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Resumo A Terapia Nutricional Enteral Domiciliar é um método eficaz para garantir o aporte nutricional de um indivíduo em seu domicílio. Sendo assim, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar os aspectos clínicos comumente recorrentes em pacientes pediátricos em terapia nutricional enteral domiciliar. A pesquisa de artigos foi realizada por meio das bases de dados: Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciElo) e US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed) utilizando as seguintes palavras-chaves: ‘home enteral nutrition’, ‘home tube feeding’ e ‘children’. Foram selecionados 16 estudos realizados nos países: Brasil, Chile, Espanha, França, Holanda, Itália, Polônia e Monte Sinai, os quais trouxeram evidências que as principais condições clínicas relatadas para a indicação na terapia nutricional enteral domiciliar são as doenças neurológicas, neoplasias em geral e doenças do trato gastrointestinal. Apenas dois estudos abordaram os aspectos negativos da terapia domiciliar que são os episódios de engasgos, tosse, vômitos, diarreia e constipação intestinal. Deste modo, por meio das condições clínicas relatadas observa-se que a indicação da TNED é essencial para estes pacientes, podendo preveni-los da desnutrição hospitalar, diminuição do tempo de permanência, reinternações e redução dos custos hospitalares, além de trazer maior conforto para o paciente pediátrico por estar mais próximo dos familiares. Abstract Home Enteral Nutrition is an effective method to ensure the nutritional compliance of an individual at home. The aim of this study was investigate the clinical aspects commonly recurrent in children and youth patients in home enteral nutrition. Research of articles was carried out through the databases: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciElo) and US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed) using the following keywords: 'home enteral nutrition', 'home tube feeding' and ‘children'. Sixteen studies were selected in countries as Brazil, Spain, France, Netherlands, Italy, Poland and Monte Sinai, in which it was presented evidence that the main clinical conditions related to enteral nutritional therapy are neurological diseases, neoplasia in general and the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract diseases. Only two studies had reported the negative aspects of home therapy as episodes of gagging, coughing, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation. Thus, through the clinical conditions reported, it is observed that the indication of home enteral nutrition is essential for these patients, which can prevent them from hospital malnutrition, decrease length of stay, rehospitalizations and reduce hospital costs, as well as bring greater comfort to patients by being closer to their family.

Introdução: O Baby-led weaning (BLW) é uma abordagem alternativa para a introdução alimentar aos lactentes que tem se tornado popular. Objetivo: Investigar as evidências científicas a respeito do método BLW e sua versão modificada Baby-Led Introduction to Solids (BLISS). Métodos: A pesquisa de artigos foi realizada entre junho de 2018 e junho de 2019, por meio da base de dados US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed) utilizando as seguintes palavras-chaves: ‘BLW’, ‘Baby-led weaning’, ‘BLISS’, e ‘Baby-Led Introduction to Solids’. Foram incluídos todos os artigos originais encontrados no idioma inglês, publicados entre 2011 e 2019. Resultado: Vinte e cinco estudos foram incluídos na análise. As pesquisas sobre BLW/BLISS focaram principalmente nos temas: características, comportamentos e atitudes de mães e crianças, conhecimento de mães e profissionais de saúde sobre os métodos de introdução alimentar, avaliação de peso e de índice de massa corporal, avaliação da ingestão energética e de nutrientes e avaliação de episódios de engasgo e reflexo de gag das crianças. Conclusão: A maioria das pesquisas aborda experiências relacionadas ao BLW/BLISS e ainda existem poucas evidências sobre o método em termos de adequação de ingestão de energia e nutrientes e de crescimento na infância. Pontos positivos para a criança podem ser observados como aleitamento materno prolongado, maior independência ao se alimentar e melhor resposta à saciedade. Os métodos de introdução alimentar não diferem entre si em relação à ocorrência de episódios de engasgos.

Objectives Studies suggest that sodium butyrate reduces obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in in vitro and in vivo models. Apo E−/− mice have high basal oxidative stress and naturally develop dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Because these disorders are present in obesity, the aim of this study was to determine whether Apo E−/− mice could be a more realistic model for studying obesity and insulin resistance. Methods We evaluated the action of orally administered sodium butyrate on adipose tissue expansion and insulin resistance using diet-induced obese Apo E−/− mice. Results Findings from the present study demonstrated that obese mice fed a sodium butyrate–supplemented diet presented a modest reduction of weight gain associated with reduction of adipocyte expansion, induction of adipogenesis and angiogenesis, and adiponectin production. Sodium butyrate also improved insulin sensitivity, by increasing insulin receptor expression associated with activation of Akt signaling pathway. These results were associated with increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ expression and nuclear factor-κB downregulation. Conclusion These results suggested that oral supplementation of butyrate could be useful as an adjuvant in the treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance.

