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Fisheries-independent surveys are commonly used to create indices of relative abundance. If properly designed and calibrated, these surveys may also be used to estimate absolute abundance. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of this approach by estimating the absolute abundance of red lionfish ( Pterois volitans), gray triggerfish ( Balistes capriscus), and red snapper ( Lutjanus campechanus) across an extensive network of artificial reefs using camera counts, indices of relative abundance, calibration factors, and index-removal estimators. From 2012 to 2017, per reef estimates increased for red lionfish (20×), gray triggerfish (2.1×), and red snapper (2.2×). Network-wide absolute abundances were calculated by multiplying the average per reef estimate by the estimated number of reefs in the network. All increases were consistent with predictions of stock assessment (red snapper), management actions (gray triggerfish), or invasive species colonization (red lionfish). Our methodology demonstrates how estimates of absolute abundance can be derived from fishery-independent surveys and used to evaluate the outputs of stock assessments both in direction and magnitude and quantify critical ecosystem components.

While it is common knowledge that Red Drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) inhabit oligohaline waters (salinity . Growth consequences of oligohaline exposure and the relationship of oligohaline residency with river discharge were also investigated. Oligohaline exposure varied most during years 2 and 3 of life. During this time, 22% (n = 26/120 individuals) of Red Drum were oligohaline residents (≥ 90% of these years spent in oligohaline salinities), 34% (n = 41) were meso-polyhaline residents (< 10% of years 2 and 3 spent in oligohaline waters), and 44% (n = 53) spent time in both oligohaline and meso-polyhaline salinities. Trends in oligohaline residency match putative Red Drum life history. Oligohaline residents were present during years 1–6 of life; however, oligohaline residency peaked during the second year of life (n = 37, 31%) and by year 7 no oligohaline residents remained. Growth of oligohaline resident Red Drum during years 2–3 of life was lower than non-resident fish. However, long-term growth consequences of oligohaline residency were not apparent. The proportion of oligohaline residents during years 2 or 3 of life was positively related to river discharge. This divergence in salinity residency by juvenile Red Drum demonstrates that life history diversity was present in this population and that oligohaline waters provided important nursery habitat for fish that successfully recruited to the adult population.

Since the initial identification of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As effective vaccines and treatments begin to emerge, it will become increasingly important to identify and proactively manage the long-term respiratory complications of severe disease. The patterns of imaging abnormalities coupled with data from prior coronavirus outbreaks suggest that patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia are likely at an increased risk of progression to interstitial lung disease (ILD) and chronic pulmonary vascular disease. In this paper, we briefly review the definition, classification, and underlying pathophysiology of interstitial lung disease (ILD). We then review the current literature on the proposed mechanisms of lung injury in severe COVID-19 infection, and outline potential viral- and immune-mediated processes implicated in the development of post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis (PCPF). Finally, we address patient-specific and iatrogenic risk factors that could lead to PCPF and discuss strategies for reducing risk of pulmonary complications/sequelae.

Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus, hereafter tarpon) are facing a multitude of stressors and are considered Vulnerable by the IUCN; however, significant gaps remain in our understanding of tarpon space use and movement. From 2018 to 2019, citizen scientists facilitated tagging of 23 tarpon with SPOT tags to examine space use and movement across the northern Gulf of Mexico. Movement‐based kernel densities were used to estimate simplified biased random bridge‐based utilization distributions and a joint move persistence model was used to estimate a behavioral index for each fish. Tarpon showed consistent east–west movement from the Alabama/Florida border to Louisiana, and utilization distributions were highest in the Mississippi River Delta. Move persistence was highest in Alabama and Mississippi and lowest in Louisiana. Our examination of tarpon space use and movement indicates that Louisiana is a critical, yet understudied, part of their range.

