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Metal‐semiconductor metamaterials hold great promise for photocatalytic water splitting due to their excellent light harvesting in a broad spectral range as well as efficient charge carrier generation and transfer. In the majority of such metamaterials, semiconductors are used to initiate the water splitting reaction, while their metal counterparts are employed to improve light harvesting through plasmonic effects. Here, we describe for the first time an exceptional reversed case of metal‐semiconductor photocatalysts in which metals are used to initiate the water splitting reaction and semiconductors are employed to improve light harvesting through the blackbody effect and serve as co‐catalysts. The studied photoanodes are made of non‐noble plasmonic MgB2 combined with transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). The plasmonic resonances of the MgB2 component contribute to field confinement, plasmon–exciton coupling, and hot‐electron transfer providing an enhancement of photoactivity in the entire solar spectrum capable of water splitting. The TMDC component provides impedance matching and enhances light absorption by the metal catalyst. We demonstrate seawater splitting with MgB2‐TMDCs photoanodes attaining current densities of ~3 mA cm−2 at solar radiation. The overall efficiency of hydrogen production in seawater splitting by sunlight with the help of the studied photoanodes is 3 % at a bias voltage of Vbias=0.3 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machining technologies are constantly evolving in line with new material development strategies, with further advances in cutting tools accelerating these changes even further. Growing demands for increased productivity and production efficiency have led us to today's advanced level of technology. Recently, steel structures made of thin sheets and strips, which are processed by bending, three-dimensional forming or pressing, often in combination with technologies such as ribbing, have been increasingly used. Open and closed rolled profiles are increasingly being replaced by more economical and lighter sheet metal strip materials, which provide similar or even higher strength at a significantly lower weight. Flowdrill technology is often used when joining light sheet metal profiles in a demountable manner, which enables the creation of a cylindrical surface necessary for the subsequent shaping of the thread. Flowdrill thermal drilling technology represents an innovative and forward-looking method of producing precise cylindrical housings in thin-walled materials such as sheets, profiles of various shapes and pipes. This technology uses frictional heat, which is generated by a combination of high tool speeds and axial force acting on the workpiece. Frictional heat causes the material to soften, allowing the tool to smoothly penetrate the workpiece and form a sleeve from the displaced material [Rimar 2023]. This process inspired experimental measurements aimed at analyzing the influence of technology parameters on the material. The aim of the experiments was to investigate structural changes in food-grade anti-corrosion steel EN ISO X10CrNi18-8 (17241) as a result of Flowdrill thermal drilling, by analyzing the state of the material before and after the application of this technology. The results of these measurements will bring valuable knowledge to technologists, which will help them choose suitable materials and drilling technologies in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐dimensional lead‐free metal halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention for the development of multifunctional optoelectronic materials owing to their extensive structural diversity and adjustable optical properties. However, organic cation‐based low‐dimensional metal halides often exhibit limited thermal stability, while inorganic cations‐based ones have a poor solution processability. To address these challenges, this study proposes a hybrid organic–inorganic cation approach by utilizing both 4,4‐difluoropiperidine (DFPD) and cesium (Cs+) to prepare low‐dimensional metal halides: (DFPD)2CsInCl6. Two isostructural metal halides are developed: α‐(DFPD)2CsInCl6 and β‐(DFPD)2CsInCl6, which exhibit different space group symmetries. This strategy ensures both thermal stability and introduces structural diversity. Doping (DFPD)2CsInCl6 with antimony (Sb3+) enhances its PLQY from 0% to 100%. The emission centers of both materials exhibit temperature‐insensitive behavior and maintain efficient and stable PL emission even at high temperatures (up to 400 K), making them excellent candidates as thermally stable phosphor materials for solid‐state lighting applications. This work thus expands the scope of developing multifunctional low‐dimensional metal halides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐dimensional hybrid metal halides (LDHMHs) have emerged as a highly promising class of functional materials for a wide range of optoelectronic applications. Their exceptional structural tunability, facilitated by the hybridization of metal halides with organic compounds, enables the formation of three‐, two‐, one‐, or zero‐dimensional structures. This flexibility in structural design also allows the incorporation of chirality into the crystalline lattice, giving rise to novel LDHMH materials that are capable of selectively interacting with the spin angular momentum of electrons and photons. Among the unique optoelectronic properties of LDHMHs, the focus of this concept article is their chiroptical nonlinear optical (NLO) effect. LDHMHs demonstrate a highly effective discrimination and generation of circularly polarized (CP) light in the NLO regime, particularly in the second harmonic generation (SHG) process, referred to as SHG‐circular dichroism (SHG‐CD) and CP‐SHG. These anisotropic responses are several orders of magnitude larger than linear chiroptical responses, such as CD and CP luminescence; consequently, LDHMHs are expected to be promising candidates for future optical‐information devices and encryption systems. This article introduces recently reported chiral LDHMH materials that exhibit excellent CP‐dependent anisotropic SHG responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doping light elements in Pt‐group metals is an effective approach toward improving their catalytic