Background: Food allergy is an abnormal immune response to antigens introduced into the body through food. Its prevalence has increased in developed and developing countries. Natural products are traditionally used to alleviate and treat diseases, and diet can play a role in both the prevention and management of food allergy. The effects of capsaicin as an anti-oxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory in the energy expenditure and suppression of fat accumulation have been demonstrated. This study evaluated the effect of oral supplementation with capsaicin on a food allergy model. Methods: OVA-sensitized mice received ovalbumin solution, and they were fed with chow supplemented with capsaicin for 7 days. The control group received AIN-93 chow with no supplementation. IgE anti-ova, inflammatory infiltration, oxidative stress and metabolic analysis were performed. Results: The results showed that capsaicin supplementation is not able to reduce characteristic signs of food allergy, such as production of IgE and weight loss. However, macrophages infiltration and IL-33 in proximal jejunum was reduced in OVA capsaicin group. In addition, hepatic triglycerides and intestinal hydroperoxides were reduced in both capsaicin groups. Conclusion: Oral supplementation with capsaicin attenuated important factors associated to food allergy such as inflammation and oxidative stress, suggesting better prognosis and evolution of the disease. Keywords: Allergy, Capsicum, Intestinal mucosa

Tributyrin (TBT) is a triacylglycerol formed by three molecules of butyrate that is able to improve colonic mucosal lesions and inflammation when given orally or as an enema. The effects of systemic TBT administration in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been less well studied. We prepared a nanoemulsion containing tributyrin (nTBT) and studied its effects on a model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Mice were kept in the experiment for 15 days. Animals in the Colitis group received DSS (2.5% in their drinking water), whereas Control mice received only water during the last 7 experimental days. Animals were injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a nanoemulsion lacking TBT (Control and Colitis group) or containing TBT (Control nTBT and nTBT-Colitis) every other day for 15 days. Colonic mucosal damage and cytokine concentration were assessed by histopathological score and ELISA, respectively. Inflammatory infiltrates were assessed by enzymatic assay, and leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the colonic circulation were determined by intravital microscopy. Results revealed that the colonic architecture was not modified by nTBT administration. However, the colons of nTBT-Colitis mice presented reduced eosinophilic and neutrophilic infiltration associated with increased TGF-β concentrations compared to those of the Colitis group. Leukocyte rolling and adhesion were reduced in the nTBT-Colitis group, suggesting a systemic anti-inflammatory effect of nTBT. In conclusion, our results show that nTBT administered intraperitoneally is effective in reducing DSS-induced inflammation, whereas the trophic effects described with oral or local administration of TBT were not present when it was injected systemically. Practical applications: In this study, we show that the intraperitoneal administration of a nanoemulsion with tributyrin (nTBT) is able to reduce the inflammation observed in DSS-induced colitis. Due to its anti-inflationary actions, nTBT could be used in the future as a potential auxiliary drug in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases as well as other disorders with a systemic (low-grade) inflammatory component such as atherosclerosis and obesity. Nanoemulsion of tributyrin (nTBT) reduces inflammation related to DSS induced colitis. The determination of macrophage (i), neutrophil (ii), and eosinophil (iii) infiltration in colon and intravital microscopy of mesenteric vessels showing the rolling (iv) and the adhesion (v) of total leukocytes in the colons of mice from the Control group receiving water and a nanoemulsion lacking tributyrin, the nTBT group receiving water and nanoemulsion with nTBT, the Colitis group receiving DSS and a nanoemulsion lacking tributyrin, and the Colitis nTBT group receiving DSS and nTBT. Different letters indicate p

Beneficial effects of L-arginine on immune responses and bowel function have been reported. Mucositis is a side effect of chemotherapy treatment that affects approximately 40% of patients. This complication is characterized by inflammation that affects the gastrointestinal tract, increasing permeability and causing abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, which worsen the patient's nutritional status and increases morbimortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pretreating with 2% L-arginine supplementation in water on mucositis as induced by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; a single dose of 200 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss male mice. The effect of L-arginine on weight, intestinal permeability, morphology, and the histopathological score of the small intestine (from 0 to 12), oxidative stress, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) activities were evaluated. Intestinal length improvement was observed, in addition to the partial recovery of the mucosal architecture. L-arginine attenuated the histopathological score and MPO activity. There was also an improvement in intestinal permeability, despite weight loss after 5-FU administration. In conclusion, L-arginine can positively impact intestinal mucositis by promoting partial mucosal recovery, reducing inflammation and improving intestinal permeability.

