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The counterfeit works of Rafael Bolívar Coronado (1884–1924) represent a phenomenon with unusual repercussions on critical reception. This author managed to publish more than twelve volumes with false authorship and content, from "crónicas de Indias" to collections of poetry. This article presents a theoretical approach regarding literary falsification in general and highlights the concepts of lightness and multiplicity to propose an interpretation of the Bolívar Coronado case. This paper also deals with the artistic dimension of literary forgeries as creative works that use the same methods and strategies as fiction writing. The set of falsified works by this author can be interpreted as a conceptual proposal that questions the functioning of the literary field of his time. Likewise, his proposal can also be framed within the cultural criticism that the forgery tradition entails: it questions not only the difficult discernment between the concepts of truth and lies, but also the rigidity of some guardians of cultural institutions and the system of legitimation, awards, and literary reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During 2018, three academics employed what they referred to as "reflective ethnography" to examine the hypothesis that many disciplines (e.g., sociology, educational philosophy, and critical race theory) are motivated by extreme ideologies, as opposed to generating knowledge. The authors published, or had accepted, seven "hoax" articles in a number of peer-reviewed journals. When the story broke in the Wall Street Journal, the authors stated that the articles advocated a number of ludicrous, inhumane, and appalling ideas. For example, one argued that men should be trained like dogs with shock collars. Their acceptance for publication was therefore taken as evidence for the kind of ideas that many academic disciplines will advocate. In the present article, I will show that the central aspects of the hoax articles do not match with how they were later described by the hoax authors and many other commentators (e.g., journalists). Despite the vast amount of media coverage, this has (virtually) gone unnoticed. I will suggest that the widely accepted narrative of the so-called Grievance Studies affair is incorrect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Will the case that argues for Brian O'Nolan's authorship of "Interview with Mr. John Stanislas [sic] Joyce (1849-1931)," published in A James Joyce Yearbook in 1941, ever be fully dismissed? This essay revisits the evidence supporting the claims of O'Nolan's authorshipevidence promulgated and perpetuated by such reputable scholars as John V. Kelleher and Hugh Kenner-as well as the testimony, constituting the counter-argument, from O'Nolan's friend and biographer Anthony Cronin and his friend Niall Sheridan in an attempt to cast reasonable-if not irrefutable-doubt on O'Nolan as the perpetrator of a fraud of significant literary consequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes Lee Israel's autobiographical memoir "Can You Ever Forgive Me?" and its film adaptation of the same title to argue that the American author's acts of literary forgery may be attempts at imagining a new form of female canon and authorship. It explains how her preference to produce her work in the form of literary forgery constitutes a brave new form ofécriture féminine outside the boundaries of the anxiety of influence and the symbological authority of authorship.

The author critiques Irish poet Seamus Heaney's translation of the epic poem "Beowulf." Topics include a debate on the subject of cultural appropriation created by dialectical diction in Heaney's translation, the unsettled question of whether the dialect mystifies the text and excludes certain readers, the solution offered by Heaney to mystification problem in the introduction according to his supporters and the reason for the attention received by the dialectal word "bawn" in the translation.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Slawistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores a case of literary mystification by Elena Shvarts that occurred in samizdat during the eighties, featuring a fictitious Estonian poet. Aware of the relevance that translation played in the literary samizdat of Leningrad during the eighties, the investigation focuses on the similarities between the poetess' hoax and the concept of pseudo-translation, analysing the reasons for and outcomes of her endeavour in terms of identity research. Engaging with Shvarts' verses, Sergei Stratanovsky's account of the episode and the position that Estonia played in the samizdat imagined world, the article explores the role of Shvarts/Tsart's mystification in relation to the poetess and her readership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the ideas of authorship and copyright as they developed through the complex discursive traffic of forensic and literary arguments during the 18th century in England. It carries out a brief survey of few legal cases which played a critical role in determining the nature of the ideas of