Methionine (Met) cationized with Zn2+, forming Zn (Met-H)+(ACN) where ACN = acetonitrile, Zn (Met-H)+, and ZnCl+(Met), as well as Cd2+, forming CdCl+(Met), were examined by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy using light generated from the FELIX free electron laser. A series of low-energy conformers for each complex was found using quantum-chemical calculations in order to identify the structures formed experimentally. For all four complexes, spectral comparison indicated that the main binding motif observed is a charge solvated, tridentate structure where the metal center binds to the backbone amino group nitrogen, backbone carbonyl oxygen (where the carboxylic acid is deprotonated in two of the Zn2+ complexes), and side-chain sulfur. For all species, the predicted ground structures reproduce the experimental spectra well, although low-lying conformers characterized by similar binding motifs may also contribute in each system. The current work provides valuable information regarding the binding interaction between Met and biologically relevant metals. Further, the comparison between the current work and previous analyses involving alkali metal cationized Met as well as cysteine (the other sulfur containing amino acid) cationized with Zn2+ and Cd2+ allows for the elucidation of important metal dependent trends associated with physiologically important metal-sulfur binding.

The importance of habitat factors in designing marine reserves and evaluating their performance over time has been regularly documented. Over three biennial sampling periods, we examined the effects of vegetated coverage and habitat diversity (i.e., patchiness) on fish density, community composition, and species-specific patterns along a gradient of protection from harvest in the shallow Spanish southern Mediterranean, including portions of the Tabarca marine reserve. With the exception of two herbivores (Sarpa salpa and Symphodus tinca), vegetated cover did not significantly affect fish densities, while habitat diversity was an influential factor across all three sampling periods. Overall, fish density was more positively associated with more continuous vegetated or unvegetated habitats, and was greatest in areas of highest protection (Tabarca II &ndash, Isla Nao site). These patterns were usually observed for four abundant fish species (Boops boops, Chromis chromis, Oblada melanura, and S. salpa). Fish community composition was distinct in the most protected portion of the Tabarca reserve, where it was also most stable. Our findings align with previous investigations of the Tabarca reserve and its surrounding areas, and demonstrate its continued effectiveness in conserving fish biomass and habitat. Together with effective management, marine reserves can facilitate greater species abundance, more stable biological communities, and resilient ecosystems.

The present work explores the structures of species formed by dehydrogenation of methane (CH4) and perdeuterated methane (CD4) by the 5d transition metal cation osmium (Os+). Using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT), the structures of the [Os,C,2H]+ and [Os,C,2D]+ products are explored. This study complements previous work on the related species formed by dehydrogenation of methane by four other 5d transition metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Ir+, and Pt+). Osmium cations are formed in a laser ablation source, react with methane pulsed into a reaction channel downstream, and the resulting products spectroscopically characterized through photofragmentation using the Free-Electron Laser for IntraCavity Experiments (FELICE) in the 300–1800 cm−1 range. Photofragmentation was monitored by the loss of H2/D2. Comparison of the experimental spectra and DFT calculated spectra leads to identification of the ground state carbyne hydride, HOsCH+ (2A′) as the species formed, as previously postulated theoretically. Further, a full description of the systematic spectroscopic shifts observed for deuterium labeling of these complexes, some of the smallest systems to be studied using IRMPD action spectroscopy, is achieved. A full rotational contour analysis explains the observed linewidths as well as the observation of doublet structures in several bands, consistent with previous observations for HIrCH+ (2A′).

Hydatid and alveolar cysts are formed by the helminths Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively, which are endemic to pastoral areas, and are more commonly found in South America, the Mediterranean, Russia, and China. Hydatid cysts can cause bacteremia, form abscesses, or cause mass effect by compressing surrounding organs. Strategies to prevent such complications include benzimidazoles, surgical resection, and Puncture, Aspiration, Injection and Re-aspiration (PAIR) procedure. A 71-year-old Egyptian man with remote history of Echinococcus infection one year status post PAIR procedure, presented with dyspnea on exertion. On exam, the patient had a palpable right upper quadrant mass. The patient had a known small hydatid liver cyst on prior ultrasound, however repeat imaging showed growth to 15×19×14cm, with right hemidiaphragm elevation, compressive atelectasis, and compression of the right atrium. He had no peripheral eosinophilia and negative echinococcal serology, consistent with remote infection. The patient underwent repeat PAIR procedure and 3L of serous fluid was drained from the cyst. Fluid analysis was negative for scolices, cysts or hooklets. His symptoms improved; however the cyst re-accumulated 1 month later. Total cystectomy was performed surgically by hepatic wedge resection, with permanent improvement in symptoms. This case is a rare example of Echinococcus infection causing significant respiratory morbidity requiring repeated invasive procedures and surgery, in the setting of inactive disease.

