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1. Erratum to: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

Author: D. S. Akerib, C. W. Akerlof, D. Yu. Akimov, A. Alquahtani, S. K. Alsum, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, A. Arbuckle, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, H. Auyeung, S. Aviles, X. Bai, A. J. Bailey, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, M. J. Barry, D. Bauer, P. Bauer, A. Baxter, J. Belle, P. Beltrame, J. Bensinger, T. Benson, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, B. Birrittella, K. E. Boast, A. I. Bolozdynya, E. M. Boulton, B. Boxer, R. Bramante, S. Branson, P. Brás, M. Breidenbach, C. A. J. Brew, J. H. Buckley, V. V. Bugaev, R. Bunker, S. Burdin, J. K. Busenitz, R. Cabrita, J. S. Campbell, C. Carels, D. L. Carlsmith, B. Carlson, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Cascella, C. Chan, J. J. Cherwinka, A. A. Chiller, C. Chiller, N. I. Chott, A. Cole, J. Coleman, D. Colling, R. A. Conley, A. Cottle, R. Coughlen, G. Cox, W. W. Craddock, D. Curran, A. Currie, J. E. Cutter, J. P. da Cunha, C. E. Dahl, S. Dardin, S. Dasu, J. Davis, T. J. R. Davison, L. de Viveiros, N. Decheine, A. Dobi, J. E. Y. Dobson, E. Druszkiewicz, A. Dushkin, T. K. Edberg, W. R. Edwards, B. N. Edwards, J. Edwards, M. M. Elnimr, W. T. Emmet, S. R. Eriksen, C. H. Faham, A. Fan, S. Fayer, S. Fiorucci, H. Flaecher, I. M. Fogarty Florang, P. Ford, V. B. Francis, E. D. Fraser, F. Froborg, T. Fruth, R. J. Gaitskell, N. J. Gantos, D. Garcia, V. M. Gehman, R. Gelfand, J. Genovesi, R. M. Gerhard, C. Ghag, E. Gibson, M. G. D. Gilchriese, S. Gokhale, B. Gomber, T. G. Gonda, A. Greenall, S. Greenwood, G. Gregerson, M. G. D. van der Grinten, C. B. Gwilliam, C. R. Hall, D. Hamilton, S. Hans, K. Hanzel, T. Harrington, A. Harrison, J. Harrison, C. Hasselkus, S. J. Haselschwardt, D. Hemer, S. A. Hertel, J. Heise, S. Hillbrand, O. Hitchcock, C. Hjemfelt, M. D. Hoff, B. Holbrook, E. Holtom, J. Y-K. Hor, M. Horn, D. Q. Huang, T. W. Hurteau, C. M. Ignarra, M. N. Irving, R. G. Jacobsen, O. Jahangir, S. N. Jeffery, W. Ji, M. Johnson, J. Johnson, P. Johnson, W. G. Jones, A. C. Kaboth, A. Kamaha, K. Kamdin, V. Kasey, K. Kazkaz, J. Keefner, D. Khaitan, M. Khaleeq, A. Khazov, A. V. Khromov, I. Khurana, Y. D. Kim, W. T. Kim, C. D. Kocher, D. Kodroff, A. M. Konovalov, L. Korley, E. V. Korolkova, M. Koyuncu, J. Kras, H. Kraus, S. W. Kravitz, H. J. Krebs, L. Kreczko, B. Krikler, V. A. Kudryavtsev, A. V. Kumpan, S. Kyre, A. R. Lambert, B. Landerud, N. A. Larsen, A. Laundrie, E. A. Leason, H. S. Lee, J. Lee, C. Lee, B. G. Lenardo, D. S. Leonard, R. Leonard, K. T. Lesko, C. Levy, J. Li, Y. Liu, J. Liao, F.-T. Liao, J. Lin, A. Lindote, R. Linehan, W. H. Lippincott, R. Liu, X. Liu, C. Loniewski, M. I. Lopes, E. Lopez-Asamar, B. López Paredes, W. Lorenzon, D. Lucero, S. Luitz, J. M. Lyle, C. Lynch, P. A. Majewski, J. Makkinje, D. C. Malling, A. Manalaysay, L. Manenti, R. L. Mannino, N. Marangou, D. J. Markley, P. MarrLaundrie, T. J. Martin, M. F. Marzioni, C. Maupin, C. T. McConnell, D. N. McKinsey, J. McLaughlin, D.-M. Mei, Y. Meng, E. H. Miller, Z. J. Minaker, E. Mizrachi, J. Mock, D. Molash, A. Monte, M. E. Monzani, J. A. Morad, E. Morrison, B. J. Mount, A. St. J. Murphy, D. Naim, A. Naylor, C. Nedlik, C. Nehrkorn, H. N. Nelson, J. Nesbit, F. Neves, J. A. Nikkel, J. A. Nikoleyczik, A. Nilima, J. O’Dell, H. Oh, F. G. O’Neill, K. O’Sullivan, I. Olcina, M. A. Olevitch, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, L. Oxborough, A. Pagac, D. Pagenkopf, S. Pal, K. J. Palladino, V. M. Palmaccio, J. Palmer, M. Pangilinan, N. Parveen, S. J. Patton, E. K. Pease, B. P. Penning, G. Pereira, C. Pereira, I. B. Peterson, A. Piepke, S. Pierson, S. Powell, R. M. Preece, K. Pushkin, Y. Qie, M. Racine, B. N. Ratcliff, J. Reichenbacher, L. Reichhart, C. A. Rhyne, A. Richards, Q. Riffard, G. R. C. Rischbieter, J. P. Rodrigues, H. J. Rose, R. Rosero, P. Rossiter, R. Rucinski, G. Rutherford, J. S. Saba, L. Sabarots, D. Santone, M. Sarychev, A. B. M. R. Sazzad, R. W. Schnee, M. Schubnell, P. R. Scovell, M. Severson, D. Seymour, S. Shaw, G. W. Shutt, T. A. Shutt, J. J. Silk, C. Silva, K. Skarpaas, W. Skulski, A. R. Smith, R. J. Smith, R. E. Smith, J. So, M. Solmaz, V. N. Solovov, P. Sorensen, V. V. Sosnovtsev, I. Stancu, M. R. Stark, S. Stephenson, N. Stern, A. Stevens, T. M. Stiegler, K. Stifter, R. Studley, T. J. Sumner, K. Sundarnath, P. Sutcliffe, N. Swanson, M. Szydagis, M. Tan, W. C. Taylor, R. Taylor, D. J. Taylor, D. Temples, B. P. Tennyson, P. A. Terman, K. J. Thomas, J. A. Thomson, D. R. Tiedt, M. Timalsina, W. H. To, A. Tomás, T. E. Tope, M. Tripathi, D. R. Tronstad, C. E. Tull, W. Turner, L. Tvrznikova, M. Utes, U. Utku, S. Uvarov, J. Va’vra, A. Vacheret, A. Vaitkus, J. R. Verbus, T. Vietanen, E. Voirin, C. O. Vuosalo, S. Walcott, W. L. Waldron, K. Walker, J. J. Wang, R. Wang, L. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Wang, J. R. Watson, J. Migneault, S. Weatherly, R. C. Webb, W.-Z. Wei, M. While, R. G. White, J. T. White, D. T. White, T. J. Whitis, W. J. Wisniewski, K. Wilson, M. S. Witherell, F. L. H. Wolfs, J. D. Wolfs, D. Woodward, S. D. Worm, X. Xiang, Q. Xiao, J. Xu, M. Yeh, J. Yin, I. Young, C. Zhang, and P. Zarzhitsky
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Published: 2022
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2. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

Author: D. S. Akerib, C. W. Akerlof, D. Yu. Akimov, A. Alquahtani, S. K. Alsum, T. J. Anderson, N. Angelides, H. M. Araújo, A. Arbuckle, J. E. Armstrong, M. Arthurs, H. Auyeung, S. Aviles, X. Bai, A. J. Bailey, J. Balajthy, S. Balashov, J. Bang, M. J. Barry, D. Bauer, P. Bauer, A. Baxter, J. Belle, P. Beltrame, J. Bensinger, T. Benson, E. P. Bernard, A. Bernstein, A. Bhatti, A. Biekert, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. J. Birch, B. Birrittella, K. E. Boast, A. I. Bolozdynya, E. M. Boulton, B. Boxer, R. Bramante, S. Branson, P. Brás, M. Breidenbach, C. A. J. Brew, J. H. Buckley, V. V. Bugaev, R. Bunker, S. Burdin, J. K. Busenitz, R. Cabrita, J. S. Campbell, C. Carels, D. L. Carlsmith, B. Carlson, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Cascella, C. Chan, J. J. Cherwinka, A. A. Chiller, C. Chiller, N. I. Chott, A. Cole, J. Coleman, D. Colling, R. A. Conley, A. Cottle, R. Coughlen, G. Cox, W. W. Craddock, D. Curran, A. Currie, J. E. Cutter, J. P. da Cunha, C. E. Dahl, S. Dardin, S. Dasu, J. Davis, T. J. R. Davison, L. de Viveiros, N. Decheine, A. Dobi, J. E. Y. Dobson, E. Druszkiewicz, A. Dushkin, T. K. Edberg, W. R. Edwards, B. N. Edwards, J. Edwards, M. M. Elnimr, W. T. Emmet, S. R. Eriksen, C. H. Faham, A. Fan, S. Fayer, S. Fiorucci, H. Flaecher, I. M. Fogarty Florang, P. Ford, V. B. Francis, E. D. Fraser, F. Froborg, T. Fruth, R. J. Gaitskell, N. J. Gantos, D. Garcia, V. M. Gehman, R. Gelfand, J. Genovesi, R. M. Gerhard, C. Ghag, E. Gibson, M. G. D. Gilchriese, S. Gokhale, B. Gomber, T. G. Gonda, A. Greenall, S. Greenwood, G. Gregerson, M. G. D. van der Grinten, C. B. Gwilliam, C. R. Hall, D. Hamilton, S. Hans, K. Hanzel, T. Harrington, A. Harrison, J. Harrison, C. Hasselkus, S. J. Haselschwardt, D. Hemer, S. A. Hertel, J. Heise, S. Hillbrand, O. Hitchcock, C. Hjemfelt, M. D. Hoff, B. Holbrook, E. Holtom, J. Y-K. Hor, M. Horn, D. Q. Huang, T. W. Hurteau, C. M. Ignarra, M. N. Irving, R. G. Jacobsen, O. Jahangir, S. N. Jeffery, W. Ji, M. Johnson, J. Johnson, P. Johnson, W. G. Jones, A. C. Kaboth, A. Kamaha, K. Kamdin, V. Kasey, K. Kazkaz, J. Keefner, D. Khaitan, M. Khaleeq, A. Khazov, A. V. Khromov, I. Khurana, Y. D. Kim, W. T. Kim, C. D. Kocher, D. Kodroff, A. M. Konovalov, L. Korley, E. V. Korolkova, M. Koyuncu, J. Kras, H. Kraus, S. W. Kravitz, H. J. Krebs, L. Kreczko, B. Krikler, V. A. Kudryavtsev, A. V. Kumpan, S. Kyre, A. R. Lambert, B. Landerud, N. A. Larsen, A. Laundrie, E. A. Leason, H. S. Lee, J. Lee, C. Lee, B. G. Lenardo, D. S. Leonard, R. Leonard, K. T. Lesko, C. Levy, J. Li, Y. Liu, J. Liao, F.-T. Liao, J. Lin, A. Lindote, R. Linehan, W. H. Lippincott, R. Liu, X. Liu, C. Loniewski, M. I. Lopes, E. Lopez-Asamar, B. López Paredes, W. Lorenzon, D. Lucero, S. Luitz, J. M. Lyle, C. Lynch, P. A. Majewski, J. Makkinje, D. C. Malling, A. Manalaysay, L. Manenti, R. L. Mannino, N. Marangou, D. J. Markley, P. MarrLaundrie, T. J. Martin, M. F. Marzioni, C. Maupin, C. T. McConnell, D. N. McKinsey, J. McLaughlin, D.-M. Mei, Y. Meng, E. H. Miller, Z. J. Minaker, E. Mizrachi, J. Mock, D. Molash, A. Monte, M. E. Monzani, J. A. Morad, E. Morrison, B. J. Mount, A. St. J. Murphy, D. Naim, A. Naylor, C. Nedlik, C. Nehrkorn, H. N. Nelson, J. Nesbit, F. Neves, J. A. Nikkel, J. A. Nikoleyczik, A. Nilima, J. O’Dell, H. Oh, F. G. O’Neill, K. O’Sullivan, I. Olcina, M. A. Olevitch, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, L. Oxborough, A. Pagac, D. Pagenkopf, S. Pal, K. J. Palladino, V. M. Palmaccio, J. Palmer, M. Pangilinan, N. Parveen, S. J. Patton, E. K. Pease, B. P. Penning, G. Pereira, C. Pereira, I. B. Peterson, A. Piepke, S. Pierson, S. Powell, R. M. Preece, K. Pushkin, Y. Qie, M. Racine, B. N. Ratcliff, J. Reichenbacher, L. Reichhart, C. A. Rhyne, A. Richards, Q. Riffard, G. R. C. Rischbieter, J. P. Rodrigues, H. J. Rose, R. Rosero, P. Rossiter, R. Rucinski, G. Rutherford, J. S. Saba, L. Sabarots, D. Santone, M. Sarychev, A. B. M. R. Sazzad, R. W. Schnee, M. Schubnell, P. R. Scovell, M. Severson, D. Seymour, S. Shaw, G. W. Shutt, T. A. Shutt, J. J. Silk, C. Silva, K. Skarpaas, W. Skulski, A. R. Smith, R. J. Smith, R. E. Smith, J. So, M. Solmaz, V. N. Solovov, P. Sorensen, V. V. Sosnovtsev, I. Stancu, M. R. Stark, S. Stephenson, N. Stern, A. Stevens, T. M. Stiegler, K. Stifter, R. Studley, T. J. Sumner, K. Sundarnath, P. Sutcliffe, N. Swanson, M. Szydagis, M. Tan, W. C. Taylor, R. Taylor, D. J. Taylor, D. Temples, B. P. Tennyson, P. A. Terman, K. J. Thomas, J. A. Thomson, D. R. Tiedt, M. Timalsina, W. H. To, A. Tomás, T. E. Tope, M. Tripathi, D. R. Tronstad, C. E. Tull, W. Turner, L. Tvrznikova, M. Utes, U. Utku, S. Uvarov, J. Va’vra, A. Vacheret, A. Vaitkus, J. R. Verbus, T. Vietanen, E. Voirin, C. O. Vuosalo, S. Walcott, W. L. Waldron, K. Walker, J. J. Wang, R. Wang, L. Wang, W. Wang, Y. Wang, J. R. Watson, J. Migneault, S. Weatherly, R. C. Webb, W.-Z. Wei, M. While, R. G. White, J. T. White, D. T. White, T. J. Whitis, W. J. Wisniewski, K. Wilson, M. S. Witherell, F. L. H. Wolfs, J. D. Wolfs, D. Woodward, S. D. Worm, X. Xiang, Q. Xiao, J. Xu, M. Yeh, J. Yin, I. Young, C. Zhang, and P. Zarzhitsky
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Abstract LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $${1.4 \times 10^{-48}}\, {\hbox {cm}}^{2}$$ 1.4 × 10 - 48 cm 2 for a WIMP mass of $${40}\, \hbox {GeV}/{\hbox {c}}^{2}$$ 40 GeV / c 2 and a $${1000}\, \hbox {days}$$ 1000 days exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large $${5.6}\, \hbox {t}$$ 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented.
Published: 2020
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3. Measurements of angle-resolved reflectivity of PTFE in liquid xenon with IBEX

Author: S. Kravitz, R. J. Smith, L. Hagaman, E. P. Bernard, D. N. McKinsey, L. Rudd, L. Tvrznikova, G. D. Orebi Gann, and M. Sakai
Subjects: Astrophysics, QB460-466, Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, QC770-798
Abstract: Abstract Liquid xenon particle detectors rely on excellent light collection efficiency for their performance. This depends on the high reflectivity of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at the xenon scintillation wavelength of 178 nm, but the angular dependence of this reflectivity is not well-understood. IBEX is designed to directly measure the angular distribution of xenon scintillation light reflected off PTFE in liquid xenon. These measurements are fully described by a microphysical reflectivity model with few free parameters. Dependence on PTFE type, surface finish, xenon pressure, and wavelength of incident light is explored. Total internal reflection is observed, which results in the dominance of specular over diffuse reflection and a reflectivity near 100% for high angles of incidence.
Published: 2020
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4. Deep learning based event reconstruction for cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy

Author: A Ashtari Esfahani, S Böser, N Buzinsky, M C Carmona-Benitez, R Cervantes, C Claessens, L de Viveiros, M Fertl, J A Formaggio, J K Gaison, L Gladstone, M Grando, M Guigue, J Hartse, K M Heeger, X Huyan, A M Jones, K Kazkaz, M Li, A Lindman, A Marsteller, C Matthé, R Mohiuddin, B Monreal, E C Morrison, R Mueller, J A Nikkel, E Novitski, N S Oblath, J I Peña, W Pettus, R Reimann, R G H Robertson, L Saldaña, M Schram, P L Slocum, J Stachurska, Y-H Sun, P T Surukuchi, A B Telles, F Thomas, M Thomas, L A Thorne, T Thümmler, L Tvrznikova, W Van De Pontseele, B A VanDevender, T E Weiss, T Wendler, E Zayas, and A Ziegler
Subjects: neutrino mass, cyclotron radiation, Project 8, machine learning, deep learning, convolutional neural network, Computer engineering. Computer hardware, TK7885-7895, Electronic computers. Computer science, QA75.5-76.95
Abstract: The objective of the cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy (CRES) technology is to build precise particle energy spectra. This is achieved by identifying the start frequencies of charged particle trajectories which, when exposed to an external magnetic field, leave semi-linear profiles (called tracks) in the time–frequency plane. Due to the need for excellent instrumental energy resolution in application, highly efficient and accurate track reconstruction methods are desired. Deep learning convolutional neural networks (CNNs) - particularly suited to deal with information-sparse data and which offer precise foreground localization—may be utilized to extract track properties from measured CRES signals (called events) with relative computational ease. In this work, we develop a novel machine learning based model which operates a CNN and a support vector machine in tandem to perform this reconstruction. A primary application of our method is shown on simulated CRES signals which mimic those of the Project 8 experiment—a novel effort to extract the unknown absolute neutrino mass value from a precise measurement of tritium β ^− -decay energy spectrum. When compared to a point-clustering based technique used as a baseline, we show a relative gain of 24.1% in event reconstruction efficiency and comparable performance in accuracy of track parameter reconstruction.
Published: 2024
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5. Viterbi decoding of CRES signals in Project 8

Author: A Ashtari Esfahani, Z Bogorad, S Böser, N Buzinsky, C Claessens, L de Viveiros, M Fertl, J A Formaggio, L Gladstone, M Grando, M Guigue, J Hartse, K M Heeger, X Huyan, J Johnston, A M Jones, K Kazkaz, B H LaRoque, M Li, A Lindman, C Matthé, R Mohiuddin, B Monreal, J A Nikkel, E Novitski, N S Oblath, J I Peña, W Pettus, R Reimann, R G H Robertson, G Rybka, L Saldaña, M Schram, P L Slocum, J Stachurska, Y-H Sun, P T Surukuchi, A B Telles, F Thomas, M Thomas, T Thümmler, L Tvrznikova, W Van De Pontseele, B A VanDevender, T E Weiss, T Wendler, E Zayas, and A Ziegler
Subjects: Viterbi algorithm, neutrino mass, hidden Markov model, Science, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: Cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy (CRES) is a modern approach for determining charged particle energies via high-precision frequency measurements of the emitted cyclotron radiation. For CRES experiments with gas within the fiducial volume, signal and noise dynamics can be modelled by a hidden Markov model. We introduce a novel application of the Viterbi algorithm in order to derive informational limits on the optimal detection of cyclotron radiation signals in this class of gas-filled CRES experiments, thereby providing concrete limits from which future reconstruction algorithms, as well as detector designs, can be constrained. The validity of the resultant decision rules is confirmed using both Monte Carlo and Project 8 data.
Published: 2022
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6. SYNCA: A Synthetic Cyclotron Antenna for the Project 8 Collaboration