literary property, authorship, and copyright. The original transcripts of these courtroom trials are not readily accessible. My work, therefore, is based on the fragments of textual evidence incorporated in the work of authors who have discussed these ideas in wide detail and made it possible, through their labor and shrewd understanding of legal provisions, for people like me to develop a working understanding of the concept of authorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his late unpublished essay "Dionysus in 1992," Norman O. Brown arrived at the ancient Greek term "spoudaiogeloion" to express his idea of a "serious laughter" that could respond to dialectical tensions without unbalancing them. Brown had, in 1959, converted Freud's Witz book into a serious theory of art. This turned the focus on humor into a focus on art, subtly repressing the place of laughter in art and thinking for Brown and those who took him seriously. His casual conversation was always full of fun, but his formal thought lacked that liberating concept until the last decade of his life. Not even the accusation by Marcuse of "mystification" could bring him out of his idealizations—until he saw the dialectical power of humor's ambivalence. "Spoudaiogeloion," with room for Joyce's farcical wit and Blake's high visions, gave Brown a useful "way out" of tensions between "high" and "low" art or philosophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the author's views on how conceptions of authenticity move between the textile industry and Romantic literature via machine optimization to produce identical or nearly identical goods. It mentions literary forgeries such as the infamous novel "Walladmor" and states that authors Sir Walter Scott and Thomas de Quincey's response to the success of "Walladmor" reveal the influence of textile machine optimization on their constructions of authentic authorship.

Online survey research has significantly increased in popularity in recent years. With its use, researchers have a new set of concerns about data collection and analysis to consider, including the possibility of fraudulent survey submissions. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate to survey researchers an innovative and systematized process for addressing online survey fraud over the course of collecting survey data, especially when respondents collect incentives for participation. We provide the R eflect, E xpect, A nalyze, L abel Framework, which includes four sets of guiding questions for use by online survey researchers to plan for addressing survey fraud and making determinations about the inclusion or exclusion of participant submissions from the dataset based on level of suspicion. We also provide a full case example utilizing the R eflect, E xpect, A nalyze, L abel Framework as an appendix. Those wanting to apply the R eflect, E xpect, A nalyze, L abel Framework should keep in mind several considerations as they apply it, including determining logistical needs ahead of survey implementation, considering the ethical issues related to including or excluding data in a study, and considering the issues related to providing incentives for participating in research. Future research should assess the frequency of survey fraud, investigate the reasons for its occurrence and explore the role social networks may play in fraudulent participants sharing information. We suggest that researchers consider online survey fraud as an issue over the lifespan of their survey and apply the guiding questions we present to address the issue throughout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I propose a discursive account of ideology and a return to one of Marx's central concepts of mystification. I argue, that to bring back the critical thrust of ideology criticism in discourse theories, one has to approach ideology as a discursive effect that sustains and reproduces domination. I try to elaborate a discursive account of ideology which refers to the mystification of domination through hegemonic articulatory practices, where the hegemonic struggle over meaning fixates and cements perpetually asymmetrical relations of power. And finally, I attempt to illustrate that in the context of postmodern global capitalism it is the proliferation of new antagonisms that often mystifies states of domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the views of three Anglophone writers who analyzed Léo Taxil's mystification on previous catholic conspiracy theories about Freemasonry and Satanic veneer. It includes the scholar of esotericism Arthur Edward Waite, the lawyer and antiquarian George Francis Legge, and American mediaevalist Henry Charles Lea. All of them provide a different glimpse of the controversy.

The article discusses need for Canadianists to incite ‘good trouble' (to borrow the late U.S. Civil Rights Movement icon John Lewis's phrase) in interrogating the most proud and mischievous mystifications of the Canadian State. Topics discussed include protest to expose and yank out the fangs of Anglo-Saxon power; economic and population strengths among ethnicities; and information on multiculturalism in Canada.