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s10641-021-01096-6

Complexes of aspartic acid (Asp) cationized with Zn

This article presents an in-depth case study of the way contemporary lesbians use labels in the niche dating site, “WomynLink.com.” Drawing on five months of online ethnography between November 2011 and March 2012, I examine and compare butch, femme, and queer members’ use of labels and bodily presentations in WomynLink’s (video) chat room, forum boards, and profiles. I also conducted 21 online interviews through WomynLink’s free chat room service or external messaging services such as Skype. I draw on the boundary-making literature to illustrate how femme, butch, and queer members engage in different forms of boundary work to achieve online desirability by reconciling the tensions between their gendered bodily presentation, label use and other members’ perceptions of them. Femme members sought to highlight their femininity, butches’ boundary work made salient their sexual interest, and queer members defended their sex category as female and sexual identity as lesbian. These patterns of boundary work provide insight into how the salience of lesbian gender labels has evolved, particularly in the contemporary online era.

Complexes of aspartic acid (Asp) cationized with Zn2+: Zn(Asp-H)+, Zn(Asp-H)+(ACN) where ACN = acetonitrile, and Zn(Asp-H)+(Asp); as well as with Cd2+, CdCl+(Asp), were examined by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy using light generated from a free electron laser. A series of low-energy conformers for each complex was found using quantum chemical calculations to identify the structures formed experimentally. The main binding motif observed for the heavy-metal complex, CdCl+(Asp)[N,CO,COs], is a charge-solvated, tridentate structure, where the metal center binds to the backbone amino group and carbonyl oxygens of the backbone and side-chain carboxylic acids. Likewise, the deprotonated Zn(Asp-H)+(ACN) and Zn(Asp-H)+(Asp) complexes show comparable [N,CO–,COs](ACN) and [N,CO–,COs][N,CO,COs] coordinations, respectively. Interestingly, there was only minor spectral evidence for the analogous Zn(Asp-H)+[N,CO–,COs] binding motif, even though this species is predicted to be the lowest-energy conformer. Instead, rearrangement and partial dissociation of the amino acid are observed, as spectral features most consistent with the experimental spectrum are exhibited by a four-coordinate Zn(Asp-NH4)+[CO2–,COs](NH3) complex. Analysis of the mechanistic pathway leading from the predicted lowest-energy conformer to the isobaric deaminated complex is explored theoretically. Further, comparison of the current work to that of Zn2+ and Cd2+ complexes of asparagine (Asn) allows additional conclusions regarding populated conformers and effects of carboxamide versus carboxylic acid binding to be drawn.

Complexes of glutamic acid (Glu) cationized with Zn2+ and Cd2+ were examined by infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy using light generated from a free electron laser. Complexes of deprotonated Glu with Zn2+, [Zn(Glu-H)ACN](+) (where ACN = acetonitrile, CH3CN), and intact Glu with CdCl+, CdCl+(Glu) were formed. Notably, photodissociation induces Glu fragmentation rather than ACN loss in the Zn2+ complex. In order to identify the structures formed experimentally, the experimentally obtained spectra were compared to those calculated from optimized structures at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level for [Zn(Glu-H)ACN](+) and B3LYP/def2-TZVP level with an SDD effective core potential on cadmium for the CdCl+(Glu) system. The main binding motif observed for the heavy metal complex is a charge solvated, tridentate [N, COs, CO] structure where the metal binds to the backbone amino group and carbonyl oxygens of the side-chain and backbone carboxylic acid groups. The Zn2+ system similarly prefers a [N, CO-, COs] binding motif, where binding is observed at one oxygen of the backbone carboxylate site along with the backbone amino and side-chain carbonyl groups. In both cases, the theoretically determined lowest-energy conformers explain the experimental [Zn(Glu-H)ACN](+) and CdCl+(Glu) spectra well.

