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Este artículo tuvo como objetivo presentar el grado de innovación, tipologías de estrategias para la innovación utilizadas por las startups de tecnología de la información en la región noreste de Brasil. A través de un estudio explicativo y exploratorio con un enfoque cuantitativo, esta investigación verifico especificamente cual es la tipología de estrategia de innovación más adoptada por las startups, así como analizo el grado de innovación en estas empresas, de acuerdo con el modelo llamado radar de innovación, usado por el SEBRAE. La recolección de las informaciones se llevo a cabo mediante el uso de una versión adaptada del formulário radar de innovación y el análisis de los datos consistió en una revisión de la estadística descriptiva y cálculo de las medias y desviación estándar de los datos recopilados. El análisis de los resultados indicó el predominio de las innovaciones de procesos como una práctica sistémica en startups de tecnología de la información. Con respecto a las estratégias para la innovación, se verifico la frecuencia de las asociaciones con clientes y con organizaciones como las principales practicas, mientras que la internacionalización fue la estrategia menos percibida. Con respecto al grado de innovación de startups de tecnologia de información, se encontró que las empresas consultadas estan classificadas como innovadoras medianas (ocasionales).

Bribery in the public sector erodes public trust in institutions and hinders the country's progress; Colombian legislation has established a set of provisions to prevent bribery, which can be complemented with proactive measures such as the application of international standards for anti-bribery management. This study analyzes the incorporation of anti-bribery management based on chapter 8 of the international technical standard NTC-ISO 37001: 2017 in the Colombian National Navy Acquisitions process. An instrument was designed and validated to diagnose anti-bribery management in officials and internal users of the process, and it was found as a relevant aspect that there is compliance in general with the risk management of bribery in the Acquisitions process; however, 25 gaps were identified with respect to the requirements proposed by NTC-ISO 37001: 2017. Based on the guidelines in Annex A of the aforementioned standard, a valid and viable proposal was developed to be applied in the entity, to close the identified gaps, divided into the communication and dissemination aspects of specific aspects to the group of collaborators of the Acquisitions process and adjustment to some institutional documents El soborno en el sector público desgasta la confianza ciudadana en las instituciones y obstaculiza el progreso del país; la legislación colombiana ha establecido un conjunto de disposiciones para prevenir el soborno, las cuáles se pueden complementar con medidas proactivas como la aplicación de normas internacionales para la gestión antisoborno. Este estudio analiza la incorporación de la gestión antisoborno basada en el capítulo 8 de la norma técnica internacional NTC-ISO 37001:2017 en el proceso de Adquisiciones de la Armada Nacional de Colombia. Se diseñó y validó un instrumento para diagnosticar la gestión antisoborno en colaboradores y usuarios internos del proceso y se encontró como aspecto relevante que existe cumplimiento en general de la gestión de riesgo del soborno en el proceso de Adquisiciones; sin embargo, se identificaron 25 brechas con respecto a los requisitos propuestos por la NTC-ISO 37001:2017. A partir de las orientaciones del anexo A de la citada norma, se elaboró una propuesta, valida y viable para aplicar en la entidad, para cerrar las brechas encontradas, las cuales se relacionan con la comunicación y difusión de aspectos específicos a los colaboradores del proceso de Adquisiciones y con el ajuste a algunos documentos institucionales. O suborno no setor público corrói a confiança pública nas instituições e dificulta o progresso do país. A legislação colombiana estabeleceu um conjunto de disposições para evitar o suborno, que pode ser complementado por medidas proativas, tais como a aplicação de normas internacionais para a gestão antissuborno. Este estudo analisa a incorporação da gestão antissuborno com base no capítulo 8 da norma técnica internacional NTC-ISO 37001:2017 no processo de Aquisições da Marinha Nacional da Colômbia. Um instrumento foi projetado e validado para diagnosticar a gestão antissuborno de colaboradores internos e usuários do processo e foi constatado que há uma conformidade geral com a gestão de risco de suborno no processo de Aquisições. Contudo, foram identificadas 25 lacunas em relação às exigências propostas pelo NTC-ISO 37001:2017. Com base nas diretrizes do Anexo A da norma supramencionada, foi elaborada uma proposta válida e viável para aplicação na entidade a fim de preencher as lacunas encontradas, que estão relacionadas com a comunicação e divulgação de aspectos específicos aos funcionários no processo de aquisição e com o ajuste de alguns documentos institucionais.