Author: A. Ashtari Esfahani, S. Böser, N. Buzinsky, M.C. Carmona-Benitez, C. Claessens, L. de Viveiros, M. Fertl, J.A. Formaggio, L. Gladstone, M. Grando, J. Hartse, K.M. Heeger, X. Huyan, A.M. Jones, K. Kazkaz, M. Li, A. Lindman, C. Matthé, R. Mohiuddin, B. Monreal, R. Mueller, J.A. Nikkel, E. Novitski, N.S. Oblath, J.I. Peña, W. Pettus, R. Reimann, R.G.H. Robertson, L. Saldaña, P.L. Slocum, J. Stachurska, Y.-H. Sun, P.T. Surukuchi, A.B. Telles, F. Thomas, M. Thomas, L.A. Thorne, T. Thümmler, L. Tvrznikova, W. Van De Pontseele, B.A. VanDevender, T.E. Weiss, T. Wendler, E. Zayas, and A. Ziegler
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Instrumentation, Nuclear Experiment, Mathematical Physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment
Abstract: Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a technique for measuring the kinetic energy of charged particles through a precision measurement of the frequency of the cyclotron radiation generated by the particle's motion in a magnetic field. The Project 8 collaboration is developing a next-generation neutrino mass measurement experiment based on CRES. One approach is to use a phased antenna array, which surrounds a volume of tritium gas, to detect and measure the cyclotron radiation of the resulting β-decay electrons. To validate the feasibility of this method, Project 8 has designed a test stand to benchmark the performance of an antenna array at reconstructing signals that mimic those of genuine CRES events. To generate synthetic CRES events, a novel probe antenna has been developed, which emits radiation with characteristics similar to the cyclotron radiation produced by charged particles in magnetic fields. This paper outlines the design, construction, and characterization of this Synthetic Cyclotron Antenna (SYNCA). Furthermore, we perform a series of measurements that use the SYNCA to test the position reconstruction capabilities of the digital beamforming reconstruction technique. We find that the SYNCA produces radiation with characteristics closely matching those expected for cyclotron radiation and reproduces experimentally the phenomenology of digital beamforming simulations of true CRES signals.
Published: 2022
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7. Study of dielectric breakdown in liquid xenon with XeBrA: The xenon breakdown apparatus

Author: J. Watson, I. Olcina, J. Soria, D. N. McKinsey, S. Kravitz, E. E. Deck, E. P. Bernard, L. Tvrznikova, W. L. Waldron, Q. Riffard, and K. O’Sullivan
Subjects: Instrumentation
Abstract: Maintaining the electric fields necessary for the current generation of noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs), with drift lengths exceeding 1 m, requires a large negative voltage applied to their cathode. Delivering such high voltage is associated with an elevated risk of electrostatic discharge and electroluminescence, which would be detrimental to the performance of the experiment. The Xenon Breakdown Apparatus (XeBrA) is a 5-l, high voltage test chamber built to investigate the contributing factors to electrical breakdown in noble liquids. In this work, we present the main findings after conducting scans over stressed electrode areas, surface finish, pressure, and high voltage ramp speed in the medium of liquid xenon. Area scaling and surface finish were observed to be the dominant factors affecting breakdown, whereas no significant changes were observed with varying pressure or ramp speed. A general rise in both the anode current and photon rate was observed in the last 30 s, leading up to a breakdown, with a marked increase in the last couple of seconds. In addition, the position of breakdowns was reconstructed with a system of high-speed cameras and a moderate correlation with the Fowler–Nordheim field emission model was found. Tentative evidence for bubble nucleation being the originating mechanism of breakdown in the liquid was also observed. We deem the results presented in this work to be of particular interest for the design of future, large TPCs, and practical recommendations are provided.
Published: 2023

8. Constraints on effective field theory couplings using 311.2 days of LUX data

Author: A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, T. P. Biesiadzinski, M.I. Lopes, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, S. Alsum, M. Horn, P. A. Terman, A. Fan, J. T. White, P. Rossiter, Sergey Burdin, A. Baxter, S. J. Haselschwardt, R. Taylor, T. J. Whitis, A. Manalaysay, D. Byram, Antonin Vacheret, B. G. Lenardo, Q. Riffard, N. Swanson, P. Brás, K. T. Lesko, V. Velan, Ethan Bernard, A. Nilima, Matthew Szydagis, T. J. Sumner, S. Shaw, R. G. Jacobsen, K. Palladino, P. Sorensen, D. Khaitan, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, J. A. Morad, M. Solmaz, B. P. Tennyson, O. Jahangir, U. Utku, W. C. Taylor, X. Bai, K. Kazkaz, E. Leason, J. Bang, H. N. Nelson, Henrique Araujo, W. Ji, L. Tvrznikova, V. A. Kudryavtsev, F. Neves, D. R. Tiedt, J. Balajthy, B. Boxer, C. M. Ignarra, A. Lindote, R. L. Mannino, S. A. Hertel, S. Fiorucci, Carl Gwilliam, T. A. Shutt, W. H. To, D. S. Akerib, E. Druszkiewicz, V. N. Solovov, C. R. Hall, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, D. Woodward, D. J. Taylor, Chao Zhang, D. P. Hogan, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. G. D. Gilchriese, C. Rhyne, N. Marangou, Elena Korolkova, J. Liao, G. R. C. Rischbieter, R. J. Gaitskell, Dongming Mei, F. L. H. Wolfs, E. M. Boulton, K. Kamdin, X. Xiang, J. Lin, Daniel McKinsey, A. Naylor, J. E. Cutter, D. Q. Huang, C. Ghag, Michael S. Witherell, Catarina Silva, C. Chan, A. Vaitkus, S. Kravitz, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY, Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Atomic, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Particles & Fields, Particle and Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Effective field theory, DARK-MATTER, Order (group theory), Nuclear, 010306 general physics, Mathematical physics, Physics, Quantum Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Molecular, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Physical Sciences, astro-ph.CO, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We report here the results of an Effective Field Theory (EFT) WIMP search analysis using LUX data. We build upon previous LUX analyses by extending the search window to include nuclear recoil energies up to $\sim$180 keV$_{nr}$, requiring a reassessment of data quality cuts and background models. In order to use a binned Profile Likelihood statistical framework, the development of new analysis techniques to account for higher-energy backgrounds was required. With a 3.14$\times10^4$ kg$\cdot$day exposure using data collected between 2014 and 2016, we set 90\% C.L. exclusion limits on non-relativistic EFT WIMP couplings to neutrons and protons, providing the most stringent constraints on a significant fraction of the possible EFT WIMP interactions. Additionally, we report world-leading exclusion limits on inelastic EFT WIMP-nucleon recoils., 19 Pages, 10 Figures, 4 Table
Published: 2021

9. Bayesian Analysis of a Future Beta Decay Experiment's Sensitivity to Neutrino Mass Scale and Ordering

Author: Sebastian Böser, Gray Rybka, M. Guigue, Walter C. Pettus, R. Cervantes, Malachi Schram, M. Grando, T. Wendler, Mathew Thomas, Kareem Kazkaz, B. H. LaRoque, James Nikkel, M. Ottiger, B.A. VanDevender, Benjamin Monreal, J. Johnston, M. Betancourt, L. Saldaña, R. G. H. Robertson, X. Huyan, Joseph A. Formaggio, Z. Bogorad, A. Ashtari Esfahani, R. Mohiuddin, V. Sibille, L. de Viveiros, E. Zayas, A. Lindman, Martin Fertl, N. Buzinsky, L. Tvrznikova, L. Gladstone, J. Hartse, A. Ziegler, Thomas Thümmler, P. T. Surukuchi, N. S. Oblath, A. B. Telles, C. Claessens, K. M. Heeger, T. E. Weiss, Y. H. Sun, P. L. Slocum, E. Novitski, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, A. M. Jones, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Semileptonic decay, data analysis method, Particle physics, Bayesian probability, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Bayesian inference, Bayesian, 01 natural sciences, Measure (mathematics), statistics: Bayesian, mass: scale, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, neutrino: mass, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Electroweak Interaction, Probability and statistics, semileptonic decay, calibration, sensitivity, neutrino: nuclear reactor, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, mass: calibration, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, spectral, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an], Symmetries
Abstract: Bayesian modeling techniques enable sensitivity analyses that incorporate detailed expectations regarding future experiments. A model-based approach also allows one to evaluate inferences and predicted outcomes, by calibrating (or measuring) the consequences incurred when certain results are reported. We present procedures for calibrating predictions of an experiment's sensitivity to both continuous and discrete parameters. Using these procedures and a new Bayesian model of the $\beta$-decay spectrum, we assess a high-precision $\beta$-decay experiment's sensitivity to the neutrino mass scale and ordering, for one assumed design scenario. We find that such an experiment could measure the electron-weighted neutrino mass within $\sim40\,$meV after 1 year (90$\%$ credibility). Neutrino masses $>500\,$meV could be measured within $\approx5\,$meV. Using only $\beta$-decay and external reactor neutrino data, we find that next-generation $\beta$-decay experiments could potentially constrain the mass ordering using a two-neutrino spectral model analysis. By calibrating mass ordering results, we identify reporting criteria that can be tuned to suppress false ordering claims. In some cases, a two-neutrino analysis can reveal that the mass ordering is inverted, an unobtainable result for the traditional one-neutrino analysis approach., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2020

10. Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers

Author: F. L. H. Wolfs, E. M. Boulton, T. A. Shutt, Ethan Bernard, P. Brás, Kareem Kazkaz, T. P. Biesiadzinski, J. T. White, Henrique Araujo, L. Tvrznikova, C. R. Hall, S. Uvarov, X. Bai, E. Druszkiewicz, M. Horn, M. G. D. Gilchriese, Carl Gwilliam, D. J. Taylor, Daniel McKinsey, E. Leason, Q. Riffard, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. M. Ignarra, Catarina Silva, S. Alsum, A. Naylor, Robert A. Taylor, P. Rossiter, M. Moongweluwan, C. Chan, Chao Zhang, S. Kravitz, D. Q. Huang, T. J. Whitis, Elena Korolkova, B. G. Lenardo, J. A. Morad, G. R. C. Rischbieter, T. J. Sumner, K. T. Lesko, N. Marangou, S. Shaw, M. Solmaz, M. S. Witherell, O. Jahangir, P. A. Terman, Dongming Mei, D. R. Tiedt, Antonin Vacheret, D. S. Akerib, J. Lin, P. Sorensen, V. Velan, J. E. Cutter, A. St. J. Murphy, F. Neves, Adam Bernstein, B. P. Tennyson, D. Khaitan, M.I. Lopes, C. Ghag, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, J. Liao, D. P. Hogan, A. Fan, K. J. Palladino, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, E. K. Pease, V. N. Solovov, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, R. L. Mannino, S. Fiorucci, W. H. To, D. Woodward, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, U. Utku, D. Byram, B. Boxer, Matthew Szydagis, S. A. Hertel, Sergey Burdin, A. Baxter, A. Manalaysay, A. Lindote, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, K. Kamdin, S. J. Haselschwardt, H. N. Nelson, R. G. Jacobsen, W. Ji, A. Nilima, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Photon, Large Underground Xenon experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Massive particle, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Astronomy & Astrophysics, nucl-ex, 01 natural sciences, Atomic, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Recoil, Xenon, Particle and Plasma Physics, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, physics.ins-det, Physics, Quantum Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Drift field, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Recoil energy, Nuclear & Particles Physics, chemistry, Physical Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: We present a comprehensive analysis of electronic recoil vs. nuclear recoil discrimination in liquid/gas xenon time projection chambers, using calibration data from the 2013 and 2014-16 runs of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. We observe strong charge-to-light discrimination enhancement with increased event energy. For events with S1 = 120 detected photons, i.e. equivalent to a nuclear recoil energy of $\sim$100 keV, we observe an electronic recoil background acceptance of $, 29 pages, 33 figures; minor typos corrected, references updated
Published: 2020

11. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

Author: Mikkel B. Johnson, B. Landerud, A. Biekert, B. N. Edwards, K. Hanzel, T. E. Tope, D. Curran, C. Chiller, J. Palmer, R. Leonard, P. Sutcliffe, E. D. Fraser, R. Bunker, J. So, A. A. Chiller, M. R. While, A. Dobi, D. Hamilton, M. G. D. van der Grinten, W. J. Wisniewski, J. Li, A. Fan, J.S. Saba, C. Lynch, Henrique Araujo, S. Luitz, J. Nesbit, M. Horn, C. D. Kocher, Catarina Silva, F. G. O’Neill, J. C. Davis, J. J. Silk, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, Simon Fayer, M. Pangilinan, K. O’Sullivan, D. Lucero, Q. Xiao, D. Hemer, B. Boxer, J. M. Lyle, C. Chan, C. E. Tull, J. Genovesi, A. Vaitkus, M. Arthurs, V. B. Francis, S. Kravitz, X. Liu, H. J. Birch, R. Linehan, S. Walcott, C. H. Faham, T. J. Anderson, A. B.M.R. Sazzad, D. White, A. Kamaha, M. S. Witherell, R. Studley, K. Sundarnath, R. Liu, H. Oh, L. Korley, H. Flaecher, R. Conley, K. Kamdin, P. Beltrame, S. Stephenson, C. Pereira, C. R. Hall, R. Cabrita, B. Holbrook, B. G. Lenardo, P. Majewski, T.M. Stiegler, I. B. Peterson, A. Manalaysay, A. Monte, C. Ghag, H. Kraus, C. Loniewski, J. Makkinje, X. Xiang, Robert A. Taylor, M. N. Irving, S. Uvarov, Michael Schubnell, J. Heise, R. Coughlen, A. Lambert, F. Froborg, L. Oxborough, D.C. Malling, S. Greenwood, J. Yin, S. J. Haselschwardt, H. J. Krebs, W. H. Lippincott, K. J. Palladino, R. E. Smith, V. A. Kudryavtsev, I. Olcina, C. M. Ignarra, A. Harrison, A. J. Bailey, Minfang Yeh, D. Bauer, W. Skulski, J. Keefner, O. Hitchcock, Ben Carlson, E. Leason, Benjamin Krikler, A. Cottle, E. Mizrachi, Michele Cascella, M. Khaleeq, M. Solmaz, T. J. Whitis, J. J. Wang, N. Angelides, S. Gokhale, K. Skarpaas, Daniel McKinsey, S. Dardin, S. Kyre, D. Santone, P. R. Scovell, T. Vietanen, S. Powell, Y. Wang, David Leonard, E. Morrison, N. Swanson, M. Sarychev, M. A. Olevitch, E. K. Pease, M. Elnimr, P. Brás, N.J. Gantos, R. G. Jacobsen, J. Migneault, Yeongduk Kim, W. Turner, S. D. Worm, Seth Hillbrand, T. Fruth, G. Gregerson, Wenzhao Wei, V. Kasey, L. Kreczko, J. R. Watson, A. Bhatti, D. Naim, Ethan Bernard, B. J. Mount, V. N. Solovov, C. Nedlik, K. Wilson, Elena Korolkova, G. R. C. Rischbieter, P. Ford, A. Stevens, D. J. Taylor, H. N. Nelson, F. Neves, S. Aviles, W. T. Emmet, K. Stifter, B. Birrittella, J. T. White, S. J. Patton, D. Molash, M. Severson, T. A. Shutt, A. Richards, D Kodroff, J. Lin, Kareem Kazkaz, T. P. Biesiadzinski, David Colling, J. Liao, J. Mock, J. A. Morad, E. Holtom, J. E. Y. Dobson, Bjoern Penning, C. E. Dahl, A. Dushkin, A. Konovalov, D. J. Markley, G. W. Shutt, N. Parveen, M. G. D. Gilchriese, Yanwen Liu, C. Carels, Martin Breidenbach, Kathrin C. Walker, V.V. Sosnovtsev, A. Naylor, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, A. Pagac, J. J. Cherwinka, N. Decheine, J. Bang, J. A. Nikoleyczik, Patrick Bauer, J.P. Rodrigues, S. Branson, T. J. R. Davison, B. Lopez Paredes, D. Pagenkopf, J. S. Campbell, M. Tan, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, M.J. Barry, J. Belle, D. Yu. Akimov, M. Timalsina, S. Shaw, Alexander Bolozdynya, W. Ji, Sridhara Dasu, D. Q. Huang, J. Edwards, F. L. H. Wolfs, K. E. Boast, J. Busenitz, Ren-Jie Wang, S. Fiorucci, N. Stern, C. Rhyne, V. Bugaev, A. Laundrie, G. Rutherford, G. Pereira, E. H. Miller, W. W. Craddock, S. Alsum, J.P. da Cunha, Richard J. Smith, A. Cole, W. Wang, Julie Harrison, I. Khurana, M. Utes, R. J. Gaitskell, J. Kras, D. Khaitan, R. L. Mannino, J. D. Wolfs, H. Auyeung, L. de Viveiros, E. Voirin, E. M. Boulton, N. I. Chott, I. Stancu, L. Tvrznikova, Richard Rosero, P. MarrLaundrie, D. R. Tronstad, T. Benson, Dongming Mei, T. J. Sumner, O. Jahangir, J. Va’vra, Ross G. White, L. Sabarots, A. Currie, A. R. Smith, W. L. Waldron, J. P. Coleman, E. Lopez-Asamar, Wolfgang Lorenzon, A. Piepke, Carl Gwilliam, S. Hans, T. Harrington, Laura Manenti, A. Greenall, F.-T. Liao, G. Cox, J. R. Bensinger, V. M. Gehman, H. J. Rose, Christopher Brew, X. Bai, P. Sorensen, A. Arbuckle, Y. Qie, R. C. Webb, R.M. Gerhard, T.W. Hurteau, K.J. Thomas, P. Rossiter, C. Hasselkus, W. G. Jones, J. Johnson, R. Gelfand, T. G. Gonda, C. O. Vuosalo, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, Chao Zhang, A. Nilima, R. M. Preece, T. K. Edberg, Q. Riffard, B. P. Tennyson, Yue Meng, C. Maupin, J. E. Cutter, J. Reichenbacher, J.Y-K. Hor, N. Marangou, D. Temples, Eli Gibson, M. Hoff, H. S. Lee, J. H. Buckley, Z. J. Minaker, M.I. Lopes, M. Koyuncu, P. A. Terman, J.R. Verbus, Bhawna Gomber, J. A. Nikkel, A. Alquahtani, I. M. Fogarty Florang, D. Seymour, A. V. Kumpan, Antonin Vacheret, C. Hjemfelt, M.R. Stark, S. Pierson, M. Racine, D. R. Tiedt, D. S. Akerib, A. Khazov, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, A.V. Khromov, A. C. Kaboth, V. M. Palmaccio, Duncan Carlsmith, K. Pushkin, S. A. Hertel, S. N. Jeffery, E. Druszkiewicz, R. W. Schnee, S. Pal, R. Bramante, B. N. Ratcliff, M. E. Monzani, J. O'Dell, P. Zarzhitsky, L. Wang, P. Johnson, Matthew Szydagis, W. H. To, J. E. Armstrong, U. Utku, Mani Tripathi, D. Woodward, D. Garcia, W. R. Edwards, Carl W. Akerlof, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, Ian S. Young, J. McLaughlin, J. Thomson, S. R. Eriksen, R. Rucinski, T.J. Martin, C. Levy, Sergey Burdin, A. Baxter, A. Lindote, L. Reichhart, Juhyeong Lee, S. Balashov, C. T. McConnell, M. F. Marzioni, A. Tomás, W. T. Kim, S. Weatherly, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: BACKGROUNDS, Particle physics, Photomultiplier, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), FOS: Physical sciences, lcsh:Astrophysics, Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), WIMP, lcsh:QB460-466, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Gamma spectroscopy, Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, DETECTOR, physics.ins-det, 0206 Quantum Physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), Physics, Science & Technology, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, IMPURITIES, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Physical Sciences, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Content (measure theory), lcsh:QC770-798, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented., Comment: 45 pages (79 inc. tables), 7 figures, 9 tables
Published: 2020

