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12 Pág. Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Agronomía​ (INIA), Extreme climate events (ECEs) of drought are becoming common in Mediterranean areas and farmers need adapt agricultural practices to achieve sustainability. This field study took place in to gain insight into the effects of seasonal rainfall, tillage and crop systems on wheat yield and weed parameters. Conventional (CT), minimum (MT) and no-tillage (NT) systems in wheat monoculture and rotation cropping systems were tested during 3 years of study (2014-2015, 2015-2016 and 2016-2017). Growing Season Rainfall (GSR) was the most influential factor on yield parameters and weed population. In 2016-2017, categorized as an extreme climate event by drought, the GSR accounted for 43.4% of the historical average. This year, the wheat yield (373 kg ha-1) and harvest index (0.18) were the lowest. In 2015-2016, scarcer autumn rainfall (44 mm) affected the weed germination period, reducing the density (17 plants m-2) and diversity of weed species (3 species m-2) while yield was favoured by high winter and spring rainfall (247 mm). Our study revealed that tillage effects was not significant on wheat yield, but NT systems consistently showed higher weed density and diversity than CT and MT despite the irregular GSR during this study. The rotation system presented higher values of wheat grain yield (781 kg/ha) and dry straw biomass (1803 kg/ha) but also weed biomass (48.54 g m-2) compared to monoculture (27.50 g m-2). NT and rotation combined increased the weed community although did not reduce the wheat yield compare to conventional systems even with an ECE of drought., This work has been funded by Project RTA 2017-00006-C03-01 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation). All authors have contributed significantly, and all authors are in agreement with the content of the manuscript. We confirm that this work is original and has not been published elsewhere, nor is it currently under consideration for publication elsewhere. We have no conflicts of interest to disclose. The datasets analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conservation tillage is recognized as a sustainable management practice, however its combination with organic residues application still constitutes a challenge in some areas. A field trial was established in a semiarid agro-ecosystem to study the effects of different crop nutrient sources under minimum tillage (MT). Application of organic amendments at the beginning of a five-year crop rotation (ORG treatment) was evaluated and compared to the control plot where wheat was continuously grown with traditional mineral fertilization (MIN treatment). In addition to wheat yield and biomass, several soil properties were measured (pH, soil nutrients (i.e., Olsen P, exchangeable K, and mineral N), soil organic matter (i.e., C, N, C/N ratio), potentially mineralizable nitrogen, total microbial activity and heavy metals) throughout the 10-year study. The wheat yield was significantly higher under the ORG treatment than under the MIN, although climatic conditions (e.g., rainfall) exerted a great influence too. The organic amendments increased soil nutrients content mainly right after their application but the levels were adequate for the whole crop rotation. Plots under organic amendment application did not accumulate significantly more soil organic matter than those mineral-fertilized, probably due to the low protective capacity of coarse-textured soils. The application of organic amendments under MT resulted in a promising management agro-ecosystem compared to the mineral fertilized because crop nutrients came from organic wastes, no herbicides were applied while the yields were higher., This work was funded by INIA (AT2017-003), the Ministry of Science and Innovation (RTA2017-00006-C03-01, AGL2017-83283-C2-1/2-R), the EJPSoil [CarboSeq] project (which has re ceived funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 862695), the Community of Madrid (AGRISOST-CM S2018/BAA-4330) and European Structural funding 2014-2020 (ERDF y ESF)

espanolIntroduccion y objetivo. Evaluar la mejora de los conocimientos, las habilidades y la satisfaccion de los alumnos en un curso sobre el servicio de dispensacion. Material y metodos. Diseno: estudio cuasi experimental (antes/despues) con intervencion educativa. Participantes: farmaceuticos comunitarios de la provincia de Pontevedra. Se realizaron siete ediciones (octubre de 2018-octubre de 2019). Intervencion educativa: curso semipresencial de 26 horas + 6 horas de taller presencial con simulaciones de casos y entrenamiento mediante role-playing. Evaluacion: se evaluaron los dos primeros niveles de Kirkpatrik, reaccion (satisfaccion) y competencia (conocimientos y actuacion clinica), mediante un cuestionario con 20 preguntas y cuatro casos practicos. Para valorar la satisfaccion se utilizo un cuestionario de tipo Likert con 12 preguntas. Los datos cualitativos se expresan como porcentajes y los cuantitativos como media –desviacion estandar (DE)–. Resultados. Participaron 114 alumnos, un 78% mujeres, con 39 anos de edad media, un 77% adjuntos. Conocimientos: el porcentaje medio de respuestas correctas por participante al inicio fue del 44,5% (DE = 14,1%) y al final del 69,3% (DE = 16,8%; p Conclusiones. El curso ha conseguido mejorar los conocimientos y las habilidades de los alumnos, lo que, unido a la satisfaccion obtenida, puede tener influencia efectiva en su ejercicio profesional. EnglishIntroduction and objective. To evaluate the improvement of students’ knowledge, skills, and satisfaction in a course on dispensation service. Material and methods. Design: quasi-experimental study (before/after) with educational intervention. Participants: Pontevedra community pharmacists. Seven editions (October 2018-October 2019). Educational intervention: hybrid-learning course 26-hour e-learning + 6-hour workshop with case simulations and training by role-playing. Assessment: the first two levels of Kirkpatrik were evaluated: reaction (satisfaction) and competence (knowledge/clinical performance). Questionnaire with 20 questions and 4 case studies. A Likert-type questionnaire with 12 questions was used to assess satisfaction. Qualitative data are expressed as percentages and quantitative data are expressed as average (SD). Results. 114 students, 78% female, 39 years (average age), 77% relief pharmacists. Knowledge: average percentage of correct questionnaire answers per participant at the beginning 44.5% (SD-14.1%), at the end 69.3% (SD-16.8%), (p Conclusions. The course has managed to improve the knowledge and skills of the students, which, together with the satisfaction obtained, can have an effective influence on their professional exercise.