El presente trabajo de titulación se busca el diseño un semáforo inteligente inalámbrico que pueda ser conectado a un controlador de tránsito vehicular, con las características de comunicación eficiente y autosustentable a través de los paneles solares, logrando tener un equipo nuevo e innovador dentro de los sistemas semafóricos convencionales, en donde se pueda satisfacer las necesidades de algunos aspectos relacionados con la semaforización, respetando sobre todo normas básicas establecidas para el tránsito vehicular en nuestro país. Para la realización del proyecto se utiliza como elemento fundamental un microcontrolador, el cual realiza tareas de adquisición, procesamiento y orden de envío de datos obtenidos de las salidas del regulador de tránsito correspondiente a cada uno de los semáforos los cuales funcionan en la intersección. Para la transmisión y recepción de datos inalámbricos correspondiente a las fases semafóricas, se utiliza módulos XBee Pro que son dispositivos de fácilmente acceso y que cuentan con una excelente aceptación por parte de la industria y de diseñadores (módulos que han sido probados en diversas situaciones por los expertos y que han salido éxitos en sus pruebas), los cuales los utilizan para realizar proyectos con señales inalámbricas, y además de garantizar la confiabilidad y seguridad ante una pérdida mínima de los datos. Cabe resaltar que el equipo cuenta con un sistema de alimentación híbrido, capaz de energizarse con la red eléctrica o de un sistema autosustentable como paneles solares, reguladores de carga, baterías e inversores que garantiza que los semáforos siempre permanezcan encendidos, incluso si hubiese algún apagón por varias horas (protección ante cualquier posible situación que se presente). The present degree work seeks the design of a wireless intelligent traffic light that can be connected to a vehicle traffic controller, with the characteristics of efficient and self-sustaining communication through solar panels, achieving a new and innovative equipment within conventional traffic light systems, where the needs of some aspects related to traffic lights can be met, respecting above all basic rules established for vehicular traffic in our country. For the realization of the project, a microcontroller is used as a fundamental element, which performs tasks of acquisition, processing and sending order of data obtained from the exits of the traffic regulator corresponding to each of the traffic lights which operate at the intersection. For the transmision and reception of wireless data corresponding to the traffic light phases, XBee Pro modules are used that are easily accessible devices and that have an excellent acceptance by the industry and designers (modules that have been tested in various situations by experts and that have been successful in their tests), which use them to carry out projects with wireless signals, and in addition to guaranteeing reliability and security against minimal data loss. It should be noted that the equipment has a hybrid power system, capable of being energized with the electricity grid or a self-sustaining system such as solar panels, charge regulators, batteries and inverters that guarantees that the traffic lights always remain on, even if there is a blackout for several hours (protection against any possible situation that arises).