12. Search for two neutrino double electron capture of 124Xe and 126Xe in the full exposure of the LUX detector

Author: E. M. Boulton, A. Naylor, L. Tvrznikova, P. Brás, T. J. Sumner, A. Manalaysay, A. Lindote, J. A. Morad, Jilei Xu, R. L. Mannino, D. Q. Huang, C. Nehrkorn, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, Carl Gwilliam, Ethan Bernard, Catarina Silva, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, K. Kamdin, Chao Zhang, J. Liao, W. H. To, D. R. Tiedt, S. Uvarov, D. Woodward, A. Fan, Henrique Araujo, J. Lin, D. M. Mei, S. J. Haselschwardt, N. Marangou, Q. Riffard, D. S. Akerib, V. A. Kudryavtsev, Sergey Burdin, D. J. Taylor, T. A. Shutt, C. Rhyne, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, M. Horn, A. Baxter, R. J. Gaitskell, C. Chan, S. Kravitz, C. R. Hall, C. M. Ignarra, K. J. Palladino, U. Utku, D. Byram, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, G. R. C. Rischbieter, Mani Tripathi, M.I. Lopes, Elena Korolkova, M. G. D. Gilchriese, B. G. Lenardo, E. K. Pease, H. N. Nelson, S. Fiorucci, B. Boxer, L. de Viveiros, V. N. Solovov, Daniel McKinsey, S. Alsum, M. Moongweluwan, F. L. H. Wolfs, P. Sorensen, M. Solmaz, M. F. Marzioni, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, R. C. Webb, C. Ghag, J. T. White, D. P. Hogan, D. Khaitan, B. P. Tennyson, P. Rossiter, Matthew Szydagis, Robert A. Taylor, F. Neves, J. E. Cutter, T. J. Whitis, P. A. Terman, Antonin Vacheret, S. Shaw, M. S. Witherell, O. Jahangir, X. Bai, K. T. Lesko, E. Leason, R. G. Jacobsen, Kareem Kazkaz, T. P. Biesiadzinski, W. Ji, A. Nilima, V. Velan, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: COLLISIONS, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Electron capture, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, nucl-ex, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Physics, Particles & Fields, HEAVY-IONS, LIMITS, Particle and Plasma Physics, rare decays, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), xenon detectors, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, physics.ins-det, Physics, Science & Technology, dark matter detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, 3. Good health, Physics, Nuclear, double electron capture, Physical Sciences, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Neutrino
Abstract: Two-neutrino double electron capture is a process allowed in the Standard Model of Particle Physics. This rare decay has been observed in $^{78}$Kr, $^{130}$Ba and more recently in $^{124}$Xe. In this publication we report on the search for this process in $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe using the full exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment, in a total of of 27769.5~kg-days. No evidence of a signal was observed, allowing us to set 90\% C.L. lower limits for the half-lives of these decays of $2.0\times10^{21}$~years for $^{124}$Xe and $1.9\times10^{21}$~years for $^{126}$Xe., 8 pages, 3 figures
Published: 2020

13. Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the 0νββ decay of Xe136

Author: Richard Rosero, D. R. Tronstad, David Leonard, X. Bai, J. Johnson, X. Liu, J. Busenitz, P. Brás, C. Rhyne, A. Cole, R. J. Gaitskell, R. Linehan, Eli Gibson, C. Levy, Sergey Burdin, R. C. Webb, A. Baxter, L. de Viveiros, A. Alqahtani, A. Monte, C. Ghag, N. Angelides, P. Sorensen, S. Gokhale, S. Shaw, Catarina Silva, J. Palmer, B. Lopez Paredes, T. J. Sumner, N. Marangou, A. Manalaysay, K. E. Boast, O. Jahangir, R. W. Schnee, S. Pal, M. E. Monzani, Yue Meng, D. Naim, I. Stancu, J. Liao, J. J. Wang, K. O’Sullivan, V. Bugaev, N. I. Chott, A. Khazov, P. Zarzhitsky, B. J. Mount, T. A. Shutt, Matthew Szydagis, J. Lin, H. N. Nelson, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, Wolfgang Lorenzon, Ross G. White, J.J. Silk, J. R. Bensinger, E. Leason, Benjamin Krikler, M. G. D. Gilchriese, E. Druszkiewicz, Laura Manenti, J. E. Y. Dobson, C. Carels, E. Mizrachi, C. Chan, Henrique Araujo, J. A. Morad, L. Kreczko, J. R. Watson, F.-T. Liao, A. Vaitkus, S. Kravitz, W. C. Taylor, P. Rossiter, H. J. Birch, D. Khaitan, K. Stifter, A. Kamaha, J. Bang, J. A. Nikoleyczik, D. Seymour, W. Turner, U. Utku, E. D. Fraser, Mani Tripathi, K. T. Lesko, C. Nedlik, A. Biekert, J. Balajthy, V. A. Kudryavtsev, S. Fiorucci, A. C. Kaboth, J. McLaughlin, C. M. Ignarra, C. R. Hall, F. L. H. Wolfs, R. Cabrita, Kareem Kazkaz, G. Rutherford, D. R. Tiedt, A. Harrison, M. Horn, J. Li, T. P. Biesiadzinski, C. D. Kocher, M. G. D. van der Grinten, K. J. Palladino, M. F. Marzioni, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, J. Kras, Michele Cascella, Carl W. Akerlof, H. Kraus, C. E. Dahl, T. Fruth, T. J. Anderson, A. Lindote, J. M. Lyle, Jilei Xu, B. Boxer, C. Nehrkorn, A. B.M.R. Sazzad, A. Tomás, E. K. Pease, Juhyeong Lee, Michael Schubnell, D. S. Akerib, L. Korley, K. Kamdin, S. Balashov, Ethan Bernard, P. Majewski, W. H. Lippincott, V. N. Solovov, X. Xiang, Daniel McKinsey, N. Parveen, Minfang Yeh, A. St. J. Murphy, M. Solmaz, Adam Bernstein, Robert A. Taylor, E. Morrison, D. Woodward, A. Naylor, T. J. Whitis, S. J. Haselschwardt, D. Q. Huang, M.I. Lopes, N. Swanson, W. Wang, P. A. Terman, S. R. Eriksen, R. L. Mannino, Antonin Vacheret, M. Arthurs, S. Luitz, G. Pereira, Richard J. Smith, T. K. Edberg, Q. Riffard, D. Temples, K. Pushkin, J. E. Armstrong, J. H. Buckley, J. Genovesi, M. Tan, E. H. Miller, A. Cottle, I. Olcina, A. Bhatti, S. A. Hertel, C. Loniewski, Elena Korolkova, A. Stevens, G. R. C. Rischbieter, F. Neves, Bjoern Penning, M. Timalsina, L. Tvrznikova, Henning Flaecher, S. Alsum, I. Khurana, J. Y.K. Hor, J. E. Cutter, J. Reichenbacher, W. Ji, A. Fan, Duncan Carlsmith, D. Santone, A. Nilima, and R. Liu
Subjects: Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Active volume, 0103 physical sciences, Analytical chemistry, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences, Sensitivity (electronics)
Abstract: Author(s): Akerib, DS; Akerlof, CW; Alqahtani, A; Alsum, SK; Anderson, TJ; Angelides, N; Araujo, HM; Armstrong, JE; Arthurs, M; Bai, X; Balajthy, J; Balashov, S; Bang, J; Baxter, A; Bensinger, J; Bernard, EP; Bernstein, A; Bhatti, A; Biekert, A; Biesiadzinski, TP; Birch, HJ; Boast, KE; Boxer, B; Bras, P; Buckley, JH; Bugaev, VV; Burdin, S; Busenitz, JK; Cabrita, R; Carels, C; Carlsmith, DL; Carmona-Benitez, MC; Cascella, M; Chan, C; Chott, NI; Cole, A; Cottle, A; Cutter, JE; Dahl, CE; De Viveiros, L; Dobson, JEY; Druszkiewicz, E; Edberg, TK; Eriksen, SR; Fan, A; Fiorucci, S; Flaecher, H; Fraser, ED; Fruth, T; Gaitskell, RJ; Genovesi, J; Ghag, C; Gibson, E; Gilchriese, MGD; Gokhale, S; Van Der Grinten, MGD; Hall, CR; Harrison, A; Haselschwardt, SJ; Hertel, SA; Hor, JYK; Horn, M; Huang, DQ; Ignarra, CM; Jahangir, O; Ji, W; Johnson, J; Kaboth, AC; Kamaha, AC; Kamdin, K; Kazkaz, K; Khaitan, D; Khazov, A; Khurana, I; Kocher, CD; Korley, L; Korolkova, EV; Kras, J; Kraus, H; Kravitz, S; Kreczko, L; Krikler, B; Kudryavtsev, VA; Leason, EA; Lee, J | Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double β decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to Xe136 neutrinoless double β decay, taking advantage of the significant (g600 kg) Xe136 mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 live-days, the median exclusion sensitivity to the half-life of Xe136 is projected to be 1.06×1026 years (90% confidence level), similar to existing constraints. We also report the expected sensitivity of a possible subsequent dedicated exposure using 90% enrichment with Xe136 at 1.06×1027 years.
Published: 2020

14. Investigation of background electron emission in the LUX detector

Author: D. J. Taylor, M. G. D. Gilchriese, V. Velan, U. Utku, A. Manalaysay, A. Fan, S. Shaw, L. Tvrznikova, P. A. Terman, T. J. Sumner, J. T. White, Ethan Bernard, H. N. Nelson, W. H. To, D. Woodward, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, B. G. Lenardo, M. S. Witherell, O. Jahangir, P. Brás, Robert A. Taylor, Q. Riffard, Carl Gwilliam, Daniel McKinsey, R. G. Jacobsen, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, T. J. Whitis, M. Solmaz, X. Bai, D. Khaitan, S. Alsum, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, S. A. Hertel, W. Ji, K. Kamdin, E. Druszkiewicz, M. Moongweluwan, Antonin Vacheret, F. L. H. Wolfs, P. Rossiter, K. J. Palladino, E. M. Boulton, R. L. Mannino, Elena Korolkova, G. R. C. Rischbieter, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, S. J. Haselschwardt, D. Byram, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, J. Lin, D. R. Tiedt, Henrique Araujo, E. K. Pease, D. P. Hogan, B. Boxer, K. T. Lesko, V. N. Solovov, E. Leason, C. R. Hall, Matthew Szydagis, D. S. Akerib, S. Uvarov, R. C. Webb, M. Horn, L. de Viveiros, A. St. J. Murphy, P. Sorensen, Adam Bernstein, B. P. Tennyson, A. Naylor, M.I. Lopes, D. Q. Huang, Kareem Kazkaz, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. M. Ignarra, T. P. Biesiadzinski, J. Liao, Sergey Burdin, C. Rhyne, A. Baxter, R. J. Gaitskell, A. Lindote, S. Fiorucci, J. E. Cutter, Chao Zhang, C. Ghag, N. Marangou, F. Neves, Dongming Mei, Catarina Silva, C. Chan, S. Kravitz, A. Nilima, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, Photoionization, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Particles & Fields, ENERGY, XENON, Particle and Plasma Physics, Xenon, DEPENDENCE, Impurity, LIQUID ARGON, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, FIELD, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Physics, Quantum Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Photoelectric effect, Nuclear & Particles Physics, STATE, KRYPTON, chemistry, Physical Sciences, Atomic physics, Luminescence, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: Dual-phase xenon detectors, as currently used in direct detection dark matter experiments, have observed elevated rates of background electron events in the low energy region. While this background negatively impacts detector performance in various ways, its origins have only been partially studied. In this paper we report a systematic investigation of the electron pathologies observed in the LUX dark matter experiment. We characterize different electron populations based on their emission intensities and their correlations with preceding energy depositions in the detector. By studying the background under different experimental conditions, we identified the leading emission mechanisms, including photoionization and the photoelectric effect induced by the xenon luminescence, delayed emission of electrons trapped under the liquid surface, capture and release of drifting electrons by impurities, and grid electron emission. We discuss how these backgrounds can be mitigated in LUX and future xenon-based dark matter experiments., 17 pages, 13 figures
Published: 2020

15. Measurement of the Gamma Ray Background in the Davis Cavern at the Sanford Underground Research Facility

Author: A. Biekert, V. A. Kudryavtsev, M. G. D. van der Grinten, C. M. Ignarra, Henrique Araujo, D. Seymour, E. Leason, B. Boxer, A. Naylor, J. McLaughlin, J. Y.K. Hor, A. Murphy, J. E. Cutter, J. Reichenbacher, C. R. Hall, G. Pereira, M. Horn, C. D. Kocher, K. Pushkin, X. Bai, J. Johnson, D. Q. Huang, H. Kraus, C. Carels, X. Liu, J. M. Lyle, T. K. Edberg, A. Lindote, T. Fruth, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, Q. Riffard, L. Kreczko, D. Woodward, M. F. Marzioni, T.M. Stiegler, Juhyeong Lee, T. P. Biesiadzinski, A. Cottle, A. Tomás, S. Balashov, W.T. Kim, F. Neves, K. E. Boast, A. B.M.R. Sazzad, L. Korley, K. Kamdin, Murdock Gilchriese, David Leonard, Robert A. Taylor, Catarina Silva, C. E. Dahl, M. E. Monzani, A. Angelides, D. Temples, P. Brás, M. Solmaz, A. Manalaysay, D. Khaitan, P. Majewski, E. Morrison, T. J. Whitis, Matthew Szydagis, J. Genovesi, J.P. Rodrigues, J. Busenitz, Benjamin Krikler, A. Fan, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, J. E. Armstrong, A. Stevens, Ethan Bernard, Bjoern Penning, Michael Schubnell, J. H. Buckley, Ross G. White, I. Stancu, L. Tvrznikova, P.R. Scovell, Daniel McKinsey, W. Ji, K. J. Palladino, I. Olcina, J. A. Morad, H. N. Nelson, N. Marangou, J. A. Nikoleyczik, R. L. Mannino, Michele Cascella, Sergey Burdin, A. Baxter, C. Nedlik, C. Ghag, P. Rossiter, C. Chan, M.I. Lopes, E. K. Pease, V. Bugaev, S. Kravitz, V. N. Solovov, S. Gokhale, S. Alsum, Julie Harrison, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, J. R. Watson, C. Levy, E. H. Miller, F.-T. Liao, S. Luitz, J. Lin, J. Yin, A. Piepke, S. Hans, J. Liao, S. J. Haselschwardt, F. L. H. Wolfs, A. Nilima, S. Uvarov, G. Rutherford, D. R. Tiedt, J. Kras, R. Linehan, Laura Manenti, K. T. Lesko, D. Naim, B. J. Mount, D. S. Akerib, T. A. Shutt, J. J. Wang, J. E. Y. Dobson, L.D. Viveiros, C. Loniewski, S. Shaw, Wolfgang Lorenzon, Elena Korolkova, H. Flaecher, M. Timalsina, O. Jahangir, P. Sorensen, Yue Meng, W.H. Lippincott, A. Cole, K. Stifter, S. Fiorucci, P. A. Terman, R. Liu, Richard Rosero, R. C. Webb, Antonin Vacheret, M. Arthurs, A. Khazov, J.J. Silk, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, A. C. Kaboth, B.L. Paredes, R. W. Schnee, S. Pal, G.R.C. Rischbieter, C. Nehrkorn, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, U. Utku, Mani Tripathi, J. Li, Carl W. Akerlof, Duncan Carlsmith, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, chemistry.chemical_element, Cosmic ray, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Lead shielding, Xenon, Gamma spectroscopy, 0103 physical sciences, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, 010306 general physics, Underground, physics.ins-det, Low background, Physics, Science & Technology, Radiation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Gamma rays, Gamma ray, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, chemistry, Physical Sciences, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Decay chain
Abstract: Deep underground environments are ideal for low background searches due to the attenuation of cosmic rays by passage through the earth. However, they are affected by backgrounds from $\gamma$-rays emitted by $^{40}$K and the $^{238}$U and $^{232}$Th decay chains in the surrounding rock. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a liquid xenon TPC located within the Davis campus at the Sanford Underground Research Facility, Lead, South Dakota, at the 4,850-foot level. In order to characterise the cavern background, in-situ $\gamma$-ray measurements were taken with a sodium iodide detector in various locations and with lead shielding. The integral count rates (0--3300~keV) varied from 596~Hz to 1355~Hz for unshielded measurements, corresponding to a total flux in the cavern of $1.9\pm0.4$~$\gamma~$cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$. The resulting activity in the walls of the cavern can be characterised as $220\pm60$~Bq/kg of $^{40}$K, $29\pm15$~Bq/kg of $^{238}$U, and $13\pm3$~Bq/kg of $^{232}$Th., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2020

16. Measurements of angle-resolved reflectivity of PTFE in liquid xenon with IBEX

Author: L. Hagaman, Ethan Bernard, L. Tvrznikova, G. D. Orebi Gann, L. Rudd, Daniel McKinsey, S. Kravitz, M. Sakai, and Richard J. Smith
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, lcsh:Astrophysics, Surface finish, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, Particle and Plasma Physics, Optics, Xenon, lcsh:QB460-466, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Nuclear, Specular reflection, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Engineering (miscellaneous), Physics, Quantum Physics, Total internal reflection, Scintillation, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Ray, Wavelength, chemistry, lcsh:QC770-798, Diffuse reflection, business
Abstract: Liquid xenon particle detectors rely on excellent light collection efficiency for their performance. This depends on the high reflectivity of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) at the xenon scintillation wavelength of 178 nm, but the angular dependence of this reflectivity is not well-understood. IBEX is designed to directly measure the angular distribution of xenon scintillation light reflected off PTFE in liquid xenon. These measurements are fully described by a microphysical reflectivity model with few free parameters. Dependence on PTFE type, surface finish, xenon pressure, and wavelength of incident light is explored. Total internal reflection is observed, which results in the dominance of specular over diffuse reflection and a reflectivity near 100% for high angles of incidence., 21 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2020