properties for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, it is challenging to control dopant sites and to establish the correlation between the doping site and the catalytic property. In this paper, this success is demonstrated in controlling N doping sites in Pd metallene to manipulate electrocatalytic properties toward ORR. A Pd metallene sample with N dopant predominantly located at the atomic vacancy site (V‐N‐Pd metallene) exhibits two times higher mass activity in ORR than a Pd metallene sample with N dopant mainly occupied the interstitial site (I‐N‐Pd metallene). However, the I‐N‐Pd metallene shows improved durability than the V‐N‐Pd metallene, with only a 4 mV decay in half‐wave potential after 20 000 cycles. Computational calculation results reveal that the significantly enhanced ORR activity of V‐N‐Pd metallene arises from the atomic vacancy‐doped N, which modulates the electronic structure of Pd metallene to weaken the adsorption energy of intermediate O* species. This work provides guidelines for manipulating catalytic properties by controlling the doping sites of light elements in metal nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the high resolution and high signal-to-noise spectra, we derived the chemical abundances of 20 elements for 20 barium (Ba-) stars. For the first time, the detailed abundances of four sample stars, namely HD 92482, HD 150430, HD 151101, and HD 177304 have been analysed. Additionally, Ba element abundance has been measured using high-resolution spectra for the first time in six of the other 16 sample stars. Based on the [s/Fe] ratios, the Ba-unknown star HD 115927 can be classified as a strong Ba-star, while the Ba-likely star HD 160538 can be categorized into a mild Ba-star. Consequently, our sample comprises three strong and 17 mild Ba-stars. The light odd-Z metal elements and Fe-peak elements exhibit near-solar abundances. The [ |$\alpha$| /Fe] ratios demonstrate decreasing trends with increasing metallicity. Moreover, the abundances of neutron-capture (n-capture) elements show significant enhancements in different degrees. Using a threshold of the signed distances to the solar rapid-process (r-process) abundance pattern |$d_{\rm s}$| = 0.6, we find that all of our sample stars are normal Ba-stars, indicating that the enhancements of slow-process (s-process) elements should be attributed to material transfer from their companions. We compare the observed n-capture patterns of sample stars with the FRUITY models, and estimate the mass of the Thermally-Pulsing Asymptotic Giant Branch stars that previously contaminated the Ba-stars. The models with low masses can successfully explain the observations. From a kinematic point of view, we note that most of our sample stars are linked with the thin disc, while HD 130255 may be associated with the thick disc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The realization of stable single‐component white light emission in metal halide perovskites is still challenging due to the fast halide ion migration and narrow luminescence bands. In this work, all‐inorganic single CsPbClxBr3−x perovskite microplates with stable red‐blue‐green triple color light emission are prepared by introducing europium ions Eu3+ as dopants. Eu doping effectively suppresses ion migration and enables two spatially separated halide phases with stable dual‐wavelength emissions. Furthermore, the incorporation of Eu3+ compensates for the absence of red‐light emission, thereby yielding a superior white emission with exceptional quality. The color rendering index of triple‐color‐emitting perovskites can be tuned successfully by controlling the halogen ratios, and the optimal microplate achieved a Commissions Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.32, 0.32). The results present a new enlightenment for the preparation of low‐cost single‐component white light materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black phosphorus (BP) and its two-dimensional derivative (2D-BP) have garnered significant attention as promising anode materials for electrochemical energy storage devices, including next-generation fast-charging batteries. However, the interactions between BP and light metal ions, as well as how these interactions influence BP's electronic properties, remain poorly understood. Here, we employed density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the effects of monovalent (Li+ and Na+) and divalent (Mg2+ and Ca2+) ions on the valence electronic structure of 2D-BP. Molecular orbital analysis revealed that the adsorption of divalent cations can significantly reduce the band gap, suggesting an enhancement in charge transfer rates. In contrast, the adsorption of monovalent cations had minimal impact on the band gap, suggesting the preservation of 2D-BP's intrinsic electrical properties. Energetic and charge analyses indicated that the extent of charge transfer primarily governs the ability of ions to modulate 2D-BP's electronic structure, especially under high-pressure conditions where ions are in close proximity to the 2D-BP surface. Moreover, charge polarization calculations revealed that, compared with monovalent cations, divalent cations induced greater polarization, disrupting the symmetry of the pristine 2D-BP and further influencing its electronic characteristics. These findings provide a molecular-level understanding of how ion interactions influence 2D-BP's electronic properties during ion-intercalation processes, where ions are in close proximity to the 2D-BP surface. Moreover, the calculated diffusion barrier results revealed the potential of 2D-BP as an effective anode material for lithium-ion, sodium-ion, and magnesium-ion batteries, though its performance may be limited for calcium-ion batteries. By extending our understanding of interactions between ions and 2D-BP, this work contributes to the design of efficient and reliable energy storage technologies, particularly for the next-generation fast-charging batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imidazole moiety when fused with other heterocyclic system form numerous compounds with different types of pharmacological and biological activities. In this review, we discussed a comprehensive analysis of the synthetic methodologies and reaction mechanisms for imidazo‐fused heterocyclic molecules. These molecules represent a crucial class