En el sistema propuesto se implementó la lógica difusa para el control de velocidad del motor que realiza el batido en la fabricación de dulces artesanales (gomitas). La implementación del controlador difuso aporta una velocidad óptima al motor en función del nivel y la temperatura de la gelatina, con el fin de automatizar el proceso para reducir el desperdicio de materia prima y mejorar el volumen de producción de la micro empresa “Anly”. El nivel de la gelatina en el recipiente y la temperatura de la misma se tomaron como variables de entrada del controlador difuso, mientras que, como salida se tomó a la frecuencia del inversor, quien tiene una relación directamente proporcional con la velocidad del eje del motor. El cerebro del controlador difuso es un “Arduino Nano”, una placa de desarrollo pequeña y completa basada en el microcontrolador “ATmega328P”. Los sensores que entregan la información sobre las condiciones de la gelatina de acuerdo a la magnitud a medir son: un sensor ultrasónico para conocer el nivel de crecimiento de la misma dentro del recipiente y una termocupla tipo K conectada al amplificador “MAX6675” para saber la temperatura de la sustancia. La salida del controlador difuso entregada por “Arduino” se acopló a un variador de frecuencia “SV008iG5-2” a través de un hardware diseñado que otorga una variación de voltaje acorde a la entrada de control analógica del inversor. Una comparación de la producción antes y después de la automatización mostró un índice de reducción de desperdicio del 97.5 %, se disminuyó el tiempo del proceso en 27 segundos y se aumentó el volumen de gelatina batida en 1.35 L. Los resultados obtenidos por la máquina fueron satisfactorios para la micro empresa. In the proposed system, the fuzzy logic for the speed control of the motor that makes the shake in the manufacture of artisan sweets (gummies) was implemented. The implementation of the fuzzy controller provides an optimal speed to the engine depending on the level and temperature of the gelatin, in order to automate the process to reduce raw material waste and improve the volume of production of the micro company "Anly". The level of the gelatin in the container and the temperature thereof were taken as input variables of the fuzzy controller, while, as an output, it was taken at the frequency of the inverter, which has a relationship directly proportional to the speed of the motor shaft. The brain of the fuzzy controller is an "Arduino Nano", a small and complete development board based on the "ATmega328P" microcontroller. The sensors that provide information on the conditions of the gelatin according to the magnitude to be measured are: An ultrasonic sensor to know the level of growth of the same inside the container and a thermocouple type K connected to the amplifier "MAX6675" to know the temperature of the substance. The output of the fuzzy controller delivered by "Arduino" was coupled to a frequency inverter "SV008iG5-2" through a hardware designed that gives a variation of voltage according to the analog control input of the inverter. A comparison of the production before and after the automation showed a waste reduction index of 97.5%, the process time was reduced in 27 seconds and the volume of whipped gelatin was increased by 1.35 L. The results obtained by the machine were satisfactory for the micro company.

El presente trabajo expone, en primer lugar, una descripción y análisis de la situación actual de la Alcaldía Municipal de Alvarado, con relación a los requisitos de la NTC-ISO 9001:2015. En segundo lugar, evidencia el registro de la plataforma de calidad de la Alcaldía Municipal de Alvarado, el mapa de procesos definido y actualizado, y la caracterización los procesos con sus interrelaciones. Finalmente, se plantea las acciones de sensibilización hecha a los funcionarios de la Alcaldía Municipal de Alvarado sobre el Sistema de Gestión de la Calidad y la norma ISO 9001:2015. This work presents exposes, in first place, a description and analysis of the current situation of the Alcaldía Municipal de Alvarado, in relation to the requirements of the NTC-ISO 9001: 2015. Secondly, it evidences the registration of the quality platform of the Alcaldía Municipal de Alvarado, the process map defined and updated, and the characterization of the processes with their interrelations. Finally, it raises the awareness actions made to the officials of the Alcaldía Municipal de Alvarado about the Quality Management System and the ISO 9001: 2015 standard. http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co Especialización

The micro RNA (miR)-34 family is composed of 5p and 3p strands of miR-34a, miR-34b, and miR-34c. The 5p strand&rsquo, s expression and function is studied in cervical cancer. The 3p strand&rsquo, s function and regulation remain to be elucidated. To study the function of the passenger strands of miR-34 family members, we overexpressed 5p and 3p strands using a synthetic miRNA in cervical cell lines. Cell proliferation was evaluated using crystal violet. Migration and invasion were tested using transwell assays, Western blot, and zymography. Possible specific targets and cell signaling were investigated for each strand. We found that miR-34a-5p inhibited proliferation, migration, and cell invasion accompanied by matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) protein reduction. We also found that miR-34b-5p and miR-34c-5p inhibit proliferation and migration, but not invasion. In contrast, miR-34c-5p inhibits MMP9 activity and MAP2 protein, while miR-34b-5p has no effect on these genes. Furthermore, miR-34a-3p and miR-34b-3p inhibit proliferation and migration, but not invasion, despite the later reducing MMP2 activity, while miR-34c-3p inhibit proliferation, migration, and cell invasion accompanied by MMP9 activity and MAP2 protein inhibition. The difference in cellular processes, MMP2 and MMP9 activity, and MAP2 protein inhibition by miR-34 family members suggests the participation of other regulated genes. This study provides insights into the roles of passenger strands (strand*) of the miR-34 family in cervical cancer.

