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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes the potentially life‐threatening and chronic disease called acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The main target of this viral disease is to suppress the immune system and make the body unresponsive to external stimuli. According to global health observatory data since epidemic, more than 78 million people were affected by HIV and 39 million people died globally. Until 2017, 36.5 million people were living with HIV. An estimated 0.8% (0.6%–0.9%) of adults aged 15–49 years worldwide is living with HIV. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the African region remains most severely affected, with nearly one in every 25 adults (4.1%) living with HIV and accounting for nearly two‐thirds of the people living with HIV worldwide. WHO reported that globally only 21.7 million (19.1 million–22.6 million) people have had access to antiretroviral therapy up to 2017. Currently, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is available for the control of HIV but has serious associated side effects such as lipodystrophy. Because of the limitations, associated with ART, researchers throughout the world are trying to explore and develop more reliable and safe drugs from natural resources to manage HIV infection. A wide range of medicinal plants have been studied and have reported significant potential against HIV. Plants like Rheum palmatum L., Rheum officinale, Trigonostem axyphophylloides, Vatica astrotricha, Vernonia amygdalina, Hypoxias pelargonium, Sidoides hemerocallidea and Sutherlandia frutescens etc. have high efficacy to cure HIV. The exact mechanism of action is still not known but various phytoconstituents isolated from medicinal plants such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, tannins, proteins and coumarins have the potential to interrupt the life cycle of HIV as well as act as immunomodulators to enhance the immune system of infected patients with no well reported side effects. It could be concluded that medicinal plants have potential for the management of HIV/AIDS but more studies are needed to reveal rigorous efficacy and safety concerns by conducting clinical trials at vast level to explore therapeutic impact of medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pervasive sleep disorder named insomnia has been increasingly recognized as a major factor leading comorbidity in individuals suffering with mental health problems. The review article demonstrated the cause and impact of insomnia through literature on individuals who are already struggling with mental health issues. After a thorough database research, Studies evaluating the prevalence rates of insomnia across different mental health illnesses, such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder, were found. In addition to this, review article examines the duality of insomnia and mental health. It explains how insomnia worsens psychiatric symptoms while also exacerbating them. It also discusses how untreated insomnia can affect the development and prognosis of psychiatric disorders, as well as how treatment strategies can address both sleep disorders and psychiatric symptoms. Finally, it explores potential mechanisms that may be at play between insomnia and psychiatric disorders, including dysregulation of neurotransmitters, hypothalamic, pituitary, and adrenal functions, as well as cognitive and emotional processes. By understanding the complex relationship between insomnia and psychological health, holistic interventions can be developed that address both sleep disturbance and psychiatric symptoms, leading to improved well-being and overall quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cichoriumintybus L., often known as chicory, is a Mediterranean plant species that is a member of the Asteraceae family. It has been known to have therapeutic benefits for a very long time. C. intybus is unique among the six species of Cichorium that are grown in Europe and Asia because of its wide range of uses in conventional medicine. The plant has been used in many traditional medical systems, especially in India, where it has been used to treat a wide range of illnesses, from diabetes to wounds. Chicory contains a wide range of phytoconstituents, including cellulose, proteins, sugar, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, fatty acids, cholins, benzo-isochromenes, alkaloids, vitamins, and minerals. The diverse ranges of therapeutic benefits associated with C. intybus are partly ascribed to this phytochemical composition. The pharmacological actions of chicory, which have been demonstrated to range from hepatoprotective to anti-inflammatory, demonstrate the plant's versatility and its potential to treat a variety of illnesses. This article offers a thorough investigation of C. intybus L.'s phytochemistry and pharmacological applications. This review attempts to be a useful resource for researchers, medical professionals, and practitioners interested in using Cichoriumintybus's medicinal properties for improving human health by compiling the body of knowledge on the botanical and chemical aspects of chicory as well as its therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with learning disabilities (LDs) sometimes struggle with mental health concerns, which can make it difficult for them to live happy lives. The purpose of this study is to investigate the various therapies and reasonable adaptations that can be done to assist people with learning disabilities and mental health issues. Individuals with learning disabilities and mental health issues frequently encounter considerable barriers to adequate care and assistance owing to a variety of physical, cognitive, and