17. Simulations of Events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Dark Matter Experiment

Author: T. Fruth, D. Seymour, J. Lin, W. Ji, J. McLaughlin, J. Palmer, L. Tvrznikova, M. Tan, P. R. Scovell, J. Genovesi, Ethan Bernard, E. H. Miller, F. L. H. Wolfs, G. Rutherford, V. Bugaev, J. Kras, D. Woodward, B. Lopez Paredes, M. Solmaz, E. Morrison, A. Biekert, I. Stancu, A. Lindote, K. E. Boast, A. Fan, Kareem Kazkaz, Juhyeong Lee, I. Olcina, A. Bhatti, A. Alqahtani, M. G. D. Gilchriese, S. Balashov, D. Santone, C. Carels, A. Piepke, Ross G. White, A. Cottle, M. E. Monzani, F.-T. Liao, T. P. Biesiadzinski, C. Loniewski, J. Y.K. Hor, J. E. Cutter, J. Reichenbacher, M. G. D. van der Grinten, N. I. Chott, P. Zarzhitsky, Matthew Szydagis, C. Levy, Sergey Burdin, K. J. Palladino, P. Rossiter, Elena Korolkova, Laura Manenti, G. R. C. Rischbieter, A. Baxter, D. R. Tiedt, C. E. Dahl, B. Boxer, T. K. Edberg, S. A. Hertel, Q. Riffard, U. Utku, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, R. W. Schnee, S. Pal, G. Pereira, Richard J. Smith, Michele Cascella, David Leonard, E. Druszkiewicz, D. S. Akerib, Mani Tripathi, A. Nilima, Simon Fayer, M. Timalsina, E. K. Pease, D. Temples, K. Pushkin, N. Angelides, P. Majewski, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, T. J. Anderson, N. Marangou, J. Busenitz, W. H. Lippincott, Michael Schubnell, A. B.M.R. Sazzad, C. Rhyne, J. E. Armstrong, V. N. Solovov, A. Manalaysay, A. Khazov, J.J. Silk, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, A. Naylor, D. Naim, S. Shaw, J. Li, S. Luitz, S. Gokhale, A. Cole, R. J. Gaitskell, J. H. Buckley, L. Korley, N. Parveen, K. Kamdin, R. Linehan, Minfang Yeh, W. C. Taylor, D. Q. Huang, B. J. Mount, T. A. Shutt, Catarina Silva, Carl W. Akerlof, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, H. J. Birch, J. Balajthy, M.I. Lopes, O. Jahangir, A. Monte, Daniel McKinsey, A. C. Kaboth, J. E. Y. Dobson, X. Xiang, A. Richards, C. Ghag, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. Chan, A. Vaitkus, S. Kravitz, D. Khaitan, J. J. Wang, C. M. Ignarra, P. A. Terman, D. Bauer, M. F. Marzioni, A. Tomás, L. Kreczko, J. R. Watson, A. Harrison, R. L. Mannino, Antonin Vacheret, S. J. Haselschwardt, M. Arthurs, F. Neves, W. Wang, E. D. Fraser, P. Sorensen, E. Leason, T. J. Sumner, P. Brás, Henning Flaecher, Benjamin Krikler, K. T. Lesko, Yue Meng, T. J. Whitis, X. Bai, E. Mizrachi, J. Johnson, S. R. Eriksen, Duncan Carlsmith, Wolfgang Lorenzon, X. Liu, N. Swanson, J. R. Bensinger, Eli Gibson, A. Kamaha, H. N. Nelson, W. Turner, C. Nedlik, Henrique Araujo, C. R. Hall, R. Cabrita, H. Kraus, R. Liu, Richard Rosero, D. R. Tronstad, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, K. Stifter, S. Fiorucci, J. Liao, J. A. Morad, J. Bang, J. A. Nikoleyczik, M. Horn, C. D. Kocher, J. M. Lyle, Robert A. Taylor, S. Alsum, I. Khurana, A. Stevens, and Bjoern Penning
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Monte Carlo method, Detector, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), WIMP, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), Projection (set theory), physics.ins-det, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Event (particle physics), Background radiation
Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter search aims to achieve a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross-section down to (1--2)$\times10^{-12}$\,pb at a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$. This paper describes the simulations framework that, along with radioactivity measurements, was used to support this projection, and also to provide mock data for validating reconstruction and analysis software. Of particular note are the event generators, which allow us to model the background radiation, and the detector response physics used in the production of raw signals, which can be converted into digitized waveforms similar to data from the operational detector. Inclusion of the detector response allows us to process simulated data using the same analysis routines as developed to process the experimental data., Comment: 24 pages, 19 figures; Corresponding Authors: A. Cottle, V. Kudryavtsev, D. Woodward
Published: 2020
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18. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Author: P. Sorensen, J. C. Davis, J. J. Silk, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, E. Holtom, T. J. Anderson, A. B.M.R. Sazzad, V.V. Sosnovtsev, J. J. Cherwinka, V. B. Francis, A. Naylor, L. Korley, K. Kamdin, W. Craddock, P. Beltrame, X. Xiang, A. Manalaysay, P. R. Scovell, D. Q. Huang, Ethan Bernard, B. P. Tennyson, Yue Meng, I. B. Peterson, A. Cottle, A. Biekert, A. Kamaha, M. S. Witherell, R. Studley, M. E. Monzani, J. S. Campbell, Alexander Bolozdynya, C. Chiller, M. G. D. van der Grinten, Matthew Szydagis, C. O. Vuosalo, M. Tan, E. H. Miller, V. Bugaev, B. Boxer, R. Coughlen, J. Liao, I. Stancu, L. de Viveiros, P. MarrLaundrie, A. Lambert, L. Kreczko, J. R. Watson, Michael Schubnell, A. Piepke, S. Greenwood, J. P. Coleman, A. Geffre, D. Bauer, G. W. Shutt, W. H. Lippincott, Y. Qie, Dongming Mei, L. Sabarots, S. Hans, Bhawna Gomber, W. Skulski, J. A. Nikkel, S. A. Hertel, A. Arbuckle, F.-T. Liao, S. R. Eriksen, Daniel McKinsey, E. Druszkiewicz, Jilei Xu, P. Sutcliffe, H. J. Rose, C. Nehrkorn, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, B. Landerud, Martin Breidenbach, D. Molash, Candace Lynch, W. G. Jones, M. A. Olevitch, Ian S. Young, M. Sarychev, B. N. Edwards, A. Pagac, L. Tvrznikova, P. Ford, S. Luitz, T. J. R. Davison, D. Pagenkopf, P. Majewski, G. Gregerson, Chao Zhang, Mary Severson, A. Currie, Ross G. White, Carl Gwilliam, S. J. Patton, A. J. Bailey, David Colling, Minfang Yeh, K. Wilson, P. Rossiter, S. Alsum, G. Pereira, V. M. Gehman, A. Dushkin, I. Khurana, Richard J. Smith, Benjamin Krikler, N. Marangou, John Heise, C. Loniewski, J. Bang, J. A. Nikoleyczik, J. Belle, D. Yu. Akimov, E. Mizrachi, C. Levy, M. R. While, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, X. Bai, J. Johnson, J. O'Dell, W. T. Kim, S. Weatherly, L. Wang, P. Johnson, Elena Korolkova, S. Pierson, W. T. Emmet, K. Stifter, B. Birrittella, T. Tope, A. Richards, Yufeng Wang, Ren-Jie Wang, J. Genovesi, C. Maupin, Kathrin C. Walker, G. R. C. Rischbieter, Eli Gibson, Yeongduk Kim, W. Turner, S. D. Worm, E. M. Boulton, G. Rutherford, S. Kyre, J. Mock, Seth Hillbrand, D. White, Q. Xiao, Sridhara Dasu, R. Leonard, J. Y.K. Hor, B. Holbrook, C. Nedlik, S. Fiorucci, J. Keefner, J. Kras, J. Yin, F. Froborg, F. Neves, D. Khaitan, S. J. Haselschwardt, L. Oxborough, D.S. Hamilton, O. Hitchcock, J.P. da Cunha, J.S. Saba, Henrique Araujo, I. Olcina, David Leonard, A. Bhatti, U. Utku, W. J. Wisniewski, S. Powell, M. Pangilinan, F.L.H. Wolfs, J. Barthel, D. Naim, D. Hemer, M. Timalsina, B. J. Mount, T. A. Shutt, S. Shaw, J. A. Morad, N. Swanson, J.P. Rodrigues, J. Nesbit, W.L. Waldron, J. E. Y. Dobson, J. Busenitz, C. R. Hall, N. Stern, C. Rhyne, A. Cole, R. J. Gaitskell, T. K. Edberg, Q. Riffard, O. Jahangir, B. G. Lenardo, D. Temples, C. Chan, C. E. Tull, A. Vaitkus, D. Garcia, S. Kravitz, T. G. Gonda, M. Elnimr, K. Pushkin, M. Horn, Kareem Kazkaz, H. Kraus, J. Li, C. H. Faham, T.M. Stiegler, A. Monte, C. D. Kocher, T. P. Biesiadzinski, C. Ghag, J. E. Armstrong, H. S. Lee, W. R. Edwards, K. J. Palladino, T. Benson, J. H. Buckley, Z. J. Minaker, Carl W. Akerlof, R. Bunker, M. Solmaz, M. Koyuncu, J.R. Verbus, J. M. Lyle, C. E. Dahl, E. Morrison, J. E. Cutter, J. Reichenbacher, H.J. Krebs, J. So, S. Branson, Peter Bauer, H. Auyeung, D. Seymour, Michele Cascella, A. A. Chiller, Mani Tripathi, Richard Rosero, D. R. Tronstad, R. Liu, M. Khaleeq, N. Decheine, M. N. Irving, Yunpeng Liu, S. Uvarov, J. McLaughlin, A. R. Smith, S. Dardin, J. Thomson, K. Sundarnath, Robert A. Taylor, Ben Carlson, T. Harrington, C. T. McConnell, E. K. Pease, A. Greenall, T. J. Whitis, M. F. Marzioni, C. Silva, V. Kasey, D. Rynders, R. C. Webb, J. Palmer, P. Brás, V. N. Solovov, T.J. Martin, R. Conley, P. A. Terman, A. Tomás, B. Lopez Paredes, K. E. Boast, J. T. White, D. Markley, A. Konovalov, A. Lindote, A. Alquahtani, L. Reichhart, D.C. Malling, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, E. Leason, Juhyeong Lee, D. Curran, Henning Flaecher, S. Balashov, A.V. Khromov, B. N. Ratcliff, J. Migneault, A. V. Kumpan, Simon Fayer, Antonin Vacheret, C. Hjemfelt, R. Linehan, M. Arthurs, S. Stephenson, V. M. Palmaccio, N. I. Chott, M.R. Stark, Duncan Carlsmith, Wenzhao Wei, M. Utes, Laura Manenti, A. Stevens, D. J. Taylor, R. E. Smith, V. A. Kudryavtsev, S. Walcott, C. M. Ignarra, N.J. Gantos, R. G. Jacobsen, M. Racine, A. Fan, Bjoern Penning, J. Va’vra, A. Harrison, H. Oh, J. Makkinje, W. Ji, R. Rucinski, Sergey Burdin, A. Baxter, D. Santone, E. Voirin, R.M. Gerhard, T.W. Hurteau, K.J. Thomas, X. Liu, R. Gelfand, T. Vietanen, A. Nilima, R. M. Preece, A. Laundrie, Mikkel B. Johnson, K. Hanzel, F. G. O'Neill, A. Khazov, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, M.J. Barry, K. O’Sullivan, D. Lucero, A. C. Kaboth, R. L. Mannino, J. D. Wolfs, J. Lin, C. Pereira, N. Angelides, S. Gokhale, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, M. Hoff, M.I. Lopes, M. G. D. Gilchriese, C. Carels, I. M. Fogarty Florang, J. Edwards, S. N. Jeffery, R. W. Schnee, S. Pal, R. Bramante, T. Fruth, T. J. Sumner, W. H. To, Wolfgang Lorenzon, J. R. Bensinger, J. J. Wang, D. Woodward, C. Hasselkus, K. Skarpaas, D. R. Tiedt, D. S. Akerib, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 0299 Other Physical Sciences, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, LEAD, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), XENON, Low energy, Xenon, WIMP, 0103 physical sciences, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Science & Technology, Underground, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Physics, Dark matter detector, Time projection chamber, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Neutron capture, Physics, Nuclear, chemistry, Physical Sciences, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Liquid xenon, EMISSION, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key design features and requirements. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Published: 2019

19. Results of a Search for Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using 2013 LUX Data

Author: D. P. Hogan, M. G. D. Gilchriese, K. T. Lesko, Henrique Araujo, Sergey Burdin, C. Ghag, Q. Riffard, L. Tvrznikova, J. Lin, C. R. Hall, A. Naylor, S. Alsum, S. J. Haselschwardt, T. J. R. Davison, S. Shaw, Matthew Szydagis, P. A. Terman, D. Q. Huang, Carl Gwilliam, M. Moongweluwan, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, M. S. Witherell, O. Jahangir, Daniel McKinsey, D. Byram, S. Uvarov, X. Bai, C. Chan, S. Kravitz, H. N. Nelson, M. Horn, R. G. Jacobsen, F. Neves, J. E. Cutter, V. Velan, A. Fan, Kareem Kazkaz, A. Manalaysay, T. P. Biesiadzinski, W. Ji, B. Boxer, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, P. Sorensen, P. Brás, T. J. Whitis, K. J. Palladino, K. Kamdin, Ethan Bernard, F.L.H. Wolfs, P. Beltrame, Dongming Mei, D. J. Taylor, B. P. Tennyson, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, U. Utku, C. Rhyne, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, R. L. Mannino, Elena Korolkova, R. J. Gaitskell, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, M. F. Marzioni, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, G. R. C. Rischbieter, Chao Zhang, D. Khaitan, S. R. Fallon, N. Marangou, V. A. Kudryavtsev, D. R. Tiedt, J. T. White, C. M. Ignarra, D. S. Akerib, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, W. H. To, A. Lindote, D. Woodward, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, W. C. Taylor, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, J. Balajthy, J. Liao, Mani Tripathi, R. C. Webb, S. Fiorucci, P. Rossiter, B. G. Lenardo, M. Solmaz, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and The Royal Society
Subjects: General Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 09 Engineering, High Energy Physics - Experiment, LUX Collaboration, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, Recoil, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), physics.ins-det, 01 Mathematical Sciences, Physics, Scintillation, Science & Technology, 02 Physical Sciences, hep-ex, Scattering, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), chemistry, Physical Sciences, Scintillation counter, astro-ph.CO, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: The scattering of dark matter (DM) particles with sub-GeV masses off nuclei is difficult to detect using liquid xenon-based DM search instruments because the energy transfer during nuclear recoils is smaller than the typical detector threshold. However, the tree-level DM-nucleus scattering diagram can be accompanied by simultaneous emission of a Bremsstrahlung photon or a so-called "Migdal" electron. These provide an electron recoil component to the experimental signature at higher energies than the corresponding nuclear recoil. The presence of this signature allows liquid xenon detectors to use both the scintillation and the ionization signals in the analysis where the nuclear recoil signal would not be otherwise visible. We report constraints on spin-independent DM-nucleon scattering for DM particles with masses of 0.4-5 GeV/c$^2$ using 1.4$\times10^4$ kg$\cdot$day of search exposure from the 2013 data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment for four different classes of mediators. This analysis extends the reach of liquid xenon-based DM search instruments to lower DM masses than has been achieved previously.
Published: 2019

20. LUX trigger efficiency

Author: A. Manalaysay, T. A. Shutt, D. Khaitan, A. Lindote, Daniel McKinsey, S. R. Fallon, J.R. Verbus, Ethan Bernard, F. L. H. Wolfs, Kareem Kazkaz, Henrique Araujo, U. Utku, T. P. Biesiadzinski, P. Sorensen, Mani Tripathi, S. A. Hertel, C. R. Hall, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, G. R. C. Rischbieter, B. P. Tennyson, M. G. D. Gilchriese, K. J. Palladino, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, W. H. To, E. K. Pease, L. Tvrznikova, K. Kamdin, P. Beltrame, J. T. White, D. Woodward, V. N. Solovov, D. Byram, P. Rossiter, V. Velan, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, P. A. Terman, J. A. Morad, Carl Gwilliam, K. T. Lesko, D. P. Hogan, Matthew Szydagis, H. N. Nelson, S. Shaw, B. G. Lenardo, B. Boxer, M. S. Witherell, S. Fiorucci, W. C. Taylor, Elena Korolkova, M. Solmaz, A. Fan, J. Balajthy, D. S. Akerib, D. Q. Huang, T. J. Whitis, R. L. Mannino, X. Bai, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, S. Uvarov, S. J. Haselschwardt, T. J. R. Davison, M. Horn, P. Brás, S. Alsum, J. Lin, M. Moongweluwan, R. C. Webb, A. St. J. Murphy, D. J. Taylor, Adam Bernstein, M. F. Marzioni, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, J. E. Cutter, V. A. Kudryavtsev, D. R. Tiedt, C. M. Ignarra, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, J. Liao, C. Ghag, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, Sergey Burdin, Dongming Mei, Chao Zhang, N. Marangou, F. Neves, Catarina Silva, C. Chan, S. Kravitz, E. Grace, R. G. Jacobsen, and W. Ji
Subjects: Technology, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Photon, Large Underground Xenon experiment, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Atomic, Physics, Particles & Fields, Nuclear physics, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle And Plasma Physics, Xenon, Recoil, Particle and Plasma Physics, WIMP, Affordable and Clean Energy, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Nuclear, Nuclear Science & Technology, 010306 general physics, Instruments & Instrumentation, Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Physics, Dark matter detectors, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, WIMPs, Other Physical Sciences, Physics, Nuclear, chemistry, Physical Sciences, Liquid xenon, Trigger efficiency, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: The Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX) searches for dark matter using a dual-phase xenon detector. LUX uses a custom-developed trigger system for event selection. In this paper, the trigger efficiency, which is defined as the probability that an event of interest is selected for offline analysis, is studied using raw data obtained from both electron recoil (ER) and nuclear recoil (NR) calibrations. The measured efficiency exceeds 98\% at a pulse area of 90 detected photons, which is well below the WIMP analysis threshold on the S2 pulse area. The efficiency also exceeds 98\% at recoil energies of \mbox{0.2 keV} and above for ER, and \mbox{1.3 keV} and above for NR. The measured trigger efficiency varies between 99\% and 100\% over the fiducial volume of the detector., Comment: 31 pages, 14 figures
Published: 2018

21. Search for annual and diurnal rate modulations in the LUX experiment

Author: T. J. Sumner, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, S. Uvarov, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, D. S. Akerib, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, A. Manalaysay, H. N. Nelson, Ethan Bernard, J. Liao, V. Velan, W. H. To, U. Utku, A. Lindote, M. Horn, M. F. Marzioni, D. Woodward, R. L. Mannino, T. J. R. Davison, Mani Tripathi, P. Rossiter, S. J. Haselschwardt, Sergey Burdin, W. C. Taylor, D. Q. Huang, K. T. Lesko, Matthew Szydagis, T. J. Whitis, E. M. Boulton, X. Bai, K. Kazkaz, R. C. Webb, J. Balajthy, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, B. G. Lenardo, D. J. Taylor, C. Nehrkorn, J. Lin, F.L.H. Wolfs, M. Solmaz, F. Neves, S. Shaw, J.R. Verbus, D. Byram, S. Fiorucci, C. Ghag, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, Chao Zhang, K. Kamdin, P. Beltrame, P. A. Terman, S. Alsum, M. Moongweluwan, B. Boxer, J. T. White, M. G. D. Gilchriese, T. P. Biesiadzinski, J. E. Cutter, P. Sorensen, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, B. P. Tennyson, L. Tvrznikova, Carl Gwilliam, Elena Korolkova, G. R. C. Rischbieter, Henrique Araujo, C. R. Hall, Daniel McKinsey, D. Khaitan, S. R. Fallon, N. Marangou, Dongming Mei, A. Fan, P. Brás, S. A. Hertel, K. J. Palladino, E. Druszkiewicz, C. Chan, S. Kravitz, K. Yazdani, D. P. Hogan, E. K. Pease, Michael S. Witherell, C. Silva, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, R. G. Jacobsen, W. Ji, V. A. Kudryavtsev, D. R. Tiedt, C. M. Ignarra, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and The Royal Society
Subjects: Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Rate modulation, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atomic, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Recoil, Particle and Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, Modulation (music), DARK-MATTER, Nuclear, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), physics.ins-det, Physics, Quantum Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Amplitude, Physical Sciences, astro-ph.CO, Halo, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Tonne, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: Various dark matter models predict annual and diurnal modulations of dark matter interaction rates in Earth-based experiments as a result of the Earth's motion in the halo. Observation of such features can provide generic evidence for detection of dark matter interactions. This paper reports a search for both annual and diurnal rate modulations in the LUX dark matter experiment using over 20 calendar months of data acquired between 2013 and 2016. This search focuses on electron recoil events at low energies, where leptophilic dark matter interactions are expected to occur and where the DAMA experiment has observed a strong rate modulation for over two decades. By using the innermost volume of the LUX detector and developing robust cuts and corrections, we obtained a stable event rate of 2.3$\pm$0.2~cpd/keV$_{\text{ee}}$/tonne, which is among the lowest in all dark matter experiments. No statistically significant annual modulation was observed in energy windows up to 26~keV$_{\text{ee}}$. Between 2 and 6~keV$_{\text{ee}}$, this analysis demonstrates the most sensitive annual modulation search up to date, with 9.2$\sigma$ tension with the DAMA/LIBRA result. We also report no observation of diurnal modulations above 0.2~cpd/keV$_{\text{ee}}$/tonne amplitude between 2 and 6~keV$_{\text{ee}}$., Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2018

22. Direct comparison of high voltage breakdown measurements in liquid argon and liquid xenon

Author: Q. Riffard, Daniel McKinsey, K. O'Sullivan, Ethan Bernard, L. Tvrznikova, G. Richardson, J. Watson, W.L. Waldron, and S. Kravitz
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Materials science, Noble liquid detectors, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Cryogenics, Charge transport, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 03 medical and health sciences, Engineering, 0302 clinical medicine, Xenon, 0103 physical sciences, Dark Matter detectors, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Argon, Dielectric strength, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, multiplication and electroluminescence in rare gases and liquids, High voltage, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, chemistry, Physical Sciences, Electrode, Cryogenic detectors, Electric potential, Voltage
Abstract: Author(s): Tvrznikova, L; Bernard, EP; Kravitz, S; O'Sullivan, K; Richardson, G; Riffard, Q; Waldron, WL; Watson, J; McKinsey, DN | Abstract: As noble liquid time projection chambers grow in size their high voltage requirements increase, and detailed, reproducible studies of dielectric breakdown and the onset of electroluminescence are needed to inform their design. The Xenon Breakdown Apparatus (XeBrA) is a 5-liter cryogenic chamber built to characterize the DC high voltage breakdown behavior of liquid xenon and liquid argon. Electrodes with areas up to 33 cm2 were tested while varying the cathode-anode separation from 1 to 6 mm with a voltage difference up to 75 kV. A power-law relationship between breakdown field and electrode area was observed. The breakdown behavior of liquid argon and liquid xenon within the same experimental apparatus was comparable.
Published: 2019