Background:Concerns regarding potential neurological complications of COVID-19 are being increasingly reported, primarily in small series. Larger studies have been limited by both geography and specialty. Comprehensive characterisation of clinical syndromes is crucial to allow rational selection and evaluation of potential therapies. The aim of this study was to investigate the breadth of complications of COVID-19 across the UK that affected the brain.Methods:During the exponential phase of the pandemic, we developed an online network of secure rapid-response case report notification portals across the spectrum of major UK neuroscience bodies, comprising the Association of British Neurologists (ABN), the British Association of Stroke Physicians (BASP), and the Royal College of Psychiatrists (RCPsych), and representing neurology, stroke, psychiatry, and intensive care. Broad clinical syndromes associated with COVID-19 were classified as a cerebrovascular event (defined as an acute ischaemic, haemorrhagic, or thrombotic vascular event involving the brain parenchyma or subarachnoid space), altered mental status (defined as an acute alteration in personality, behaviour, cognition, or consciousness), peripheral neurology (defined as involving nerve roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, or muscle), or other (with free text boxes for those not meeting these syndromic presentations). Physicians were encouraged to report cases prospectively and we permitted recent cases to be notified retrospectively when assigned a confirmed date of admission or initial clinical assessment, allowing identification of cases that occurred before notification portals were available. Data collected were compared with the geographical, demographic, and temporal presentation of overall cases of COVID-19 as reported by UK Government public health bodies.Findings:The ABN portal was launched on April 2, 2020, the BASP portal on April 3, 2020, and the RCPsych portal on April 21, 2020. Data lock for this report was on April 26, 2020. During this period, the platforms received notification of 153 unique cases that met the clinical case definitions by clinicians in the UK, with an exponential growth in reported cases that was similar to overall COVID-19 data from UK Government public health bodies. Median patient age was 71 years (range 23–94; IQR 58–79). Complete clinical datasets were available for 125 (82%) of 153 patients. 77 (62%) of 125 patients presented with a cerebrovascular event, of whom 57 (74%) had an ischaemic stroke, nine (12%) an intracerebral haemorrhage, and one (1%) CNS vasculitis. 39 (31%) of 125 patients presented with altered mental status, comprising nine (23%) patients with unspecified encephalopathy and seven (18%) patients with encephalitis. The remaining 23 (59%) patients with altered mental status fulfilled the clinical case definitions for psychiatric diagnoses as classified by the notifying psychiatrist or neuropsychiatrist, and 21 (92%) of these were new diagnoses. Ten (43%) of 23 patients with neuropsychiatric disorders had new-onset psychosis, six (26%) had a neurocognitive (dementia-like) syndrome, and four (17%) had an affective disorder. 18 (49%) of 37 patients with altered mental status were younger than 60 years and 19 (51%) were older than 60 years, whereas 13 (18%) of 74 patients with cerebrovascular events were younger than 60 years versus 61 (82%) patients older than 60 years. Interpretation:To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide, cross-specialty surveillance study of acute neurological and psychiatric complications of COVID-19. Altered mental status was the second most common presentation, comprising encephalopathy or encephalitis and primary psychiatric diagnoses, often occurring in younger patients. This study provides valuable and timely data that are urgently needed by clinicians, researchers, and funders to inform immediate steps in COVID-19 neuroscience research and health policy. Funding: None.

Reply by the current author to the comments made by Mark A Oldham et al (see record 2020-79526-008) and Dorothy Wade et al (see record 2020-79526-009) on the original article (see record 2020-71085-023) We thank Dorothy Wade and colleagues and Mark Oldham and colleagues for their recognition of the cross-speciality effort of members of the UK's major professional neuroscience bodies who undertook this challenging UK-wide study during the exponential phase of the COVID-19 pandemic We also welcome the involvement of geriatricians and psychologists in future research We agree that delirium is common, especially in severe infections and in the intensive care unit As stated in our Article, we acknowledge that the study might have not recorded all such cases Changes in mental status with clear and recognised risk factors were not the focus of this study We agree that if such commonly observed complications were included, they might have substantially increased the number of patients recruited, mirroring the situation in other critical illnesses In this situation, the burden of CNS complications arising from COVID-19 would be even greater than we found in our study (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

11 Pág., (1) Background: In agro-ecosystems, the success of the crops has a strong connection to biodiversity in the landscape. In the face of climate change, it is important to understand the response to environmental variation of weed species by means of their distribution. In the last century, biodiversity has been impacted due to a variety of stresses related to climate change. Although the composition of vegetation tends to change at a slower rate than climate change, we hypothesize species present in weed communities are distributed in diverse patterns as a response to the climate. Therefore, the general aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of temperature, using latitude as an indicator, on the composition and distribution of weed communities in agro-ecosystems. (2) Methods: Weeds were monitored in georeferenced cereal fields which spanned south and central Spanish regions. The graphic representation according to latitude allowed us to identify groups of weeds and associate them to a temperature range. We classified weeds as generalist, regional, or local according to the range of distribution. (3) Results: The monitoring of species led to the classification of weeds as generalist, regional or local species according to latitude and associated temperature ranges. Three weed species that were present in all latitude/temperature regions, were classified as generalist (Linaria micrantha (Cav) Hoffmanns & Link, Sonchus oleraceous L., and Sysimbrium irium L.). The species were classified as regional or local when their presence was limited to restricted latitude/temperature ranges. One weed, Stellaria media (L.) Vill., was considered a local species and its distribution dynamics can be considered an indicator of temperature. (4) Conclusions: The novel methodology used in this study to assign weed distribution as an indicator of climatic conditions could be applied to evaluate climate gradients around the world., This work has been funded by projects AT2017-003 and RTA2017-00006-C03-01 (Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation) and by Biodiversity Foundation of Spain (Ministry for the Ecological Transition) and INIA by means of the project PRCV00590 (“The role of resilience in the composition of weed communities of cereal agro-ecosystems. Adaptive responses of flora to climate change”).