We apply the level-3 reformulation-linearization technique (RLT3) to the quadratic assignment problem (QAP). We then present our experience in calculating lower bounds using an essentially new algorithm based on this RLT3 formulation. Our method is not guaranteed to calculate the RLT3 lower bound exactly, but it approximates this lower bound very closely and reaches it in some instances. For Nugent problem instances up to size 24, our RLT3-based lower bound calculation solves these problem instances exactly or serves to verify the optimal value. Calculating lower bounds for problem sizes larger than size 27 still presents a challenge because of the large amount of memory needed to implement the RLT3 formulation. Our presentation emphasizes the steps taken to significantly conserve memory by using the numerous problem symmetries in the RLT3 formulation of the QAP. We implemented this RLT3-based bound calculation in a branch-and-bound algorithm. Experimental results project significant runtime improvement over all other published QAP branch-and-bound solvers.

The vermilion snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens supports a highly managed and important reef fishery and can exhibit regional variations in growth, but little is known about what constitutes the diet of this species in the Gulf of Mexico. We examined age, growth, mortality, and diet composition of vermilion snapper from the recreational fishery in the north-central Gulf of Mexico. Age and growth showed that the oldest fish collected was 20 years old; however, there was large variability in length-at-age data for most ages. Although there was little interannual variation in growth, males grew more slowly than females. The sex ratio was 1.3:1 (females: males) for fish less than age 9 but was 7:1 for fish of age 9 and older. Diet composition included 30 different taxonomic groups and was similar to diet compositions described for other lutjanids that inhabit reef structure in the Gulf of Mexico. The incidence of reef-specific prey items was greater than that for other sympatric species and included la...

This paper describes new bounding methods for the axial three-index assignment problem (3AP). For calculating 3AP lower bounds, we use a projection method followed by a Hungarian algorithm, based on a new Lagrangian relaxation. We also use a cost transformation scheme, which iteratively transforms 3AP costs in a series of equivalent 3APs, which provides the possibility of improving the 3AP lower bound. These methods produce efficiently computed relatively tight lower bound.

This paper reports on algorithm development for solving the quadratic three-dimensional assignment problem (Q3AP). The Q3AP arises, for example, in the implementation of a hybrid ARQ (automatic repeat request) scheme for enriching diversity among multiple packet re-transmissions, by optimizing the mapping of data bits to modulation symbols. Typical practical problem sizes would be 8, 16, 32 and 64. We present an exact solution method based upon a reformulation linearization technique that is one of the best available for solving the quadratic assignment problem (QAP). Our current exact algorithm is useful for Q3AP instances of size 13 or smaller. We also investigate four stochastic local search algorithms that provide optimum or near optimum solutions for large and difficult QAP instances and adapt them for solving the Q3AP. The results of our experiments make it possible to get good solutions to signal mapping problems of size 8 and 16.

With increasing volumes of complex imaging cases and rising economic pressure on physician staffing, timely reporting will become progressively challenging. Current and planned iterations of PACS and electronic medical record systems do not offer workflow management tools to coordinate delivery of imaging interpretations with the needs of the patient and ordering physician. The adoption of a server-based enterprise collaboration software system by our Division of Nuclear Medicine has significantly improved our efficiency and quality of service.

Constipation is a common cause of pediatric abdominal pain seen in pediatric emergency departments (EDs). We present the case of an 11-year-old boy with a 4-month history of chronic constipation and abdominal pain who presented to the children's ED. He was found to have a large abdominal mass that was determined to be a myxoid liposarcoma. An extensive review of the medical literature did not reveal any previous cases of this type of tumor presenting to the ED as chronic constipation.