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de aplicar la técnica de separación electrostática a minerales que contienen tierras raras. Se verificó la presencia de La, Ce, Sm, Pr y Nd en la muestra inicial mediante análisis de ICP-MS. Por medio de la separación electrostática se concentraron minerales conductores la hematita y no conductores como dolomita y feldespato-K. Por otro lado, mediante SEM-EDS se comprobó que los elementos de tierras raras pertenecen al mineral monacita (La, Ce, Nd)PO4 y que éste se encuentra asociado al Feldespato-K. This article presents results of the application of the electrostatic separation technique to rare-earth-containing minerals. The presence of La, Ce, Sm, Pr and Nd ¡n the ¡nitial sample was verified by IC-MS analysis. Through electrostatic separation, conducting minerals, such as hematite, and non-conducting minerals, such as dolomite and K-feldspar, were separated and concentrated. Using SEM-EDS, it was also shown that the rare earth elements belonged to the mineral monazite (La, Ce, Nd) P04 and that this mineral is found associated with the K-feldspar. Revisión por pares

Tumor cells have developed advantages to acquire hallmarks of cancer like apoptosis resistance, increased proliferation, migration, and invasion through cell signaling pathway misregulation. The sequential activation of genes in a pathway is regulated by miRNAs. Loss or gain of miRNA expression could activate or repress a particular cell axis. It is well known that aberrant miRNA expression is well recognized as an important step in the development of cancer. Individual miRNA expression is reported without considering that miRNAs are grouped in clusters and may have similar functions, such as the case of clusters with anti-oncomiRs (23b~27b~24-1, miR-29a~29b-1, miR-29b-2~29c, miR-99a~125b-2, miR-99b~125a, miR-100~125b-1, miR-199a-2~214, and miR-302s) or oncomiRs activity (miR-1-1~133a-2, miR-1-2~133a-1, miR-133b~206, miR-17~92, miR-106a~363, miR183~96~182, miR-181a-1~181b-1, and miR-181a-2~181b-2), which regulated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K), NOTCH, proteasome-culling rings, and apoptosis cell signaling. In this work we point out the pathways regulated by families of miRNAs grouped in 20 clusters involved in cervical cancer. Reviewing how miRNA families expressed in cluster-regulated cell path signaling will increase the knowledge of cervical cancer progression, providing important information for therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic methodology design.

Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a keratinocyte-derived skin tumor. It is the second-most-common cancer affecting the Caucasian population and is responsible for >20% of all skin-cancer-related deaths. The estimated incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in the USA is >1000000 cases per year, of which roughly 20-30% are squamous cell carcinoma. To better understand and treat this challenging cancer, current research focuses on development of novel strategies to improve the understanding of tumor biogenesis on an individual basis. microRNAs are becoming important biomarkers in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cSCC. This review describes the current knowledge on miRNA expression in cSCC and its role as a biomarker for personalized medicine.

Aberrant miRNA expression is well recognized as a cancer hallmark, nevertheless miRNA function and expression does not always correlate in patients tissues and cell lines studies. In addition to this issue, miRNA strand usage conduces to increased cell signaling pathways modulation diversifying cellular processes regulation. In cervical cancer, 20 miRNA families are involved in carcinogenesis induction and development to this moment. These families have 5p and 3p strands with different nucleotide (nt) chain sizes. In general, mature 5p strands are larger: two miRNAs of 24 nt, 24 miRNAs of 23 nt, 35 miRNAs of 22 nt and three miRNAs of 21 nt. On the other hand, the 3p strands lengths observed are: seven miRNAs of 23 nt, 50 miRNAs of 22 nt, six miRNAs of 21 nt and four miRNAs of 20 nt. Based on the analysis of the 20 miRNA families associated with cervical cancer, 67 3p strands and 65 5p strands are selected suggesting selectivity and specificity mechanisms regulating cell processes like proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion, metabolism and Warburg effect. The insight reviewed here could be used in the miRNA based therapy, diagnosis and prognosis approaches.