emotional impairments. The study opens by underlining the prevalence of learning disabilities and mental health disorders in the population, as well as the difficulties that people with these conditions confront. It then looks at the many interventions and reasonable adaptations that can be done in various settings, such as healthcare, education, and employment, to help individuals with learning disabilities and mental health issues. Environmental modifications, such as creating sensoryfriendly environments, communication adjustments, such as utilizing plain language and visual aids, and psychological interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and social skills training, are among the interventions available. The study also emphasizes the significance of including people with learning disabilities and mental health issues in decision-making and planning, as well as the need for a person-centered approach to care. This study intends to contribute to the development of more effective and inclusive ways to care and support for this group by analyzing the many interventions and reasonable changes that can be made to support people with learning disabilities and mental health concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants with their ingredients, extract, seeds, oils and fruit are gradually used in the treatment of many diseases. Inflammation is a pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytological and chemical reactions. The medicinal plants reduce inflammation by blocking the inflammatory process, blocking the arachidonic acid metabolism, blocking enzymes, and blocking the inflammatory cells. Curcuma long, Zingiber officinale, Rosa canina, cassia fistula, salvia officinale, Borago officinale, Rosmarinus officinale, evening primrose, Ribesnigrum, Oleaeuropea, Herpagophytum, Elaeagnusangustifolia are some plants discussed in this study with their anti-inflammatory mechanism. Since the treatment of inflammation is not a single configuration relief, in this review article we tried to introduce to approach multidimensional medicinal access to treat inflammation, with the help of anti-inflammatory plants and by modification our life style by exercise and diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Millions of people around the world suffer from gout, a form of arthritis characterized by excruciating inflammation brought on by the build-up of uric acid crystals in the joints. Pharmaceutical interventions are frequently used in traditional therapy methods to control symptoms and lower uric acid levels. However, the use of herbal remedies as supplemental or alternative gout treatments is growing in popularity. It is well recognized that medicinal plants contain bioactive substances with anti-inflammatory characteristics, which may help to reduce the pain and inflammation associated with gout. These plants have long played a significant role in traditional medical systems around the world. Recent research projects have produced encouraging findings that support the potential effectiveness of herbal treatments in preventing acute gout attacks and treating the ailment while it is in remission. In order to highlight their potential to increase therapeutic options and reduce adverse effects associated with pharmaceuticals in the management of gout, this review examines the historical use and mechanisms of action of medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural sweetener honey has been valued for generations for its delectable flavor and therapeutic benefits. This mini-review examines the various medicinal advantages of the bioactive substances present in honey. Although sugars are the main component of honey, it also contains a variety of secondary metabolites, including phenolic chemicals, flavonoids, enzymes, and peptides. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and wound-healing effects of honey are a result of these bioactive substances. Traditional medicine has used honey to cure a variety of illnesses, and modern scientific investigations have offered strong evidence in favor of honey's therapeutic potential. In order to highlight honey's promising potential as a natural medicine, this article provides an overview of the present level of knowledge on its bioactive chemicals and their applications in human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory disorders and auto-inflammatory diseases are multifaceted ailments marked by dysregulated immune responses and chronic inflammation. Understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders and creating successful treatment techniques are major areas of research and clinical interest. This review article gives an updated summary of the pathophysiology of inflammatory illnesses and auto-inflammatory diseases, as well as current therapeutic techniques. These diseases are caused by a complex interaction of genetic predisposition, environmental stimuli, and immune system dysregulation. Abnormal cytokine signaling, immune cell malfunction, and tissue damage induced by chronic inflammation are all important mechanisms. Insights into the pathogenic processes that underpin disease have paved the way for the development of specific treatment approaches. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, biologic therapy, targeted therapies, and immunomodulatory therapies are all used to treat inflammatory disorders and auto-inflammatory diseases. Traditional treatments alleviate symptoms, whereas newer biologic and targeted medications selectively target immune system components to control the inflammatory response. Immunomodulatory medicines attempt to rebalance the immune system and control abnormal immunological activity. This review focuses on the most recent developments in treatment techniques, such as the use of biologics that target specific cytokines and cellular pathways, as well as targeted therapies that target key molecular targets implicated in inflammation and autoimmune. Furthermore, the ability of immunomodulatory medicines to modify immune response is explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor dental health has an impact on the general population's quality of life and everyday functioning, particularly in people with mental health conditions. Because of the huge burden of oral healthassociated quality of life in patients with mental health issues, nurses must understand how they can assist patients at an early stage. The purpose of this review was to discover and evaluate oral health interventions in patients suffering from mental illness. The study incorporates existing literature from a variety of sources, including research articles, therapeutic guidelines, and professional publications. It investigates the difficulties that individuals with mental health issues encounter in maintaining oral hygiene, as well as the consequences for their overall health and well-being. It also looks into the current research on the efficacy of oral hygiene therapies delivered by nurses in this setting. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the significance of addressing oral health issues in this vulnerable group, as well as the critical role that nurses may play in promoting and implementing dental hygiene programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retinal blood vessels have become promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis and evaluation of systemic disorders, including myocardial infarction (heart disease) and cerebrovascular diseases. With an emphasis on current developments in retinal imaging techniques and their importance in identifying early vascular changes connected to both diseases, this review article explores the relationship between retinal blood vessels and these two significant systemic ailments. The benefits and drawbacks of several non-invasive imaging techniques for documenting retinal vascular changes, such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), are discussed. The study examines a variety of information that connects myocardial infarction risk, occurrence, and development to retinal vessel characteristics like calibre, tortuosity, and branching patterns. The underlying processes that might connect retinal vascular alterations to these systemic diseases are also perhaps investigated. In addition, common risk factors and systemic diseases that affect both the retinal and systemic vasculature are described as shared pathophysiological pathways. The promise of retinal vessel analysis as a non-invasive method for risk assessment, diagnosis, and monitoring of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular illnesses is highlighted by these findings. Retinal vascular analysis has the potential for improved patient outcomes through prompt interventions because of its affordability, accessibility, and non-invasive nature. To fully realize the clinical potential of this strategy, a number of issues, such as the standardization of imaging methods and the requirement for extensive longitudinal investigations, must be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare delivery, management, and optimization have undergone a radical change as a result of the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) into the sector. This review article examines the diverse effects of AI in healthcare, encompassing a wide range of applications from administrative and operational improvements to support for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The analysis goes into the most recent developments in AI technologies, including computer vision, natural language processing, and machine learning, and how they might change the face of healthcare. We also discuss the ethical and legal issues raised by the expansion of AI in healthcare and provide predictions for the future. The enormous potential for AI to revolutionize healthcare is highlighted in this review, but it also stresses the need for responsible and ethical deployment to guarantee the greatest results for patients and healthcare systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The well-known medicinal plant milk thistle (Silybummarianum) has a long history of traditional use, and a growing body of scientific study is demonstrating its therapeutic potential. In-depth information about milk thistle's phytochemistry, pharmacology, and customary usage is provided in this review article. We explore the numerous phytochemicals present in milk thistle with a focus on silymarin, which is thought to be the main bioactive component. Examining milk thistle's pharmacological attributes entails learning about its hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. We also go into the traditional and mainstream applications of milk thistle, such as detoxification, liver problems, and dietary supplements. We also highlight recent developments in the realm of complementary and alternative medicine as well as potential future uses for milk thistle. The goal of this review is to present a thorough and current understanding of milk thistle, making it a useful tool for researchers, medical experts, and those curious about the possible health advantages of this remarkable botanical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agonising disorder known as dysmenorrhea, which is characterized by painful menstruation, affects women all over the world. Due to their apparent efficacy and lack of side effects, traditional and herbal treatments for the management of dysmenorrhea have attracted increasing interest in recent years. The goal of this review is to