Mucositis is a common complication in patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy. It is associated with pain, poor quality of life, and malnutrition, leading to an increased number of hospital admissions and prolonged hospitalization. The use of immunonutrients may be an alternative treatment option, which may help to improve patient outcome.Here we assessed the impact of L-citrulline (CIT) on a murine model of 5-fluorouracil (5FU)-induced mucositis.Swiss male mice were randomized into 4 groups: control, CIT, 5FU, and 5FU+CIT. Mice were fed with commercial chow and supplemented with an oral solution of alanine (control and 5FU groups) or CIT (CIT and 5FU+CIT groups). On the seventh day, mice received intraperitoneal phosphate-buffered saline or 5FU (200 mg/kg, single dose) to induce mucositis. On the 10th day, mice were euthanized, and the blood and small intestines were harvested. Body weight, morphology, histopathology score (hematoxylin and eosin) of the small intestine (from 0-12), myeloperoxidase activity, oxidative stress level, and intestinal permeability were assessed.We observed significant weight loss after the administration of 5FU in both treated and control animals. CIT administration contributed to a partial recovery of the mucosal architecture as well as an intermediate reduction of the histopathologic score, and functional intestinal permeability was partially rescued.CIT administration attenuated 5FU-mediated damage to the mucosal architecture of the small intestine, decreasing the size of the injured areas and promoting decreased intestinal permeability.

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the profiles of proinflammatory (interleukin [IL]-6 and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and transforming growth factor [TGF]-β) adipokines in the blood, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of metabolically healthy class III obese individuals and normal-weight controls. Methods The serum concentrations (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), mRNA expression levels (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction), and adipose tissue secretion (ELISA) of IL-6, TNF, IL-10, and TGF-β were analyzed, as were the mRNA expression of FOXP3 (present in regulatory T cells) and the secretion (Western blotting) of matrix metalloproteinases in the adipose tissue. Results There were no differences in the circulating levels, expression, or secretion of IL-6 and TNF between the groups or tissues. The expression and circulating levels of IL-10 were higher in obese individuals, especially in the SAT. Although the blood concentration of TGF-β was similar between the groups, its expression and secretion levels were higher in the adipose tissues of obese individuals compared with controls. FOXP3 and MMP expression levels were higher in the SAT and VAT of obese individuals, respectively, compared with the controls. Conclusion Metabolically healthy, extremely obese individuals have effective immunoregulation to counter chronic obesity-related inflammation through the increased production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β in adipose tissue, especially SAT; the increased presence of FOXP3-positive regulatory T cells; and increases in angiogenesis and adipogenesis induced by TGF-β and MMPs. These regulatory mechanisms could be important in the delayed onset of metabolic complications, even in extremely obese individuals.

Gluten exclusion (protein complex present in many cereals) has been proposed as an option for the prevention of diseases other than coeliac disease. However, the effects of gluten-free diets on obesity and its mechanisms of action have not been studied. Thus, our objective was to assess whether gluten exclusion can prevent adipose tissue expansion and its consequences. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet containing 4.5% gluten (Control) or no gluten (GF). Body weight and adiposity gains, leukocyte rolling and adhesion, macrophage infiltration and cytokine production in adipose tissue were assessed. Blood lipid profiles, glycaemia, insulin resistance and adipokines were measured. Expression of the PPAR-α and γ, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), carnitine palmitoyl acyltransferase-1 (CPT-1), insulin receptor, GLUT-4 and adipokines were assessed in epidydimal fat. Gluten-free animals showed a reduction in body weight gain and adiposity, without changes in food intake or lipid excretion. These results were associated with up-regulation of PPAR-α, LPL, HSL and CPT-1, which are related to lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation. There was an improvement in glucose homeostasis and pro-inflammatory profile-related overexpression of PPAR-γ. Moreover, intravital microscopy showed a lower number of adhered cells in the adipose tissue microvasculature. The overexpression of PPAR-γ is related to the increase of adiponectin and GLUT-4. Our data support the beneficial effects of gluten-free diets in reducing adiposity gain, inflammation and insulin resistance. The data suggests that diet gluten exclusion should be tested as a new dietary approach to prevent the development of obesity and metabolic disorders.