Observations in a tropical lagoon of the Yucatan peninsula motivated a non-dimensional number analysis to examine the relative influence of tidal stress, density gradients and wind stress on subtidal hydrodynamics. A two-month observation period in Chelem Lagoon covered the transition from the dry to the wet season. Chelem Lagoon is influenced by groundwater inputs and exhibits a main sub-basin (central sub-basin), a west sub-basin and an east sub-basin. Subtidal hydrodynamics were associated with horizontal density gradients that were modified seasonally by evaporation, precipitation, and groundwater discharge. A tidal Froude number ( Fr 0 ), a Wedderburn number ( W ), and a Stress ratio ( S 0 ) were used to diagnose the relative importance of dominant subtidal driving forces. The Froude number ( Fr 0 ) compares tidal forcing and baroclinic forcing through the ratio of tidal stress to longitudinal baroclinic pressure gradient. The Wedderburn number ( W ) relates wind stress to baroclinicity. The stress ratio ( S 0 ) sizes tidal stress and wind stress. S 0 is a new diagnostic tool for systems influenced by tides and winds, and represents the main contribution of this research. Results show that spring-tide subtidal flows in the tropical lagoon had log ( Fr 0 ) ≫ 0 and log ( S 0 ) > 0 , i.e., driven mainly by tidal stresses (advective accelerations). Neap tides showed log ( Fr 0 ) ≪ 0 and log ( S 0 ) 0 ) , i.e., flows driven by baroclinicity, especially at the lagoon heads of the east and west sub-basins. However, when the wind stress intensified over the lagoon, the relative importance of baroclinicity decreased and the wind stress controlled the dynamics ( log ( W ) ≫ 0 ). Each sub-basin exhibited a different subtidal response, according to the dimensionless numbers. The response depended on the fortnightly tidal cycle, the location and magnitude of groundwater input, and the direction and magnitude of the wind stress.

The increasing spread of conservation agriculture demands that the next generation of wheat varieties includes cultivars capable of maintaining satisfactory yields with lower inputs and under uncertain climate scenarios. On the basis of the genetic gains achieved during decades of selection oriented to yield improvements under conventional crop management, it is important that novel breeding targets are defined and addressed. Grain yield, yield-related traits, and phenological and morphological characteristics, as well as functional quality parameters have been analyzed for six varieties each of bread and durum wheat, under minimum tillage and no-tillage. During the three-year experiment, the climatic conditions at the field trial site were characterized by low rainfall, although different degrees of aridity&mdash, from moderate to severe&mdash, were experienced. Differences were found between these two soil management practices in regard to the varieties&rsquo, yield stability. A positive influence of no-tillage on traits related to grain and biomass yield was also evidenced, and some traits among the examined seemed involved in varietal adaptation to a particular non-conventional tillage system. The study also confirmed some breeding targets for improved performance of wheat genotypes in conservation agroecosystems. These traits were represented in the small set of traditional varieties analysed.

This study examined the dynamics of tidal propagation inside a tropical lagoon. Sea surface elevation (inside) and current profiles (at the inlet) were examined over 60 days at the Chelem lagoon, which is a branched tropical lagoon located in the northern Yucatan Peninsula. Tides were predominantly diurnal with a wavelength at least 20 times longer than the total length of the basin. Spatial variations of sea surface elevation and the longitudinal transport were described in each branch by applying a linear analytical model and the results were compared to observations. Results showed that the coastal lagoon was highly frictional. The tidal signal was attenuated between 30% and 40% toward the lagoon heads, a result of the balance between pressure gradient and frictional forces. A causeway that chokes the western side of the lagoon allowed the propagation of the diurnal signal toward the west head of the basin but damped the semidiurnal signal. The causeway acted as a hydraulic low-pass filter, as in natural choked systems. The causeway's filter effect was included in the analytical model by optimizing the frictional parameters.

Tillage soil erosion is seen as a great problem in the Mediterranean region and is worsened by the climatic conditions. Previous studies have shown a decrease in biodiversity in arable lands across Europe. Weeds are a major component of biodiversity within agro-ecosystems, but few studies have aimed to associate weed species with soil tillage intensity. We performed an analysis to test the potential short-term effects of different tillage systems on weed species under our study conditions. The emerged weed data were measured, comparing a conventional tillage system with conservational tillage systems (minimum tillage and no tillage) in 2 cropping systems (monoculture wheat and a rotation scheme of barley–legume–wheat–fallow). Compared with the tilled soil, higher weed density and weed species richness were observed in the conservation tillage plots. The weed density and weed species richness in the monoculture system were higher compared with those in the crop rotation system. We used classification and regression trees to analyze the relationship between the soil tillage systems and the weed community, taking into account the climatic conditions. The results indicate that different soil tillage systems produced tree models: Silene vulgaris (L.) was associated with the MT system and high and irregularly distributed rainfall; Hypecoum imberbe Sm. and Hypecoum procumbens (L.) were linked to MT plots with low and well-distributed precipitation rates; and Cardaria draba (L.) was present all years independently of climatic conditions but was never found in the NT system, so its presence could be regarded as an indicator of tillage intensity.

Conservation tillage and crop rotations improve soil quality. However, the impact of these practices on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and crop yields is not well defined, particularly in dry climates. A rainfed 2-year field-experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three long-term (17–18 years) tillage systems (Conventional Tillage (CT), Minimum Tillage (MT) and No Tillage (NT)) and two cropping systems (rotational wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) preceded by fallow, and wheat in monoculture), on nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ) emissions, during two field campaigns. Soil mineral N, water-filled pore space, dissolved organic carbon (C) and grain yield were measured and yield-scaled N 2 O emissions, N surplus and Global Warming Potentials (GWP) were calculated. No tillage only decreased cumulative N 2 O losses (compared to MT/CT) during campaign 1 (the driest campaign with least fertilizer N input), while tillage did not affect CH 4 oxidation. The GWP demonstrated that the enhancement of C stocks under NT caused this tillage management to decrease overall CO 2 equivalent emissions. Monoculture increased N 2 O fluxes during campaign 2 (normal year and conventional N input) and decreased CH 4 uptake, as opposed to rotational wheat. Conversely, wheat in monoculture tended to increase soil organic C stocks and therefore resulted in a lower GWP, but differences were not statistically significant. Grain yields were strongly influenced by climatic variability. The NT and CT treatments yielded most during the dry and the normal campaign, and the yield-scaled N 2 O emissions followed the same tendency. Minimum tillage was not an adequate tillage management considering the GWP and the yield-scaled N 2 O emissions (which were 39% lower in NT with respect to MT). Regarding the crop effect, wheat in rotation resulted in a 32% increase in grain yield and 31% mitigation of yield-scaled N 2 O emissions. Low cumulative N 2 O fluxes ( 2 O-N ha −1 campaign −1 ) highlighted the relevance of soil organic C and CO 2 emissions from inputs and operations in rainfed semi-arid cropping systems. This study suggests that NT and crop rotation can be recommended as good agricultural practices in order to establish an optimal balance between GHGs fluxes, GWP, yield-scaled N 2 O emissions and N surpluses.