This article examines the late Korean American stand-up comedian Johnny Yune's television career at NBC. Yune made his comedy debut on The Tonight Show starring Johnny Carson in 1978 and charmed the nation's most beloved talk show host of that era. As a result, NBC signed Yune as the lead in three pilots over the next two years but his career on network television abruptly ended in 1980. Some of the factors that contributed to this end include the mystification of South Korea(ns) as a nation and identity, NBC's struggle to compete against ABC and CBS, and systemic racism in the US. Yune's stand-up routine was rooted in racialized and politicized self-deprecation which appealed to the dominant biases of mainstream (white) Americans in the late 1970s. With that said, given America's hazy recollection of its involvement in the Korean War (1950–1953), Yune's comedic material produced a memory in place of its forgottenness. This paper historicizes Yune's transnational career as an actor, comedian, filmmaker, and talk show host in Los Angeles and Seoul, as well as his reception in America, which was impacted by the 'cold' war between the US and USSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on Fredric Jameson who goes on to recognize the objection of the ordinary reader, when confronted with elaborate or ingenious interpretations. Topics include focuses on the sheer fact of mystification, that point to the supplementary problem involved with the study of cultural or literary texts, or in other words, of narratives for even if discursive language occurs.

Copyright of Études Françaises is the property of Presses de l'Universite de Montreal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with how ideological factors influence the transfer of literature through translation between what translation sociology calls 'peripheral languages'. The international dissemination of the literary oeuvre of the Dutch communist writer Theun de Vries (1907–2005) in translation stands in the centre of this investigation, which focuses on three questions: 1.) How the transfer of literary products from a peripheral language into both peripheral and central languages takes place, and what specific dynamics can be shown to shape these translation flows. 2.) How ideology plays a role in shaping translation flows. 3.) How methodological tools from translation sociology can and cannot be used to investigate literary export from peripheral literatures. Through the case study of the translation of De Vries' novel Hoogverraad [High Treason] (1950) into Hungarian the details and dynamics of Cold War cultural transfer and literary manipulation are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects author's views on ‘the continuation of politics by legal means through political trials from Huey Newton to the Shrewsbury 24, and their different attitudes to the trial process. Topics include refusal to consider extrinsic factors and motivations underpinning crime with the mystification of the legal process; and exposing fundamental weaknesses in the evidence offered, to the detriment of the state.

Kochetkov, M.V. and Avdeeva, E.A. (2021), Humanitarian reversing higher education in the Russian Federation in light of the transhumanist challenges. The Philosophical Forum, 52: 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1111/phil.12288 This Expression of Concern is for the above article, published online on April 30, 2021 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), and has been published by agreement between the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Alexus McLeod, and Wiley Periodicals, LLC. The expression of concern has been agreed following concerns raised by a third party regarding the authenticity of the authorship. Further investigation by the publisher has found that the authors' identities could not be verified. Attempts to contact the authors were unsuccessful. Additionally, the investigators were unable to confirm whether appropriate peer review took place due to a lack of editorial office records. As a result, the parties are unable to investigate further the validity of the peer review process nor to confirm authorship. The journal is issuing this Expression of Concern to alert readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses contemporary reviews of the "The History of Mary Prince, A West Indian Slave." She mentions the reviews which appeared in a number of English periodicals, the views of Mary Prince's slave narrative edited by Thomas Pringle, and the allegation in the review by James MacQueen that the story was made up.

