervation in resistant hypertension., Methods: This prospective single-center study included patients with resistant hypertension undergoing radio-frequency renal denervation between 2010 and 2012. Office blood pressure, 24-h ambulatory blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, color duplex sonography, and renal function were assessed after 1-, 2- and 10-years., Results: Thirty-nine patients completed the 10-year follow-up (mean follow-up duration 9.4 ± 0.7 years). Baseline office and 24-h ambulatory systolic blood pressure were 164 ± 23 mmHg and 153 ± 16 mmHg, respectively. After 10 years, 24-h ambulatory and office systolic blood pressure were reduced by 16 ± 17 mmHg (P < 0.001) and 14 ± 23 mmHg (P = 0.001), respectively. The number of antihypertensive drugs remained unchanged from 4.9 ± 1.4 to 4.5 ± 1.2 drugs (P = 0.087). The estimated glomerular filtration rate declined within the expected range from 69 (95% CI 63 to 74) to 60 mL/min/1.73m 2 (95% CI 53 to 68; P < 0.001) through 10-year follow-up. Three renal artery interventions were documented for progression of pre-existing renal artery stenosis in two patients and one patient with new-onset renal artery stenosis. No other adverse events were observed during the follow-up., Conclusion: Renal denervation was safe and sustainedly reduced ambulatory and office blood pressure out to 10 years in patients with resistant hypertension., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: A detailed understanding of the sympathetic innervation of coronary arteries is relevant to facilitate the development of novel treatment approaches., Aims: This study aimed to quantitatively examine periarterial innervation in human epicardial coronary arteries., Methods: Coronary arteries with adjacent epicardial adipose tissue were excised along the left main coronary artery (LMCA), left anterior descending artery (LAD), left circumflex artery (LCx), and right coronary artery (RCA) from 28 body donors and examined histologically. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to characterise sympathetic nerve fibres., Results: A total of 42,573 nerve fibres surrounding 100 coronary arteries (LMCA: n=21, LAD: n=27, LCx: n=26, RCA: n=26) were analysed. The nerve fibre diameter decreased along the vessel course (median [interquartile range]): (proximal 46 μm [31-73], middle 38 μm [26-58], distal 31 μm [22-46]; p<0.001), with the largest nerve fibre diameter along the LMCA (50 μm [31-81]), followed by the LAD (42 μm [27-72]; p<0.001). The total nerve fibre density was highest along the RCA (123 nerves/cm² [82-194]). Circumferentially, nerve density was higher in the myocardial tissue area of the coronary arteries (132 nerves/cm² [76-225]) than in the epicardial tissue area (101 nerves/cm² [61-173]; p<0.001). The median lumen-nerve distance was smallest around the LMCA (2.2 mm [1.2-4.1]), followed by the LAD (2.5 mm [1.1-4.5]; p=0.005)., Conclusions: Human coronary arteries are highly innervated with sympathetic nerve fibres, with significant variation in the distribution and density. Understanding these patterns informs pathophysiological understanding and, potentially, the development of catheter-based approaches for cardiac autonomic modulation.

Background: Mechanical thrombectomy has been shown to reduce thrombus burden and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and to improve right ventricular (RV) function in patients with high-risk or intermediate-high-risk pulmonary embolism (PE). As hemodynamic data after mechanical thrombectomy for PE are scarce, we aimed to assess the hemodynamic effects of mechanical thrombectomy in acute PE with right heart overload., Methods: In this prospective, open-label study, patients with acute symptomatic, computed tomography-documented PE with signs of right heart overload underwent mechanical thrombectomy using the FlowTriever System. Right heart catheterization was performed immediately before and after thrombectomy and after three months. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before thrombectomy, discharge, and at three months. This analysis was done after 20 patients completed three months of follow-up., Results: Twenty-nine patients (34% female) underwent mechanical thrombectomy, of which 20 completed three months follow-up with right heart catheterization. Most patients were at high (17%) or intermediate-high (76%) risk and had bilateral PE (79%). Before thrombectomy, systolic PAP (sPAP) was severely elevated (mean 51.3 ± 11.6 mmHg). Mean sPAP dropped by -15.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval [CI]: -18.9 to -11.0; p < 0.001) immediately after the procedure and continued to decrease from post-thrombectomy to three months (-6.4 mmHg, 95% CI: -10-0 to -2.9; p = 0.002). RV/left ventricular (LV) ratio immediately reduced within two days by -0.37 (95% CI: -0.47 to -0.27; p < 0.001). The proportion of patients with a tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE)/sPAP ratio < 0.31 mm/mmHg decreased from 28% at baseline to 0% before discharge and at three months (p = 0.007). There were no procedure-related major adverse events., Conclusions: Mechanical thrombectomy for acute PE was safe and immediately reduced PAP and improved right heart function. The reduction in PAP was maintained at three months follow-up., (© 2023. BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer Nature.)