The benefits of conservation agriculture (CA) and associated technologies are not equal for all agro ecosystems. This study used a field experiment to examine winter-wheat yield and weeds under conservational and conventional systems in the central region of Spain. The three tillage treatments were conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT). The climatic conditions influenced wheat yield, yield components, soil water content and weeds. When the autumn-winter rainfall was abundant and constant (69.7% of annual rainfall), wheat grain yield (4465 kg ha−1) and yield components (3897 kg ha−1 of straw biomass and 584.5 ear m−2) were highest. Wheat grain yield was highest with NT 3549.9 kg ha−1 (compared to MT 2955.1 kg ha−1 and CT 2950.3 kg ha−1) and ear number per m2 was significantly lower with MT (332 no ear m−2, compared to 426 and 411.6 ear m−2 in CT and NT-systems respectively). Soil water content, at earing stage, was the highest in NT (27.36% of soil moisture) while MT showed the lowest content (11.83% of soil moisture). The higher weed measurements (means of 2.557 plants m−2; 1.443 species m−2 and 2.536 g m−2) was with higher annual rainfall (488 mm). Throughout the experiment it was the dominant presence, in MT-wheat plots, of Lolium rigidum Gaudin (with means from 4.87 to 7.71 plants m−2), which reduced the ear number per m2. Our study revealed that in the short term, under semi-arid conditions, only the adoption of NT system (rather than MT) showed economic benefits. © 2017 Taylor & Francis.

Barley is a widespread crop of choice in the Spanish agricultural farming. A 7-year field study was realised to examine the barley yield data. Weather conditions were analysed and taken into account when considering the influence of the tillage systems (TS) and previous crop on barley. In general, barley yield increased with tillage intensity; however the analysis of tiller-count and thousand-grain weight of barley did not present significant differences within the different TS. Barley monoculture presented lower yield than the barley in rotation with fallow or vetch, especially in those years characterised by a greater annual rainfall than average over the 7 years of study (290 mm). Also, we observed that the presence of weeds was strongly influenced by the combined effects of the environmental conditions, TS, and previous crop. It was observed that high rainfall during sowing period or shortly after had a high positive impact on production efficiency and yields. Unexpectedly, the study demonstrated positive correlation between high December temperatures and resulting barley yield. It would be useful to take into account these results when selecting the crop variety for conservation planning in Mediterranean areas.

Legume-crops are considered important components of conservation farming and also of the conventional system in recent years. However, a lack of studies reflect a priority need for primary research into food legumes and their impact on farming systems, which is currently at secondary level to cereals in terms of investigation. The present field study was undertaken to compare the effects of different tillage systems on yielding and weed infestation of pea. Tillage treatments employed included conservation (minimum-tillage and zero-tillage) and conventional system (conventional-tillage) under semi-arid conditions. The weather had a marked influence on yielding and weed diversity of pea crop over the study period. Tillage system had no effect on pea grain yield and the yield components of pea. We observed, with scarcer annual rainfall, lower values of grain yield, straw biomass, harvest index and yield components in minimum-tillage plots. This could be attributable to an increase of the weed community favoured by rooting conditions. Weed density and diversity indices (Shannon and Evenness) presented the highest values in minimum tillage system. Particularly, we observed that decreasing tillage favoured the increase of one annual grass weed (Lolium rigidum Gaudin). Our results highlight the research on weed species associated with low-input systems. © 2014.

Resumen Fundamento y objetivo Las enfermedades pulmonares intersticiales (EPI) constituyen, despues del enfisema, la segunda indicacion de trasplante pulmonar (TP). El objetivo del presente estudio es la revision de los resultados del TP en la EPI en el Hospital Vall d’Hebron (Barcelona). Pacientes y metodo Se estudian retrospectivamente 150 pacientes, 87 (58%) varones, con una edad media de 48 anos (extremos 20-67), en los que se indico un TP por una EPI entre agosto de 1990 y enero de 2010, y que representan el 30% del total de TP (150/496) realizados en Cataluna. Ciento cuatro (69%) fueron trasplantes unipulmonares (TUP), y 46 (31%), trasplantes bipulmonares (TBP). Los diagnosticos postoperatorios fueron: 94 (63%) neumonia intersticial usual, 23 (15%) neumonia intersticial no especifica, 11(7%) neumonia intersticial no clasificable y un 15% miscelanea. Se describen los resultados funcionales, las complicaciones y la supervivencia. Resultados La supervivencia actuarial fue del 87, 70 y 53% a uno, 3 y 5 anos, respectivamente. Las causas de muerte mas frecuentes incluyen la disfuncion precoz del injerto y el desarrollo de rechazo cronico en forma de bronquiolitis obliterante (BOS). El incremento medio postoperatorio de la capacidad vital forzada y del forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1 , «volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo») fue similar en el TUP y el TBP. El mejor FEV 1 posterior al TP se alcanzo al decimo mes (extremos 1-36). El 16% de los pacientes se reintegro al trabajo. En algun momento de la evolucion se diagnostico rechazo agudo, confirmado histologicamente en 53 (35%) pacientes. La prevalencia de BOS entre los supervivientes fue del 20% al ano, 45% a los 3 anos y del 63% a los 5 anos. Conclusion El TP es hasta ahora el unico tratamiento capaz de alargar la vida de los pacientes con EPI avanzada y en nuestro medio ha permitido que uno de cada 6 pacientes haya vuelto a trabajar. Sin embargo, el rechazo cronico sigue siendo el principal problema a resolver en el futuro.