Este artículo describe la implementación y una optimización detallada de un magnetómetro de muestra vibrante (VSM) para un laboratorio de licenciatura en física. Los parámetros de operación de VSM se discutieron ampliamente usando la configuración de bobinas de Foner y Mallison. Se discutió la influencia de los parámetros implicados (por ejemplo, frecuencia de oscilación, amplitud de oscilación, cambio de velocidad del campo magnético externo, configuración de bobinas, etc.) sobre la tensión inducida en las bobinas de captación. Se utilizó un disco de níquel de 6 mm de diámetro para la calibración del magnetómetro, comparando el bucle de histéresis medido con nuestro magnetómetro con el obtenido utilizando un VSM comercial. Se obtuvieron curvas de magnetización de dos muestras diferentes para probar la sensibilidad del magnetómetro. El magnetómetro de muestra vibrante implementado en el presente trabajo es capaz de detectar cambios en el momento magnético total hasta 10-3 emu. La optimización detallada del VSM descrita en el presente trabajo es un ejemplo de cómo resolver un problema real en materia condensada, relacionado con la determinación del valor de magnetización de una muestra magnética. This paper describes the implementation and a detaiied optimization of a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) for an undergraduate physics course laboratory. The VSM operation parameters were extensively discussed using Foner and Mailison coils configuration. The influence of the involved parameters (e.g. oscillation frequency, oscillation amplitude, rate change of the external magnetic field, coils configuration, etc.) on the induced voltage in the pick-up coils were discussed. A disk of nickel of 6- mm diameter was used for the calibration of the magnetometer, comparing the hysteresis loop measured with our magnetometer with the one obtained using a commercial VSM. Magnetization curves of two different samples were obtained in orderto test the sensitivity of the magnetometer. The vibrating sample magnetometer implemented in the present work is able to detect changes in the total magnetic moment down to 10-3 emú. The detaiied optimization of the VSM described in the present work is an example of how to solve a real problem in condensed matter, related to the determination of the magnetization valué of a magnetic sample. Revisión por pares

We report on the interlayer exchange coupling across insulating barriers observed on Ni80Fe20/Ba0.05Sr0.95TiO3/La0.66Sr0.33MnO3 (Py/BST0.05/LSMO) trilayers. The coupling mechanism has been analyzed in terms of the barrier thickness, samples' substrate, and temperature. We examined the effect of MgO (MGO) and SrTiO3 (STO) (001) single-crystalline substrates on the magnetic coupling and also on the magnetic anisotropies of the samples in order to get a deeper understanding of the magnetism of the structures. We measured a weak coupling mediated by spin-dependent tunneling phenomena whose sign and strength depend on barrier thickness and substrate. An antiferromagnetic (AF) exchange prevails for most of the samples and smoothly increases with the barrier thicknesses as a consequence of the screening effects of the BST0.05. The coupling monotonically increases with temperature in all the samples and this behavior is attributed to thermally assisted mechanisms. The magnetic anisotropy of both magnetic components has a cubic symmetry that in the case of permalloy is added to a small uniaxial component. Fil: Carreira, Santiago José. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Constituyentes; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Aviles Felix, Luis Steven. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Sirena, Martin. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Alejandro, Gabriela. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Steren, Laura Beatriz. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Constituyentes; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

In this paper we present a modified polyol method for synthesizing magnetite nanoparticles using iron (III) nitrate, a low toxic and cheap precursor salt. The influence of the precursor salt nature and initial ferric concentration in the average particle size and magnetic properties of the obtained nanoparticles were investigated. Magnetite nanoparticles have received much attention due to the multiple uses in the biomedical field; for these purposes nanoparticles with monodisperse size distribution, superparamagnetic behavior and a combination between small average size and high saturation magnetization are required. The polyol conventional method allows synthesizing water-dispersible magnetite nanoparticles with these features employing iron (III) acetylacetonate as precursor salt. Although the particle sizes of samples synthesized from the conventional polyol method (denoted CM) are larger than those of samples synthesized from the modified method (denoted MM), they display similar saturation magnetization. The differences in the nanoparticles average sizes of samples CM and samples MM were explained though the known nanoparticle formation mechanism. Fil: Vega Chacón, Jaime. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería; Perú. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil Fil: Picasso, Gino. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería; Perú Fil: Aviles Felix, Luis Steven. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina Fil: Jafelicci, Miguel Jr.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasil

We demonstrate in this article that the magnetoelectric (ME) mechanism can be exploited to control the spin current emitted in a spin pumping experiment using moderate electric fields. Spin currents were generated at the interface of a ferromagnet/metal bilayer by driving the system to the ferromagnetic resonance condition at X-Band (9.78 GHz) with an incident power of 200 mW. The ME structure, a thin (20 nm) FePt film grown on top of a polished 011-cut single crystal lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) slab, was prepared by dc magnetron sputtering. The PMN-PT/FePt was operated in the L-T mode (longitudinal magnetized-transverse polarized). This hybrid composite showed a large ME coefficient of 140 Oe cm/kV, allowing to easily tune the ferromagnetic resonance condition with electric field strengths below 4 kV/cm. A thin layer of Pt (10 nm) was grown on top of the PMN-PT/FePt structure and was used to generate and detect the spin current by taking advantage of its large spin-orbit coupling that produces a measurable signal via the inverse spin-Hall effect. These results proved an alternative way to tune the magnetic field at which the spin current is established and consequently the inverse spin-Hall effect signal, which can promote advances in hybrid spintronic devices. Fil: Vargas, Jose Marcelo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Gomez, Javier Enrique. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Aviles Felix, Luis Steven. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina Fil: Butera, Alejandro Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Centro Atómico Bariloche; Argentina

En este artículo se presenta el Lenguaje de Modelamiento de Metodologías y Procesos - LMMPS como una nueva alternativa para el análisis y desarrollo de Sistemas de Información Geográfica - SIG, modelando específicamente el Sistema de Información Vial para la Atención de Emergencias - SIVAE, el cual asume los puntos de vista de la Gestión, Estructuración e Innovación como el Metaproceso de Desarrollo de Software, siendo la metodología a implementar. El LMMPS permite determinar los diferentes componentes que conforman una estructura de prototipo para la información geográfica desde la conceptualización de la Ingeniería del Software, generando los diversos puntos de vista de la metodología que se generan al identificar el proceso a utilizar, los requerimientos, los roles de los actores participantes, los entregables del proyecto, la documentación, las mejoras, entro otros componentes modelados a partir del Metaproceso. Bajo esta metodología, surge el SIVAE como una propuesta de ingeniería de software, siendo una herramienta que genera reportes de las rutas críticas para la atención de incidencias, optimizando la toma de decisiones en los proceso de atención de emergencias en la zona de El Chico, localizada al norte de la ciudad de Bogotá D.C.

Regulation of cell size is controlled by multiple biochemical pathways, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway and the transcription factor Myc. The loss of tightly regulated control of cell size is known to be associated with multiple diseases such as cancer. Understanding how key molecular components in such pathways is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms behind cell size control. Since pathways consist of large networks of interacting molecules, changes in the expression of such molecules may have a large impact on the signalling cascade output, therefore investigating the impact of how the growth-regulating signalling cascade is affected by hampering expression of effectors involved in the pathway is of great interest. This thesis shows that chemical and siRNA downregulation of central pathway effectors of the mTOR pathway reduces cell size and volume, which also change the cell cycle distribution. Furthermore, RNAseq analysis from a dataset similar to our experiments showed that differentially expressed genes from cells exposed to rapamycin seem to be involved in ribosomal biogenesis and metabolism. \ud \ud We observed that over-expression of Myc lead to notable increases in cell size and volume which were linked to higher levels of protein and rRNA content. RNAseq analysis of this cells showed that differentially expressed genes seemed to be involved in different cellular mechanisms related to cell size. Remarkably, Myc over expressing cells that were exposed to the mTOR inhibitor Rapamycin had a size like non-treated cells but with higher content of protein and rRNA. Sequencing analysis from these cells revealed many down-regulated genes involved in cell metabolism, translation, and other cellular process. A combination of Rapamycin and the rRNA synthesis inhibitor, Actinomycin D reduced the size and rRNA content of the Myc overexpressing cells, suggesting that ribosome biogenesis could be the mechanism behind the size control. To identify an alternative effector involved in cell size and ribosome biogenesis, we show that incubation of cells with a p38 MAPK inhibitor further reduces cell size and rRNA content, suggesting a possible interaction between the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, with the p38 MAPK pathway and Myc.\ud