In this randomized, prospective monocentric study, 40 subjects with coronary artery disease or hypertension (cardiovascular disease [CVD] group) were assigned to either surgical mask (SM) or class 2 filtering facepiece mask (FFP2). They performed cycle ergometry exercise tests with progressive intensity until exhaustion with the assigned mask and another test with no mask (NM) in random order. A control group of 10 healthy subjects randomly performed 3 exercise tests with NM, SM, and FFP2, respectively. Blood pressure, heart rate, 12-lead electrocardiogram, exertion, shortness of breath, and capillary blood gases from the earlobe were documented. Across all groups, exercise testing with face masks resulted in a significantly reduced peak power output in watts compared with testing with NM (CVD group: SM vs NM: -5.0 ± 7.0%, p = 0.005; FFP2 vs NM: -4.7 ± 14%, p = 0.03; control group: SM vs NM: -6.8 ± 4.4%, p = 0.008; FFP2 vs NM: -8.9 ± 6.3%; p = 0.01) without differences in hemodynamic parameters, such as maximum heart rate and systolic blood pressure. Wearing an FFP2 compared with NM resulted in significant higher carbon dioxide partial pressure (CVD group: FFP2: 36.0 ± 3.2 mm Hg vs NM: 33.3 ± 4.4 mm Hg, p = 0.019; control group: FFP2: 32.6 ± 2.8 mm Hg vs NM: 28.1 ± 1.7 mm Hg, p <0.001) with corresponding differences in hydrogen carbonate and base excess, but not to a clinically critical extent. In conclusion, exercise testing with SM and FFP2 resulted in a significant reduction of peak power output without differences in hemodynamic parameters in subjects with preexisting CVD and in healthy subjects., Competing Interests: Disclosures Prof. Mahfoud has received scientific support and speaker honoraria from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Boehringer Ingelheim (Ingelheim, Germany), Medtronic (Dublin, Ireland), and ReCor Medical (Palo Alto, USA). The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aims: Differentiation of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in healthy athletes from pathological LV hypertrophy in heart disease is often difficult. We explored whether extended echocardiographic measurements such as E/e' and global longitudinal strain (GLS) distinguish physiologic from maladaptive hypertrophy in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, excessively trained athletes' hearts and normal hearts., Methods: Seventy-eight professional athletes (cyclists n = 37, soccer players n = 29, handball players n = 21) were compared with patients (n = 88) with pathological LV hypertrophy (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM, n = 17), hypertensive heart disease (HHD, n = 36), severe aortic valve stenosis (AVS, n = 35) and with sedentary healthy individuals as controls (n = 37)., Results: LV ejection fraction (LVEF) was ≥50% in all patients, athletes (median age 26 years, all male) and the controls (97% male, median age 32 years). LV mass index (LVMI) and septal wall thickness was in normal range in controls, but elevated in cyclists and patients with pathological hypertrophy (p < 0.001 for both). E/e' was elevated in all patients with maladaptive hypertrophy but normal in controls and athletes (p < 0.001 vs. pathological hypertrophy). Furthermore GLS was reduced in patients with pathological hypertrophy compared with athletes and controls (for both p < 0.001). In subjects with septal wall thickness >11 mm, GLS (≥-18%) has a specificity of 79% to distinguish between physiological and pathological hypertrophy., Conclusion: GLS and E/e' are reliable parameters unlike left ventricular mass or LV ejection fraction to distinguish pathological and physiological hypertrophy., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: L.L. received speaker honoraria from Medtronic and ReCor Medical, outside the submitted work. M.B. reports support from Abbott, Amgen, Astra-Zeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Medtronic, Novartis, Recor, Servier, and Vifor outside the submitted work. All other authors have declared no conflict of interest. S.E. received speakers or consultant honorarium and/or travel support from Medtronic, Recor, Bayer, Daiichi Sankyo, Böhringer Ingelheim, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Akcea Therapeutics and Bristol-Myers Squibb-Pfizer., (© 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.)