Crop rotation with legumes and conservation tillage systems are advisable practices in rainfed Mediterranean agro-ecosystems, since, in these areas, soils are broadly characterized by low organic matter contents and low fertility. These management practices can substantially modify the dynamics of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, carbon sequestration and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions derived from system inputs and farm operations. In this context, a field experiment was conducted under Mediterranean conditions to evaluate the effect of three long-term tillage systems (no tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT)) and two crops (vetch (V, Vicia sativa L.) versus barley (B, Hordeum vulgare L.)) on nitrous oxide (N 2 O), methane (CH 4 ) and CO 2 emissions during one year. Crop yields, soil mineral nitrogen concentrations, dissolved organic carbon and GHG fluxes were measured during the growing season. Soil organic carbon was measured in spring 2012 (18 years after the beginning of a long-term tillage experiment) and together with input and fuel consumption by farm machinery was used to compare the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the different crop and tillage treatments. Cumulative fluxes of N 2 O ranged between 0.16 (B-MT) and 0.29 (V-MT) kg N 2 O-N ha −1 yr −1 , resulting in a lower impact on Net GWP than in previous studies. A significant ‘tillage × crop’ interaction was observed in cumulative N 2 O emissions (V resulted in higher N 2 O losses than barley in CT and MT, whereas similar fluxes were observed under NT), which was influenced by soil water-filled pore space, dissolved organic carbon content and denitrification losses, in spite of the presumable predominance of nitrification. Neither tillage nor crop influenced CH 4 or CO 2 emissions. Yield-scaled N 2 O emissions (YSNE) were low ( 2 O-N kg aboveground N uptake −1 ) and significantly higher in B than in V. The most sustainable crop and tillage treatments in terms of GWP were non-fertilized-V and NT, due to higher carbon sequestration and lower fuel consumption under NT and the absence of mineral N fertilizers in V. These crop and tillage treatments could be considered good management strategies in rainfed Mediterranean agro-ecosystems since they provide the best balance between soil emissions, YSNE and Net GWP.

The agronomic practices used to manage the soil play an important role in the maintenance of biological diversity within crop fields. Conservation agriculture technology has been extensively adopted in dry land conditions. In these systems, the relationship between soil properties and weed density and soil weed seed bank has not been explored deeply. We conducted this study in order to (1) examine the cumulative impact of tillage systems (CT, MT and NT) on weed emergence on the field; (2) test the effects of different tillage and crop systems on weed species density and diversity (Shannon's index, Pielou index and species richness) within the transient and persistent seed bank of the soil; and (3) analyse the impact of two soil parameters on weeds water stable aggregates (WSA) and particulate organic matter content (C-POM). The highest weed density was recorded in conservation tillage systems (MT and/or NT) several years after the implementation of these systems. Additionally, the cumulative effects of conservation tillage techniques were found to have increased the seed density and species diversity in soil seed bank, which was probably due to particular conditions created in the soil; a low or negligible level of soil disturbance (as is expected with MT and NT) possibly allowed seeds to keep in the soil seed bank and remain dormant, due to, among other reasons, improved water stable aggregates and organic matter content. Results from the study confirm the complexity of the matrix formed by weed-seed bank-soil. © 2016 Elsevier B.V.

This chapter summarizes the most important achievements of the European research project entitled "BIOKENAF-Biomass Production Chain and Growth Simulation Model for Kenaf" (www.cres.gr/biokenaf) that carried out for 2003-2007. The overall objective of the BIOKENAF project was to introduce and evaluate kenaf as a non-food crop through an integrated approach for alternative land use in South EU that will provide diversified opportunities for farmers and biological materials for the "bio-based industries" of the future. Several fields' trials were carried out in South EU aiming to identify the appropriate crop management for yields maximization (sowing dates, plant densities, best varieties, irrigation and fertilization needs, harvesting time). A dynamic crop-growth simulation model was developed to produce quantitative estimates of the yielding potential of kenaf at regional level. The model was based on the detailed crop data that were collected from the field trials and were included in photosynthetic capacity, respiratory losses, phenology, dry matter distribution, and data on leaf area. The appropriate harvesting time for south EU countries that ensure the highest possible yields with the lowest possible moisture content investigated as well as best storage method in order to the minimum losses in the quality and quantity of the feedstock to be achieved. The suitability of kenaf for both selected industrial products (composites, building materials, nonwovens, paper, and board and absorption particles) and for thermo-chemical energy applications (combustion, gasification, and pyrolysis) was investigated. Following an environmental/economic assessment and market studies insight in the feasibility of kenaf for industrial and energy applications was provided that was used not only for comparison of the crop with other conventional crops with similar cultural practices but also for the development of scenarios for alternative land use and diversified opportunities for farmers in order to produce industrial bio-products that will supply the "bio-based industries" of the future.

Conservation agriculture that includes no tillage (NT) or minimum tillage (MT) and crop rotation is an effective practice to increase soil organic matter in Mediterranean semiarid agrosystems. But the impact of these agricultural practices on greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4), is variable depending mainly on soil structure and short/long-term tillage. The main objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of three tillage systems (NT, MT and conventional tillage (CT)) and land-covers (fallow/wheat) on the emissions of N2O and CH4 in a low N input agricultural system during one year. This was achieved by measuring crop yields, soil mineral N and dissolved organic C contents, and fluxes of N2O and CH4. Total cumulative N2O emissions were not significantly different (P>0.05) among the tillage systems or between fallow and wheat. The only difference was produced in spring, when N2O emissions were significantly higher (P

Conservation agriculture (CA) practices have been widely applied on a variety of agro-ecosystems in order to prevent soil degradation and to improve fertility. We studied the long term influence of different management systems on soil properties in an experimental field located in semiarid central Spain. Soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soil basal respiration (CO2-C), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and β-glucosidase activity have been measured during three cropping seasons. Results showed a high influence of date of sampling on the evaluated parameters and on the microbial status and activity, most likely due to variations in soil water content (SWC). Microbial efficiency and β-glucosidase activity were improved under CA, as SOC, DOC and MBC were accumulated in the surface. Microbial efficiency ratios, e.g.;qR (qR=MBC/SOC), qCO2 (qCO2=CO2-C /MBC) and qCO2/SOC, were useful to explain the influence of sampling date and the management practices on the microbial status. A stepwise procedure reduced considerably our data set, allowing the selection of MBC, DOC and qCO2/SOC as reliable indicators to evaluate soil quality in semiarid areas. © 2015 Elsevier B.V.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and etiology of bacterial and fungal infection or contamination in lung allograft donors and to assess donor-to-host transmission of these infections. Recipients who survived more than 24 h and their respective donors were evaluated. The overall incidence of donor infection was 52% (103 out of 197 donors). Types of donor infection included isolated contamination of preservation fluids (n = 30, 29.1%), graft colonization (n = 65, 63.1%) and bacteremia (n = 8, 7.8%). Donor-to-host transmission of bacterial or fungal infection occurred in 15 lung allograft recipients, 7.6% of lung transplants performed. Among these cases, 2 were due to donor bacteremia and 13 to colonization of the graft. Twenty-five percent of donors with bacteremia and 14.1% of colonized grafts were responsible for transmitting infection. Excluding the five cases without an effective prophylactic regimen, prophylaxis failure occurred in 11 out of 197 procedures (5.58%). Donor-to-host transmission of infection is a frequent event after lung transplantation. Fatal consequences can be avoided with an appropriate prophylactic antibiotic regimen that must be modified according to the microorganisms isolated from cultures of samples obtained from donors, grafts, preservation fluids and recipients.