23. Position Reconstruction in LUX

Author: B. N. Edwards, Henrique Araujo, K. O’Sullivan, V. Velan, J. E. Cutter, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, R. G. Jacobsen, A. Fan, Matthew Szydagis, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, C. Ghag, X. Bai, R. L. Mannino, W. Ji, D. Q. Huang, Kareem Kazkaz, T. P. Biesiadzinski, A. Lindote, S. Alsum, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, K. J. Palladino, S. J. Haselschwardt, J. Mock, C. R. Hall, M. G. D. Gilchriese, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, M. Moongweluwan, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, T. A. Shutt, A. J. Bailey, J. A. Morad, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, D. Byram, Dongming Mei, L. Tvrznikova, C. Chan, M. Hanhardt, D. J. Taylor, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, D. S. Akerib, C. Nehrkorn, W. C. Taylor, F.L.H. Wolfs, D. Khaitan, A. Currie, D. P. Hogan, S. A. Hertel, S. Shaw, M. F. Marzioni, S. R. Fallon, P. A. Terman, E. Druszkiewicz, J. Balajthy, K. Yazdani, S. Uvarov, M. S. Witherell, M. Horn, Chao Zhang, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, K. Kamdin, P. Beltrame, P. Sorensen, Daniel McKinsey, B. P. Tennyson, S. Fiorucci, A. Manalaysay, F. Neves, Mani Tripathi, W. H. To, T. J. R. Davison, Ethan Bernard, R. C. Webb, Sarah Young, D. R. Tiedt, C. M. Ignarra, P. Brás, Sidney Cahn, B. G. Lenardo, M. Solmaz, T. J. Whitis, J.R. Verbus, and J. T. White
Subjects: Technology, Liquid detectors, Photomultiplier, Photon, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Dark Matter detectors (WIMPs, axions, etc.), XENON, Optics, Xenon, law, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, 010306 general physics, Instruments & Instrumentation, DETECTOR, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Gamma camera, Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc), Physics, Science & Technology, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Charge transport, multiplication and electroluminescence in rare gases and liquids, Detector, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Photon counting, GAMMA-CAMERA, chemistry, physics.comp-ph, EMISSION, business, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract: The $(x, y)$ position reconstruction method used in the analysis of the complete exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment is presented. The algorithm is based on a statistical test that makes use of an iterative method to recover the photomultiplier tube (PMT) light response directly from the calibration data. The light response functions make use of a two dimensional functional form to account for the photons reflected on the inner walls of the detector. To increase the resolution for small pulses, a photon counting technique was employed to describe the response of the PMTs. The reconstruction was assessed with calibration data including ${}^{\mathrm{83m}}$Kr (releasing a total energy of 41.5 keV) and ${}^{3}$H ($\beta^-$ with Q = 18.6 keV) decays, and a deuterium-deuterium (D-D) neutron beam (2.45 MeV). In the horizontal plane, the reconstruction has achieved an $(x, y)$ position uncertainty of $\sigma$= 0.82 cm for events of only 200 electroluminescence photons and $\sigma$ = 0.17 cm for 4,000 electroluminescence photons. Such signals are associated with electron recoils of energies $\sim$0.25 keV and $\sim$10 keV, respectively. The reconstructed position of the smallest events with a single electron emitted from the liquid surface has a horizontal $(x, y)$ uncertainty of 2.13 cm., Comment: 30 pages, 17 figures
Published: 2018

24. Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment

Author: M. Sarychev, T. K. Edberg, B. Boxer, D. Temples, K. Pushkin, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, K. J. Palladino, J. H. Buckley, S. Kyre, Simon Fayer, K. Stifter, J.S. Saba, S. Powell, Henrique Araujo, B. J. Mount, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, J. Reichenbacher, J. E. Y. Dobson, J.R. Verbus, U. Utku, C. Chan, C. E. Tull, F. Neves, V. A. Kudryavtsev, W. Skulski, S. Luitz, J. Yin, S. J. Haselschwardt, R. Linehan, C. M. Ignarra, D. J. Taylor, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, J. Lin, S. Fiorucci, Vv. Bugaev, V. N. Solovov, C. D. Kocher, C. Levy, Sergey Burdin, Bjoern Penning, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, J. Li, E. H. Miller, P. Rossiter, X. Liu, T. Tope, A. Cottle, W. R. Edwards, R. Taylor, C. Ghag, W.L. Waldron, A. J. Bailey, Carl W. Akerlof, Minfang Yeh, Hoff, J. M. Lyle, Elena Korolkova, C. R. Hall, F.-T. Liao, W. H. Lippincott, Witherell, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, A. Piepke, S. Hans, R. L. Mannino, P. Sorensen, A. Manalaysay, T. Benson, S. A. Hertel, E. Voirin, D. Khaitan, Mgd van der Grinten, A. Richards, K. Kamdin, W. Craddock, Ethan Bernard, E. Druszkiewicz, H. Kraus, D. Q. Huang, P. Beltrame, W. J. Wisniewski, M. Timalsina, S. Shaw, Yue Meng, J. Y.K. Hor, L. Tvrznikova, A. Murphy, B. G. Lenardo, J. E. Cutter, K.J. Thomas, K. E. Boast, B. N. Ratcliff, T.M. Stiegler, A. Currie, T. J. Whitis, R. M. Preece, J. Va’vra, D. A. Bauer, M. Solmaz, E. Morrison, W. Ji, A. Fan, T. P. Biesiadzinski, J. Genovesi, Ian S. Young, Ben Carlson, Olevitch, S. J. Patton, C. E. Dahl, X. Bai, P. Brás, Michael Schubnell, C. Maupin, J. Mock, I. Stancu, Daniel McKinsey, J. A. Nikoleyczik, J. Belle, A. Lindote, David Leonard, S. Alsum, P. A. Terman, M. E. Monzani, Juhyeong Lee, Matthew Szydagis, L. Kreczko, J. R. Watson, Duncan Carlsmith, S. Balashov, K. T. Lesko, Mani Tripathi, Richard Rosero, J.P. Rodrigues, J. Busenitz, C. Rhyne, H.J. Krebs, Antonin Vacheret, C. Hjemfelt, A. Cole, R. J. Gaitskell, L.D. Viveiros, M. Arthurs, M.R. Stark, A. Tomás, R. C. Webb, D. White, K. O'Sullivan, J. Keefner, J. Liao, I. Olcina, F.L.H. Wolfs, Peter Majewski, J. J. Cherwinka, D. S. Akerib, A. Khazov, J.J. Silk, Wolfgang Lorenzon, W. C. Taylor, K. Hanzel, K. Skarpaas, J. Balajthy, Benjamin Krikler, T. Fruth, M. G. D. Gilchriese, C. Carels, Yeongduk Kim, W. H. To, S. D. Worm, Seth Hillbrand, Asher Kaboth, D. Woodward, P.R. Scovell, B.L. Paredes, R. W. Schnee, M.I. Lopes, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: BACKGROUNDS, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, GASES, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics, Particles & Fields, Galactic halo, Nuclear physics, XENON, LIMITS, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, Recoil, WIMP, RADIOACTIVITY, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, DETECTOR, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), chemistry, Weakly interacting massive particles, LOADED LIQUID SCINTILLATOR, Physical Sciences, SIMULATION, astro-ph.CO, RECOIL, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, EMISSION, Sensitivity (electronics), Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a next generation dark matter direct detection experiment that will operate 4850 feet underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, South Dakota, USA. Using a two-phase xenon detector with an active mass of 7~tonnes, LZ will search primarily for low-energy interactions with Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), which are hypothesized to make up the dark matter in our galactic halo. In this paper, the projected WIMP sensitivity of LZ is presented based on the latest background estimates and simulations of the detector. For a 1000~live day run using a 5.6~tonne fiducial mass, LZ is projected to exclude at 90\% confidence level spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross sections above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$~cm$^{2}$ for a 40~$\mathrm{GeV}/c^{2}$ mass WIMP. Additionally, a $5\sigma$ discovery potential is projected reaching cross sections below the exclusion limits of recent experiments. For spin-dependent WIMP-neutron(-proton) scattering, a sensitivity of $2.3 \times 10^{-43}$~cm$^{2}$ ($7.1 \times 10^{-42}$~cm$^{2}$) for a 40~$\mathrm{GeV}/c^{2}$ mass WIMP is expected. With underground installation well underway, LZ is on track for commissioning at SURF in 2020., Comment: 14 pages, 11 figures
Published: 2018
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25. Chromatographic separation of radioactive noble gases from xenon

Author: Mani Tripathi, X. Bai, D. J. Taylor, A. Dobi, R. C. Webb, S. Fiorucci, H. N. Nelson, J. Mock, K. Pech, R.G. Jacobsen, C. H. Faham, P. Sorensen, L. Tvrznikova, C. Ghag, M. Moongweluwan, A. J. Bailey, M. Hanhardt, Chao Zhang, B. G. Lenardo, S. Shaw, P. Phelps, A. Bernstein, A. St. J. Murphy, Henrique Araujo, M. G. D. Gilchriese, A. Manalaysay, C. Chan, N.A. Larsen, R. Bramante, T. A. Shutt, V. M. Gehman, J. A. Morad, J. E. Cutter, J. E. Y. Dobson, C. R. Hall, F. Neves, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, A. Lindote, Ethan Bernard, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, L. Reichhart, B. N. Edwards, Daniel McKinsey, W. H. To, M. F. Marzioni, T. P. Biesiadzinski, D. M. Mei, R. L. Mannino, T. J. R. Davison, K. Kazkaz, C. Chiller, K. T. Lesko, D. Q. Huang, C. Lee, K. O’Sullivan, C. Rhyne, P. A. Terman, R. J. Gaitskell, J. T. White, Michael S. Witherell, T. Coffey, K. J. Palladino, A.A. Chiller, Sidney Cahn, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, K.R. Gibson, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, M. Ihm, A. Currie, S. Uvarov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, V. N. Solovov, T. J. Whitis, D. P. Hogan, J.R. Verbus, M. Horn, Matthew Szydagis, B. P. Tennyson, D. Khaitan, S. Stephenson, Sarah Young, F.L.H. Wolfs, C. Nehrkorn, D. R. Tiedt, C. M. Ignarra, W. Ji, S. J. Haselschwardt, E. M. Boulton, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, K. Kamdin, P. Beltrame, T. J. Sumner, and D. S. Akerib
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Trace Amounts, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Mass spectrometry, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Nuclear physics, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle And Plasma Physics, Adsorption, Xenon, Impurity, 0103 physical sciences, Gas separation, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Radiochemistry, Krypton, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Weakly interacting massive particles
Abstract: The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment operates at the Sanford Underground Research Facility to detect nuclear recoils from the hypothetical Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) on a liquid xenon target. Liquid xenon typically contains trace amounts of the noble radioactive isotopes $^{85}$Kr and $^{39}$Ar that are not removed by the in situ gas purification system. The decays of these isotopes at concentrations typical of research-grade xenon would be a dominant background for a WIMP search exmperiment. To remove these impurities from the liquid xenon, a chromatographic separation system based on adsorption on activated charcoal was built. 400 kg of xenon was processed, reducing the average concentration of krypton from 130 ppb to 3.5 ppt as measured by a cold-trap assisted mass spectroscopy system. A 50 kg batch spiked to 0.001 g/g of krypton was processed twice and reduced to an upper limit of 0.2 ppt., Comment: Accepted in Astropart. Phys
Published: 2018

26. Extraction efficiency of drifting electrons in a two-phase xenon time projection chamber

Author: B. N. Edwards, Christopher G. Wahl, L. Tvrznikova, N. Destefano, N.A. Larsen, Ethan Bernard, Daniel McKinsey, B. P. Tennyson, E. M. Boulton, M. Horn, and Moshe Gai
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Materials science, Time projection chambers, Phase (waves), Noble liquid detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, Charge transport, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, Engineering, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Range (particle radiation), Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Extraction (chemistry), multiplication and electroluminescence in rare gases and liquids, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Other Physical Sciences, chemistry, Physical Sciences, Cryogenic detectors, Atomic physics
Abstract: © 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd and Sissa Medialab. We present a measurement of the extraction efficiency of quasi-free electrons from the liquid into the gas phase in a two-phase xenon time-projection chamber. The measurements span a range of electric fields from 2.4 to 7.1 kV/cm in the liquid xenon, corresponding to 4.5 to 13.1 kV/cm in the gaseous xenon. Extraction efficiency continues to increase at the highest extraction fields, implying that additional charge signal may be attained in two-phase xenon detectors through careful high-voltage engineering of the gate-anode region.
Published: 2018

27. Ultralow energy calibration of LUX detector using Xe127 electron capture

Author: Henrique Araujo, C. R. Hall, S. K. Young, D. J. Taylor, D. Byram, S. Shaw, A. Dobi, Sidney Cahn, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, M. S. Witherell, J. A. Morad, F. L. H. Wolfs, R. G. Jacobsen, J. E. Cutter, P. Brás, D. Q. Huang, B. N. Edwards, J. T. White, M. Hanhardt, Daniel McKinsey, X. Bai, W. Ji, S. Alsum, B. G. Lenardo, A. Manalaysay, M. Moongweluwan, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, T. A. Shutt, D. R. Tiedt, J.R. Verbus, Ethan Bernard, C. M. Ignarra, D. M. Mei, Kareem Kazkaz, V. Velan, M. Solmaz, T. J. R. Davison, C. Ghag, T. P. Biesiadzinski, D. P. Hogan, K. T. Lesko, T. J. Whitis, S. Uvarov, N. A. Larsen, Chao Zhang, R. L. Mannino, K. O’Sullivan, M. Horn, Matthew Szydagis, M. G. D. Gilchriese, F. Neves, P. Sorensen, J. Mock, M. F. Marzioni, Mani Tripathi, B. P. Tennyson, S. Fiorucci, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, P. A. Terman, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, W. H. To, R. C. Webb, S. R. Fallon, Catarina Silva, H. N. Nelson, C. Chan, D. S. Akerib, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, A. St. J. Murphy, K. Kamdin, Adam Bernstein, P. Beltrame, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, L. Tvrznikova, A. Currie, S. J. Haselschwardt, J. Genovesi, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, D. Khaitan, K. J. Palladino, E. K. Pease, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, A. Fan, A. J. Bailey, and A. Lindote
Subjects: Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Electron capture, Binding energy, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Beta decay, Xenon, Recoil, chemistry, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of xenon, 010306 general physics
Abstract: Author(s): Akerib, DS; Alsum, S; Araujo, HM; Bai, X; Bailey, AJ; Balajthy, J; Beltrame, P; Bernard, EP; Bernstein, A; Biesiadzinski, TP; Boulton, EM; Bras, P; Byram, D; Cahn, SB; Carmona-Benitez, MC; Chan, C; Currie, A; Cutter, JE; Davison, TJR; Dobi, A; Druszkiewicz, E; Edwards, BN; Fallon, SR; Fan, A; Fiorucci, S; Gaitskell, RJ; Genovesi, J; Ghag, C; Gilchriese, MGD; Hall, CR; Hanhardt, M; Haselschwardt, SJ; Hertel, SA; Hogan, DP; Horn, M; Huang, DQ; Ignarra, CM; Jacobsen, RG; Ji, W; Kamdin, K; Kazkaz, K; Khaitan, D; Knoche, R; Larsen, NA; Lenardo, BG; Lesko, KT; Lindote, A; Lopes, MI; Manalaysay, A; Mannino, RL; Marzioni, MF; McKinsey, DN; Mei, DM; Mock, J; Moongweluwan, M; Morad, JA; Murphy, ASJ; Nehrkorn, C; Nelson, HN; Neves, F; O'Sullivan, K; Oliver-Mallory, KC; Palladino, KJ; Pease, EK; Rhyne, C; Shaw, S; Shutt, TA; Silva, C; Solmaz, M; Solovov, VN; Sorensen, P; Sumner, TJ; Szydagis, M; Taylor, DJ; Taylor, WC; Tennyson, BP; Terman, PA; Tiedt, DR; To, WH; Tripathi, M; Tvrznikova, L; Uvarov, S; Velan, V; Verbus, JR; Webb, RC | Abstract: We report an absolute calibration of the ionization yields (Qy) and fluctuations for electronic recoil events in liquid xenon at discrete energies between 186 eV and 33.2 keV. The average electric field applied across the liquid xenon target is 180 V/cm. The data are obtained using low energy Xe127 electron capture decay events from the 95.0-day first run from LUX (WS2013) in search of weakly interacting massive particles. The sequence of gamma-ray and x-ray cascades associated with I127 deexcitations produces clearly identified two-vertex events in the LUX detector. We observe the K-(binding energy, 33.2 keV), L-(5.2 keV), M-(1.1 keV), and N-(186 eV) shell cascade events and verify that the relative ratio of observed events for each shell agrees with calculations. The N-shell cascade analysis includes single extracted electron (SE) events and represents the lowest-energy electronic recoil in situ measurements that have been explored in liquid xenon.
Published: 2017

28. Kr83m calibration of the 2013 LUX dark matter search

Author: L. Tvrznikova, A. Currie, Witherell, D. Q. Huang, S. Uvarov, R. G. Jacobsen, B. G. Lenardo, A. Dobi, D. J. Taylor, D. M. Mei, J. A. Morad, P. Sorensen, T. J. R. Davison, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Horn, Verbus, K. Kamdin, M. Solmaz, P. Beltrame, R. C. Webb, S. A. Hertel, T. J. Whitis, W. Ji, H. N. Nelson, D. Byram, K. Yazdani, B. P. Tennyson, S. Fiorucci, Sarah Young, Fallon, S. J. Haselschwardt, Catarina Silva, S. Alsum, C. M. Ignarra, M. Moongweluwan, Tiedt, K. T. Lesko, Velan, P. A. Terman, N. A. Larsen, P. Brás, A. Murphy, J. E. Cutter, C. Chan, X. Bai, K. Kazkaz, T. J. Sumner, M. Hanhardt, J. Mock, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, A. Manalaysay, Ethan Bernard, F. Neves, M. G. D. Gilchriese, S. Shaw, C. Ghag, A. Fan, Chao Zhang, T. A. Shutt, E. Druszkiewicz, Sidney Cahn, M. F. Marzioni, K. O'Sullivan, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, D. Khaitan, J. T. White, F.L.H. Wolfs, D. P. Hogan, Mani Tripathi, Adam Bernstein, K. J. Palladino, E. K. Pease, V. N. Solovov, T. P. Biesiadzinski, A. Lindote, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, R. L. Mannino, A. J. Bailey, Blair Edwards, W. C. Taylor, Matthew Szydagis, J. Balajthy, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, Henrique Araujo, W. H. To, C. R. Hall, E. M. Boulton, Daniel McKinsey, and D. S. Akerib
Subjects: Combinatorics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, Context (language use), 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences
Abstract: Author(s): Akerib, DS; Alsum, S; Araujo, HM; Bai, X; Bailey, AJ; Balajthy, J; Beltrame, P; Bernard, EP; Bernstein, A; Biesiadzinski, TP; Boulton, EM; Bras, P; Byram, D; Cahn, SB; Carmona-Benitez, MC; Chan, C; Currie, A; Cutter, JE; Davison, TJR; Dobi, A; Druszkiewicz, E; Edwards, BN; Fallon, SR; Fan, A; Fiorucci, S; Gaitskell, RJ; Genovesi, J; Ghag, C; Gilchriese, MGD; Hall, CR; Hanhardt, M; Haselschwardt, SJ; Hertel, SA; Hogan, DP; Horn, M; Huang, DQ; Ignarra, CM; Jacobsen, RG; Ji, W; Kamdin, K; Kazkaz, K; Khaitan, D; Knoche, R; Larsen, NA; Lenardo, BG; Lesko, KT; Lindote, A; Lopes, MI; Manalaysay, A; Mannino, RL; Marzioni, MF; McKinsey, DN; Mei, DM; Mock, J; Moongweluwan, M; Morad, JA; Murphy, ASJ; Nehrkorn, C; Nelson, HN; Neves, F; O'Sullivan, K; Oliver-Mallory, KC; Palladino, KJ; Pease, EK; Rhyne, C; Shaw, S; Shutt, TA; Silva, C; Solmaz, M; Solovov, VN; Sorensen, P; Sumner, TJ; Szydagis, M; Taylor, DJ; Taylor, WC; Tennyson, BP; Terman, PA; Tiedt, DR; To, WH; Tripathi, M; Tvrznikova, L; Uvarov, S; Velan, V; Verbus, JR; Webb, RC | Abstract: LUX was the first dark matter experiment to use a Kr83m calibration source. In this paper, we describe the source preparation and injection. We also present several Kr83m calibration applications in the context of the 2013 LUX exposure, including the measurement of temporal and spatial variation in scintillation and charge signal amplitudes, and several methods to understand the electric field within the time projection chamber.
Published: 2017