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, compulsory masks became an integral part of outdoor sports such as jogging in crowded areas (e.g. city parks) as well as indoor sports in gyms and sports centers. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effects of medical face masks on performance and cardiorespiratory parameters in athletes., Methods: In a randomized, cross-over design, 16 well-trained athletes (age 27 ± 7 years, peak oxygen consumption 56.2 ± 5.6 ml kg -1  min -1 , maximum performance 5.1 ± 0.5 Watt kg -1 ) underwent three stepwise incremental exercise tests to exhaustion without mask (NM), with surgical mask (SM) and FFP2 mask (FFP2). Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses were monitored by spiroergometry and blood lactate (BLa) testing throughout the tests., Results: There was a large effect of masks on performance with a significant reduction of maximum performance with SM (355 ± 41 Watt) and FFP2 (364 ± 43 Watt) compared to NM (377 ± 40 Watt), respectively (p < 0.001; ηp 2  = 0.50). A large interaction effect with a reduction of both oxygen consumption (p < 0.001; ηp 2  = 0.34) and minute ventilation (p < 0.001; ηp 2  = 0.39) was observed. At the termination of the test with SM 11 of 16 subjects reported acute dyspnea from the suction of the wet and deformed mask. No difference in performance was observed at the individual anaerobic threshold (p = 0.90)., Conclusion: Both SM and to a lesser extent FFP2 were associated with reduced maximum performance, minute ventilation, and oxygen consumption. For strenuous anaerobic exercise, an FFP2 mask may be preferred over an SM., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Aims: To assess the feasibility and efficacy of interatrial shunt devices (IASD) for the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF)., Methods and Results: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception until April 2021 were searched for prospective studies investigating dedicated transcatheter IASD for the treatment of CHF. Standardised mean differences were calculated for the within-group changes before and after implantation of the IASD. The pre-defined primary outcome was change in 6-min walking distance (6MWD) from baseline to 12 months. Other outcomes were change in New York Heart Association class, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), echocardiographic and haemodynamic data, device performance and safety. Subgroup analyses were crude univariable meta-regression analyses. Six studies (five single-arm open-label studies, one sham-controlled trial) were included. In these, 226 patients underwent IASD implantation using four different devices. From baseline to 12 months, 6MWD increased by 28.1 m [95% confidence interval (CI) 10.9-45.3] with no evidence for a difference between devices (P for interaction = 0.66) and patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >40% or ≤40% (P for interaction = 0.21). At 12 months, HRQoL improved by 17.7 points (95% CI 10.8-24.6) and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) decreased by 2.0 mmHg (95% CI -3.6 to -0.4). There were no changes in LVEF or N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide during follow-up. Shunt patency ranged from 50% for the first-generation v-Wave to 100% for the Corvia IASD II and the second-generation v-Wave system, respectively. The summary risk of serious adverse device-related effects was 8% (95% CI 1-20) at 12 months., Conclusions: Interatrial shunt device implantation in CHF is feasible and associates with improved submaximal exercise capacity (measured by 6MWD) and HRQoL, and reductions in PCWP., (© 2021 The Authors. European Journal of Heart Failure published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Society of Cardiology.)