En éste estudio se evalúa la bioactividad de las fracciones obtenidas de los extractos etanólicos de las hojas, de la corteza del tronco y de la corteza de la raíz de Rollinia rufinervis (Annonaceae), las cuales presentan actividad citotóxica y se detecta la presencia de las acetogeninas, que pueden ser responsables de la actividad antiparasitaria. Las fracciones son probadas a concentraciones entre 0.095 µg/mL y 100 µg/mL contra promastigotes de Leishmania chagasi, evaluando la movilidad de los parásitos a las 72 horas. El efecto de las fracciones es contrastado con el medio Schneider-Drosófila sin extracto y con glucantime®, utilizados como control. Las fracciones de Rollinia rufinervis de: acetato de etilo de raíz, éter de petróleo de corteza, acetato de etilo de corteza y acetato de etilo de hojas, presentan actividad leishmanicida. La última fracción es la de mayor actividad causando inmovilidad apreciable o total de los parásitos a lo largo del experimento. De ella se aisló posiblemente el β-sitosterol.In this study the bioactivity of the fractions obtained from the ethanolic extracts of the leaves, of the trunk bark and of the root bark of Rollinia rufinervis (Annonaceae) is evaluated. It is found that they show cytotoxic activity and that the presence of acetogenins can cause the antiparasitaire activity. The fractions are tested at concentration between 0.095 "g/mL and 100 "g/mL against promastigotes of Leishmania chagasi, evaluating the parasite mobility after 72 hours. The effect of the fractions is contrasted with the mediun Schneider- Drosófila without extract and with glucantime®, used as control. The Rollinia rufinervis fractions of: ethyl acetate of the root, petroleum ether of the bark, ethyl acetate of the bark and ethyl acetate of the leaves present leishmanicidal activity. The last fraction has the largest activity causing appreciable or total immobility of the parasites during the experiment. Probably ß-sitosterol is isolated from this fraction.

Lung transplantation, single or bilateral sequential, is the final option for patients with emphysema. This study analyzed the outcome of lung transplants for emphysema (single or double), and evaluates the incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of lung hyperinflation (LHI) in unilateral transplants. We prospectively studied patients undergoing lung transplantation for emphysema. On admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h we tested the patients' respiratory function, oxygen arterial pressure (PaO2) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) before transplantation. LHI incidence, duration of mechanical ventilation and hypoxemia, ICU stay and mortality was also analyzed. We studied 34 consecutive patients undergoing lung transplantation for emphysema, 14 single and 20 bilateral. Single-lung transplantation had a higher mortality (50%) than double-lung transplantation (11%), with an odds ratio of 9.0 (1.3-48.7). Of the 14 patients who received a single graft, 9 patients (64%) developed LHI. No predictive factors for LHI could be established. Duration of mechanical ventilation (22 vs 3 days) and ICU stay (36 vs 6 days) was much longer in patients with LHI; however, only ICU stay reached statistical significance (P = 0.011). Mortality in patients with LHI was higher, 67% vs 20% (NS). We conclude that single-lung transplant in emphysema patients has a worse prognosis than bilateral transplant, with a 9-fold higher mortality rate. LHI is a common event in single-lung transplant for emphysema and is associated in our patients with a longer stay at the ICU.

Fundamento Los pacientes sometidos a trasplante pulmonar presentan un elevado riesgo de complicaciones en el postoperatorio inicial, entre las que destaca la infeccion. El objetivo de este trabajo es estudiar la incidencia de dichas complicaciones Pacientes y metodo Un total de 63 pacientes sometidos a trasplante pulmonar entre 1991 y 1998 ingresados en el periodo postoperatorio en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo en el que se analizan las complicaciones desarrolladas, asi como diversas variables relacionadas con el paciente durante el periodo pre y peroperatorio y su asociacion con la aparicion temprana de infeccion Resultados La edad media fue de 44 anos, se efectuo trasplante unipulmonar en 30 casos (48%) y bipulmonar en 33 (52%). La estancia media en la UCI fue de 17 dias y los pacientes precisaron ventilacion mecanica durante un promedio de 11 dias. En 18 pacientes se produjo hemorragia perioperatoria grave; en 29 casos se diagnostico una lesion de reimplantacion y en 11 un rechazo agudo. Un total de 37 pacientes (59%) desarrollo 61 episodios infecciosos, de los cuales 46 (75%) eran de origen respiratorio. En 41 episodios (67%) la aparicion fue anterior al dia 15 del postoperatorio, sin que se hallara ninguna relacion significativa entre la aparicion temprana de infeccion y diversos factores, como el tipo de trasplante, la duracion de la ventilacion mecanica o la colonizacion del injerto o del huesped, previa al acto quirurgico. La mortalidad intra-UCI fue del 25% (16 casos), pero tan solo en 3 casos fue atribuida a la infeccion Conclusiones La infeccion fue una complicacion frecuente en el postoperatorio inicial del trasplante pulmonar, siendo en la mayor parte de los casos de origen respiratorio. La infeccion fue mas frecuente durante el periodo precoz y su presencia tuvo poca repercusion en la evolucion de los pacientes durante su estancia en la UCI