La verdad en su luz is the title of the Spanish version of Maria Mancini's memoirs published in Saragossa in 1677. The text emerges as a combative response to some fake memoirs appearing in France which claimed to contain the autobiography of this Franco-Italian woman who settled in Spain. The present paper is intended to analyse the text, focusing in the first place on clarifying the tapestry of its editions and translations. In the second place, it aims to study the strategies used by the author to construct through her discourse an identity capable of restoring her honour and justifying the polemical choices she had made so far, especially that of abandoning her husband and children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay argues for reading a discredited slave narrative—the Narrative of James Williams (1838)—as an early black novel. Reading this narrative as a founding black novel à la Robinson Crusoe complicates the genealogy and theoretical parameters of literary criticism about early US black fiction. Such a reading revises accounts about the emergence of the third-person fictive voice inaugurated by Frederick Douglass and William Wells Brown in the 1850s. It also offers a new understanding of the antislavery movement's quest for authenticity. More importantly, reading NJW as novelistic fiction illustrates how a fugitive slave might narrativize muddied textual politics and effectively challenge the reparative vision with which we theorize the genres and politics of early African American literary texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of L'Année Rabelaisienne is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In an article published thirteen years ago, I tried to break new ground by showing that the texts transmitted under the title Catalepton as the work of Virgil can be seen to form an elaborately arranged and highly allusive book of verse written by a single author. This latter, I argued, was identical with the anonymous poet who, in an epilogue, represents the preceding poems as the juvenilia of the author later known for his Bucolics , Georgics and Aeneid and, consequently, is himself speaking in the alleged early works as Virgil impersonator. This anonymous poet, however, cannot rightly be labelled a literary forger, since he repeatedly and quite unmistakably recalls each of Virgil's three opera as well as other texts written after the year 19 b.c. Evidently, then, he is inviting his readers to take part in a literary lusus , one in which they are expected to be familiar not only with the texts of Bucolics , Georgics and Aeneid but also with the life of the man who wrote them. The fiction of a young Virgil is created, one who wrote his first poems—the verses referred to in the epilogue as elementa and rudis Calliope (Catal. 18[15])—primarily under the influence of Catullus, the said poems being, with the exception of Catal. 12(9) and 16(13), epigrams. My interpretation has borne fruit, with Irene Peirano and Markus Stachon each devoting, in 2012 and 2014 respectively, a monograph to this approach and offering what are often very thorough analytical readings of the poems as the creations of a Virgil impersonator. However, neither of these two Latinists has considered one particular interpretative aspect, which I myself had only been able to introduce very briefly into my paper: the recognition that, as many more recent studies have now further corroborated, Roman poetry books were designed for linear, sequential reading, that they have, as it were, a story to tell. Peirano, moreover, disregards in her study the three Priapea positioned in editions before the other fifteen epigrams and shown there with their own separate numbering. In the manuscripts, however, the title Catalepton refers without exception to a unit comprising the three Priapea and the fifteen epigrams. The title Priapea , found in the catalogue of the Murbach manuscripts and in some codices (for example the Graz fragment), is always attached solely to the poem Quid hoc noui est? In the Vita Suetoniana-Donatiana (VSD), the terms Catalepton , Priapea and Epigrammata were evidently used as three different titles; the author (or his source) may not have seen that Catalepton is the title of all the poems. Furthermore, I should like to point out that, counted together, 'Virgil's' Priapea and epigrams come to a total of seventeen poems and so match precisely both the total of seventeen books in the real Virgil's three works and the total number of Horace's epodes, of the poems, that is, which the not-so-real Virgil quite conspicuously evokes in his own penultimate poem (Catal. 16[13]). More significantly, however, a sequential reading of the Priapea et Epigrammata can in fact build a watertight case for taking the texts to be, as it were, a composite whole, and that is what I intend to argue in the rest of the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using close reading of Kundera's texts, Jan Čulík argues that many arguments in Milan Kundera's literary works are deliberate provocations. Kundera's approach is undoubtedly related to post-modernism, although he used his mystification techniques long before the arrival of postmodernism, as early as in the Stalinist 1950s when he published fake quotes from Lenin in official Stalinist publications. In Jan Čulík's view, it is the purpose of Milan Kundera's systematic use of false facts, distortions and disrupted logic to warn his readers against against the unreliability of words and human communication. Kundera seems to argue that the world in its complexity is basically unknowable and the only thing that is left for us is, in despair, in our ignorace of what is going on around us, to carry out pranks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses modern idea about environment with topics including environmentality which is evolving consciousness of one's surrounding; environmental imaginary denoting to the difference between the conscious understanding of relation between the environment and self; and ecocritics who debated on divide on divide on whether Romantic environmentality initiated the science of empirical ecology.