White tea is an unfermented tea made from young shoots of Camellia sinensis protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenol degradation. Although its levels of catechins are higher than those of green tea (derived from the same plant), there are no studies addressing the relationship between this tea and obesity associated with oxidative stress.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of white tea on obesity and its complications using a diet induced obesity model. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity (Obese group) or the same diet supplemented with 0.5% white tea extract (Obese + WTE) for 8 weeks. Adipose tissue, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress were studied. White tea supplementation was not able to reduce food intake, body weight, or visceral adiposity. Similarly, there were no changes in cholesterol rich lipoprotein profile between the groups. A reduction in blood triacylglycerols associated with increased cecal lipids was observed in the group fed the diet supplemented with white tea. White tea supplementation also reduced oxidative stress in liver and adipose tissue. In conclusion, white tea extract supplementation (0.5%) does not influence body weight or adiposity in obese mice. Its benefits are restricted to the reduction in oxidative stress associated with obesity and improvement of hypertriacylglycerolemia.O chá branco é um chá não fermentando feito a partir de brotos jovens da Camellia sinensis protegidos da luz solar para evitar a degradação de polifenóis. Embora os níveis de catequinas sejam mais elevados que os do chá verde (mesma planta), nenhum estudo foi realizado sobre estresse oxidativo relacionado obesidade. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do chá verde na obesidade e suas complicações, usando um modelo de obesidade induzida por dieta. Quarenta camundongos C57BL/6 machos foram alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica para indução da obesidade ou mesma dieta suplementada com 0,5% de extrato de chá branco durante 8 semanas. Foram estudadoso tecido adiposo bem como o perfil lipídico e o estresse oxidativo. A suplementação com chá branco não foi capaz de reduzir a ingestão alimentar, peso corporal ou adiposidade visceral. De forma similar, não foram encontradas diferenças no perfil de lipoproteínas ricas em colesterol. Uma redução de triacilgliceróis sanguíneos, associada ao aumento de lipídios cecais, foi observada no grupo suplementado com chá branco. A suplementação também reduziu o estresse oxidativo no fígado e tecido adiposo. Em conclusão, suplementação com extrato de chá branco (0,5%) não interfere no peso corporal ou adiposidade em camundongos obesos. Seus benefícios são restritos redução do estresse oxidativo associada obesidade e melhora da hipertrigliceridemia.

White tea is an unfermented tea made from young shoots of Camellia sinensis protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenol degradation. Although its levels of catechins are higher than those of green tea (derived from the same plant), there are no studies addressing the relationship between this tea and obesity associated with oxidative stress.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of white tea on obesity and its complications using a diet induced obesity model. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity (Obese group) or the same diet supplemented with 0.5% white tea extract (Obese + WTE) for 8 weeks. Adipose tissue, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress were studied. White tea supplementation was not able to reduce food intake, body weight, or visceral adiposity. Similarly, there were no changes in cholesterol rich lipoprotein profile between the groups. A reduction in blood triacylglycerols associated with increased cecal lipids was observed in the group fed the diet supplemented with white tea. White tea supplementation also reduced oxidative stress in liver and adipose tissue. In conclusion, white tea extract supplementation (0.5%) does not influence body weight or adiposity in obese mice. Its benefits are restricted to the reduction in oxidative stress associated with obesity and improvement of hypertriacylglycerolemia.

Tributyrin (TBT) is a TAG composed of three butyric acids that has beneficial effects on ulcerative colitis due to its trophic, anti-inflammatory, pro-apoptotic and anti-carcinogenic properties. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and mechanisms of action of TBT supplementation in the prevention of mucosal damage in experimental colitis. Mice received either a control diet or a TBT-supplemented diet for 15 d. Colitis was induced by dextran sodium sulphate administration during the last 7 d. Mucosal damage and the activation of immune cells and cytokines were determined by histological score, flow cytometry and ELISA. Leucocyte rolling and adhesion were assessed by intravital microscopy. Oxidative stress was determined by monitoring hydroperoxide concentration and evaluating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities. Intestinal permeability was analysed using diethylenetriaminepentaacetate acid (99mTcDTPA). Compared with the colitis group, the animals in the colitis+TBT group had reduced mucosal damage and neutrophil and eosinophil mucosal infiltration, which were associated with a higher percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg) and higher levels of transforming growth factor β and IL-10 in the lamina propria. The level ofin vivoleucocyte adhesion in the colon microvasculature was reduced after TBT supplementation. A lower level of hydroperoxide and higher levels of SOD and catalase activities were associated with TBT supplementation. TBT-supplemented mice showed reduced intestinal permeability to the levels intermediate between the control and colitis groups. In conclusion, the present results show that TBT has positive effects on colonic restructuring in experimental colitis. Additionally, TBT supplementation changes the immune response by controlling inflammation and regulating the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines and Treg.