of compounds due to their significant applications and versatile chemical reactivity. This article meticulously examined various synthetic routes for the construction of imidazo‐fused heterocycles, ranging from traditional methods to modern approaches such as microwave‐assisted reactions, NPs‐catalyzed reactions, light‐mediated synthesis, electrochemical reactions, and transition metal‐free synthesis routes. By consolidating the current knowledge and highlighting future directions, this review aims to serve as a treasure for research community in the fields of organic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, and material science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The TMS Board of Directors recently approved professional membership for a diverse group of new members from countries like the United States, Pakistan, Canada, and Zimbabwe, representing institutions ranging from universities to technology companies. This decision underscores TMS's commitment to inclusivity and collaboration within the minerals, metals, and materials science field. The list of new members welcomed in May and August 2024 includes individuals from various countries and institutions, showcasing a global community of researchers and professionals working together in fields like materials science and engineering. The document highlights international collaboration and knowledge exchange among researchers and professionals from countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, and South Korea, emphasizing the importance of global partnerships in advancing scientific research efforts. [Extracted from the article]

Silicon carbide (SiC) has been widely added into light metals, e.g., Al, to enhance their mechanical performance and corrosion resistance. SiC particle-reinforced metal matrix composites (SiC-MMCs) exhibit low weight/volume ratios, high strength/hardness, high corrosion resistance, and thermal stability. They have potential applications in aerospace, automobiles, and other specialized equipment. The macro-mechanical properties of Al/SiC composites depend on the local structures and chemical interactions at the Al/SiC interfaces at the atomic level. Moreover, the added SiC particles may act as potential nucleation sites during solidification. We investigate local atomic ordering and chemical interactions at the interfaces between liquid Al (Al(l) in short) and polar SiC substrates using ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) methods. The simulations reveal a rich variety of interfacial interactions. Charge transfer occurs from Al(l) to C-terminating atoms (Δq = 0.3e/Al on average), while chemical bonding between interfacial Si and Al(l) atoms is more covalent with a minor charge transfer of Δq = 0.04e/Al. The prenucleation at both interfaces is moderate with three to four recognizable layers. The information obtained here helps increase understanding of the interfacial interactions at Al/SiC at the atomic level and the related macro-mechanical properties, which is helpful in designing novel SiC-MMC materials with desirable properties and optimizing related manufacturing and machining processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrafast luminescence in Mg was investigated in the infrared region, between 0.35 and 1.05 eV, and compared with the results for Al, using a luminescence upconversion technique. The luminescence intensity of these metals at 0.9 eV was higher than that of platinum with a similar surface roughness under the same excitation density. Although the Mg and Al are adjacent to each other in the periodic table and belong to "light metals," having similar band structures, their luminescence spectra differ significantly. Pronounced peak structures were found for Mg and these were attributed to interband transitions within the conduction bands consisting of 3s and 3p orbitals overlapped on the intraband continuum, based on density functional theory band structure calculation. This result is in contrast to the interband luminescence in noble metals (Au, Ag, and Cu) under continuous-wave blue laser excitation, where the final states have been assigned to the d bands. A comparison of the spectra of rough and specular surfaces suggested that the surface roughness is not essential for mitigating wavenumber mismatch for intraband transitions. The luminescence from light metals, which are harmless to humans, will be attractive for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The review delves into a rich tapestry of methodologies, spanning from the utilization of metals to the manipulation of light, and from electrochemical pathways to additive‐free approaches. Its aim is to meticulously compile and elucidate these diverse pathways, providing comprehensive insights into the strategies and methodologies utilized for synthesizing these compounds. By undertaking this exploration, its goal is to shed light on the intricate techniques employed in this field, consequently driving notable progress across disciplines ranging from biochemistry to medicinal research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changing climate imposes abiotic stress factors, including salinity, flood, drought, high and low temperature, and light as well as heavy metals on medicinal plants. Plants respond to stress in terms of growth and biosynthesis of metabolites. The rhizomatous genus Curcuma has been extensively used in traditional or folk medicine worldwide and its therapeutic potential relies on its phyto-constituents. A discrete array of literature depicts negative effects on growth and alterations in yield of secondary metabolites under abiotic stress. However, one complete and precise document on the response of Curcuma spp. towards abiotic stress and their molecular mechanism is lacking. Hence, this review has been prepared by pulling together the published information on the abiotic stress response as well as the future research prospects on the Curcuma spp. along with other related rhizomatous plants of the family Zingiberaceae, to obtain prospective clues on possible responses of these medicinally potential species in the verge of changing climate. We have also highlighted the stress mitigation strategies employed by these plants in the light of available literature and by comparing with information on related species of Zingiberaceae family. We have focused on the