offer a thorough examination of the most recent scientific research on the use of herbal remedies for the treatment of dysmenorrhea. We thoroughly investigate a wide range of medicinal plants, their active ingredients, their modes of action, and the clinical data demonstrating their effectiveness. This review emphasises the potential of medicinal plants as alternative or complementary options for the management of dysmenorrhea through an in-depth examination of botanical interventions. The dearth of comprehensive clinical trials and disparities in study design, however, highlight the need for more investigation into the safety and effectiveness of these therapies. This study provides a helpful resource for healthcare professionals, researchers, and individuals looking for alternative methods to lessen the burden of dysmenorrhea by highlighting the knowledge gaps now in existence and providing insights into prospective future research areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms have long been linked to celiac disease, a complex autoimmune illness brought on by gluten consumption. A growing corpus of research, however, indicates that a sizable fraction of those who have celiac disease can experience mild or even no symptoms at all. The article investigates the mysterious idea of "Celiac Disease with No Symptoms," illuminating its prevalence, diagnostic difficulties, and clinical ramifications. We look at the potential long-term effects of untreated silent celiac disease as well as its potential public health implications. With an emphasis on the significance of early detection and intervention to lessen the pernicious effects of this frequently elusive disorder, this review highlights the need for increased awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes and cancer are two complicated and common diseases that have received a lot of attention in the fields of medical and public health. The goal of this in-depth review article is to offer a full analysis of the complex connection between cancer and diabetes. The review starts out by exploring the epidemiological data connecting these two illnesses, underlining the elevated risk of cancer among those with diabetes. The various underlying mechanisms are then explored, including hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, persistent inflammation, and common risk factors including obesity. This article additionally explores how managing diabetes affects cancer outcomes and vice versa. It highlights the value of interdisciplinary care approaches and clarifies the difficulties faced by those who deal with both disorders. The review also emphasizes recent advances in the field, such as the use of antidiabetic drugs in the treatment and prevention of cancer, as well as the possibility of precision medicine to personalize care for those who have both cancer and diabetes. This comprehensive review highlights the complex interactions between cancer and diabetes and stresses the necessity for a multidisciplinary approach to care, early detection, and management techniques that address both disorders simultaneously. For those who are impacted by these difficult co-morbidities, the changing landscape of research in this area offers promise for improved outcomes and a higher quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest in cupping is an emerging non-pharmacological option for treatment of pain. Cupping proved to be valuable treatment option for various illnesses including chronic pain. It is also named as prophetic medicine Cupping therapy, dry or wet cupping, have been used since ancient times in TCM owing to believe that it has more efficacy than pharmacological treatments. Cupping, Al-hijama, is also followed in many Arabic countries, named as prophetic medicine. Cupping work on mechanism of dilatation of vessels and increasing local blood circulation to cure various illnesses. Lower back pain is prevalent in our community due to stressed environment, physical work load as well as underlying serious medical conditions. Literature review was conducted to report the scientific data published on effects of wet cupping in lower back pain. Multiple search engines i.e. NCBI, Pub Med, Science Direct, Scopus, etc. were used for review of literature. We have prepared this review article to the best of our knowledge and available data to facilitate the readers to better know the therapeutic effects of cupping therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The climacteric syndrome, commonly known as menopause, is a normal stage of a woman's life that is characterised by numerous physiological and psychological changes. These modifications might cause symptoms like hot flashes, mood swings, cognitive impairments, and genitourinary issues, which can interfere with daily life. The search for efficient therapies has raised interest in natural medicines as women navigate this transitional phase, with vitamin E emerging as a leading contender. This mini review explores the intriguing connection between climacteric sickness and vitamin E in an effort to give readers a thorough evaluation of what is known at this time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sitting lifestyle and remote work habits increase risks of spine maladies. Among them, chronic lower back pain (CLBP) is an injury of the spine decreasing living levels by painful movement of affected people. In the research, we described recent achievements in diagnosis and investigation of reasons for CLBP and perturbations of the malady. The early stage can be stopped by proper active lifestyle proper regular exercising including swimming, yoga, and pilates. Blue labors and women are more sensitive to CLBP, thus systematic sports habits are necessary in those groups for prevention of CLBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since centuries ago, people have valued honey, a naturally sweet substance made by bees from the nectar of flowers, for its therapeutic and nutritional benefits. The objective of this review paper is to thoroughly analyze the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of honey. Honey's complex chemical make-up, which includes sugars, enzymes, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and minerals, contributes to its medicinal versatility. Honey has been used historically as a folk cure for a variety of illnesses, and both conventional and modern medicines have recognized its efficacy. The antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound-healing, and immune-modulatory properties of honey are discussed in this article, with an emphasis on how it can be used to treat illnesses like digestive problems, respiratory infections, skin wounds, and more. Honey's molecular interactions with biological pathways are being examined, offering light on the mechanisms behind honey's medicinal effects. A thorough comprehension of honey's pharmacological properties is essential for its incorporation into evidence-based medicine as interest in natural therapies rises. In order to effectively utilize the therapeutic potential of honey, more study is necessary to understand specific pathways, improve dose forms, and establish standardized protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High blood pressure, often known as hypertension, is a major cause of illness and mortality that is a global health concern. In-depth analysis of the global epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and therapy options for hypertension is provided in this review paper. The article provides a thorough knowledge of the complex nature of hypertension by synthesizing the most recent studies and data. The prevalence of hypertension is increasing globally, while there are significant regional and population-based variances. The complicated interplay between vascular dysfunction, neuro-hormonal control, and inflammation-related mechanisms, as well as genetic predisposition and environmental variables, all have a role in the etiology of hypertension. Age, obesity, sedentary behavior, salt consumption, and heredity are some of the risk factors that interact to enhance vulnerability to hypertension. Treatment methods range from pharmacological interventions to changes in lifestyle, emphasizing the value of customized management plans. Addressing the global burden of hypertension requires a comprehensive strategy that includes awareness-raising, early identification, and individualized therapeutic interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A broad category of malignancies that develop in the digestive system, gastrointestinal lymphomas include a variety of histological subtypes and clinical manifestations. Significant advancements have been achieved in the knowledge, diagnosis, and treatment of various lymphomas in recent years. This review article offers an overview of the most recent discoveries in the study of gastrointestinal lymphoma, with a particular focus on advancements in diagnostic plans. The article examines developments in histopathology and molecular classification, emphasizing their influence on the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. It also looks at how endoscopic and imaging techniques are advancing in their use for proper staging and early diagnosis of gastrointestinal lymphomas. This article provides a thorough update on the state-of-the-art in identifying and treating gastrointestinal lymphoma through the synthesis of recent literature and research findings, highlighting the possibility for better patient outcomes and increased quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was generally viewed as presenting a major danger to mankind owing to its uncertain, impending pandemic. This latest virus has high infectivity, death and latency. The virus's genetic (antigenic) structures are constantly changing, which makes developing a vaccine difficult. Many conventional drugs are being repositioned (i.e. repurposing) and used for prophylactic and therapeutic purposes, while several vaccine trials are underway. The results, on the other hand, were not very encouraging, and they frequently resulted in serious negative consequences. Safe alternative remedies are therefore required to reduce the severity and duration of acute disease and its complications. Traditional and complementary medicine combined with allopathic drugs, and Moroccan medicinal plant extract showed significant benefit in symptomatic SARS-COV-2 patients. Traditional medicine derived from Indian herbal plants has been used to treat human diseases in India since ancient times. It is widely available, inexpensive, and free of side effects. Antiinflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiviral bioactivities have been demonstrated for phytonutrients, flavonoids, phytomelatonin, and other compounds found in Indian herbal plants. We discuss some of the potential antiviral herbal plants in this review based on their history of use in treating COVID-19 or other viral infections. Given the advantages of these preparations, government agencies should be more interested in them and provide more funding. More experimental (basic, translational, and clinical) studies are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of these ingredients, either alone or in combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity has become a major cause of morbidity and mortality rates, posing an epidemic-level threat to world health. This review article explores the complex issues surrounding obesity with the goal of thoroughly illuminating