Background Bacteroides fragilis is a Gram-negative anaerobe that is normally a human gut commensal; it comprises a small percentage of the gut Bacteroides but is the most frequently isolated Bacteroides from human infections. Identification of the essential genes necessary for the survival of B. fragilis provides novel information which can be exploited for the treatment of bacterial infections. Results Massive parallel sequencing of saturated transposon mutant libraries (two mutant pools of approximately 50,000 mutants each) was used to determine the essential genes for the growth of B. fragilis 638R on nutrient rich medium. Among the 4326 protein coding genes, 550 genes (12.7%) were found to be essential for the survival of B. fragilis 638R. Of the 550 essential genes, only 367 genes were assigned to a Cluster of Orthologous Genes, and about 290 genes had Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes orthologous members. Interestingly, genes with hypothetical functions accounted for 41.3% of essential genes (227 genes), indicating that the functions of a significant percentage of the genes used by B. fragilis 638R are still unknown. Global transcriptome analysis using RNA-Seq indicated that most of the essential genes (92%) are, in fact, transcribed in B. fragilis 638R including most of those coding for hypothetical proteins. Three hundred fifty of the 550 essential genes of B. fragilis 638R are present in Database of Essential Genes. 10.02 and 31% of those are genes included as essential genes for nine species (including Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria). Conclusions The essential gene data described in this investigation provides a valuable resource to study gene function and pathways involved in B. fragilis survival. Thorough examination of the B. fragilis-specific essential genes and genes that are shared between divergent organisms opens new research avenues that will lead to enhanced understanding of survival strategies used by bacteria in different microniches and under different stress situations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-429) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The management of the fertilization in integrated production intends to produce good yields and high product quality, while protecting the soil from different processes such as erosion, salinization, and acidification. Principally, it seeks to maintain and improve soil fertility by preventing loss of organic matter and nutrient imbalances, while also preventing surface and groundwater pollution, and the main objective being to produce food of maximum nutritional value. In this paper we assess, in prevailing soil types in central Spain (Cambisol and Regosol), several limiting factors of soil fertility, such as soil compaction due to conservative tillage systems and climatic conditions which influence the vegetation and soil conditions (mainly during the summer). The analysis of integrated fertilization allows us to highlight the importance of maximizing resources and natural production mechanisms. We evaluate the nutritional requirements of crops, aiming to ensure long-term sustainable compatible agriculture which satisfies both the demands of society (concerning environmental protection) and the agricultural productivity requirements. In this context, the official guidelines in Spain have been to meet the standards and requirements established in integrated management programs. © 2014 Taylor & Francis.

Background Aspergillus infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality after lung transplantation. Therefore, some strategies have been attempted, one of which is nebulized amphotericin B (nAB); however, the efficacy of this prophylaxis has not been shown clearly. The aim is to study whether nAB can protect against Aspergillus infection in lung transplant recipients. Patients and methods A study of risk factors was conducted in 55 consecutive lung allograft recipients. Twenty-three potential risk factors were analyzed. In 44 (80%) patients, nAB was indicated as prophylaxis. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed. Results Eighteen of the 55 patients (33%) developed infection due to Aspergillus spp. Multivariate analysis showed nAB to be a preventive factor (odds ratio: 0.13; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02–0.69; p < 0.05) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease was an independent risk factor for developing Aspergillus infection (odds ratio: 5.1; 95% CI 1.35–19.17; p < 0.05). Only 1 patient required withdrawal of the prophylaxis owing to bronchospasm. nAB was well-tolerated in the remaining patients with only a few, mild, easily controlled side effects. Conclusions The present results show that nAB prophylaxis may be efficient and safe in preventing Aspergillus infection in lung-transplanted patients, and CMV disease increases the probability of Aspergillus infection.

The vegetative propagation of the multipurpose leguminous shrub Colutea arborescens from leafless hardwood cuttings was examined. Specific attention was paid to the factors: 1) cutting origin (apical, medial or basal); 2) indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment (0, 50 or 200 ppm); and 3) relative humidity of the propagation environment (high or low humidity). After 120 days, 67.6% of the C. arborescens cuttings had rooted. The rooting ability of the cuttings was significantly influenced by the cutting origin and hormonal treatment. No effects on rooting percentage were shown by the relative humidity of the propagation environment. The best rooting response (95%) was shown by basal cuttings treated with 200 ppm IBA. Cutting origin, IBA treatment and relative humidity were significantly related to the root number, longest root length and the fresh/dry biomass of roots and leaves. Under conditions of high humidity, basal cuttings treated with 200 ppm IBA gave rise to the most highly developed plants. The positive relationship between sprouting and rooting suggests that successful propagation is related to the shoot formation potential of the cutting's food reserves. These findings were used to propose an efficient method for the vegetative propagation of C. arborescens plants.

The sky-RMS is the simplest model-independent characterization of a cosmological anisotropy signal. The RMS temperature fluctuations determined from the $COBE$-DMR four-year sky maps are frequency independent, consistent with the hypothesis that they are cosmological in origin, with a typical amplitude at 7 degrees of ~ 35 \pm\ 2 uK and at 10 degrees of ~29 \pm\ 1 uK. A joint analysis of the 7 deg and 10 deg "cross"-RMS derived from the data in both Galactic and Ecliptic coordinates is used to determine the RMS quadrupole normalization, $Q_{rms-PS}$, for a scale-invariant Harrison-Zel'dovich power law model. The difference in the inferred normalizations either including or excluding the quadrupole is a consequence of the sensitivity of the method to the Galaxy contaminated observed sky quadrupole. Whilst there are variations depending on the data selection, all results are consistent with an inferred \qrms\ normalization of ~18 \pm\ 2 uK.

The arable fields in central Spain have been dominated by cereal production, especially winter wheat. In this area, the defined action of weed management program requires a clear understanding of the factors and mechanisms conditioning weed community dynamics in agro systems. This study evaluated the effects of different agricultural management systems on the abundance and diversity of weed communities in winter wheat crops.Weed density and composition of weed species were sampled over four years; comparing monoculture wheat and rotational wheat in three agricultural management systems (1) direct drilling (no-tillage, NT); (2) chisel ploughing (minimum tillage 15. cm depth, MT) and (3) mouldboard ploughing (traditional tillage 20. cm depth, CT). With the aim to be able to improve weed management in agro systems with semiarid environments; within each of the agricultural management systems, we examined the impact of mineral fertilization (traditional and balanced) as a tool for reducing the external inputs in arable cereals.Weed diversity was assessed using the three common diversity indices Shannon's index, evenness index and species richness. The data collected showed total weed density was different per tillage system and each year of the study, but we did not find significant differences between crop systems over the study.The abundance, diversity and evenness of the weed community in the arable field, were significantly increased in NT systems. Within the direct drilling (NT) plots, rotational wheat showed the highest levels of weed infestation and diversity. Comparing traditional and balanced mineral fertilization of soil did not reveal a significant effect on weed abundance and diversity observed in field. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