29. 3D Modeling of Electric Fields in the LUX Detector

Author: D. Q. Huang, P. A. Terman, S. Uvarov, M. Horn, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, Mani Tripathi, S. A. Hertel, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, M. G. D. Gilchriese, E. Druszkiewicz, T. J. R. Davison, C. Nehrkorn, S. Alsum, J. T. White, K. Yazdani, M. Hanhardt, W. C. Taylor, L. Tvrznikova, R. C. Webb, M. Moongweluwan, D. Byram, A. Lindote, Sarah Young, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, A. Manalaysay, D. R. Tiedt, D. Khaitan, C. M. Ignarra, J. Balajthy, S. R. Fallon, A. J. Bailey, S. Fiorucci, A. Currie, T. J. Whitis, B. G. Lenardo, P. Brás, J.R. Verbus, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, D. J. Taylor, A. Fan, X. Bai, C. Chan, K. J. Palladino, F.L.H. Wolfs, B. N. Edwards, J. Mock, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, M. Solmaz, Ethan Bernard, Kareem Kazkaz, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, P. Sorensen, Sidney Cahn, K. O’Sullivan, S. Shaw, T. P. Biesiadzinski, M. F. Marzioni, M. S. Witherell, B. P. Tennyson, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, Henrique Araujo, P. Beltrame, S. J. Haselschwardt, Matthew Szydagis, C. R. Hall, Daniel McKinsey, R. G. Jacobsen, W. Ji, K. Kamdin, D. S. Akerib, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, Dongming Mei, C. Ghag, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, Chao Zhang, D. P. Hogan, C. Rhyne, F. Neves, R. J. Gaitskell, J. E. Cutter, V. Velan, R. L. Mannino, and W. H. To
Subjects: Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Field (physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Noble liquid detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Detector modelling and simulations II, Noble liquid detectors (scintillation, ionization, double-phase), 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Dark Matter detectors (WIMPs, axions, etc.), High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Engineering, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, CALORIMETER, 010306 general physics, Dark Matter detectors, Instrumentation, Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Mathematical Physics, Mathematical physics, Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Active volume, Mean value, Detector, Charge density, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields, charge transport, multiplication and induction, pulse formation, electron emission, etc), LIGHT, physics.comp-ph, Physical Sciences, Analysis and statistical methods, Electric field magnitude, CHAMBERS, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract: Author(s): Akerib, DS; Alsum, S; Araujo, HM; Bai, X; Bailey, AJ; Balajthy, J; Beltrame, P; Bernard, EP; Bernstein, A; Biesiadzinski, TP; Boulton, EM; Bras, P; Byram, D; Cahn, SB; Carmona-Benitez, MC; Chan, C; Currie, A; Cutter, JE; Davison, TJR; Dobi, A; Druszkiewicz, E; Edwards, BN; Fallon, SR; Fan, A; Fiorucci, S; Gaitskell, RJ; Genovesi, J; Ghag, C; Gilchriese, MGD; Hall, CR; Hanhardt, M; Haselschwardt, SJ; Hertel, SA; Hogan, DP; Horn, M; Huang, DQ; Ignarra, CM; Jacobsen, RG; Ji, W; Kamdin, K; Kazkaz, K; Khaitan, D; Knoche, R; Larsen, NA; Lenardo, BG; Lesko, KT; Lindote, A; Lopes, MI; Manalaysay, A; Mannino, RL; Marzioni, MF; McKinsey, DN; Mei, DM; Mock, J; Moongweluwan, M; Morad, JA; Murphy, ASJ; Nehrkorn, C; Nelson, HN; Neves, F; O'Sullivan, K; Oliver-Mallory, KC; Palladino, KJ; Pease, EK; Rhyne, C; Shaw, S; Shutt, TA; Silva, C; Solmaz, M; Solovov, VN; Sorensen, P; Sumner, TJ; Szydagis, M; Taylor, DJ; Taylor, WC; Tennyson, BP; Terman, PA; Tiedt, DR; To, WH; Tripathi, M; Tvrznikova, L; Uvarov, S; Velan, V; Verbus, JR; Webb, RC | Abstract: This work details the development of a three-dimensional (3D) electric field model for the LUX detector. The detector took data to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) during two periods. After the first period completed, a time-varying non-uniform negative charge developed in the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) panels that define the radial boundary of the detector's active volume. This caused electric field variations in the detector in time, depth and azimuth, generating an electrostatic radially-inward force on electrons on their way upward to the liquid surface. To map this behavior, 3D electric field maps of the detector's active volume were generated on a monthly basis. This was done by fitting a model built in COMSOL Multiphysics to the uniformly distributed calibration data that were collected on a regular basis. The modeled average PTFE charge density increased over the course of the exposure from -3.6 to -5.5 μC/m2. From our studies, we deduce that the electric field magnitude varied locally while the mean value of the field of ∼200 V/cm remained constant throughout the exposure. As a result of this work the varying electric fields and their impact on event reconstruction and discrimination were successfully modeled.
Published: 2017

30. First Searches for Axions and Axionlike Particles with the LUX Experiment

Author: K.R. Gibson, Henrique Araujo, P. A. Terman, S. Shaw, M. Hanhardt, C. R. Hall, S. Uvarov, D. P. Hogan, J. E. Cutter, M. Horn, A. Manalaysay, F.L.H. Wolfs, S. K. Young, M. S. Witherell, K. O’Sullivan, Ethan Bernard, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, D. J. Taylor, T. A. Shutt, F. Neves, R. G. Jacobsen, X. Bai, J. A. Morad, P. Brás, T. P. Biesiadzinski, J. E. Y. Dobson, K. Kamdin, J. T. White, M. G. D. Gilchriese, L. Tvrznikova, P. Beltrame, D. Q. Huang, W. Ji, C. Rhyne, S. Alsum, R. J. Gaitskell, A. Dobi, B. G. Lenardo, C. Aquino, A. Currie, S. J. Haselschwardt, M. Moongweluwan, H. N. Nelson, V. M. Gehman, V. Velan, Daniel McKinsey, T. J. Whitis, Matthew Szydagis, Dongming Mei, P. Sorensen, C. H. Faham, Jilei Xu, Sidney Cahn, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, K. Kazkaz, C. Nehrkorn, C. Ghag, M. Solmaz, J.R. Verbus, B. P. Tennyson, Mani Tripathi, S. Stephenson, R. L. Mannino, J. Mock, Chao Zhang, D. R. Tiedt, C. M. Ignarra, W. C. Taylor, R. C. Webb, A. Lindote, J. Balajthy, S. Fiorucci, L. Reichhart, S. R. Fallon, W. H. To, A. A. Chiller, C. Chan, B. N. Edwards, A. J. Bailey, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, D. S. Akerib, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, T. J. R. Davison, D. Byram, C. Chiller, K. J. Palladino, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, Ching Hua Lee, M. F. Marzioni, and D. Khaitan
Subjects: Particle physics, General Physics, Large Underground Xenon experiment, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Physics, Multidisciplinary, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Elementary particle, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, LUX Collaboration, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, Invariant mass, 010306 general physics, Axion, DETECTOR, Boson, Physics, Coupling constant, HARMLESS AXION, Science & Technology, 02 Physical Sciences, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, INVISIBLE AXION, hep-ph, Coupling (probability), INVARIANCE, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, STRONG CP PROBLEM, Physical Sciences, astro-ph.CO, Strong CP problem, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: The first searches for axions and axionlike particles with the Large Underground Xenon experiment are presented. Under the assumption of an axioelectric interaction in xenon, the coupling constant between axions and electrons g_{Ae} is tested using data collected in 2013 with an exposure totaling 95 live days ×118 kg. A double-sided, profile likelihood ratio statistic test excludes g_{Ae} larger than 3.5×10^{-12} (90% C.L.) for solar axions. Assuming the Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitsky theoretical description, the upper limit in coupling corresponds to an upper limit on axion mass of 0.12 eV/c^{2}, while for the Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zhakharov description masses above 36.6 eV/c^{2} are excluded. For galactic axionlike particles, values of g_{Ae} larger than 4.2×10^{-13} are excluded for particle masses in the range 1-16 keV/c^{2}. These are the most stringent constraints to date for these interactions.
Published: 2017

31. Limits on spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross section obtained from the complete LUX exposure

Author: Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, C. H. Faham, A. St. J. Murphy, C. Ghag, V. Velan, M.I. Lopes, F.L.H. Wolfs, R. Knoche, D. P. Hogan, A. Dobi, M. Hanhardt, E. M. Boulton, M. G. D. Gilchriese, D. Byram, T. J. Sumner, Sidney Cahn, T. J. Whitis, A. Bernstein, R. L. Mannino, S. Fiorucci, C. Chiller, H. N. Nelson, J. E. Cutter, F. Neves, A. J. Bailey, A. Manalaysay, Mani Tripathi, Matthew Szydagis, P. Brás, Ethan Bernard, W. H. To, D. Q. Huang, B. G. Lenardo, L. Tvrznikova, C. Chan, S. Uvarov, D. Khaitan, Daniel McKinsey, M. Horn, D. S. Akerib, M. Solmaz, S. R. Fallon, R. C. Webb, Dongming Mei, K. O’Sullivan, A. Currie, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, V. M. Gehman, K. Kamdin, K. J. Palladino, P. Beltrame, W. C. Taylor, K. Kazkaz, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, R. G. Jacobsen, S. A. Hertel, S. J. Haselschwardt, J. Balajthy, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, Chao Zhang, A. Lindote, L. Reichhart, S. Stephenson, Henrique Araujo, W. Ji, Ching Hua Lee, J.R. Verbus, A. A. Chiller, T. J. R. Davison, P. A. Terman, B. N. Edwards, T. P. Biesiadzinski, C. R. Hall, Sarah Young, D. R. Tiedt, C. M. Ignarra, J. T. White, P. Sorensen, B. P. Tennyson, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, J. E. Y. Dobson, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, S. Shaw, M. S. Witherell, X. Bai, J. Mock, D. J. Taylor, S. Alsum, M. Moongweluwan, and M. F. Marzioni
Subjects: Nuclear reaction, Particle physics, General Physics, Large Underground Xenon experiment, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Hadron, Physics, Multidisciplinary, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Elementary particle, 01 natural sciences, Mathematical Sciences, LUX Collaboration, Nuclear physics, Engineering, WIMP, 0103 physical sciences, DARK-MATTER, 010306 general physics, Elastic scattering, Physics, Science & Technology, 02 Physical Sciences, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Baryon, Physical Sciences, astro-ph.CO, Nucleon, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract: We present experimental constraints on the spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon elastic cross sections from the total 129.5 kg-year exposure acquired by the Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX), operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota (USA). A profile likelihood ratio analysis allows 90% CL upper limits to be set on the WIMP-neutron (WIMP-proton) cross section of $\sigma_n$ = 1.6$\times 10^{-41}$ cm$^{2}$ ($\sigma_p$ = 5$\times 10^{-40}$ cm$^{2}$) at 35 GeV$c^{-2}$, almost a sixfold improvement over the previous LUX spin-dependent results. The spin-dependent WIMP-neutron limit is the most sensitive constraint to date., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, version accepted by PRL
Published: 2017
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32. Identification of Radiopure Titanium for the LZ Dark Matter Experiment and Future Rare Event Searches

Author: A.V. Khromov, P. Sorensen, D. Woodward, Duncan Carlsmith, M. Arthurs, J.S. Saba, Henrique Araujo, Yue Meng, M. G. D. Gilchriese, M. Horn, W. Skulski, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, E. H. Miller, D. White, C. Carels, K. Stifter, A. Manalaysay, L. Tvrznikova, M. S. Witherell, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, P. Rossiter, Laura Manenti, J. Va’vra, A. St. J. Murphy, B. Holbrook, C. R. Hall, B. Gomber, R. Coughlen, C. Levy, V.V. Sosnovtsev, Adam Bernstein, K. Kamdin, Ethan Bernard, T. J. R. Davison, J. J. Cherwinka, S. Hans, A. Currie, P.R. Scovell, P. Beltrame, E. Mizrachi, S. Fiorucci, K. J. Palladino, V. M. Gehman, Ben Carlson, T. J. Whitis, H. Kraus, R. W. Schnee, R. Bramante, M. Hoff, M.I. Lopes, I. J. Arnquist, J. Mock, W. R. Edwards, Carl W. Akerlof, D. J. Markley, J. Thomson, J. Yin, I. Olcina, F.L.H. Wolfs, K. Pushkin, S. J. Haselschwardt, H. J. Krebs, C. Chiller, S. Alsum, S. Shaw, M. G. D. van der Grinten, E. K. Pease, B. Lopez Paredes, S. Luitz, P. Brás, K. E. Boast, C. Silva, Elena Korolkova, A. Khazov, Andreas Piepke, T.J. Martin, W. L. Waldron, D. Q. Huang, A. Lindote, J. Belle, R.M. Gerhard, W.W. Craddock, T.W. Hurteau, K.J. Thomas, P. A. Terman, V. N. Solovov, D. Yu. Akimov, C. H. Faham, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, T.M. Stiegler, J. O'Dell, A. Cottle, B. Boxer, A. Konovalov, M. E. Monzani, W. C. Taylor, L. Reichhart, M.J. Barry, Juhyeong Lee, T. K. Edberg, C. Chan, I. Stancu, M. Timalsina, Wenzhao Wei, Michael Schubnell, D. Temples, D. J. Taylor, M. Solmaz, C. Ghag, R. M. Preece, S. Balashov, N.J. Gantos, R. G. Jacobsen, P. Majewski, M. Sarychev, R. Wang, J. Balajthy, K. Hanzel, H. S. Lee, Steven Worm, J. H. Buckley, A. J. Bailey, A. C. Kaboth, Matthew Szydagis, M. Koyuncu, J.R. Verbus, R. Bunker, W. H. Lippincott, Daniel McKinsey, T. Benson, A. V. Kumpan, Eric W. Hoppe, Antonin Vacheret, C. Hjemfelt, M.R. Stark, X. Bai, Minfang Yeh, B. N. Ratcliff, R. L. Mannino, T. Fruth, W. Ji, Seth Hillbrand, M. A. Olevitch, A. Richards, Jilei Xu, D. Khaitan, J. Lin, K. O’Sullivan, C. Nehrkorn, W. H. To, J. Reichenbacher, A. A. Chiller, J. A. Nikkel, W.T. Emmet, D. S. Akerib, R. Linehan, R. Watson, Mani Tripathi, David Leonard, Richard Rosero, J.P. Rodrigues, J. Busenitz, K. T. Lesko, C. Lee, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, Kareem Kazkaz, Carl Vuosalo, T. P. Biesiadzinski, R. C. Webb, C. E. Dahl, T. J. Sumner, S. Kyre, F. Neves, R. Leonard, Wolfgang Lorenzon, H. J. Rose, S. Stephenson, Chao Zhang, W. J. Wisniewski, J.Y-K. Hor, Alexander Bolozdynya, V. Bugaev, Dongming Mei, F.-T. Liao, T. E. Tope, M. R. While, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, V. A. Kudryavtsev, S. Powell, D. R. Tiedt, B. J. Mount, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, E. Holtom, J. E. Y. Dobson, C. M. Ignarra, C. T. McConnell, K. Skarpaas, M. F. Marzioni, A. Tomás, Sergey Burdin, X. Liu, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: Cryostat, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, ZEPLIN-III, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Cryogenics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle And Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Detector, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Physical Sciences, Event (particle physics), Titanium, GERDA
Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a detector containing a total of 10 tonnes of liquid xenon within a double-vessel cryostat. The large mass and proximity of the cryostat to the active detector volume demand the use of material with extremely low intrinsic radioactivity. We report on the radioassay campaign conducted to identify suitable metals, the determination of factors limiting radiopure production, and the selection of titanium for construction of the LZ cryostat and other detector components. This titanium has been measured with activities of $^{238}$U$_{e}$~$, Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics
Published: 2017
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33. Signal yields, energy resolution, and recombination fluctuations in liquid xenon

Author: Henrique Araujo, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, Matthew Szydagis, B. G. Lenardo, T. J. Sumner, C. R. Hall, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, M. Solmaz, K. Kamdin, Sidney Cahn, P. Beltrame, Mani Tripathi, K.R. Gibson, R.G. Jacobsen, D. Byram, S. Stephenson, M. F. Marzioni, A. Lindote, L. Reichhart, Witherell, R. C. Webb, K. O'Sullivan, Sarah Young, P. A. Terman, C. M. Ignarra, F.L.H. Wolfs, T. A. Shutt, N.A. Larsen, D. Q. Huang, J. A. Morad, Tiedt, Daniel McKinsey, J. E. Y. Dobson, S. J. Haselschwardt, S. Shaw, P. Brás, R. Bramante, P. Phelps, K. Kazkaz, A.A. Chiller, C. Chiller, B. P. Tennyson, D. Khaitan, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, C. H. Faham, K. J. Palladino, E. M. Boulton, M. Hanhardt, C. Ghag, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, D. M. Mei, V. N. Solovov, T. J. R. Davison, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, M. G. D. Gilchriese, A. Bernstein, S. Alsum, A. Dobi, A. Manalaysay, A. J. Bailey, B. N. Edwards, H. N. Nelson, L. Tvrznikova, M. Moongweluwan, D. P. Hogan, X. Bai, P. Sorensen, Ethan Bernard, M. Horn, R. L. Mannino, V. M. Gehman, F. Neves, J. Mock, Verbus, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, A. Currie, T. P. Biesiadzinski, M. Ihm, S. Uvarov, K. Yazdani, Chao Zhang, K. T. Lesko, C. Lee, C. Chan, W. Ji, T. J. Whitis, J. T. White, C. Rhyne, D. J. Taylor, R. J. Gaitskell, D. S. Akerib, A. Murphy, J. E. Cutter, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, W. H. To, and S. Fiorucci
Subjects: Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, ARGON, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Ion, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Recoil, Xenon, DEPENDENCE, 0103 physical sciences, PARTICLES, 010306 general physics, Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Resolution (electron density), Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Limiting, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), SCINTILLATION YIELDS, 3. Good health, chemistry, Physical Sciences, IONIZATION, Atomic physics, Recombination
Abstract: This work presents an analysis of monoenergetic electronic recoil peaks in the dark-matter-search and calibration data from the first underground science run of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) detector. Liquid xenon charge and light yields for electronic recoil energies between 5.2 and 661.7 keV are measured, as well as the energy resolution for the LUX detector at those same energies. Additionally, there is an interpretation of existing measurements and descriptions of electron-ion recombination fluctuations in liquid xenon as limiting cases of a more general liquid xenon re- combination fluctuation model. Measurements of the standard deviation of these fluctuations at monoenergetic electronic recoil peaks exhibit a linear dependence on the number of ions for energy deposits up to 661.7 keV, consistent with previous LUX measurements between 2-16 keV with $^3$H. We highlight similarities in liquid xenon recombination for electronic and nuclear recoils with a comparison of recombination fluctuations measured with low-energy calibration data., 11 pages, 12 figures, 3 tables
Published: 2017