Butyrate is a 4-carbon fatty acid that has antiinflammatory and antioxidative properties. It has been demonstrated that butyrate is able to reduce atherosclerotic development in animal models by reducing inflammatory factors. However, the contribution of its antioxidative effects of butyrate on atherogenesis has not yet been studied. We investigated the influence of butyrate on oxidative status, reactive oxygen species (ROS) release and oxidative enzymes (NADPH oxidase and iNOS) in atherosclerotic lesions of ApoE(-/-) mice and in oxLDL-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and endothelial cells (EA.hy926). The lesion area in aorta was reduced while in the aortic valve, although lesion area was unaltered, superoxide production and protein nitrosylation were reduced in butyrate-supplemented mice. Peritoneal macrophages from the butyrate group presented a lower free radical release after zymosan stimulus. When endothelial cells were pretreated with butyrate before oxLDL stimulus, the CCL-2 and superoxide ion productions and NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox were reduced. In macrophage cultures, in addition to a reduction in ROS release, nitric oxide and iNOS expression were down-regulated. The data suggest that one mechanism related to the effect of butyrate on atherosclerotic development is the reduction of oxidative stress in the lesion site. The reduction of oxidative stress related to NADPH oxidase and iNOS expression levels associated to butyrate supplementation attenuates endothelium dysfunction and macrophage migration and activation in the lesion site.

Apolipoprotein E deficient (Apo E-/-) mice are more resistant to the development of obesity compared to C57BL/6 wild type mice. They also hold a high basal oxidative status due to the loss of antioxidant action of apolipoprotein E. Since obesity is also an inducer of inflammation, we studied the effect of high-fat diet on obesity and oxidative stress in C57BL/6 and Apo E-/- mice for 9 weeks. The results confirmed that Apo E-/- mice fed high-fat diet are more resistant to the increase of both body weight and adiposity compared to C57BL/6 mice. Despite this, Apo E-/- mice presented a higher basal oxidative stress that was enhanced by high-fat diet. Macrophage infiltration, macrophage forming crown-like structures and proinflammatory adipokines (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were all higher in adipose tissue from Apo E-/- compared to C57BL/6 mice, regardless of diet type. In conclusion, although Apo E-/- mice are more resistant to becoming obese, they develop more severe adipose tissue inflammation companied by its consequences.

Background & aims Butyrate is a four-carbon fatty acid that presents anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and apoptotic properties in colon and several cell lines. Because atherosclerosis has important oxidative and inflammatory components, butyrate could reduce oxidation and inflammation, impairing atherogenesis. We evaluated the effects of butyrate supplementation of butyrate on atherosclerosis and its mechanisms of action. Methods and results ApoE knockout mice were fed on chow diet or 1% butyrate-supplemented chow diet (Butyrate) for 10 weeks to assess atherosclerosis lesions area and inflammatory status. Macrophage and endothelial cells were also pretreated with butyrate (0.5 mM) for 2 h before oxLDL stimulation to study oxLDL uptake and pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Butyrate reduced atherosclerosis in the aorta by 50%. In the aortic valve, butyrate reduced CCL2, VCAM1 and MMP2 productions in the lesion site, resulting in a lower migration of macrophage and increased collagen depositions in the lesion and plaque stability. When EA.hy926 cells were pretreated with butyrate, oxLDL uptake, CD36, VCAM1, CCL2 TNF, IL1β and IL6 productions were reduced, whereas IL10 production was increased. These effects were accompanied by a lower activation of NFκB due to a lower nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit. Conclusion Oral butyrate is able to slow the progression of atherosclerosis by reducing adhesion and migration of macrophages and increasing plaque stability. These actions are linked to the reduction of CD36 in macrophages and endothelial cells, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and lower activation of NFκB all of these data support a possible role for butyrate as an atheroprotective agent.

