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1. Soil protistology rebooted: 30 fundamental questions to start with

Author

Geisen, Stefan, Mitchell, Edward A.D., Wilkinson, David M., Adl, Sina, Bonkowski, Michael, Brown, Matthew W, Fiore-Donno, Anna Maria, Heger, Thierry J., Jassey, Vincent E.J., Krashevska, Valentyna, Lahr, Daniel J.G., Marcisz, Katarzyna, Mulot, Matthieu, Payne, Richard, Singer, David, Anderson, O. Roger, Charman, Dan J., Ekelund, Flemming, Griffiths, Bryan S., Rønn, Regin, Smirnov, Alexey, Bass, David, Belbahri, Lassaâd, Berney, Cédric, Blandenier, Quentin, Chatzinotas, Antonis, Clarholm, Marianne, Dunthorn, Micah, Feest, Alan, Fernández, Leonardo D., Foissner, Wilhelm, Fournier, Bertrand, Gentekaki, Eleni, Hájek, Michal, Helder, Johannes, Jousset, Alexandre, Koller, Robert, Kumar, Santosh, La Terza, Antonietta, Lamentowicz, Mariusz, Mazei, Yuri, Santos, Susana S., Seppey, Christophe V.W., Spiegel, Frederick W., Walochnik, Julia, Winding, Anne, Lara, Enrique, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Wageningen University and Research Centre [Wageningen] (WUR), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Schlumberger-Doll Research, Schlumberger, University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Institut of Zoology, University of Cologne, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, Universität Greifswald - University of Greifswald, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan (AMUP), Laboratory of Soil Biodiversity, Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), Department of Biology, Northern Arizona University [Flagstaff], Crop and Soil Systems Research Group, Scotland's Rural College (SCUR), The Natural History Museum [London] (NHM), Laboratory of Soil Biology, Evolution des Protistes et Ecosystèmes Pélagiques (EPEP), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (ADMM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Kaiserslautern [Kaiserslautern], Laboratoire de biodiversité du sol [Neuchâtel], Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University [Halifax], Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Johann-Friedrich Blumenbach Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-University [Göttingen], Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL), French Institute of Pondichery, Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Monitoring, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Center for Pathophysiology, NERI, Sub Ecology and Biodiversity, Ecology and Biodiversity, Terrestrial Ecology (TE), Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen] (WUR), Department of Biological Sciences [Mississippi], University of Southern Mississippi (USM), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (UAM), Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964 USA, Geography Department, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (KU), Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University (SPbU), Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin (AD2M), Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Station biologique de Roscoff [Roscoff] (SBR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (CZU), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Centre de recherche de Juliers, Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft = Helmholtz Association, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Soil biology, Ecology (disciplines), Biodiversity, Soil Science, Functional diversity, Biology, Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, ddc:570, Microbial interactions, Soil protists, Ecosystem, Protozoa, Laboratorium voor Nematologie, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 2. Zero hunger, Functional ecology, Ecology, Food web, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, PE&RC, Protistology, 030104 developmental biology, 13. Climate action, international, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Conservation biology, EPS, Laboratory of Nematology, Soil fertility
Abstract

Protists are the most diverse eukaryotes. These microbes are keystone organisms of soil ecosystems and regulate essential processes of soil fertility such as nutrient cycling and plant growth. Despite this, protists have received little scientific attention, especially compared to bacteria, fungi and nematodes in soil studies. Recent methodological advances, particularly in molecular biology techniques, have made the study of soil protists more accessible, and have created a resurgence of interest in soil protistology. This ongoing revolution now enables comprehensive investigations of the structure and functioning of soil protist communities, paving the way to a new era in soil biology. Instead of providing an exhaustive review, we provide a synthesis of research gaps that should be prioritized in future studies of soil protistology to guide this rapidly developing research area. Based on a synthesis of expert opinion we propose 30 key questions covering a broad range of topics including evolution, phylogenetics, functional ecology, macroecology, paleoecology, and methodologies. These questions highlight a diversity of topics that will establish soil protistology as a hub discipline connecting different fundamental and applied fields such as ecology, biogeography, evolution, plant-microbe interactions, agronomy, and conservation biology. We are convinced that soil protistology has the potential to be one of the most exciting frontiers in biology. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Published
2017

2. Functional responses of multitaxa communities to disturbance and stress gradients in a restored floodplain

Author

François Gillet, Bertrand Fournier, Marco Moretti, Edward A. D. Mitchell, Renée-Claire Le Bayon, Laboratoire de biodiversité du sol [Neuchâtel], Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), WSL Lausanne, WSL, Laboratory of Ecological Systems, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut de Biologie, Laboratoire Sol et Végétation, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Université de Neuchâtel, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research ( WSL ), and Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, restoration, Floodplain, Biodiversity, earthworms, arthropods, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, species traits, Ecosystem, Floodplain restoration, Restoration ecology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, biodiversity, Environmental gradient, [ SDE.BE ] Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, community-weighted mean of traits, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Ecology, plants, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, 15. Life on land, functional diversity, riparian ecosystems, Disturbance (ecology), Hydric soil, ecosystem functions, Environmental science, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract

Trait-based approaches can reveal the mechanisms through which disturbances or stress impact communities, allowing comparisons of the role of different mechanisms in shaping communities among taxonomic groups. Such information can lead to higher comparability, transferability and predictability of the outcome of restoration projects. However, multitaxa trait-based approaches were rarely used in the context of ecosystem restoration. We investigated the responses to environmental gradients of seven taxa (vascular plants, staphylinid and carabid beetles, spiders, isopods, diplopods and earthworms) in a restored floodplain using a species traits approach. We assessed the impact of flood disturbances and soil hydric stress on the functional diversity (FD) and community-weighted mean (CWM) response of traits for each taxon. Ordination of hydrological variables revealed two main gradients. The first was related to the spatiotemporal dynamics of flood disturbances and the second to the average changes in soil hydric conditions. The analysis of CWM revealed that larger, poorly mobile species with narrow ecological tolerances were filtered by regular floods and/or changes in soil hydric conditions. Functional diversity patterns differed between the two gradients: decreasing with increasing flood disturbance, but increasing along the soil hydric stress gradient. This suggests that the mechanisms shaping community composition differ between the two gradients with environmental filtering being dominant with increasing flood disturbances and competition decreasing with more soil hydric stress.Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that the impact of restored flood disturbances and soil hydric stress on plant and invertebrate functional diversity and community-weighted mean can be positive, negative or more complex depending on the taxonomic group and environmental gradient considered. The patterns can to some extent be explained by the specific characteristics of each group. Larger, poorly mobile species with narrow ecological tolerances were particularly vulnerable to changes in disturbance and stress regime following floodplain restoration. These species may therefore be lost in the initial phases of restoration projects, but other more characteristic species of dynamic floodplains will be favoured. Understanding the consequences of these contrasted responses for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning constitutes the next challenge for ecosystem restoration. Our study shows that the impact of restored flood disturbances and soil hydric stress on plant and invertebrate functional diversity and community-weighted mean can be positive, negative or more complex depending on the taxonomic group and environmental gradient considered. The patterns can to some extent be explained by the specific characteristics of each group. Larger, poorly mobile species with narrow ecological tolerances were particularly vulnerable to changes in disturbance and stress regime following floodplain restoration. These species may therefore be lost in the initial phases of restoration projects, but other more characteristic species of dynamic floodplains will be favoured. Understanding the consequences of these contrasted responses for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning constitutes the next challenge for ecosystem restoration.

Published
2015

3. An unexpected role for mixotrophs in the response of peatland carbon cycling to climate warming

Author

Bertrand Fournier, Luca Bragazza, Stephan Hättenschwiler, Alexandre Buttler, Bjorn J. M. Robroek, Frédéric Delarue, Constant Signarbieux, Richard J. Payne, Daniel Gilbert, Edward A. D. Mitchell, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Enrique Lara, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Robert T. E. Mills, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Avalanche Research WSL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ( ENAC ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive ( CEFE ), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 ( UM3 ) -Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques ( Montpellier SupAgro ) -École pratique des hautes études ( EPHE ) -Institut national de la recherche agronomique [Montpellier] ( INRA Montpellier ) -Université de Montpellier ( UM ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement ( IRD [France-Sud] ) -Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier ( Montpellier SupAgro ), University of Ferrara [Ferrara], Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 ( ISTO ), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) ( BRGM ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de biodiversité du sol [Neuchâtel], Université de Neuchâtel, WSL Lausanne, WSL, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] ( CSGA ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel, Institute of Biology - Laboratory of Soil Biology, Manchester Metropolitan University ( MMU ), Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grant NN305077936),through the Swiss Contribution to the enlarged European Union (Climpeat project, PSPB-013/2010).Russian Scientific Fund (Grant 14-14-00891)., ANR-07-VULN-0010,PEATWARM,Impact du réchauffement climatique sur la focntion de puits de carbone de l'ecosysteme tourbières à sphaignes. ( 2007 ), Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU), ANR-07-VULN-0010,PEATWARM,Impact du réchauffement climatique sur la focntion de puits de carbone de l'ecosysteme tourbières à sphaignes.(2007), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UM3)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Università degli Studi di Ferrara = University of Ferrara (UniFE), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate Change, 01 natural sciences, Sphagnum, Article, Decomposer, Carbon Cycle, Carbon cycle, 03 medical and health sciences, Sphagnopsida, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Ecosystem, Biomass, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, 0303 health sciences, Biomass (ecology), Multidisciplinary, Bacteria, Phototroph, biology, Ecology, Fungi, Ambientale, Carbon Dioxide, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Carbon, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 13. Climate action, Energy Metabolism, Microcosm, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract

International audience; Mixotrophic protists are increasingly recognized for their significant contribution to carbon (C) cycling. As phototrophs they contribute to photosynthetic C fixation, whilst as predators of decomposers, they indirectly influence organic matter decomposition. Despite these direct and indirect effects on the C cycle, little is known about the responses of peatland mixotrophs to climate change and the potential consequences for the peatland C cycle. With a combination of field and microcosm experiments, we show that mixotrophs in the Sphagnum bryosphere play an important role in modulating peatland C cycle responses to experimental warming. We found that five years of consecutive summer warming with peaks of �2 to +8°C led to a 50% reduction in the biomass of the dominant mixotrophs, the mixotrophic testate amoebae (MTA). The biomass of other microbial groups (including decomposers) did not change, suggesting MTA to be particularly sensitive to temperature. In a microcosm experiment under controlled conditions, we then manipulated the abundance of MTA, and showed that the reported 50% reduction of MTA biomass in the field was linked to a significant reduction of net C uptake (-13%) of the entire Sphagnum bryosphere. Our findings suggest that reduced abundance of MTA with climate warming could lead to reduced peatland C fixation. The vast majority of the Earth's organisms meet their requirements for carbon (C) and energy either by utilising light to assimilate CO 2 through photosynthesis (autotrophy), or by the uptake of organic C compounds (heterotrophy). However, some organisms have the potential to combine auto-and heterotrophic C uptake, a strategy termed 'mixotrophy'

Published
2015

4. Distribution of endosymbiotic reproductive manipulators reflects invasion process and not reproductive system polymorphism in the little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata

Author

Arnaud Estoup, Alexandre Aebi, Benoit Facon, Olivier Rey, Olivier Duron, Fabrice Vavre, Anne Loiseau, Julien Foucaud, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR CBGP), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Laboratoire de biodiversité du sol [Neuchâtel], Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR ISEM), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), An algorithmic view on genomes, cells, and environments (BAMBOO), Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Génétique et évolution des interactions hôtes-parasites, Département génétique, interactions et évolution des génomes [LBBE] (GINSENG), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), French Ministere de l'Ecologie et du Developpement Durable (ECOTROP programme), French Agropolis foundation (RTRA- Montpellier, BIOFIS project) [1001-001], Centre de biologie et de gestion des populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR226-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université de Montpellier (UM), and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)

Subjects
Male, 0106 biological sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], plant - insect relationship, lcsh:Medicine, polymorphisme, Animal Phylogenetics, 01 natural sciences, polymorphism, Genotype, population dynamics, Reproductive system, lcsh:Science, Phylogeny, Animal biology, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Ecology, biology, Reproduction, Biologie du développement, Development Biology, Bacterial Pathogens, Agricultural sciences, Host-Pathogen Interaction, dynamique des populations, parasite, Female, Wolbachia, système reproducteur, Research Article, Fire ant, Molecular Sequence Data, Zoology, Wasmannia, Microbiology, 010603 evolutionary biology, relation plante-insecte, 03 medical and health sciences, Phylogenetics, Biologie animale, Genetics, Animals, espèce invasive, Symbiosis, Evolutionary dynamics, endosymbionte, Biology, 030304 developmental biology, Evolutionary Biology, Population Biology, Ants, lcsh:R, wasmannia auropunctata, Parthenogenesis, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, biology.organism_classification, reproduction endosymbiotique, Genes, Bacterial, bacteria, lcsh:Q, Population Ecology, Entomology, Population Genetics, Sciences agricoles, Multilocus Sequence Typing
Abstract

Endosymbiotic reproductive manipulators may have drastic effects on the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of their hosts. The prevalence of these endosymbionts reflects both their ability to manipulate their hosts and the history of the host populations. The little fire ant Wasmannia auropunctata displays a polymorphism in both its reproductive system (sexual versus clonal populations) and the invasive status of its populations (associated to a habitat shift). We first screened for the presence of a diverse array of reproductive parasites in sexual and clonal populations of W. auropunctata, as a means to investigate the role of endosymbionts in reproductive phenotypes. Wolbachia was the only symbiont found and we then focused on its worldwide distribution and diversity in natural populations of W. auropunctata. Using a multilocus scheme, we further characterized the Wolbachia strains present in these populations. We found that almost all the native sexual populations and only a few clonal populations are infected by Wolbachia. The presence of similar Wolbachia strains in both sexual and clonal populations indicates that they are probably not the cause of the reproductive system polymorphism. The observed pattern seems rather associated to the invasion process of W. auropunctata. In particular, the observed loss of Wolbachia in clonal populations, that recurrently emerged from sexual populations, likely resulted from natural heat treatment and/or relaxed selection during the shift in habitat associated to the invasion process.