Characterizing hyolaryngeal movement is important to dysphagia research. Prior methods require multiple measurements to obtain one kinematic measurement whereas coordinate mapping of hyolaryngeal mechanics using Modified Barium Swallow (MBS) uses one set of coordinates to calculate multiple variables of interest. For demonstration purposes, ten kinematic measurements were generated from one set of coordinates to determine differences in swallowing two different bolus types. Calculations of hyoid excursion against the vertebrae and mandible are correlated to determine the importance of axes of reference. To demonstrate coordinate mapping methodology, 40 MBS studies were randomly selected from a dataset of healthy normal subjects with no known swallowing impairment. A 5 ml thin-liquid bolus and a 5 ml pudding swallows were measured from each subject. Nine coordinates, mapping the cranial base, mandible, vertebrae and elements of the hyolaryngeal complex, were recorded at the frames of minimum and maximum hyolaryngeal excursion. Coordinates were mathematically converted into ten variables of hyolaryngeal mechanics. Inter-rater reliability was evaluated by Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Two-tailed t-tests were used to evaluate differences in kinematics by bolus viscosity. Hyoid excursion measurements against different axes of reference were correlated. Inter-rater reliability among six raters for the 18 coordinates ranged from ICC = 0.90 - 0.97. A slate of ten kinematic measurements was compared by subject between the six raters. One outlier was rejected, and the mean of the remaining reliability scores was ICC = 0.91, 0.84 - 0.96, 95% CI. Two-tailed t-tests with Bonferroni corrections comparing ten kinematic variables (5 ml thin-liquid vs. 5 ml pudding swallows) showed statistically significant differences in hyoid excursion, superior laryngeal movement, and pharyngeal shortening (p < 0.005). Pearson correlations of hyoid excursion measurements from two different axes of reference were: r = 0.62, r2 = 0.38, (thin-liquid); r = 0.52, r2 = 0.27, (pudding). Obtaining landmark coordinates is a reliable method to generate multiple kinematic variables from video fluoroscopic images useful in dysphagia research.

The theory of Aden and Kerker is used to compute the resonant response of large layered spheres to an incident linearly polarized plane wave. Cases considered include hollow spheres and those with transparent and absorbing cores whose diameters range from zero up to that of the particle. Both core and layer resonances are studied. The results are presented as partial wave amplitudes, energy densities, and scattered light intensities for a typical resonant mode, TE(39).

Experimental elastic-scattering characteristics of layered microspheres are reported. Single particles consisting of glass cores coated with glycerine are suspended in an evacuated quadrupole trap, and scattered light intensity is measured at a fixed angle as the glycerine evaporates. The results are compared with those calculated for concentric spheres using the Mie theory. Excellent agreement is obtained for glycerine layers of thickness less than 700 nm. For thicker layers, differences occur that are attributed to the effect of gravity on particle structure.

The nature of public agricultural research changed in 1980 when the Bayh-Dole Act allowed universities to retain title to inventions that were created with Federal funds, and the court case Diamond v. Chakrabarty allowed patenting of living tissue and eventually other bio-engineered products. In 1997, over 2,300 new licenses and options were executed on academic life-sciences property. This raises the questions agricultural research still be a public good? This paper is a critical first step in understanding how increasingly private ownership of intellectual property affects the agribusiness environment and the evolving role of public agricultural research institutions. The innovative step in this paper is the development of a formal economic model which represents the role of applied biotech research in the agricultural life sciences. The model is built around neo-Schumpeterian ideas of endogenous innovation and growth. The most salient implications for the role of the public sector are(1)The private sector underinvests in applied R&D activity. (2) Concentration in the large-firm, life-science R&D industry increases over time. (3) The life-science revolution is reducing the number of markets, in the short run. This reduction in the number of niche markets diminishes the role of the public sector. (4) There is a role for the public sector in conducting R&D in niche markets. (5) In the long run, the life-science revolution may also create new niche markets. (6) There is a role for the public sector in the provision of basic research which increases the productivity of applied R&D.