The amount of malware has been rising drastically as the Android operating system enabled smartphones and tablets are gaining popularity around the world in last couple of years. One of the popular methods of static detection techniques is permission/feature-based detection of malware through the AndroidManifest.xml file using machine learning classifiers. Ignoring important features or keeping irrelevant features may specifically cause mystification to classification algorithms. Therefore, to reduce classification time and improve accuracy, different feature reduction tools have been used in past literature. Community detection is one of the major tools in social network analysis but its implementation in the context of malware detection is quite rare. In this article, the authors introduce a community-based feature reduction technique for Android malware detection. The proposed method is evaluated on two datasets consisting of 3004 benign components and 1363 malware components. The proposed community-based feature reduction technique produces a classification accuracy of 98.20% and ROC value up to 0.989. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Annius of Viterbo’s 1498 “Antiquitatum Variarum Volumina XVII” (“Antiquities”), created to enhance the reputation of his native Viterbo, was a collection of spurious texts and commentary attributed to early Near Eastern authors of whom only fragments survive. Quickly spotted as spuria, they nonetheless flourished in France. This essay traces the use of Annius’s forgeries by Jean Lemaire de Belges, for whose “Illustrations” they were seminal; mid-sixteenth-century historians followed Lemaire’s lead. The “Antiquities” captivated Guillaume Postel and Guy Le Fèvre de la Boderie. They supported a history grounded on chronology, etymology, and genealogy, becoming essential to proofs of the glory and antiquity of France. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mirbeau is often presented as a writer full of contradictions, characterized by the vehemence of his indignations. The virulence of his attacks can nonetheless be partly affected, like in the satirical newspaper «Les Grimaces», but it lasts throughout his career, regardless of the forms used or the capitalized success. The lampoonist style of Mirbeau nevertheless evolves in its modalities. First defined as the mark of a dissimulation, the "grimace" gradually becomes the emblem of the work operated by the novelist. For Mirbeau, distortion is not an obstacle to truth, but a process used for its revelation, or even the signature of a writer claiming the right to contradict himself. Faithfulness to oneself can not, therefore, rest on a doctrine, nor really go through a discourse. The novel thus offers Mirbeau a form that is no doubt paradoxically more in keeping with his conception of sincerity. Mystification becomes the means of denouncing the impostures of coherence, as well as sarcasm, which literally brings to pieces the fable borne by the narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Australian Journal of French Studies (Liverpool University Press / Journals) is the property of Liverpool University Press / Journals and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper focuses on tracking the idyllic topoi in historiosophical work by Jozef Miloslav Hurban Slovensko a jeho život literárny/Slovakia and its Literary Life, in which Slovak literary science emphasized the idea of continuity of the development of Slovak culture and literature. The deconstruction of the idyllic topoi shows that it is the idyll that is the important part of the ideological construction of Hurban´s work. The idyllic topoi in connection with mystification of the past enabled him to create the idea of continuity between the present times and the Great Moravian cultural legacy. The idyllic codes can be found in Hurban´s depiction of the Slovak territory, Slovak nation, and its cultural evolution. The ethic and esthetic values of the idyll became the base of Slovaks´ created collective identity. The idyllic language is part of the Romantic national myths, especially the myth of folksiness, the Great Moravian myth and the myth of the thousand-year-long yoke. Hurban´s idea of continuity of national culture, the connection between the „cradle of Slavs“ and the writer´s present times, and especially the utopia of Slavic future in the form of „Slavic heaven“ is based on idyllic topoi and Slovak Romantic myths. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper was to introduce some online-based approaches to evaluate scientific journals and publishers and to differentiate them from the hijacked ones, regardless of their disciplines. With the advent of open-access journals, many hijacked journals and publishers have deceitfully assumed the mantle of authenticity in order to take advantage of researchers and students. Although these hijacked journals and publishers can be identified through checking their advertisement techniques and their websites, these ways do not always result in their identification. There exist certain online-based approaches, such as using Master Journal List provided by Thomson Reuters, and Scopus database, and using the DOI of a paper, to certify the realness of a journal or publisher. It is indispensable that inexperienced students and researchers know these methods so as to identify hijacked journals and publishers with a higher level of probability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of sexual boundary violations in our profession is discussed from the vantage point of a faculty member. The major issues that require attention include creation of a safe and secure environment for candidates, dispelling denial, combating mystification, and metabolizing the strong feelings generated by such a breach. Addressing these issues assures a minimization of the possibility of enactment of the violation on an institutional level. It is only in doing so that we create the therapeutic holding environment for the teaching and learning of psychoanalysis to occur. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An essay on the late writer Henry Miller as a prophetic writer is presented. It notes how Miller understood the need for change and saw the spiritual revolution grounded in the body. Topics discussed include claim that people needed to discover the sacredness of the world, the universe itself and themselves, true ethical action to result from a sense of interconnection felt with the ambient universe, and Miller's prophesy of the disappearance of artist as life itself would become art.