urgency of multiomics approaches to find out the genetic and biochemical strategies of Curcuma spp. to cope with stress as well as emphasized for conservation of rare and endangered species of Curcuma. This review will be helpful for plant physiologists, farmers, pharmaceutical industries, and policy makers, to implement better plans and policies regarding uninterrupted commercial yield of Curcuma secondary metabolites in changing climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spin-orbitronics, exploiting electron spin and/or orbital angular momentum, offers a powerful route to energy-efficient spintronic applications. Recent research on orbital currents in light metals broadens the scope of spin-orbit torque (SOT). However, distinguishing and manipulating orbital torque in heavy metal/ferromagnet (HM/FM) remains a challenge, limiting the promising synergy of spin and orbital currents. Here, we design a HM/FM/FMSOC heterostructure and experimentally separate orbital torque contribution from spin torque by utilizing the distinct diffusion length of spin and orbital currents. Furthermore, we achieve the synergy of spin and orbital torques by controlling their relative strength, and obtain a 110% improvement in torque efficiency compared to the representative Pt/Co bilayer. Our findings not only contribute to a deeper understanding of SOT mechanisms and orbital current transport in HM/FM multilayers, but also highlight the promising prospect of orbital and spin torque synergy for optimizing the efficiency of next-generation spintronic devices. Eliminating the interference of spin current to distinguish and manipulate orbital torque in heavy metal/ferromagnet (HM/FM) heterojunction remains a challenge. Here, the authors design a HM/FM/FMSOC multilayer to separate orbital torque contribution and harness the synergy of spin and orbital currents for enhanced spin-orbit torque. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We calculate the conductance of a junction between a disordered superconductor and a very strong half-metallic ferromagnet admitting electrons with only one spin projection. A usual mechanism of Andreev reflection is strongly suppressed in this case since Cooper pairs are composed of electrons with opposite spins. However, this obstacle can be overcome if we take into account spin-orbit scattering inside the superconductor. Spin-orbit scattering induces a fluctuational (zero on average) spin-triplet component of the superconducting condensate, which is enough to establish Andreev transport into a strong ferromagnet. This remarkably simple mechanism is quite versatile and can explain long-range triplet proximity effect in a number of experimental setups. One particular application of the suggested effect is to measure the spin-orbit scattering time τ SO in disordered superconducting materials. The value of Andreev conductance strongly depends on the parameter Δ τ SO and can be noticeable even in very disordered but relatively light metals like granular aluminum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a special issue of the journal "Materials" titled "Development of Advanced Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys: Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Processing." The special issue focuses on the latest progress in the development of advanced aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, and their composites. Thirteen articles are included in the special issue, with six papers on aluminum alloys, two papers on magnesium alloys, and five papers on light metal composite materials. The articles cover a range of topics including optimization of aluminum alloys for casting processes, the effect of torch angle on the properties of aluminum alloys fabricated using additive manufacturing, and the development of high-strength aluminum metal-matrix composites. The special issue provides valuable insights into the relationships between microstructure, mechanical properties, and processing conditions, and aims to contribute to the future development and industrial applications of lightweight alloys. [Extracted from the article]

• The review provides insight into the procedure of grain refinement during SSR of magnesium and its alloys via plastic deformation. • The article introduces a detailed mechanism for grain refinement during SSR of magnesium and its alloys through plastic deformation, building on findings from earlier studies. • This article extensively examines the characteristics that set recycled samples apart from ingot-processed samples. Magnesium, the lightest structural metal, is increasingly adopted in various industries, particularly automotive and aerospace, underscores the economic importance of magnesium due to its high specific strength, stiffness, and excellent damping properties. However, the primary production of magnesium is highly energy-intensive and environmentally challenging. Solid-state recycling via plastic deformation techniques offers a promising alternative to manufacturing ultrafine-grained magnesium samples with superior characteristics. Given the lack of reviews on the mechanisms of grain refinement during the solid-state recycling of magnesium and its alloys, this paper addresses this gap by offering detailed insights. Through an extensive review of relevant literature, the current paper highlights how plastic deformation techniques facilitate grain refinement during the solid-state recycling of magnesium chips and wastes. In this regard, a grain refinement mechanism during SSR of Mg and its alloys is proposed by the authors, to guide future advancements in sustainable magnesium recycling technologies. This will clarify the benefits of solid-state recycling over traditional methods, such as higher metal yields and better mechanical properties. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys have received much attention in the aerospace, transportation, automotive industry, and military equipment fields due to their unique chemical and physical properties, such as their low density and high specific strength, particularly as the lightest structural metal materials, with the opportunity to achieve the design of lighter engineering systems. With the continuous improvement of processing technology, the application scope of magnesium alloy is rapidly expanding, and market demand is increasing. However, because of its significant electronegativity (2.37 V) and loose naturally formed oxide coating, magnesium has low corrosion resistance in comparison to other structural metal elements, severely limiting its large‐scale use. This review summarizes several typical anticorrosion methods for magnesium alloys, including chemical conversion coating treatment, anodic oxide film treatment, micro‐arc oxidation treatment, laser surface treatment, ion implantation, physical vapor deposition, and superhydrophobic coating. In most cases, the corrosion resistance of magnesium and its alloys has improved, but it has a certain degree of environmental damage. It is hoped that this review will contribute to further developing magnesium alloy materials in the field of preservative coating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminum and magnesium are the lightest structural metals, and therefore, various alloys based on them are widely used in both, automotive and aerospace industries. However, aluminum and magnesium are very easily affected by atmospheric and aqueous corrosion, and, therefore, the alloying elements should enhance their corrosion stability. In this work, the thermodynamic analysis of phase and chemical equilibria involving aluminum and magnesium alloys doped with silicon in oxygen–containing air environments, as well as the analysis of chemical and electrochemical equilibria involving these alloys in aqueous environments is conducted. The phase and chemical equiliibria in the Al–Mg, Al–Si, Mg–Si, and Al–Mg–Si systems at 298 K are considered, and the thermodynamic activities of the components of common Al–Mg–Si system alloys are calculated. The invariant chemical equilibria in the systems Al–Mg–O, Al–Si–O, Mg–Si–O at 298 K are considered, the isothermal section of the state diagrams of these systems are plotted, and the oxidation scheme of the Al–Mg–Si system alloys in excess oxygen is proposed. The chemical and electrochemical equilibria in the Al–Mg–Si–H2O system at 298 K are considered and presented in form of the activity – pH and the potential – pH diagrams, and the oxidation of the Al–Mg–Si system alloys in aqueous environments is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), applied to light metals such as titanium, aluminum, and magnesium, creates a two-layer coating and has become increasingly important in metal coatings. However, due to the high voltage and temperature of the process, no online instrument could monitor the underlying mechanism. This paper presents a new image proving that the surface of PEO-coated Mg3ZnCa boiled during the process and argues that three hypotheses are involved in the PEO mechanism based on boiling caused by tolerating high voltage during the PEO process, which could explain the current‒voltage diagram of the process. Finally, nanoindentation was used to measure the elastic module and hardness of the PEO layers. The nanoindentation test results revealed the similarity of the elastic module of the outer porous layer and the primary alloy, with values of 40.25 GPa and 41.47 GPa, respectively, confirming that the outer porous layer corresponds to the cold plasma-gas phase formed during the PEO process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epitaxial lift‐off (ELO) InGaP/GaAs/InGaAs inverted metamorphic triple‐junction solar cells are encapsulated with a micro/nanostructured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film. The microprism array (MPA) is realized on the PDMS film to redirect the light incident on the metal grid line to the active area. Subwavelength structures (SWSs) are also introduced onto the PDMS film to suppress the Fresnel optical reflection loss. Triangular and hemicylindrical shapes are considered for the MPA. The optical responses of the two MPAs are calculated by using ray‐tracing methods. The triangular MPA performs better than the hemicylindrical MPA in terms of light‐redirection efficiency. It is confirmed that 82.0% of the light incident on the metal grid can be harvested by the effect of the triangular MPA and the Fresnel optical reflection loss is reduced effectively by the SWSs. These effects contribute to photocurrent enhancement. The short‐circuit current density and power conversion efficiency of the flexible ELO triple‐junction solar cells integrated with the micro/nanostructured PDMS film improve by 7.0% and 7.1%, respectively, compared with those of the solar cells without the PDMS film. By using the flexible PDMS film for light management, the flexibility of the ELO solar cells is preserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing urbanisation and growing environmental awareness in society require new and innovative vehicle concepts. In the present work, the design freedoms of additive manufacturing (AM) are used to develop a front-axle wheel suspension for a novel modular vehicle concept. The development of the suspension components is based on a new method using industry-standard load cases for the strength design of the components. To design the chassis components, the available installation space is determined, and a suitable configuration of the chassis components is defined. Furthermore, numerical methods are used to identify the component geometries that are suitable for the force flow. The optimisation setup is selected in such a way that it is possible to integrate information, energy, and material-carrying conductions into the suspension arms. High-strength light metals are used to minimise the component masses. Apertures are provided through the components for the routing of electrical conductors. The transport of fluids is realised by conductions integrated into the wishbones. The final geometries of the suspension components are then validated by a finite element analysis (FEA) of the overall suspension model. The results of the applied method are lightweight suspension components with a high degree of functional integration. This improves the vehicle package and achieves higher front-wheel clearance, increasing the possible steering angles and thus improving manoeuvrability. The saving of unsprung mass can improve handling and has a positive effect on the vehicle's energy consumption. Furthermore, the sectional conduction integration is followed by a simplified assembly of the front-axle suspension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Circularly polarized light (CPL) detection