Background: Sham-controlled trials demonstrated safety and efficacy of renal denervation (RDN) to lower blood pressure (BP). Association of baseline heart rate with BP reduction after RDN is incompletely understood., Objectives: The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the impact of baseline heart rate on BP reduction without antihypertensive medications in the SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED (Global Clinical Study of Renal Denervation With the Symplicity Spyral Multi-electrode Renal Denervation System in Patients With Uncontrolled Hypertension in the Absence of Antihypertensive Medications) Pivotal trial., Methods: Patients removed from any antihypertensive medications were enrolled with office systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥150 and <180 mm Hg and randomized 1:1 to RDN or sham control. Patients were separated according to baseline office heart rate <70 or ≥70 beats/min. BP changes from baseline to 3 months between treatment arms were adjusted for baseline SBP using analysis of covariance., Results: Scatter plots of 3-month changes in 24-hour and office SBP illustrate a wide range of changes in SBP for different baseline heart rates. Treatment difference at 3 months between RDN and sham control with baseline office heart rate ≥70 beats/min for 24-hour SBP was -6.2 mm Hg (95% CI: -9.0 to -3.5 mm Hg) (P < 0.001) and for baseline office heart rate <70 beats/min it was -0.1 mm Hg (-3.8 to 3.6 mm Hg) (P = 0.97) with an interaction P value of 0.008. Results were similar for changes in office, daytime, and nighttime SBP at 3 months, with a greater reduction in SBP with baseline office heart rate ≥70 beats/min., Conclusions: Reduction in mean office, 24-hour, daytime, and nighttime SBP for RDN at 3 months was greater with baseline office heart rate ≥70 than <70 beats/min, suggesting an association between baseline heart rate and BP reduction after RDN. (SPYRAL PIVOTAL-SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Study; NCT02439749)., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures The trial is sponsored by Medtronic and was designed in collaboration with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration by the steering committee and sponsor. Profs Böhm, Ukena, Ewen, and Mahfoud are supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB TTR219, S-01, M-03, M-05). Prof. Böhm has received consulting fees from Abbott Vascular, Bayer AG, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Servier, Medtronic, Vifor, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Dr Tsioufis has received honoraria for advisory boards and lectures from Medtronic, Servier, Bayer, Menarini, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Pythagoras, Sanofi, and Amgen. Dr Kandzari has received institutional research/grant support from Medtronic CardioVascular and Ablative Solutions; and has received personal consulting honoraria from Medtronic CardioVascular. Prof. Kario has received scientific support and speaker honoraria from Daiichi-Sankyo, Sanwa Chemical, Boehringer Ingelheim, Omron Healthcare, A & D Inc, Fukudadenshi Inc, Medtronic, and ReCor Medical. Prof. Weber has received consulting fees from Medtronic, ReCor, and Ablative Solutions. Prof. Schmieder has received consultant fees from Medtronic and ReCor; and has received grant support from Medtronic, ReCor, and Ablative Solutions. Prof. Townsend has received consultant fees from Medtronic, Axio, and Regeneron. Dr Pocock has received consultant fees from Medtronic. Prof. Weil has received honoraria from Medtronic, Novartis, ReCor, Cardinal Health, Bayer, and AstraZeneca. Mr Fahy is an employee of and shareholder for Medtronic. Prof. Mahfoud is supported by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie; and has received scientific support and speaker honoraria from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Medtronic, and ReCor Medical. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Hypertension is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular diseases and its treatment requires multimodal therapeutic approaches. This review aims to provide a summary and update on relevant evidence in hypertension research published in 2019/2020. These include trials dealing with the prognostic effect of systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, the association between hypertension and valve disease, reproducibility of masked and white-coat hypertension, and the prognostic importance of ambulatory and night-time blood pressure measurements. Treatment of hypertension focusing on elderly patients but also the potential cancer risk of thiazide diuretics, the valsartan recall, chronotherapy, and device-based hypertension therapy are discussed.

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is highly prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD)., Objective: The outcome following revascularization using contemporary technologies (new-generation abluminal sirolimus-eluting stents with thin struts) in patients with CKD (i.e., glomerular filtration rate of < 60 mL/min/1.73m 2 ) and in patients with hemodialysis (HD) is unknown., Methods: e-Ultimaster is a prospective, single-arm, multi-center registry with clinical follow-up at 3 months and 1 year., Results: A total of 19,475 patients were enrolled, including 1466 patients with CKD, with 167 undergoing HD. Patients with CKD had a higher prevalence of overall comorbidities, multiple/small vessel disease (≤ 2.75 mm), bifurcation lesions, and more often left main artery treatments (all p < 0.0001) when compared with patients with normal renal function (reference). CKD patients had a higher risk of target lesion failure (unadjusted OR, 2.51 [95% CI 2.04-3.08]), target vessel failure (OR, 2.44 [95% CI 2.01-2.96]), patient-oriented composite end point (OR, 2.19 [95% CI 1.87-2.56]), and major adverse cardiovascular events (OR, 2.34 [95% CI 1.93-2.83, p for all < 0.0001]) as reference. The rates of target lesion revascularization (OR, 1.17 [95% CI 0.79-1.73], p = 0.44) were not different. Bleeding complications were more frequently observed in CKD than in the reference (all p < 0.0001)., Conclusion: In this worldwide registry, CKD patients presented with more comorbidities and more complex lesions when compared with the reference population. They experienced higher rate of adverse events at 1-year follow-up. One-year summary outcomes of contemporary PCI in renal insufficiency. CKD chronic kidney disease, POCE patient oriented composite endpoint, MACE major adverse cardiovascular events, TLF target lesion failure, TLR target lesion revascularization, ST stent thrombosis.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The given name and family name of the fourth author Saaraaken Kulenthiran were switched in the original publication.