Kefir Supplementation Improves Lipid Profile and Oxidative Stress but does not Reduce Atherosclerotic Lesion in apoE Deficient Mice Cardiovascular diseases are related to several risk factors, and diet and life style modifications are among the targets of the treatment and prevention. Consequently, natural compounds that act as protective agents are continuously studied. In this context, kefir solutions have been proposed as a potential adjuvant of treatment, since some studies showed its role in reducing oxidative stress, and blood lipids. The present study investigated the effects of brown sugar-fermented kefir solution on the associate risk factor and development of atherosclerosis.

O artigo não contém resumo em português. Pequi is the fruit of Caryocar brasiliense and its oil has a high concentration of monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids, which are anti- and pro-atherogenic agents, respectively, and of carotenoids, which give it antioxidant properties. Our objective was to study the effect of the intake of a cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with pequi oil, compared to the same diet containing soybean oil, on atherosclerosis development, and oxidative stress in atherosclerosis-susceptible LDL receptor-deficient mice (LDLr -/-, C57BL/6-background). Female mice were fed a cholesterol-rich diet containing 7% soybean oil (Soybean group, N = 12) or 7% pequi oil (Pequi group, N = 12) for 6 weeks. The Pequi group presented a more atherogenic lipid profile and more advanced atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root compared to the Soybean group. However, the Pequi group presented a less advanced lesion in the aorta than the Soybean group and showed lower lipid peroxidation (Soybean group: 50.2 ± 7.1; Pequi group: 30.0 ± 4.8 µmol MDA/mg protein) and anti-oxidized LDL autoantibodies (Soybean group: 35.7 ± 9.4; Pequi group: 15.6 ± 3.7 arbitrary units). Peritoneal macrophages from the Pequi group stimulated with zymosan showed a reduction in the release of reactive oxygen species compared to the Soybean group. Our data suggest that a pequi oil-rich diet slows atherogenesis in the initial stages, possibly due to its antioxidant activity. However, the increase of serum cholesterol induces a more prominent LDL migration toward the intimae of arteries, increasing the advanced atherosclerotic plaque. In conclusion, pequi oil associated with an atherogenic diet worsens the lipid profile and accelerates the formation of advanced atherosclerotic lesions despite its antioxidant action.

Background This study evaluated the relationship between ulcerative colitis and obesity, which are both chronic diseases characterized by inflammation and increases in immune cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Methods Mice with chronic ulcerative colitis induced by 2 cycles of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in the first and fourth week of the experiment were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity by 8 weeks. The animals were divided into 4 groups (control, colitis, HFD and colitis + HFD). Results Obesity alone did not raise histopathology scores, but the combination of obesity and colitis worsened the scores in the colon compared to colitis group. Despite the reduction in weight gain, there was increased inflammatory infiltrate in both the colon and visceral adipose tissue of colitis + HFD mice due to increased infiltration of macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes. Intravital microscopy of VAT microvasculature showed an increase in leukocyte adhesion and rolling and overexpression of adhesion molecules compared to other groups. Moreover, circulating lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils in the spleen and cecal lymph nodes were increased in the colitis + HFD group. Conclusion Our results demonstrated the relationship between ulcerative colitis and obesity as aggravating factors for each disease, with increased inflammation in the colon and adipose tissue and systemic alterations observed in the spleen, lymph nodes and bloodstream.