is of great significance in various applications such as drug identification, sensing and imaging. Atomically precise chiral metal nanoclusters with intense circular dichroism (CD) signals are promising candidates for CPL detection, which can further facilitate device miniaturization and integration. Herein, we report the preparation of a pair of optically active chiral silver nanoclusters [Ag7(R/S‐DMA)2(dpppy)3] (BF4)3 (R/S‐Ag7) for direct CPL detection. The crystal structure and molecular formula of R/S‐Ag7 clusters are confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. R/S‐Ag7 clusters exhibit strong CD spectra and CPL both in solution and solid states. When used as the photoactive materials in photodetectors, R/S‐Ag7 enables effective discrimination between left‐handed circularly polarized and right‐handed circularly polarized light at 520 nm with short response time, high responsivity and considerable discrimination ratio. This study is the first report on using atomically precise chiral metal nanoclusters for CPL detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiN coatings are one of the most widely used nitride coatings. The introduction of the light metal element Si has led to the formation of TiN-Si3N4 coatings with a two-phase nanocomposite structure. However, the high friction coefficient of TiN-Si3N4 coatings at room temperature limits their application. In order to further improve its lubrication properties, we tried to incorporate the lubricating phase Ag. TiN-Si3N4-Ag composite coatings were prepared using a multi-target magnetron sputtering by fixing the Ti-Si target power and adjusting the Ag target power. Their microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties depending on the Ag target power were investigated. The results showed that the TiN-Si3N4-Ag composite coatings exhibited the crystalline TiN and Ag phase, and amorphous Si3N4 phase. The increasing Ag target power increased the coating surface roughness from 7 to 52 nm. The nano-hardness (H), elastic modulus (E), resistance against elastic strain to failure (H/E), and the resistance against plastic strain to failure (H3/E2) of the TiN-Si3N4-Ag composite coating first increased and then decreased with the increase of Ag target power. As the Ag target power was 10 W, the hardness (9.43 ± 0.45 GPa), elastic modulus (265.29 ± 13.3 GPa), H/E (0.036), and H3/E2 (0.0119 GPa) of the TiN-Si3N4-Ag composite coating reached the maximum values, indicating this coating exhibiting the better mechanical properties. After adding Ag, the coating exhibited better lubricating effect, while the wear resistance of the coating increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As anthropogenic activities have facilitated the spread of heavy metals into the environment, plants have been identified that may have the ability to tolerate exposure to high levels of these metals. Industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has been suggested as potentially having the ability to accumulate elevated concentrations of some contaminants from soils, including cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal that has been linked to serious health risks to humans. Therefore, there is an interest to document the ability of hemp to tolerate exposure to Cd to determine if there is a risk when products for medicinal consumption are made from the hemp plant. The objectives of this study were to perform histochemical localization of Cd at the cellular level and document potential changes in plant tissues in response to hemp exposure. Plants were grown in hydroponic solutions for 4 weeks and then exposed to either 0 or 10 mg·L-1 Cd for 17 days and harvested. There were no differences in dry weights (dw) of leaves, stems, and roots among treated and control 17 days after treatment (DAT). However, plants exposed to 10 mg·L-1 Cd had Cd concentrations of 1448.0 mg·kg-1 dw in roots and 23.2 mg·kg-1 dw in leaves at 17 DAT, whereas Cd was not detected in roots or leaves of control plants. On staining with dithizone, Cd was primarily localized in leaf epidermis, mesophyll, and trichomes, and in root rhizodermis, cortex, and pericycle in hemp plants exposed to 10 mg·L-1 Cd. Image analysis was able to further quantify these results based on area stained. Our results suggest that Cd is primarily accumulated throughout hemp roots, with lesser amounts translocated to the leaves, where it may be localized in the epidermis and trichomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document outlines various upcoming conferences and events in 2025 related to geotechnical engineering, automotive steel, cables, materials science, corrosion protection, structural engineering, computational modeling, and ceramics. These events cover a wide range of topics such as resiliency, climate change, innovation, sustainability, and safety in their respective industries. Each conference provides a platform for professionals to exchange knowledge, network, and stay updated on the latest developments in their fields. [Extracted from the article]

Fully compensated ferrimagnetic half metals have attracted great attention in spintronics. Unlike many previous calculations based on hypothetical ordered alloys, here we look for existing solid solution series taking as an example Co1−xCrxS2. Calculations find that a low-spin state for Cr that matches early experiments and a fully compensated ferrimagnetic half metal with Curie temperature above room temperature is found at x ≈ 0.33. Our study demonstrates the method of combining two half metals with light and heavy 3d metals in a solid solution to achieve compensation, where atomic disorder does not destroy the desired properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) film and chemical conversion (PCC) technology is a promising surface treatment for magnesium alloys. In this study, a MAO treatment of PCC film layers in a Na2SiO3 electrolyte system was used. The composition, structure, corrosion resistance, and formation mechanism of composite films were thoroughly investigated and discussed. Results showed that the composite-coated samples could effectively retard the corrosion of magnesium alloy. Additionally, the MAO treatment of zinc phosphate PCC coatings led to a reduction in pore size and enhanced coating compactness. The electrochemical test results showed that the composite coating has a