its root causes, risk factors, and serious medical consequences. Through a multifaceted lens that includes genetic predisposition, environmental effects, and lifestyle factors, the etiology of obesity is investigated. This article also carefully covers the wide variety of dangers associated with obesity. These include complex psychological effects like depression, anxiety, and a lower quality of life in addition to physical health effects including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal issues. Additionally, a critical analysis of the financial costs associated with obesity is provided, emphasizing how it affects social productivity and healthcare systems. The effects of obesity on the body's many organ systems are examined, with a focus on how it encourages chronic inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and hormonal abnormalities. The review elaborates on adipose tissue as an active endocrine organ, explaining how it secretes cytokines and adipokines that cause systemic disturbances. The essay also explores the link between fat and cancer, neurological conditions, and problems with reproductive health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the wide range of therapeutic uses for glycosides generated from medicinal plants, recent years have seen a substantial increase in interest. These organic substances, which are identified by the presence of a sugar moiety connected to a non-sugar aglycone, display a variety of biological functions that have been exploited for therapeutic benefit. The therapeutic potential of glycosides derived from medicinal plants is thoroughly discussed in this review paper. We look at their functions in terms of cardiovascular, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and neurodegenerative illnesses. Discussions of the mechanisms underlying these compounds' bioactivity give information on how they interact with cellular targets and signalling networks. Additionally, the difficulties and possibilities related to glycoside extraction, isolation, and characterization are discussed. The potential for creating new and strong therapeutic interventions is underlined by the synergy between glycosides and other bioactive substances found in medicinal plants. Overall, this review highlights the significance of glycosides as promising drug development candidates and highlights the necessity of more study to fully realize their therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the multiple input and multiple output system (MIMO) is investigated to mitigate the inter-cell interference (ICI) in visible light communication (VLC). The interference due to light from neighbor cell deteriorates the channel capacity of the system. Therefore, a MIMO-based VLC system is employed to optimize the capacity especially in ICI areas of the room. In this paper, the capacity of 2 × 2 , 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 MIMO systems is investigated and compared with the single input and single output (SISO) channel capacity without interference. The channel capacity improves by increasing the order of MIMO array and it deteriorates due to ICI. However, the effects of ICI are more severe at higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) especially at high interference areas. Therefore, the order of MIMO array is investigated at different SNRs in interference regions to achieve the interference-free capacity system. Simulation and theoretical results show that ICI is considerably mitigated by using MIMO system. The high SNR 42, 47 and 51.7 dB is achieved in ICI for 2 × 2 , 3 × 3 and 4 × 4 MIMO system, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gum arabic also known as gum Acacia, Acacia Senegal and Arabic gum is a natural, edible, dietary fiber and polysaccharide consisting of an arabiono-galactan-protein complex. The term Arabic gum was proposed by European merchants. Two species of Acacia, Acacia seyal and Acacia Senegal are recommended to produce a gum. 80% gum is produced from Acacia Senegal which is widely distributed to Sudan, Africa, Japan, Nepal, and many other tropical and subtropic regions of the world. From ancient times, it has been used for many beneficial purposes. Anciently it was used to make mummies and in painting. Currently, it is widely used for food applications, clinical uses, and non-food applications. In food approaches, it is used as a flavoring agent, stabilizer, sweetener, and thickening agent. It is used for the formulation of ice creams, candies, jellies, soft drinks, beverages, desserts, and soup. In clinical uses, it is used due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-obesity, anti-diarrhea, immune-stimulant, analgesic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, renal protective, anticancerous, anti-ulcerative and for many other purposes due to diversity of potential. In non-food applications, it is used for the synthesis of syrups, tablets, lozenges, creams, lotions, paint, ink, glue, and ceramics. This review briefly covered the all area in which gum arabic is used widely due to its beneficial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An annual herb is known as "Fumitory," Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley (Fumariaceae), is a widespread weed in Pakistan's and India's plains. The plantis frequently employed in the Unani and Ayurvedic medical systems, both as a single herb and in different polyherbal preparations. It is helpful for aches, diarrhea, fever, influenza, liver issues, dyspepsia, constipation, vomiting, diuretic, anthelmintic, leukoderma, diaphoretic, blood purification, and for jaundice when combined with black pepper. It has several different chemical components, including carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, phytosterols, fixed