34. FPGA-based Trigger System for the LUX Dark Matter Experiment

Author: J. E. Cutter, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, C. H. Faham, C. Ghag, B. Lenardo, Mani Tripathi, M. Pangilinan, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, W. Skulski, S. Shaw, L. de Viveiros, M. Hanhardt, P. Phelps, W. H. To, P. A. Terman, D. M. Mei, A. Bernstein, P. Beltrame, T. J. R. Davison, T. P. Biesiadzinski, A. Currie, A. J. Bailey, A. Manalaysay, A. W. Bradley, S. A. Hertel, D. P. Hogan, X. Bai, R. C. Webb, A. Dobi, M. G. D. Gilchriese, E. Druszkiewicz, C. Chan, Ethan Bernard, J. Yin, Sidney Cahn, H. N. Nelson, F. Neves, T. J. Whitis, J. Mock, B. N. Edwards, S. J. Haselschwardt, J. T. White, Matthew Szydagis, Michael S. Witherell, Chao Zhang, C. Nehrkorn, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, K. T. Lesko, C. Lee, W. Ji, R. A. Ott, F.L.H. Wolfs, A. Lindote, K.R. Gibson, L. Reichhart, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, J.J. Chapman, J. E. Y. Dobson, Sarah Young, D. J. Taylor, Daniel McKinsey, N.A. Larsen, R. Bramante, D. R. Tiedt, C. M. Ignarra, J.R. Verbus, S. Fiorucci, A.A. Chiller, E. M. Boulton, M. F. Marzioni, D.C. Malling, K. Kazkaz, C. Chiller, Henrique Araujo, M. Moongweluwan, C. R. Hall, R.G. Jacobsen, D. S. Akerib, T. J. Sumner, S. Stephenson, D. Q. Huang, A. St. J. Murphy, K. J. Palladino, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, M. Ihm, B. P. Tennyson, D. Khaitan, S. Uvarov, K. O׳Sullivan, M. Horn, L. Tvrznikova, V. M. Gehman, R. L. Mannino, and P. Sorensen
Subjects: Technology, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, Latency (audio), FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Particles & Fields, Nuclear physics, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle And Plasma Physics, Data acquisition, Xenon, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Science & Technology, DSP, 010306 general physics, Instruments & Instrumentation, Instrumentation, Spectroscopy, FPGA, Digital signal processing, Physics, Dark matter detectors, Science & Technology, Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Baseline subtraction, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, DAQ, Trigger, Microsecond, chemistry, Physical Sciences, business
Abstract: LUX is a two-phase (liquid/gas) xenon time projection chamber designed to detect nuclear recoils resulting from interactions with dark matter particles. Signals from the detector are processed with an FPGA-based digital trigger system that analyzes the incoming data in real-time, with just a few microsecond latency. The system enables first pass selection of events of interest based on their pulse shape characteristics and 3D localization of the interactions. It has been shown to be >99% efficient in triggering on S2 signals induced by only few extracted liquid electrons. It is continuously and reliably operating since its full underground deployment in early 2013. This document is an overview of the systems capabilities, its inner workings, and its performance., 11 pages, 26 figures, added some key points to the abstract, and conclusions, no change in results, accepted for publication in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A
Published: 2016

35. LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Conceptual Design Report

Author: V. B. Francis, A. Bernstein, A. Manalaysay, C. Chan, C. E. Tull, Eli Woods, B. N. Ratcliff, Ethan Bernard, R. W. Schnee, N.A. Larsen, V.V. Sosnovtsev, Elena Korolkova, M. Sarychev, James Nikkel, J. J. Cherwinka, S. Luitz, Peter Majewski, J.S. Saba, Henrique Araujo, D. White, B. N. Edwards, W. H. Lippincott, F. G. O'Neill, A. Khazov, X. Ji, M. E. Monzani, B. Holbrook, K. O'Sullivan, Laura Manenti, J. Liu, P.R. Scovell, D.C. Malling, E. M. Boulton, M. G. D. van der Grinten, W.L. Waldron, W. C. Taylor, D. S. Akerib, C. R. Hall, Mikkel B. Johnson, F.L.H. Wolfs, J. Lin, Matthew Szydagis, J. Balajthy, K. J. Palladino, T. P. Biesiadzinski, H. Kraus, A. Currie, C. E. Dahl, R. Bunker, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, V. N. Solovov, J. Thomson, M. R. While, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, T. J. Sumner, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, W. H. To, I. Stancu, S. Stephenson, M. Pangilinan, T. J. Whitis, R. Bramante, K. E. Boast, T.J. Martin, L. Tvrznikova, A. Lindote, Patrick Bauer, J. O'Dell, L. Wang, D. Woodward, V. A. Kudryavtsev, H.J. Krebs, M. Elnimr, D. R. Tiedt, J.P. Rodrigues, J. Busenitz, Hoff, S. Kyre, F. Neves, L. Reichhart, C. Fu, Wolfgang Lorenzon, C. Rhyne, W. J. Wisniewski, M.J. Barry, C. M. Ignarra, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, W. Skulski, W. R. Edwards, Carl W. Akerlof, R. J. Gaitskell, S. Balashov, Michael Schubnell, Olevitch, S. J. Patton, B. P. Tennyson, M. F. Marzioni, D. Khaitan, R. L. Mannino, K. Kamdin, W. Craddock, S. D. Worm, V. M. Gehman, Y. Ju, A. J. Bailey, Daniel McKinsey, B. G. Lenardo, P. Beltrame, H. J. Rose, Minfang Yeh, Sergey Burdin, R.M. Gerhard, X. Liu, K. Skarpaas, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, A. St. J. Murphy, T.M. Stiegler, T.W. Hurteau, K.J. Thomas, J. Yin, A. Tomás, K. Kazkaz, C. Chiller, S. Powell, M. Cascella, T. J. R. Davison, Chao Zhang, A.A. Chiller, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, J. Reichenbacher, J. E. Y. Dobson, R. M. Preece, N.J. Gantos, S. J. Haselschwardt, S. Uvarov, S.K. Young, M. G. D. Gilchriese, M.I. Lopes, Ben Carlson, J. Va’vra, J. E. Cutter, A.V. Khromov, C. Carels, Alexander Bolozdynya, V. Bugaev, R.G. Jacobsen, A. Harris, Wenzhao Wei, D. J. Taylor, D.Yu. Akimov, Dongming Mei, Duncan Carlsmith, Witherell, E. Holtom, W. Ji, C. H. Faham, S. Alsum, F.-T. Liao, D. Q. Huang, C. Ghag, C. O. Vuosalo, Bhawna Gomber, Mani Tripathi, Richard Rosero, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, W. T. Emmet, Sridhara Dasu, S. Fiorucci, J.P. da Cunha, P. A. Terman, X. Bai, D. Markley, J. Mock, A. V. Kumpan, M.R. Stark, P. Sorensen, Yue Meng, K. T. Lesko, C. Lee, E. H. Miller, S. Shaw, A. Piepke, K. Sundarnath, A. Konovalov, T. K. Edberg, K. Pushkin, P. Ford, J. H. Buckley, and J.R. Verbus
Subjects: Physics, Particle physics, Expected cost, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Technical systems, Detector, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Particle detector, Nuclear physics, Conceptual design, Weakly interacting massive particles, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: The design and performance of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) detector is described as of March 2015 in this Conceptual Design Report. LZ is a second-generation dark-matter detector with the potential for unprecedented sensitivity to weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) of masses from a few GeV/c2 to hundreds of TeV/c2. With total liquid xenon mass of about 10 tonnes, LZ will be the most sensitive experiment for WIMPs in this mass region by the end of the decade. This report describes in detail the design of the LZ technical systems. Expected backgrounds are quantified and the performance of the experiment is presented. The LZ detector will be located at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in South Dakota. The organization of the LZ Project and a summary of the expected cost and current schedule are given.
Published: 2015

36. First Results of the LUX Dark Matter Experiment

Author: Kareem Kazkaz, M. Hanhardt, P. Phelps, A. Manalaysay, L. Tvrznikova, A. Dobi, Ethan Bernard, J.J. Chapman, M. Horn, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, S. Fiorucci, D. J. Taylor, T. A. Shutt, J. E. Y. Dobson, A. Currie, K.R. Gibson, P. Beltrame, A. J. Bailey, V. M. Gehman, D.C. Malling, Matthew Szydagis, H. N. Nelson, D. Byram, R. G. Jacobsen, C. Chiller, J.R. Verbus, J. A. Morad, Catarina Silva, P. Sorensen, C. Chan, Henrique Araujo, F. Neves, K. T. Lesko, D. Q. Huang, B. P. Tennyson, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, S. A. Hertel, Mani Tripathi, E. Druszkiewicz, Sidney Cahn, M. Ihm, R. A. Ott, S. Uvarov, C. H. Faham, A. Lindote, L. Reichhart, M. Moongweluwan, B. Lenardo, C. R. Hall, P. D. Parker, C. Ghag, L. de Viveiros, R. C. Webb, D. R. Tiedt, Dongming Mei, A. A. Chiller, B. N. Edwards, E. K. Pease, S. J. Haselschwardt, V. N. Solovov, Michael S. Witherell, Chao Zhang, R. J. Gaitskell, J. T. White, X. Bai, J. Mock, M. Woods, C. E. Flores, N. Walsh, J. Balajthy, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, M. Pangilinan, M.I. Lopes, A. W. Bradley, R. Knoche, R. L. Mannino, M. G. D. Gilchriese, F. L. H. Wolfs, Daniel McKinsey, K. O'Sullivan, K. Pech, T. J. Sumner, D. S. Akerib, and C. Nehrkorn
Subjects: Physics, Elastic scattering, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Time projection chamber, Large Underground Xenon experiment, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, WIMP, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, dark matter, time projection chamber, Nuclear physics, Xenon, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, liquid xenon, 010306 general physics
Abstract: © 2015 Elsevier B.V.. LUX (Large Underground Xenon) is a dark matter direct detection experiment deployed at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD, operating a 370 kg dual-phase xenon TPC. Results of the first WIMP search run were presented in late 2013, for the analysis of 85.3 live-days with a fiducial volume of 118 kg, taken during the period of April to August 2013. The experiment exhibited a sensitivity to spin-independent WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering with a minimum upper limit on the cross section of 7.6×10-46cm2at a WIMP mass of 33 GeV/c2, becoming the world's leading WIMP search result, in conflict with several previous claimed hints of discovery.
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37. Calibration, event reconstruction, data analysis, and limit calculation for the LUX dark matter experiment

Author: L. Tvrznikova, S. Shaw, W. Ji, J. E. Cutter, A. Currie, V. Velan, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, A. Lindote, L. Reichhart, M. G. D. Gilchriese, D. Byram, A. J. Bailey, T. P. Biesiadzinski, P. Brás, X. Bai, K. Kazkaz, M. Horn, Matthew Szydagis, Daniel McKinsey, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, J. Mock, S. Fiorucci, E. M. Boulton, R. L. Mannino, Chao Zhang, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, T. A. Shutt, Sarah Young, C. H. Faham, D. R. Tiedt, Blair Edwards, Henrique Araujo, C. M. Ignarra, J. A. Morad, J. E. Y. Dobson, B. G. Lenardo, K. Kamdin, T. J. Whitis, C. Ghag, P. Beltrame, C. R. Hall, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, J.R. Verbus, T. J. Sumner, Sidney Cahn, D. P. Hogan, S. J. Haselschwardt, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, M. Solmaz, C. Nehrkorn, Dongming Mei, Ching Hua Lee, D. J. Taylor, T. J. R. Davison, M. F. Marzioni, D. Q. Huang, F. Neves, J. T. White, Mani Tripathi, D. S. Akerib, R. C. Webb, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, S. Uvarov, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, M. Hanhardt, V.M. Gehman, A. Manalaysay, D. Khaitan, S. R. Fallon, Ethan Bernard, Michael S. Witherell, K. J. Palladino, S. Alsum, M. Moongweluwan, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, W. H. To, C. Chan, A. Fan, K. O'Sullivan, F.L.H. Wolfs, W. C. Taylor, P. Sorensen, J. Balajthy, B. P. Tennyson, P. A. Terman, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, and R. G. Jacobsen
Subjects: SIMULATION TOOLKIT, Photomultiplier, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Photon, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Bioengineering, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Particles & Fields, Particle and Plasma Physics, Optics, Xenon, Affordable and Clean Energy, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, SCATTERING, Nuclear, 010306 general physics, DETECTOR, physics.ins-det, Event reconstruction, NOBLE-GASES, Physics, Quantum Physics, Scintillation, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Scattering, 2-PHASE XENON, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, LIQUID XENON, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, MODEL, chemistry, Physical Sciences, IONIZATION, ELECTRON-EMISSION, SCINTILLATION, business, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract: The LUX experiment has performed searches for dark matter particles scattering elastically on xenon nuclei, leading to stringent upper limits on the nuclear scattering cross sections for dark matter. Here, for results derived from ${1.4}\times 10^{4}\;\mathrm{kg\,days}$ of target exposure in 2013, details of the calibration, event-reconstruction, modeling, and statistical tests that underlie the results are presented. Detector performance is characterized, including measured efficiencies, stability of response, position resolution, and discrimination between electron- and nuclear-recoil populations. Models are developed for the drift field, optical properties, background populations, the electron- and nuclear-recoil responses, and the absolute rate of low-energy background events. Innovations in the analysis include in situ measurement of the photomultipliers' response to xenon scintillation photons, verification of fiducial mass with a low-energy internal calibration source, and new empirical models for low-energy signal yield based on large-sample, in situ calibrations.
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38. Results from a Search for Dark Matter in the Complete LUX Exposure

Author: M. Hanhardt, K.R. Gibson, A. Bernstein, E. M. Boulton, A. Manalaysay, W. H. To, T. J. Sumner, Ethan Bernard, M. G. D. Gilchriese, R. Bramante, R.G. Jacobsen, X. Bai, Matthew Szydagis, Sidney Cahn, B. P. Tennyson, D. Khaitan, Henrique Araujo, J.R. Verbus, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, J. Mock, A. St. J. Murphy, D. Q. Huang, S. Stephenson, D. J. Taylor, C. Chan, L. Tvrznikova, C. R. Hall, B. G. Lenardo, Sarah Young, M. F. Marzioni, D. R. Tiedt, D. Byram, C. M. Ignarra, M.I. Lopes, M. Ihm, S. Shaw, R. Knoche, S. Uvarov, P. Phelps, R. L. Mannino, S. J. Haselschwardt, J. T. White, K. O’Sullivan, M. Horn, M. S. Witherell, V. M. Gehman, Daniel McKinsey, N.A. Larsen, S. Alsum, B. N. Edwards, T. P. Biesiadzinski, F.L.H. Wolfs, P. Brás, M. Moongweluwan, K. J. Palladino, W. Ji, P. A. Terman, S. A. Hertel, K. Kazkaz, E. Druszkiewicz, C. Chiller, K. Yazdani, S. Fiorucci, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, V. N. Solovov, K. Kamdin, P. Beltrame, Mani Tripathi, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, W. C. Taylor, D. S. Akerib, J. Balajthy, D. M. Mei, P. Sorensen, T. J. R. Davison, R. C. Webb, C. H. Faham, C. Ghag, M. Solmaz, J. E. Cutter, A. Lindote, L. Reichhart, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, J. E. Y. Dobson, A. J. Bailey, C. Rhyne, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, A.A. Chiller, A. Currie, T. J. Whitis, R. J. Gaitskell, D. P. Hogan, F. Neves, Chao Zhang, K. T. Lesko, C. Lee, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)
Subjects: General Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Dark matter, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Massive particle, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, 09 Engineering, High Energy Physics - Experiment, LUX Collaboration, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, WIMP, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 01 Mathematical Sciences, Physics, Time projection chamber, Science & Technology, 02 Physical Sciences, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, hep-ex, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), chemistry, Physical Sciences, astro-ph.CO, CHAMBERS, PandaX, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract: We report constraints on spin-independent weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-nucleon scattering using a 3.35e4 kg-day exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. A dual-phase xenon time projection chamber with 250 kg of active mass is operated at the Sanford Underground Research Facility under Lead, South Dakota (USA). With roughly fourfold improvement in sensitivity for high WIMP masses relative to our previous results, this search yields no evidence of WIMP nuclear recoils. At a WIMP mass of 50 GeV/c^2, WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross sections above 2.2e-46 cm^2 are excluded at the 90% confidence level. When combined with the previously reported LUX exposure, this exclusion strengthens to 1.1e-46 cm^2 at 50 GeV/c^2., Comment: This version includes a combined analysis with previously published LUX results, and matches the version published in PRL
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39. Tritium Beta Spectrum Measurement and Neutrino Mass Limit from Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy.

Author: Ashtari Esfahani A, Böser S, Buzinsky N, Carmona-Benitez MC, Claessens C, de Viveiros L, Doe PJ, Fertl M, Formaggio JA, Gaison JK, Gladstone L, Grando M, Guigue M, Hartse J, Heeger KM, Huyan X, Johnston J, Jones AM, Kazkaz K, LaRoque BH, Li M, Lindman A, Machado E, Marsteller A, Matthé C, Mohiuddin R, Monreal B, Mueller R, Nikkel JA, Novitski E, Oblath NS, Peña JI, Pettus W, Reimann R, Robertson RGH, Rosa De Jesús D, Rybka G, Saldaña L, Schram M, Slocum PL, Stachurska J, Sun YH, Surukuchi PT, Tedeschi JR, Telles AB, Thomas F, Thomas M, Thorne LA, Thümmler T, Tvrznikova L, Van De Pontseele W, VanDevender BA, Weintroub J, Weiss TE, Wendler T, Young A, Zayas E, and Ziegler A
Abstract: The absolute scale of the neutrino mass plays a critical role in physics at every scale, from the subatomic to the cosmological. Measurements of the tritium end-point spectrum have provided the most precise direct limit on the neutrino mass scale. In this Letter, we present advances by Project 8 to the cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy (CRES) technique culminating in the first frequency-based neutrino mass limit. With only a cm^{3}-scale physical detection volume, a limit of m_{β}<155 eV/c^{2} (152 eV/c^{2}) is extracted from the background-free measurement of the continuous tritium beta spectrum in a Bayesian (frequentist) analysis. Using ^{83m}Kr calibration data, a resolution of 1.66±0.19 eV (FWHM) is measured, the detector response model is validated, and the efficiency is characterized over the multi-keV tritium analysis window. These measurements establish the potential of CRES for a high-sensitivity next-generation direct neutrino mass experiment featuring low background and high resolution.
Published: 2023
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40. First Dark Matter Search Results from the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment.