A panel on “Marketing as Mystification” convened at the 2011 Academy of Marketing conference in Liverpool. Ideas from the Liverpool event were supplemented by commentaries from selected other authors. Each commentary explores the aspects of “mystification” observable in marketing discourses and practices. In what follows, Laufer interprets marketing mystification as modern form of sophism, Dholakia and Firat discuss mystifying ways that inequality is marketed, Varman analyzes the perversion and mystification of “development” via neoliberal marketing of “social entrepreneurship,” Mikkonen explores mystifying marketing representations of gays and lesbians, and Freund and Jacobi present a fascinating interpretation of how Coca-Cola advertising mystically reassures us that our difficult, dangerous lifeworld is actually quite hunky-dory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In what follows, I critically assess the merits of the relativist and realist positions in the social and human sciences, and argue that the relativisation of truth claims operates to mask relations of power and inequality, and also offers impunity to discursive mystifications denying the existence of both. Alternatively, I argue that the Critical Realist position, with its realist ontology and relativist epistemology, allows for the identification of such structures, and as a consequence of its emphasis on the materiality of discourse, for the identification of mystificatory meaning-making. And I operationalise my argument through critical analysis and commentary on four texts drawn from newspapers across the range for such in Ireland on the related issues of wealth and welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The author discusses an undated letter supposedly written by Queen Elizabeth I. He mentions the contents of the letter to Richard Cox, Bishop of Ely, the appearance of the letter in various sources, and the evidence which supports the letter being a forgery.

This paper describes the winning solution of team National Taiwan University for track 1 of KDD Cup 2013. The track 1 in KDD Cup 2013 considers the paper-author identification problem, which is to identify whether a paper is truly written by an author. First, we conduct feature engineering to transform the various types of provided text information into 97 features. Second, we train classification and ranking models using these features. Last, we combine our individual models to boost the performance by using results on the internal validation set and the official Valid set. Some effective post-processing techniques have also been proposed. Our solution achieves 0.98259 MAP score and ranks the first place on the private leaderboard of the Test set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary nation-state formation took place in Europe between the 12th and 19th centuries, along with the emergence of a system of industry-based international relations. These processes kept mostly in step with changes in the cultural consciousnesses of their citizenries. The institutional pattern so produced was then imitated throughout the rest of world in more than 160 secondary nation-states. Unlike the primary nation-states, the secondary nation-states were declared into being overnight by political entrepreneurs concerned to ensure that their own territories could deal equally under international law with other such states. These rapid, externally generated processes generated a gap in consciousness between the statesmen and the rest of their populations that had to be closed before the secondary states could begin to fulfil their (mainly economic) international roles. The gap has been bridged by the deliberate engineering of concern for ethnic, gender, linguistic, class, cultural and religious “identity.” An abstract, outward-looking,gesellschaftlichmode of consciousness could now be taken for granted by the people as the unspoken terms on which they must live their lives. This process has been aided by the widespread employment of functionalist and systems-based approaches in the social sciences and humanities, which properly apply only to the nation-state. Consequently, a politically constructed institution has been made into the “natural” archetype against which all other phenomena are to be measured. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]