A careful and standardized but nevertheless individually adapted and targeted medical history and physical examination are essential components of a preoperative evaluation. The individual cardiovascular risk profile characterized by noninvasive diagnostics requires a targeted further assessment with noninvasive and invasive diagnostic investigations, which should be targeted to the medical needs of the individual patient. The aim is to assess the individual risk of undesired major adverse cardiac events (MACE). The preoperative examination procedures should be limited to the medically necessary needs in order to be able to optimally utilize the material and personnel resources. This review article presents a practical guide for preoperative cardiovascular risk evaluation in patients scheduled for elective, noncardiac surgery.

Background/purpose: Catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) has been introduced to lower blood pressure (BP) and sympathetic activity in patients with uncontrolled hypertension with at best equivocal results. It has been postulated that anatomic and procedural elements introduce unaccounted variability and yet little is known of the impact of renal anatomy and procedural parameters on BP response to RDN., Methods/materials: Anatomical parameters such as length and diameter were analyzed by quantitative vascular analysis and the prevalence of accessory renal arteries and renal artery disease were documented in 150 patients with resistant hypertension undergoing bilateral RDN using a mono-electrode radiofrequency catheter (Symplicity Flex, Medtronic)., Results: Accessory renal arteries and renal artery disease were present in 56 (37%) and 14 patients (9%), respectively. At 6-months, 24 h-ambulatory BP was reduced by 11/6 mm Hg (p < 0.001 for both). Change of systolic blood pressure (SBP) was not related to the presence of accessory renal arteries (p = 0.543) or renal artery disease (p = 0.598). Patients with at least one main renal artery diameter ≤ 4 mm had a more pronounced reduction of 24 h-ambulatory SBP compared to patients where both arteries were >4 mm (-19 vs. -10 mmHg; p = 0.038). Neither the length of the renal artery nor the number of RF ablations influenced 24 h-ambulatory BP reduction at 6 months., Conclusions: 24 h-ambulatory BP lowering was most pronounced in patients with smaller renal artery diameter but not related to renal artery length, accessory arteries or renal artery disease. Further, there was no dose-response relationship observed with increasing number of ablations., Condensed Abstract: Because little is known of the impact of renal anatomy and procedural parameters on blood pressure (BP) response to renal denervation (RDN), anatomical and procedural data were analyzed in 150 patients undergoing bilateral RDN. BP lowering was most pronounced in patients with smaller renal artery diameter but not related to renal artery length, the presence of renal artery disease or accessory renal arteries. Further, there was no dose-response relationship observed with increasing number of ablations., (Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

Renal sympathetic denervation (RDN) is under investigation as a treatment option in patients with resistant hypertension (RH). Determinants of arterial compliance may, however, help to predict the BP response to therapy. Aortic distensibility (AD) is a well-established parameter of aortic stiffness and can reliably be obtained by CMR. This analysis sought to investigate the effects of RDN on AD and to assess the predictive value of pre-treatment AD for BP changes. We analyzed data of 65 patients with RH included in a multicenter trial. RDN was performed in all participants. A standardized CMR protocol was utilized at baseline and at 6-month follow-up. AD was determined as the change in cross-sectional aortic area per unit change in BP. Office BP decreased significantly from 173/92 ± 24/16 mmHg at baseline to 151/85 ± 24/17 mmHg (p < 0.001) 6 months after RDN. Maximum aortic areas increased from 604.7 ± 157.7 to 621.1 ± 157.3 mm 2 (p = 0.011). AD improved significantly by 33% from 1.52 ± 0.82 to 2.02 ± 0.93 × 10 -3 mmHg -1 (p < 0.001). Increase of AD at follow-up was significantly more pronounced in younger patients (p = 0.005) and responders to RDN (p = 0.002). Patients with high-baseline AD were significantly younger (61.4 ± 10.1 vs. 67.1 ± 8.4 years, p = 0.022). However, there was no significant correlation of baseline AD to response to RDN. AD is improved after RDN across all age groups. Importantly, these improvements appear to be unrelated to observed BP changes, suggesting that RDN may have direct effects on the central vasculature.