Author: Aalbers J, Akerib DS, Akerlof CW, Al Musalhi AK, Alder F, Alqahtani A, Alsum SK, Amarasinghe CS, Ames A, Anderson TJ, Angelides N, Araújo HM, Armstrong JE, Arthurs M, Azadi S, Bailey AJ, Baker A, Balajthy J, Balashov S, Bang J, Bargemann JW, Barry MJ, Barthel J, Bauer D, Baxter A, Beattie K, Belle J, Beltrame P, Bensinger J, Benson T, Bernard EP, Bhatti A, Biekert A, Biesiadzinski TP, Birch HJ, Birrittella B, Blockinger GM, Boast KE, Boxer B, Bramante R, Brew CAJ, Brás P, Buckley JH, Bugaev VV, Burdin S, Busenitz JK, Buuck M, Cabrita R, Carels C, Carlsmith DL, Carlson B, Carmona-Benitez MC, Cascella M, Chan C, Chawla A, Chen H, Cherwinka JJ, Chott NI, Cole A, Coleman J, Converse MV, Cottle A, Cox G, Craddock WW, Creaner O, Curran D, Currie A, Cutter JE, Dahl CE, David A, Davis J, Davison TJR, Delgaudio J, Dey S, de Viveiros L, Dobi A, Dobson JEY, Druszkiewicz E, Dushkin A, Edberg TK, Edwards WR, Elnimr MM, Emmet WT, Eriksen SR, Faham CH, Fan A, Fayer S, Fearon NM, Fiorucci S, Flaecher H, Ford P, Francis VB, Fraser ED, Fruth T, Gaitskell RJ, Gantos NJ, Garcia D, Geffre A, Gehman VM, Genovesi J, Ghag C, Gibbons R, Gibson E, Gilchriese MGD, Gokhale S, Gomber B, Green J, Greenall A, Greenwood S, van der Grinten MGD, Gwilliam CB, Hall CR, Hans S, Hanzel K, Harrison A, Hartigan-O'Connor E, Haselschwardt SJ, Hernandez MA, Hertel SA, Heuermann G, Hjemfelt C, Hoff MD, Holtom E, Hor JY, Horn M, Huang DQ, Hunt D, Ignarra CM, Jacobsen RG, Jahangir O, James RS, Jeffery SN, Ji W, Johnson J, Kaboth AC, Kamaha AC, Kamdin K, Kasey V, Kazkaz K, Keefner J, Khaitan D, Khaleeq M, Khazov A, Khurana I, Kim YD, Kocher CD, Kodroff D, Korley L, Korolkova EV, Kras J, Kraus H, Kravitz S, Krebs HJ, Kreczko L, Krikler B, Kudryavtsev VA, Kyre S, Landerud B, Leason EA, Lee C, Lee J, Leonard DS, Leonard R, Lesko KT, Levy C, Li J, Liao FT, Liao J, Lin J, Lindote A, Linehan R, Lippincott WH, Liu R, Liu X, Liu Y, Loniewski C, Lopes MI, Lopez Asamar E, López Paredes B, Lorenzon W, Lucero D, Luitz S, Lyle JM, Majewski PA, Makkinje J, Malling DC, Manalaysay A, Manenti L, Mannino RL, Marangou N, Marzioni MF, Maupin C, McCarthy ME, McConnell CT, McKinsey DN, McLaughlin J, Meng Y, Migneault J, Miller EH, Mizrachi E, Mock JA, Monte A, Monzani ME, Morad JA, Morales Mendoza JD, Morrison E, Mount BJ, Murdy M, Murphy ASJ, Naim D, Naylor A, Nedlik C, Nehrkorn C, Neves F, Nguyen A, Nikoleyczik JA, Nilima A, O'Dell J, O'Neill FG, O'Sullivan K, Olcina I, Olevitch MA, Oliver-Mallory KC, Orpwood J, Pagenkopf D, Pal S, Palladino KJ, Palmer J, Pangilinan M, Parveen N, Patton SJ, Pease EK, Penning B, Pereira C, Pereira G, Perry E, Pershing T, Peterson IB, Piepke A, Podczerwinski J, Porzio D, Powell S, Preece RM, Pushkin K, Qie Y, Ratcliff BN, Reichenbacher J, Reichhart L, Rhyne CA, Richards A, Riffard Q, Rischbieter GRC, Rodrigues JP, Rodriguez A, Rose HJ, Rosero R, Rossiter P, Rushton T, Rutherford G, Rynders D, Saba JS, Santone D, Sazzad ABMR, Schnee RW, Scovell PR, Seymour D, Shaw S, Shutt T, Silk JJ, Silva C, Sinev G, Skarpaas K, Skulski W, Smith R, Solmaz M, Solovov VN, Sorensen P, Soria J, Stancu I, Stark MR, Stevens A, Stiegler TM, Stifter K, Studley R, Suerfu B, Sumner TJ, Sutcliffe P, Swanson N, Szydagis M, Tan M, Taylor DJ, Taylor R, Taylor WC, Temples DJ, Tennyson BP, Terman PA, Thomas KJ, Tiedt DR, Timalsina M, To WH, Tomás A, Tong Z, Tovey DR, Tranter J, Trask M, Tripathi M, Tronstad DR, Tull CE, Turner W, Tvrznikova L, Utku U, Va'vra J, Vacheret A, Vaitkus AC, Verbus JR, Voirin E, Waldron WL, Wang A, Wang B, Wang JJ, Wang W, Wang Y, Watson JR, Webb RC, White A, White DT, White JT, White RG, Whitis TJ, Williams M, Wisniewski WJ, Witherell MS, Wolfs FLH, Wolfs JD, Woodford S, Woodward D, Worm SD, Wright CJ, Xia Q, Xiang X, Xiao Q, Xu J, Yeh M, Yin J, Young I, Zarzhitsky P, Zuckerman A, and Zweig EA
Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN experiment is a dark matter detector centered on a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. This Letter reports results from LUX-ZEPLIN's first search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) with an exposure of 60 live days using a fiducial mass of 5.5 t. A profile-likelihood ratio analysis shows the data to be consistent with a background-only hypothesis, setting new limits on spin-independent WIMP-nucleon, spin-dependent WIMP-neutron, and spin-dependent WIMP-proton cross sections for WIMP masses above 9 GeV/c^{2}. The most stringent limit is set for spin-independent scattering at 36 GeV/c^{2}, rejecting cross sections above 9.2×10^{-48} cm at the 90% confidence level.
Published: 2023
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41. Study of dielectric breakdown in liquid xenon with XeBrA: The xenon breakdown apparatus.

Author: Watson J, Olcina I, Soria J, McKinsey DN, Kravitz S, Deck EE, Bernard EP, Tvrznikova L, Waldron WL, Riffard Q, and O'Sullivan K
Abstract: Maintaining the electric fields necessary for the current generation of noble liquid time projection chambers (TPCs), with drift lengths exceeding 1 m, requires a large negative voltage applied to their cathode. Delivering such high voltage is associated with an elevated risk of electrostatic discharge and electroluminescence, which would be detrimental to the performance of the experiment. The Xenon Breakdown Apparatus (XeBrA) is a 5-l, high voltage test chamber built to investigate the contributing factors to electrical breakdown in noble liquids. In this work, we present the main findings after conducting scans over stressed electrode areas, surface finish, pressure, and high voltage ramp speed in the medium of liquid xenon. Area scaling and surface finish were observed to be the dominant factors affecting breakdown, whereas no significant changes were observed with varying pressure or ramp speed. A general rise in both the anode current and photon rate was observed in the last 30 s, leading up to a breakdown, with a marked increase in the last couple of seconds. In addition, the position of breakdowns was reconstructed with a system of high-speed cameras and a moderate correlation with the Fowler-Nordheim field emission model was found. Tentative evidence for bubble nucleation being the originating mechanism of breakdown in the liquid was also observed. We deem the results presented in this work to be of particular interest for the design of future, large TPCs, and practical recommendations are provided.
Published: 2023
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42. Results of a Search for Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using 2013 LUX Data.

Author: Akerib DS, Alsum S, Araújo HM, Bai X, Balajthy J, Beltrame P, Bernard EP, Bernstein A, Biesiadzinski TP, Boulton EM, Boxer B, Brás P, Burdin S, Byram D, Carmona-Benitez MC, Chan C, Cutter JE, Davison TJR, Druszkiewicz E, Fallon SR, Fan A, Fiorucci S, Gaitskell RJ, Genovesi J, Ghag C, Gilchriese MGD, Gwilliam C, Hall CR, Haselschwardt SJ, Hertel SA, Hogan DP, Horn M, Huang DQ, Ignarra CM, Jacobsen RG, Jahangir O, Ji W, Kamdin K, Kazkaz K, Khaitan D, Knoche R, Korolkova EV, Kravitz S, Kudryavtsev VA, Lenardo BG, Lesko KT, Liao J, Lin J, Lindote A, Lopes MI, Manalaysay A, Mannino RL, Marangou N, Marzioni MF, McKinsey DN, Mei DM, Moongweluwan M, Morad JA, Murphy ASJ, Naylor A, Nehrkorn C, Nelson HN, Neves F, Oliver-Mallory KC, Palladino KJ, Pease EK, Riffard Q, Rischbieter GRC, Rhyne C, Rossiter P, Shaw S, Shutt TA, Silva C, Solmaz M, Solovov VN, Sorensen P, Sumner TJ, Szydagis M, Taylor DJ, Taylor WC, Tennyson BP, Terman PA, Tiedt DR, To WH, Tripathi M, Tvrznikova L, Utku U, Uvarov S, Velan V, Webb RC, White JT, Whitis TJ, Witherell MS, Wolfs FLH, Woodward D, Xu J, Yazdani K, and Zhang C
Abstract: The scattering of dark matter (DM) particles with sub-GeV masses off nuclei is difficult to detect using liquid xenon-based DM search instruments because the energy transfer during nuclear recoils is smaller than the typical detector threshold. However, the tree-level DM-nucleus scattering diagram can be accompanied by simultaneous emission of a bremsstrahlung photon or a so-called "Migdal" electron. These provide an electron recoil component to the experimental signature at higher energies than the corresponding nuclear recoil. The presence of this signature allows liquid xenon detectors to use both the scintillation and the ionization signals in the analysis where the nuclear recoil signal would not be otherwise visible. We report constraints on spin-independent DM-nucleon scattering for DM particles with masses of 0.4-5 GeV/c^{2} using 1.4×10^{4} kg day of search exposure from the 2013 data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment for four different classes of mediators. This analysis extends the reach of liquid xenon-based DM search instruments to lower DM masses than has been achieved previously.
Published: 2019
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43. First Searches for Axions and Axionlike Particles with the LUX Experiment.

Author: Akerib DS, Alsum S, Aquino C, Araújo HM, Bai X, Bailey AJ, Balajthy J, Beltrame P, Bernard EP, Bernstein A, Biesiadzinski TP, Boulton EM, Brás P, Byram D, Cahn SB, Carmona-Benitez MC, Chan C, Chiller AA, Chiller C, Currie A, Cutter JE, Davison TJR, Dobi A, Dobson JEY, Druszkiewicz E, Edwards BN, Faham CH, Fallon SR, Fiorucci S, Gaitskell RJ, Gehman VM, Ghag C, Gibson KR, Gilchriese MGD, Hall CR, Hanhardt M, Haselschwardt SJ, Hertel SA, Hogan DP, Horn M, Huang DQ, Ignarra CM, Jacobsen RG, Ji W, Kamdin K, Kazkaz K, Khaitan D, Knoche R, Larsen NA, Lee C, Lenardo BG, Lesko KT, Lindote A, Lopes MI, Manalaysay A, Mannino RL, Marzioni MF, McKinsey DN, Mei DM, Mock J, Moongweluwan M, Morad JA, Murphy ASJ, Nehrkorn C, Nelson HN, Neves F, O'Sullivan K, Oliver-Mallory KC, Palladino KJ, Pease EK, Reichhart L, Rhyne C, Shaw S, Shutt TA, Silva C, Solmaz M, Solovov VN, Sorensen P, Stephenson S, Sumner TJ, Szydagis M, Taylor DJ, Taylor WC, Tennyson BP, Terman PA, Tiedt DR, To WH, Tripathi M, Tvrznikova L, Uvarov S, Velan V, Verbus JR, Webb RC, White JT, Whitis TJ, Witherell MS, Wolfs FLH, Xu J, Yazdani K, Young SK, and Zhang C
Abstract: The first searches for axions and axionlike particles with the Large Underground Xenon experiment are presented. Under the assumption of an axioelectric interaction in xenon, the coupling constant between axions and electrons g_{Ae} is tested using data collected in 2013 with an exposure totaling 95 live days ×118 kg. A double-sided, profile likelihood ratio statistic test excludes g_{Ae} larger than 3.5×10^{-12} (90% C.L.) for solar axions. Assuming the Dine-Fischler-Srednicki-Zhitnitsky theoretical description, the upper limit in coupling corresponds to an upper limit on axion mass of 0.12 eV/c^{2}, while for the Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zhakharov description masses above 36.6 eV/c^{2} are excluded. For galactic axionlike particles, values of g_{Ae} larger than 4.2×10^{-13} are excluded for particle masses in the range 1-16 keV/c^{2}. These are the most stringent constraints to date for these interactions.
Published: 2017
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44. Limits on Spin-Dependent WIMP-Nucleon Cross Section Obtained from the Complete LUX Exposure.

Author: Akerib DS, Alsum S, Araújo HM, Bai X, Bailey AJ, Balajthy J, Beltrame P, Bernard EP, Bernstein A, Biesiadzinski TP, Boulton EM, Brás P, Byram D, Cahn SB, Carmona-Benitez MC, Chan C, Chiller AA, Chiller C, Currie A, Cutter JE, Davison TJR, Dobi A, Dobson JEY, Druszkiewicz E, Edwards BN, Faham CH, Fallon SR, Fiorucci S, Gaitskell RJ, Gehman VM, Ghag C, Gilchriese MGD, Hall CR, Hanhardt M, Haselschwardt SJ, Hertel SA, Hogan DP, Horn M, Huang DQ, Ignarra CM, Jacobsen RG, Ji W, Kamdin K, Kazkaz K, Khaitan D, Knoche R, Larsen NA, Lee C, Lenardo BG, Lesko KT, Lindote A, Lopes MI, Manalaysay A, Mannino RL, Marzioni MF, McKinsey DN, Mei DM, Mock J, Moongweluwan M, Morad JA, Murphy ASJ, Nehrkorn C, Nelson HN, Neves F, O'Sullivan K, Oliver-Mallory KC, Palladino KJ, Pease EK, Reichhart L, Rhyne C, Shaw S, Shutt TA, Silva C, Solmaz M, Solovov VN, Sorensen P, Stephenson S, Sumner TJ, Szydagis M, Taylor DJ, Taylor WC, Tennyson BP, Terman PA, Tiedt DR, To WH, Tripathi M, Tvrznikova L, Uvarov S, Velan V, Verbus JR, Webb RC, White JT, Whitis TJ, Witherell MS, Wolfs FLH, Xu J, Yazdani K, Young SK, and Zhang C
Abstract: We present experimental constraints on the spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon elastic cross sections from the total 129.5 kg yr exposure acquired by the Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX), operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota (USA). A profile likelihood ratio analysis allows 90% C.L. upper limits to be set on the WIMP-neutron (WIMP-proton) cross section of σ_{n}=1.6×10^{-41} cm^{2} (σ_{p}=5×10^{-40} cm^{2}) at 35 GeV c^{-2}, almost a sixfold improvement over the previous LUX spin-dependent results. The spin-dependent WIMP-neutron limit is the most sensitive constraint to date.
Published: 2017
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45. Results from a Search for Dark Matter in the Complete LUX Exposure.

Author: Akerib DS, Alsum S, Araújo HM, Bai X, Bailey AJ, Balajthy J, Beltrame P, Bernard EP, Bernstein A, Biesiadzinski TP, Boulton EM, Bramante R, Brás P, Byram D, Cahn SB, Carmona-Benitez MC, Chan C, Chiller AA, Chiller C, Currie A, Cutter JE, Davison TJ, Dobi A, Dobson JE, Druszkiewicz E, Edwards BN, Faham CH, Fiorucci S, Gaitskell RJ, Gehman VM, Ghag C, Gibson KR, Gilchriese MG, Hall CR, Hanhardt M, Haselschwardt SJ, Hertel SA, Hogan DP, Horn M, Huang DQ, Ignarra CM, Ihm M, Jacobsen RG, Ji W, Kamdin K, Kazkaz K, Khaitan D, Knoche R, Larsen NA, Lee C, Lenardo BG, Lesko KT, Lindote A, Lopes MI, Manalaysay A, Mannino RL, Marzioni MF, McKinsey DN, Mei DM, Mock J, Moongweluwan M, Morad JA, Murphy AS, Nehrkorn C, Nelson HN, Neves F, O'Sullivan K, Oliver-Mallory KC, Palladino KJ, Pease EK, Phelps P, Reichhart L, Rhyne C, Shaw S, Shutt TA, Silva C, Solmaz M, Solovov VN, Sorensen P, Stephenson S, Sumner TJ, Szydagis M, Taylor DJ, Taylor WC, Tennyson BP, Terman PA, Tiedt DR, To WH, Tripathi M, Tvrznikova L, Uvarov S, Verbus JR, Webb RC, White JT, Whitis TJ, Witherell MS, Wolfs FL, Xu J, Yazdani K, Young SK, and Zhang C
Abstract: We report constraints on spin-independent weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-nucleon scattering using a 3.35×10^{4} kg day exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. A dual-phase xenon time projection chamber with 250 kg of active mass is operated at the Sanford Underground Research Facility under Lead, South Dakota (USA). With roughly fourfold improvement in sensitivity for high WIMP masses relative to our previous results, this search yields no evidence of WIMP nuclear recoils. At a WIMP mass of 50 GeV c^{-2}, WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross sections above 2.2×10^{-46} cm^{2} are excluded at the 90% confidence level. When combined with the previously reported LUX exposure, this exclusion strengthens to 1.1×10^{-46} cm^{2} at 50 GeV c^{-2}.
Published: 2017
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46. Improved Limits on Scattering of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles from Reanalysis of 2013 LUX Data.

Author: Akerib DS, Araújo HM, Bai X, Bailey AJ, Balajthy J, Beltrame P, Bernard EP, Bernstein A, Biesiadzinski TP, Boulton EM, Bradley A, Bramante R, Cahn SB, Carmona-Benitez MC, Chan C, Chapman JJ, Chiller AA, Chiller C, Currie A, Cutter JE, Davison TJ, de Viveiros L, Dobi A, Dobson JE, Druszkiewicz E, Edwards BN, Faham CH, Fiorucci S, Gaitskell RJ, Gehman VM, Ghag C, Gibson KR, Gilchriese MG, Hall CR, Hanhardt M, Haselschwardt SJ, Hertel SA, Hogan DP, Horn M, Huang DQ, Ignarra CM, Ihm M, Jacobsen RG, Ji W, Kazkaz K, Khaitan D, Knoche R, Larsen NA, Lee C, Lenardo BG, Lesko KT, Lindote A, Lopes MI, Malling DC, Manalaysay A, Mannino RL, Marzioni MF, McKinsey DN, Mei DM, Mock J, Moongweluwan M, Morad JA, Murphy AS, Nehrkorn C, Nelson HN, Neves F, O'Sullivan K, Oliver-Mallory KC, Ott RA, Palladino KJ, Pangilinan M, Pease EK, Phelps P, Reichhart L, Rhyne C, Shaw S, Shutt TA, Silva C, Solovov VN, Sorensen P, Stephenson S, Sumner TJ, Szydagis M, Taylor DJ, Taylor W, Tennyson BP, Terman PA, Tiedt DR, To WH, Tripathi M, Tvrznikova L, Uvarov S, Verbus JR, Webb RC, White JT, Whitis TJ, Witherell MS, Wolfs FL, Yazdani K, Young SK, and Zhang C
Abstract: We present constraints on weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP)-nucleus scattering from the 2013 data of the Large Underground Xenon dark matter experiment, including 1.4×10^{4} kg day of search exposure. This new analysis incorporates several advances: single-photon calibration at the scintillation wavelength, improved event-reconstruction algorithms, a revised background model including events originating on the detector walls in an enlarged fiducial volume, and new calibrations from decays of an injected tritium β source and from kinematically constrained nuclear recoils down to 1.1 keV. Sensitivity, especially to low-mass WIMPs, is enhanced compared to our previous results which modeled the signal only above a 3 keV minimum energy. Under standard dark matter halo assumptions and in the mass range above 4 GeV c^{-2}, these new results give the most stringent direct limits on the spin-independent WIMP-nucleon cross section. The 90% C.L. upper limit has a minimum of 0.6 zb at 33 GeV c^{-2} WIMP mass.
Published: 2016
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47. Results on the Spin-Dependent Scattering of Weakly Interacting Massive Particles on Nucleons from the Run 3 Data of the LUX Experiment.

Author: Akerib DS, Araújo HM, Bai X, Bailey AJ, Balajthy J, Beltrame P, Bernard EP, Bernstein A, Biesiadzinski TP, Boulton EM, Bradley A, Bramante R, Cahn SB, Carmona-Benitez MC, Chan C, Chapman JJ, Chiller AA, Chiller C, Currie A, Cutter JE, Davison TJ, de Viveiros L, Dobi A, Dobson JE, Druszkiewicz E, Edwards BN, Faham CH, Fiorucci S, Gaitskell RJ, Gehman VM, Ghag C, Gibson KR, Gilchriese MG, Hall CR, Hanhardt M, Haselschwardt SJ, Hertel SA, Hogan DP, Horn M, Huang DQ, Ignarra CM, Ihm M, Jacobsen RG, Ji W, Kazkaz K, Khaitan D, Knoche R, Larsen NA, Lee C, Lenardo BG, Lesko KT, Lindote A, Lopes MI, Malling DC, Manalaysay A, Mannino RL, Marzioni MF, McKinsey DN, Mei DM, Mock J, Moongweluwan M, Morad JA, Murphy AS, Nehrkorn C, Nelson HN, Neves F, O'Sullivan K, Oliver-Mallory KC, Ott RA, Palladino KJ, Pangilinan M, Pease EK, Phelps P, Reichhart L, Rhyne C, Shaw S, Shutt TA, Silva C, Solovov VN, Sorensen P, Stephenson S, Sumner TJ, Szydagis M, Taylor DJ, Taylor W, Tennyson BP, Terman PA, Tiedt DR, To WH, Tripathi M, Tvrznikova L, Uvarov S, Verbus JR, Webb RC, White JT, Whitis TJ, Witherell MS, Wolfs FL, Yazdani K, Young SK, and Zhang C
Abstract: We present experimental constraints on the spin-dependent WIMP (weakly interacting massive particle)-nucleon elastic cross sections from LUX data acquired in 2013. LUX is a dual-phase xenon time projection chamber operating at the Sanford Underground Research Facility (Lead, South Dakota), which is designed to observe the recoil signature of galactic WIMPs scattering from xenon nuclei. A profile likelihood ratio analysis of 1.4×10^{4} kg day of fiducial exposure allows 90% C.L. upper limits to be set on the WIMP-neutron (WIMP-proton) cross section of σ_{n}=9.4×10^{-41} cm^{2} (σ_{p}=2.9×10^{-39} cm^{2}) at 33 GeV/c^{2}. The spin-dependent WIMP-neutron limit is the most sensitive constraint to date.
Published: 2016
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