Evidências sugerem que a má qualidade da dieta esteja associada a desfechos indesejáveis na gravidez, tais como alterações no perfil bioquímico. O Índice de Qualidade da Dieta Adaptado para Gestantes (IQDAG) é um instrumento útil para avaliar a qualidade da dieta de gestantes. Porém, nenhum estudo nacional investigou a relação entre este índice dietético e marcadores bioquímicos na gestação. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a relação entre o IQDAG e o perfil bioquímico de gestantes adultas com sobrepeso. Trata-se de um estudo transversal que empregou os dados da linha de base de um ensaio clínico aleatorizado controlado conduzido entre gestantes adultas com sobrepeso atendidas em Unidades Básicas de Saúde do município de Ribeirão Preto - SP. Foram incluídas 239 gestantes com idade mínima de 18 anos, idade gestacional (IG) de até 15 semanas e 6 dias e com índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional entre 25 kg/m2 e 29,9 kg/m2. Foram excluídas as gestantes com relato de diabetes prévio, ou em uso de hipoglicemiantes orais/insulina, e em uso de medicamentos para perda de peso. O consumo alimentar foi obtido por meio de dois recordatórios de 24 horas e o Multiple Source Method foi empregado para obtenção da dieta usual. A qualidade da dieta foi avaliada por meio do IQDAG, o qual apresenta nove componentes: três grupos de alimentos em densidade energética (frutas totais, hortaliças e leguminosas), cinco nutrientes (cálcio, ferro, folato, ômega 3 e fibras) e um componente moderador (percentual energético proveniente de produtos ultraprocessados). Para avaliação do perfil bioquímico foram realizados exames de insulina e glicemia de jejum, colesterol total (CT), HDL-colesterol (HDL), LDL-colesterol (LDL), triglicérides (TG) e proteína C reativa (PCR). A relação entre o perfil bioquímico materno e a pontuação do IQDAG (em tercis), e seus componentes, foi avaliada por meio do coeficiente de correlação de Spearman, adotando-se um nível de significância de p < 0,05. A média (DP) da idade das mulheres foi de 27,8 (5,8) anos, e a média (DP) de IMC pré-gestacional de 27,3 (1,4) kg/m2. Em relação ao índice dietético, a pontuação média foi de 75,4 pontos, variando entre 37,3 a 99,4 pontos. Melhor qualidade da dieta foi observada entre mulheres com maior média de idade e casadas/amasiadas. Verificou-se uma correlação negativa entre o consumo de leguminosas e níveis séricos de CT e LDL-c, e entre a ingestão de ômega-3 e o marcador LDL-c. Inesperadamente, uma correlação positiva entre o consumo de frutas frescas e CT foi encontrada. Não encontramos relação entre a pontuação total do IQDAG e marcadores bioquímicos. A relação entre componentes do índice (leguminosas e ômega-3) e perfil lipídico materno destacam a importância de intervenções nutricionais ao longo do pré-natal, assegurando uma melhor qualidade da dieta, bem como melhor perfil bioquímico na gestação, enfatizando a importância do consumo de leguminosas e alimentos ricos em ômega 3. Evidence suggests that poor diet quality is associated with undesirable outcomes in pregnancy, such as changes in biochemical profile. The Adapted Diet Quality Index for Pregnant Women (IQDAG) is a useful tool to evaluate the quality of the diet of pregnant women. However, no national study investigated the relationship between this dietary index and biochemical markers during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between IQDAG and the biochemical profile of overweight adult pregnant women. This is a cross-sectional study that used baseline data from a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted among overweight adult pregnant women assisted in Basic Health Units in the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP. We included 239 pregnant women with a minimum age of 18 years, gestational age (GA) of up to 15 weeks and 6 days, and with pre-gestational body mass index between 25 kg/m2 and 29.9 kg/m2. Pregnant women with previous diabetes, or using oral hypoglycemic agents/insulin, and using weight loss medications were excluded. Food intake was obtained through two 24-hour recalls and the Multiple Source Method was used to obtain the usual diet. The quality of the diet was evaluated using the IQDAG, which has nine components: three groups of foods in energy density (total fruits, vegetables and legumes), five nutrients (calcium, iron, folate, omega 3 and fibers) and a moderating component (energy percentage from ultra-processed products). To evaluate the biochemical profile, insulin and fasting glucose, total cholesterol (CT), HDL-cholesterol (HDL), LDL-cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were performed to evaluate the biochemical profile. The relationship between the maternal biochemical profile and the IQDAG score (in tertiles) and its components was evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient, adopting a significance level of p < 0.05. The mean (SD) of the age of the women was 27.8 (5.8) years, and the mean (SD) of pre-gestational BMI was 27.3 (1.4) kg/m2. Regarding the dietary index, the mean score was 75.4 points, ranging from 37.3 to 99.4 points. Better diet quality was observed among women with higher mean age and married/amasiadas. There was a negative correlation between legume intake and serum levels of TC and LDL-c, and between omega-3 intake and LDL-c marker. Unexpectedly, a positive correlation between fresh fruit consumption and TC was found. We found no relationship between the total IQDAG score and biochemical markers. The relationship between index components (legumes and omega-3) and maternal lipid profile highlight the importance of nutritional interventions throughout prenatal care, ensuring a better quality of diet, as well as better biochemical profile during pregnancy, emphasizing the importance of consumption of legumes and foods rich in omega 3.