We examined the pacing strategy and the magnitude of the end spurt during a 200-kJ cycling time trial performed 12-14 h after an exercise protocol designed to reduce muscle glycogen content. 9 physically-active men performed 5 familiarization sessions and 2 experimental 200-kJ time trials in either a control condition (CON) or after an exercise protocol performed the previous evening that was designed to induce muscle glycogen depletion (EP). Mean total time was faster and power output was higher in the CON than in the EP (P0.01). A fast-start was maintained until the 50-kJ section in CON, but only the 25-kJ section for EP (P0.05). The power outputs during the 50-, 150- and 200-kJ sections, and the magnitude of the end-spurt, were significantly higher for the CON than for the EP condition (P0.05). There was no significant difference in the rating of perceived exertion (overall feeling and feeling in legs) between conditions. In conclusion, a protocol designed to decrease muscle glycogen stores reduced the duration of the fast-start and the magnitude of the end spurt during a 200-kJ cycling time trial, impairing the overall performance.

In semiarid areas, traditional, intensive tillage has led to the depletion of soil organic matter, which has resulted in reduced soil fertility. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of different soil management systems, practised over 12 years, on soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (SN) and biologically active organic matter (particulate organic matter [POM]; potentially mineralisable nitrogen [PMN]; microbial biomass [MB]). A Mediterranean Alfisol, located in central Spain, was managed using combinations of conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) or no-tillage (NT), plus a cropping background of either continuous wheat (WW) or a fallow/wheat/pea/barley rotation (FW). Soil was sampled at two depths on four occasions during 2006-2007. The results showed the sampling date and the cropping background to significantly affect the SOC (p

Background Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium associated with periodontal disease onset and progression. Genetic tools for the manipulation of bacterial genomes allow for in-depth mechanistic studies of metabolism, physiology, interspecies and host-pathogen interactions. Analysis of the essential genes, protein-coding sequences necessary for survival of P. gingivalis by transposon mutagenesis has not previously been attempted due to the limitations of available transposon systems for the organism. We adapted a Mariner transposon system for mutagenesis of P. gingivalis and created an insertion mutant library. By analyzing the location of insertions using massively-parallel sequencing technology we used this mutant library to define genes essential for P. gingivalis survival under in vitro conditions. Results In mutagenesis experiments we identified 463 genes in P. gingivalis strain ATCC 33277 that are putatively essential for viability in vitro. Comparing the 463 P. gingivalis essential genes with previous essential gene studies, 364 of the 463 are homologues to essential genes in other species; 339 are shared with more than one other species. Twenty-five genes are known to be essential in P. gingivalis and B. thetaiotaomicron only. Significant enrichment of essential genes within Cluster of Orthologous Groups ‘D’ (cell division), ‘I’ (lipid transport and metabolism) and ‘J’ (translation/ribosome) were identified. Previously, the P. gingivalis core genome was shown to encode 1,476 proteins out of a possible 1,909; 434 of 463 essential genes are contained within the core genome. Thus, for the species P. gingivalis twenty-two, seventy-seven and twenty-three percent of the genome respectively are devoted to essential, core and accessory functions. Conclusions A Mariner transposon system can be adapted to create mutant libraries in P. gingivalis amenable to analysis by next-generation sequencing technologies. In silico analysis of genes essential for in vitro growth demonstrates that although the majority are homologous across bacterial species as a whole, species and strain-specific subsets are apparent. Understanding the putative essential genes of P. gingivalis will provide insights into metabolic pathways and niche adaptations as well as clinical therapeutic strategies.

The restoration of degraded land using biosolids provides a well known means of recycling these organic residues. In semiarid ecosystems they can enhance the chemical and physical properties of the soil and stimulate soil microbe growth and activity, leading to increases in soil fertility and quality. However, the respiratory activity in biosolids-treated soil may contribute to an increase in atmospheric CO2. Few studies examining CO2 emissions from biosolids-amended soils in semiarid climates have been conducted under field conditions. The aims of the present study were to determine the effect of applying different amounts of biosolids on the soil organic matter content and respiratory activity of a semiarid, abandoned agricultural soil. The CO2 fluxed from the soil surface (kg CO2 ha−1 d−1) was measured using a portable analyser. Soil temperature and soil water content were measured in the first 5 cm of soil. The results show that a large proportion of the organic matter incorporated into the soil via the biosolids was easily biodegradable in the first three years following its application. In addition, biosolids application generally increased soil CO2 emissions, although in a manner not proportional to the quantity applied. Differences in soil humidity were associated with differences in soil CO2 flux over the year. The soil water content was the major factor affecting soil respiration; a strong correlation was found between these variables. Soil respiration activity could serve as a useful index of soil biological activity, allowing the decomposition of biosolids under field conditions to be monitored. © 2012 by The JG Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

Los pacientes que padecen una enfermedad pulmonar en fase avanzada, asociada a infeccion respiratoria, en los que se considere la posibilidad de un trasplante, necesitan la sustitucion de ambos pulmones. Este procedimiento se venia realizando hasta hace poco, bien mediante un trasplante en bloque corazon-pulmon, cosa poco razonable si el corazon esta sano, o mediante un trasplante doble pulmonar, que requiere circulacion extracorporea, y con un alto porcentaje de complicaciones a nivel de la anastomosis traqueal. En 1990 se publicaron los primeros casos de trasplante bipulmonar secuencial que simplificaba la realizacion de este procedimiento. Despues de una corta experiencia, con buenos resultados, en el trasplante pulmonar unilateral, presentamos los tres primeros casos de trasplante bipulmonar secuencial realizados en nuestro pais. Se describe la tecnica que implica la sustitucion consecutiva de ambos pulmones y evita la circulacion extracorporea en la mayoria de casos. El trasplante bipulmonar secuencial reune las ventajas del trasplante unipulmonar y el tipo de incision, toracoesternotomia anterior y proporciona un buen acceso a ambas cavidades pleurales facilitando la intervencion en los casos que presentan adherencias pleurales.