higher impedance modulus in the low-frequency region (|Z|MAO/PCC-5 (2.38 × 105 Ω cm2) >|Z|MAO (1.31 × 104 Ω cm2) >|Z|PCC-5 (1.54 × 103 Ω cm2) >|Z|AZ91D (2.08 × 102 Ω cm2)), which improves the corrosion resistance of both the single MAO coating and the PCC coating. Meanwhile, the introduction of zinc effectively improves the antimicrobial properties of the coatings. This study provides a new idea for the preparation of anticorrosive and antimicrobial composite coatings on light metal surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, coloured Ni/Cu2O bilayer films were electrochemically deposited on large area automobile plastic parts (7 × 13 cm) for decorative applications. Such coatings may become an alternative to ubiquitously used Cr coatings for plastics. Purple, dark cyan and gold colours with good homogeneity and high brightness could be produced by tuning the deposition time of the Cu2O layer. Colouration of the bilayer film can be ascribed to interference of light through the metal/dielectric layer, where the thickness of the dielectric layer controls the wavelength of the reflected light. Cu2O film has a compact structure and low roughness, which is essential to obtain uniform colours. Moreover, the Ni/Cu2O bilayer exhibits good adhesion behaviour, environmental stability and enhanced corrosion resistance. This process is industrially viable and enables the large scale production of such decorative coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to analyze the development direction and prospects in the field of aluminum electrolysis and to provide reference information for related research and industry personnel. The scientific papers on aluminum electrolysis published in Scopus database from 1970 to 2023 were collected. Bibliometric methods and knowledge mapping visualization software were used to analyze the papers. Both quantitative statistics and qualitative comparative analysis of global scientific papers on aluminum electrolysis were done in terms of annual paper trends, papers by major countries, authors, institutions, journals and research topics, respectively. The results showed that the number of published papers has had an increasing trend in recent years. The top three productive countries are China, Russia and the US, respectively. The top three productive institutions are Northeastern University, Central South University and Norwegian University of Science and Technology, respectively. TMS Light Metals is the publication with the most papers on aluminum electrolysis. The distribution of research results in the field of aluminum electrolysis was analyzed using a visual analysis chart so that scholars can determine the research trends and hot spots in the field of aluminum electrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photocatalysis, mainly using TiO2 as a catalyst, has emerged as a promising method to address the issue of wastewater treatment. This study explores the enhanced photocatalytic activity of TiO2 through the introduction of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) as selective metal dopants. The incorporation of rGO and CdS into the TiO2 lattice aims to optimize its photocatalytic properties, including bandgap engineering, charge carrier separation, and surface reactivity. The unique combination of CdS and rGO with TiO2 is expected to boost degradation efficiency and reduce the reliance on expensive and potentially harmful sensitizers. This experimental investigation involves the synthesis and characterization of TiO2-based photocatalysts. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) was assessed under controlled laboratory conditions, studying the influence of metal dopants on degradation kinetics and degradation efficiency. Furthermore, the synthesized photocatalyst is characterized by advanced techniques, including BET, SEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS analyses. The degraded samples were analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Insights into the photoexcitation and charge transfer processes shed light on the role of metal dopants in enhancing photocatalytic performance. The results demonstrate the potential of a TiO2-rGO-CdS-based photocatalyst in which 100% degradation was achieved within four hours for MO and six hours for MB, confirming efficient azo dye degradation. The findings contribute to understanding the fundamental principles underlying the photocatalytic process and provide valuable guidance for designing and optimizing advanced photocatalytic systems. Ultimately, this research contributes to the development of sustainable and effective technologies for removing azo dyes from various wastewaters, promoting environmental preservation and human well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid‐state storage of hydrogen molecules in carbon‐based light metal single‐atom materials is promising to achieve both high hydrogen storage capacity and uptake rate, but there is a lack of fundamental understanding and design principles to guide the rational design of the materials. Here, a theoretical relationship is established between the hydrogen capacity/rate and the structures of the heteroatom‐doped‐graphene‐supported light metal Li single atom materials for high‐efficient solid‐state hydrogen storage, which is verified by combining spectroscopic characterization, H2 adsorption/desorption measurements, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Based on the DFT calculations, a novel descriptor Φ is developed to correlate the inherent properties of dopants with the hydrogen storage properties, and further to screen out the best dual‐doped‐graphene‐supported light metal Li single‐atom hydrogen storage materials. The dual‐doped materials have a much higher hydrogen storage capability than the sole‐doped ones and exceed the best carbon‐based hydrogen storage materials so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ammonia production seeks alternatives to the conventional Haber-Bosch process, with nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) emerging promising. Addressing the challenge of efficient catalysts, the functionalized graphene-based single atom catalysts (SACs) stand out. While prior studies have favored heteroatom-doped catalysts, the coordination of metal centers with nitrogen atoms remains underexplored. This work investigates transition metal (TM) SACs on nitrogen-doped graphene (N 3 G) using density functional theory (DFT) for electro-catalytic NRR. Results highlight the stability of V@N 3 G, Mo@N 3 G, W@N 3 G, with binding energies of −7.77, −5.43, and −3.89 eV, respectively. Insights into work function, d-band center, N–N bond, and IR stretching's role in N 2 activation are gained through this study. Bader charge analysis reveals electron redistribution between the support and adsorbed N 2. Employing Computational Hydrogen Electrode (CHE) method, comparative free energy diagrams for TM@N 3 G (V, Mo, W) via., enzymatic, consecutive, alternating, and distal pathways outline potential rate determining step (PDS) with and without the Implicit solvation method. Remarkably, W@N 3 G catalyst exhibits the lowest PDS in the presence of solvation energy, surpassing other catalysts. The multi-adsorption of N 2 on W@N 3 G enhances NRR process, stabilizing intermediates for efficient ammonia production. This computational study sheds light on metal center SACs on functionalized graphene support as a potential electro-catalyst for efficient and stable NRR. [Display omitted] • V, Mo, W@N 3 G show excellent stability on N-doped graphene. • Roles of work function, d-band, N–N bond, and IR in NRR elucidated. • Bader charge analysis reveals the dynamics of electron redistribution in N 2 adsorption. • Comparative free energy diagrams for TM@N 3 G highlight PDS via CHE method. • W@N 3 G exhibits lowest energy barrier with solvation, excelling among catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the impact of heavy metals, including Cd, Pb, and Zn, on chlorophyll content and lamina cell structure in Bryum coronatum. After exposure to varying metal concentrations (0.015, 0.065, 0.250, 1, and 4 mg/L), chlorophyll content, chloroplast numbers, lamina cell change, and metal accumulation were investigated. Chlorophyll content was assessed using spectrophotometry, whereas chloroplast numbers and lamina cell changes were examined under a light microscope. Metal accumulation was quantified through ICP-MS. The findings revealed that Cd notably reduced chlorophyll a content, while Pb and Zn showed minimal influence. Cd and Pb exposure decreased the number of chloroplasts in lamina cells, with no impact from Zn. The moss's capacity to absorb metals increased with higher exposure levels, indicating its potential as a biomonitor for heavy metal pollution. Cell mortality occurred in response to Cd and Pb, primarily in the median and apical lamina regions, while Zn had no effect. This study sheds light on heavy metal toxicity in B. coronatum, underscoring its significance for environmental monitoring. Further research on the mechanisms and consequences of heavy metal toxicity in bryophytes is essential for a comprehensive understanding of this critical issue. The capacity of moss B. coronatum to absorb metals increased with higher exposure levels, providing quantitative data on heavy metal pollution around it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) refers to damage to brain tissue by mechanical or blunt force via trauma. TBI is often associated with impaired cognitive abilities, like difficulties in memory, learning, attention, and other higher brain functions, that typically remain for years after the injury. Lithium is an elementary light metal that is only utilized in salt form due to its high intrinsic reactivity. This current review discusses the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic and neuroprotective effects of lithium in TBI. Method: The "Boolean logic" was used to search for articles on the subject matter in PubMed and PubMed Central, as well as Google Scholar. Results: Lithium's therapeutic action is extremely complex, involving multiple effects on gene secretion, neurotransmitter or receptor‐mediated signaling, signal transduction processes, circadian modulation, as well as ion transport. Lithium is able to normalize multiple short‐ as well as long‐term modifications in neuronal circuits that ultimately result in disparity in cortical excitation and inhibition activated by TBI. Also, lithium levels are more distinct in the hippocampus, thalamus, neo‐cortex, olfactory bulb, amygdala as well as the gray matter of the cerebellum following treatment of TBI. Conclusion: Lithium attenuates neuroinflammation and neuronal toxicity as well as protects the brain from edema, hippocampal neurodegeneration, loss of hemispheric tissues, and enhanced memory as well as spatial learning after TBI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a thorough investigation into the concentration of heavy metals and mineral composition within four distinct coastal flora species: Cyperus conglomeratus, Halopyrum mucronatum, Sericostem pauciflorum, and Salvadora persica. Employing rigorous statistical methodologies such as Pearson coefficient correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and interclass correlation (ICC), we aimed to elucidate the bioavailability of heavy metals, minerals, and relevant physical characteristics. The analysis focused on essential elements including copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl–), all of which are known to play pivotal roles in the ecological dynamics of coastal ecosystems. Through PCA, we discerned distinctive patterns within PC1 to PC4, collectively explaining an impressive 99.65% of the variance observed in heavy metal composition across the studied flora species. These results underscore the profound influence of environmental factors on the mineral composition of coastal flora, offering critical insights into the ecological processes shaping these vital ecosystems. Furthermore, significant correlations among mineral contents in H. mucronatum; K+ with content of Na+ (r = 0.989) and Mg2+ (r = 0.984); as revealed by ICC analyses, contributed to a nuanced understanding of variations in electrical conductivity (EC), pH levels, and ash content among the diverse coastal flora species. By shedding light on heavy metal and mineral dynamics in coastal flora, this study not only advances our scientific understanding but also provides a foundation for the development of targeted environmental monitoring and management strategies aimed at promoting the ecological sustainability and resilience of coastal ecosystems in the face of ongoing environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]