The versatility of heteropolyanions implies many different uses for Keggin type catalysts. However, new roles for these catalysts must first be preceeded by further understanding of the mechanisms by which they operate. It has been observed that the solvation and/or complexation of heteropolyanions promotes or limits activity in homogeneous chemistry. For this reason the solution state and the solvation characteristics of the catalyst were studied in oxidation and photochemical reactions. Simple oxidation reactions provide a system by which the solution state of the catalyst can be studied. The catalyst used for these mechanistic studies is the Keggin ion (PMo10V2O40)−5.

Single, highly charged droplets of dioctylphthalate and sulphuric acid of radius between 1 and 10 $\mu m$ are suspended in vacuum in a quadrupole trap. As the droplets evaporate their radius is monitored continuously by light scattering and their charge is determined periodically by weight balancing. The droplets break when the electric stress exceeds that of surface tension. The largest fragment remains trapped allowing a determination of the change in volume and charge. The fraction of volume and charge lost is found to be independent of particle size and sign of charge and is variable. The oil drops lose (15.0 $\pm$ 3.9) % of their charge on breakup and (2.25 $\pm$ 0.96) % of their mass. The acid droplets lose (49.4$ \pm$ 8.3) % of their charge and less than 0.1% of their mass. The acid results are compared with those from a model of field emission based upon prolate spheroid deformation and the formation of Taylor cones. For both oil and acid droplets the stability limits are in agreement with those predicted by Lord Rayleigh.

Single solid particles with initial composition about 80% NH4NO3 by number, 20% (NH4)2SO4 are levitated in an electric quadrupole trap at T = 25°C. Particle mass is measured continually over periods of up to 8 h as NH3 and HNO3 evaporate and are removed. For particles in vacuum the HNO3 effective pressure αP(Torr), where a is the sticking coefficient, is measured to be log ( αP) = ⩞ n 3 = −1 a n x n , where x is the NH4NO3 mole fraction and a−1 = −3.48 × 10−3, a0 = −7.17, a1 = 1.28, a2 = −1.67 and a3 = 2.60 with an estimated uncertainty in αP of 40% of this value. At x = 1 this gives, by extrapolation, P = (1.09 ±0.44) × 10−5 Torr α = 1, in good agreement with that calculated from thermodynamics, P = 9.46 × 10−6 Torr. For particles in water vapor, at humidities below the lowest deliquescence point at 62%, the evaporation rate increases. No mass increase is detected when the water vapor is introduced. For r.h. > 40% the evaporation rate is independent of NH4NO3 mole fraction until that falls below about 0.2. The results suggest that NH4+ and NO3− ions are solvated in an absorbed water layer with the solvation controlling evaporation. In a warm atmosphere without NH3 and HNO3 solid mixed NO3−-SO42− particles would lose most of their NO3− in 1-h, according to our results.

Microscopic anhydrous ammonium nitrate particles are levitated in a vacuum in an electric quadrupole trap at 25°C. Size and mass changes of the evaporating particles are monitored continuously in situ using light scattering and gravity balancing. Both supersaturated liquid droplets at the zero-solvent limit and crystalline solids are studied. The measured vapor pressure of the liquid is p = (3.18 ± 0.45) × 10−6 torr. Fresh solid particles evaporate at a rate dr dt = − 0.23 As −1 where r is an equivalent radius. Beyond 4 h the rate is a constant −0.06 A s−1. These rates are consistent with that predicted from thermodynamics if the mass accommodation coefficient is α = 0.02 initially and 0.004 after 4 h. Aerosol sampling by several groups indicates the presence of solid ammonium nitrate particles in the atmosphere. Long lifetime and long-range transport of these particles are predicted regardless of ammonia and nitric acid vapor concentrations.