Objectives: Anatomic placement of lesions may impact efficacy of radio-frequency (RF) catheter renal denervation (RDN). However, it is unclear if it is necessary to perform treatments post bifurcation with systems that may provide deeper penetration to achieve successful RDN., Methods: Sixteen domestic swine (n=16) were randomly assigned to 4 groups: 1) 8 lesions created in the branch arteries using the Spyral catheter (SP8); 2) 8 lesions created in the branch arteries plus 4 lesions created in the main artery using the SP catheter (SP12); 3) 8 lesions created in the main artery using the EnligHTN catheter with the distal position as close as possible to the bifurcation (EN8); and 4) 12 lesions created in the main artery using the EN catheter with the distal position as close as possible to the bifurcation (EN12)., Results: Each arm showed statistically significant changes in kidney norepinephrine (NE, ng/g) between treated kidneys vs. untreated contralateral control. There were no statistically significant differences in tissue NE% reductions across each arm based on catheter, anatomic location, & number of lesions (p=0.563): EN8 -74±34%, EN12 -95±3%, SP8 -76±16%, SP12 -82±17% (p=0.496). A total of 46 lesions were measured for lesion depth: EN main (3.3±2.8mm) vs. SP branch (2.0±1.0mm, p=0.039), SP main (2.9±1.6mm) vs. SP branch (p=0.052), and EN main vs. SP main (p=0.337)., Conclusions: Distally-focused main renal artery treatment using the EN system appears to be equally efficacious in reducing tissue NE levels compared with SP treatment in the branches plus main renal arteries, advocating for device-specific procedure execution., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Single-electrode ablation of the main renal artery for renal sympathetic denervation showed mixed blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects. Further improvement of the technique seems crucial to optimize effectiveness of the procedure. Because sympathetic nerve fibers are closer to the lumen in the distal part of the renal artery, treatment of the distal main artery and its branches has been shown to reduce variability in treatment effects in preclinical studies and a recent randomized trial. Whether this optimized technique improves clinical outcomes remains uncertain. We report a 2-center experience of main renal artery and combined main renal artery plus branches renal denervation in patients with resistant hypertension using a multielectrode catheter., Methods and Results: Twenty-five patients with therapy-resistant hypertension underwent renal sympathetic denervation with combined main renal artery and renal branch ablation and were compared to matched controls undergoing an ablation of the main renal artery only. BP change was assessed by ambulatory measurement at baseline and after 3 months. At baseline, BP was balanced between the groups. After 3 months, BP changed significantly in the combined ablation group (systolic/diastolic 24-hour mean and daytime mean BP -8.5±9.8/-7.0±10.7 and -9.4±9.8/-7.1±13.5 mm Hg, P <0.001/0.003 and <0.001/0.016, respectively), but not in patients with main artery treatment (-3.5±11.1/-2.0±7.6 and -2.8±10.9/-1.8±7.7 mm Hg, P =0.19/0.20 and 0.19/0.24, respectively). Systolic daytime BP was significantly more reduced in patients with combined ablation than in patients with main artery ablation ( P =0.033)., Conclusions: Combined ablation of the main renal artery and branches appears to improve BP-lowering efficacy and should be further investigated., (© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley.)

Hypertension is the most common chronic cardiovascular condition with increasing prevalence all over the world. Treatment of patients at risk requires a multimodal therapeutic concept to adjust blood pressure, including systematic identification of secondary causes of hypertension or pseudo-resistance, lifestyle modification, polypharmacy, and as well as accompanying risk factors and comorbidities. The present review discusses recent studies on patients with increased cardiovascular risk potentially influencing future treatment strategies. It covers blood pressure targets in patients at risk (SPRINT), novel treatment options such as angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors, discusses the treatment of patients with impaired glucose tolerance, and appreciates novelties in controlling therapy-resistant hypertension by fourth-line pharmacotherapies (PATHWAY), as well as new interventional approaches.