oils, saponins, steroids, tannins, and more. According to research investigations, this plant has a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, analgesic, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibacterial, aphrodisiac, and therapeutic effects on biliary disorders and irritable bowel syndrome. This review focused on the chemical components and pharmacological properties of this plant, which may be useful in future molecular and phytochemical research for the development of medication formulations for the treatment of various ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Older people and patients with an underlying disorder are more susceptible to COVID-19 infection, which can be exacerbated by a cytokine storm or hypercytokinemia. Myocardial injury is the most serious and life-threatening complication may be a major cause of death as a result of infection with Covid 19. Studies have shown that patients who do not suffer from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) injury recover by a large percentage compared to those infected. Galectin-3 acting a significant pathophysiological role in inflammatory responses, atherosclerosis, and diabetes. The transcription factor NF-κB regulates inflammatory responses and expresses more than 400 genes associated with a variety of processes, including all biochemical and biophysical process. Thalidomide act as an immunomodulatory agent that, in combination with the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, strongly suppresses activated NF-κB. The combination improves the prognosis of COVID-19 patients with myocardial injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with severe Covid-19 infection exacerbate their symptoms with IPF, more severe in various disorders as hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, smoking intoxication, heart diseases finally resulting in respiratory failure and death. Underlying disorders are linked to gut microbiota especially to dysbiosis. An innate immune response is caused by environmental stimuli such as viral infection and smoking, and inflammation is triggered by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation drives angiogenesis in the process of development of inflammation with overproduction of cytokines and growth factors. Pathogens, proinflammatory cytokines, and growth factors plays a central role in carcinogenesis between epithelial cells, myofibroblasts through NF-κB. Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts such as the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and lead beneficial effects against harmful microbes such as F. nucleatum in the gut that induce underlying diseases. Among the factors that have an effective role in the process of carcinogenesis is NF-κB, as it works on the rapid response to pathogenic stress, inflammation, angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. The suppression of unregulated or activated NF-κB is able to be the chemotherapeutic target with NF-κB inhibitors such as thalidomide and celecoxib. Especially patients with underlying diseases who experience COVID-19 infection-induced pulmonary fibrosis after several years or more might be predicted to have a higher probability of developing NSCLC, if not with proper follow-up and treatment with symbiosis and small molecular NF-κB inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In some cases brain metastases arise from non-small cell lung cancer, and chemotherapy has been used for long periods in the treatment of these cases, but its effectiveness has not been proven due to its weak effect in addition to its deadly toxic properties. Therefore, there was a need to search for appropriate therapeutic means for these cases, so work was done on vascular endothelial growth factor, which has an important role in the development of the disease. Where it was used against those blood vessels, either alone or combined with drugs toxic to cancer cells. One of the most important enzymes that play an important role in the formation of brain edema is cyclooxygenase (COX) -2, through its role in the production of PGE2 production. Therefore, COX-2 inhibitors are used in the treatment of brain tumors. In this report, a case will be presented of a patient with lung cancer, in addition to having brain metastases, who was treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Gemcitabine, thalidomide, and celceoxib were added to the treatment protocol and by examining the patient it was found that he had completely recovered from brain metastases. Therefore, this protocol is recommended in the treatment of these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuberculosis remains a global health challenge with millions of individuals affected and significant morbidity and mortality rates. Great variety of treatments provide by health care system. In ancient times this disease affects a large number of population but within the time by making great research and by making advancement in its medication, treatment, diagnosis, and by doing some preventive measurements now we are able to control this disease. Now a day there is great inventions in its herbal, allopathic and other treatments. Data were constructed; issues were reviewed to illustrate the effects of these on the outcome and correlate on the reduction in the burden of disease across different population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In alternative medicine, Saw palmetto is used in the treatment of many diseases, as it is effective in treating urinary system diseases through anti-androgen effects and effects on involuntary receptors in the lower urinary tract, in addition to being used in the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and cancer