Published
2013

5. Fine-scale horizontal and vertical micro-distribution patterns of testate amoebae along a narrow Fen/Bog gradient

Author

Philippe Binet, Edward A. D. Mitchell, Daniel Gilbert, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Geneviève Chiapusio, Marie-Laure Toussaint, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire de biodiversité du sol [Neuchâtel], Université de Neuchâtel, Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), and Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Peat, Water table, Population Dynamics, Soil Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sphagnum, [ SDV.EE ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Phenols, Sphagnopsida, Testate amoebae, Amoeba, Bog, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Temperature, Water, Biodiversity, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Sphagnum fallax, 13. Climate action, Wetlands, Paleoecology, Poor fen, France
Abstract

The ecology of peatland testate amoebae is well studied along broad gradient from very wet (pool) to dry (hummock) micro-sites where testate amoebae are often found to respond primarily to the depth to water table (DWT). Much less is known on their responses to finer-scale gradients, and nothing is known of their possible response to phenolic compounds, which play a key role in carbon storage in peatlands. We studied the vertical (0–3, 3–6, and 6–9 cm sampling depths) micro-distribution patterns of testate amoebae in the same microhabitat (Sphagnum fallax lawn) along a narrow ecological gradient between a poor fen with an almost flat and homogeneous Sphagnum carpet (fen) and a “young bog” (bog) with more marked micro-topography and mosaic of poor fen and bog vegetation. We analyzed the relationships between the testate amoeba data and three sets of variables (1) “chemical” (pH, Eh potential, and conductivity), (2) “physical” (water temperature, altitude, i.e., Sphagnum mat micro-topography, and DWT), and (3) phenolic compounds in/from Sphagnum (water-soluble and primarily bound phenolics) as well as the habitat (fen/bog) and the sampling depth. Testate amoeba Shannon H′ diversity, equitability J of communities, and total density peaked in lower parts of Sphagnum, but the patterns differed between the fen and bog micro-sites. Redundancy analyses revealed that testate amoeba communities differed significantly in relation to Eh, conductivity, water temperature, altitude, water-soluble phenolics, habitat, and sampling depth, but not to DWT, pH, or primarily bound phenolics. The sensitivity of testate amoebae to weak environmental gradients makes them particularly good integrators of micro-environmental variations and has implications for their use in paleoecology and environmental monitoring. The correlation between testate amoeba communities and the concentration of water-soluble phenolic suggests direct (e.g., physiological) and/or indirect (e.g., through impact on prey organisms) effects on testate amoebae, which requires further research.

Published
2011

6. Functional traits as a new approach for interpreting testate amoeba palaeo-records in peatlands and assessing the causes and consequences of past changes in species composition

Author

Vincent E. J. Jassey, Bertrand Fournier, Enrique Lara, Edward A. D. Mitchell, Laboratoire de biodiversité du sol [Neuchâtel], Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Institute of Biology - Laboratory of Soil Biology, and Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Assembly rules, Archeology, Peat, community-weighted mean of traits (CWM), [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Biology, microbial ecology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 03 medical and health sciences, Limiting similarity, Ecosystem, Testate amoebae, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Earth-Surface Processes, Abiotic component, 0303 health sciences, Global and Planetary Change, Subfossil, Ecology, Community structure, Paleontology, 15. Life on land, palaeoecology, long-term changes, trait-based approach, transfer function, sense organs, protist
Abstract

Subfossil remains of various groups of organisms preserved in peat and sediment archives are commonly used to infer past environmental changes using transfer functions based on species composition. However, the changes in community structure can also be explored using the functional trait approach. Investigation of functional traits in palaeoecological records can inform about the mechanisms through which abiotic variables such as temperature or moisture impact communities. Moreover, changes in functional traits provide information about changes in ecosystem functioning and can potentially lead to the reconstruction of past processes at the ecosystem scale. Here, we use five key functional traits of arcellinid testate amoebae (TAs), a group of protozoa that are key actors in the microbial foodwebs in peatlands. We apply this approach to the subfossil TA Holocene record of four geographically independent peatlands from Alaska, Switzerland, Poland and Russia. We found that species with larger shells were frequently eliminated from the communities most likely as a result of a switch towards drier conditions. However, when conditions were wetter, species with large shells and species with small shells could coexist because they differed in their trophic niche (i.e. preys). Our results show direct but site-specific links between TA trait data and the depth to water table and pH data inferred from TA species composition. This suggests that past environmental changes influenced both species composition and community function in these ecosystems. Overall, this study demonstrates that species- and trait-based approaches yield complementary information on past environmental changes. For instance, while taxonomic approaches reveal the changes in community composition over time, investigation of traits informs both on the causes and the consequences of these changes on ecosystem functioning.

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