Prostatitis, chronic prostatitis (CP) and erectile dysfunction (ED). Scientific research has proven that Saw palmetto is considered a herbal remedy because it contains 3 phytosterols, 14 fatty acids, and SRM3251 contains 3 phytosterols, 17 fatty acids, β-carotene, and γ-tocopherol. It also played an important role as an anti-androgen as 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is converted from testosterone by the action of 5a-reductase, and this helps in the development of male sexual characteristics, transcription of androgen-regulating genes, prostate enlargement. Also, it affects on enzymes and chemokines that effect on the inflammatory process. Saw palmetto is used in the treatment of Chronic Prostatitis (CP) and Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CPPS). In this review, the phytochemical content of Saw palmetto will be highlighted and the pharmacological effect on male hormones, urinary system diseases and infections will be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Healthcare service delivery is fundamentally difficult since it involves nuanced interactions between many different parties, cutting-edge technology, and complex clinical procedures. The vital necessity of patient safety and the reduction of potential dangers are becoming more and more obvious as the healthcare landscape changes. In order to promote a culture of safety within the realm of healthcare and nursing, this review paper critically analyses the function of risk management. In this comprehensive review, we examine the various facets of risk management and how critical it is to patient care. With a focus on patient-centeredness and on-going quality improvement, the transformation of healthcare systems from fragmented and episodic treatment models to integrated and preventative paradigms is the main objective of present study. Given their frontline presence and crucial role in patient care, the review clarifies the essential role of nursing professionals in risk management. It looks at how nurses' roles have evolved to include clinical practice, drug administration, infection control, and communication in detecting, assessing, and managing risks. The paper also emphasizes the need of interdisciplinary cooperation by demonstrating how effective risk management transcends conventional barriers and necessitates a group commitment to patient safety. Ultimately, the delivery of high-quality care is the cornerstone of the environment that healthcare organizations and nursing professionals may jointly establish by adopting a proactive approach to risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of disease management has undergone a revolution because to nanotechnology, which has created new instruments and unique tactics for focused therapies. The various roles that nanoparticles play in the treatment of diseases are thoroughly examined in this review paper. Nanoparticles have special physicochemical characteristics that make them useful platforms for therapeutic treatments, imaging, and drug administration. This study emphasises the uses of nanoparticles in diverse illness contexts, such as cancer, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular ailments, through a methodical consideration of current developments. The research paper also explores challenges associated with nanoparticle-based medicines, including potential toxicity and regulatory barriers. This review contributes to the understanding of how nanoparticles can change the healthcare landscape by offering insights into the current status of nanoparticle research and its possible implications for future disease management techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants play a major role in the development of human cultures. Medicinal plants are a rich source of phytochemical compounds, which have proven therapeutic efficacy throughout the ages. The therapeutic efficacy is attributed to those secondary biologically active compounds. Plants have provided the human being with all his needs of food, drink, and clothing. In addition they are an important source for the treatment of many diseases being the basis of the science of alternative medicine, In recent times, the area cultivated for these medicinal plants has increased, and scientific research has tended to study the effectiveness of these plants in treating many diseases. Most plants have an effective effect as an antioxidant, anti-hyperlipidemia, hypoglycemic, antihypertensive as well as for cardiovascular diseases and strokes. The study aims to provide important data on the extent to which some medicinal plants are used in the treatment of various diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The study makes a specialty of analyses between risk factors and dengue fever occurrence in a particular vicinity of Pakistan area. Specifically, it makes a specialty of the Faisalabad, where the governmental businesses offer enormously enough quantity of information. Methods: First, preferred complex of Neglected Tropical Diseases with recognition on dengue fever is added. Its transmission and influencing elements are exact. Then, cutting-edge strategies of dengue occurrence and threat factors dating modelling are reviewed. Furthermore, statistical processing of available statistics is carried out, in particular, in phrases of special evaluation of the relationship between climatic elements and dengue incidence inside Faisalabad. Results: Based on the obtained results, a mathematical version describing the connection between dengue, cumulative precipitation, and imply temperature on local and weekly basis is created. Model estimation is finished with generalized linear regression by making use of bad binomial distribution. Conclusion: With the model, the dengue occurrence dependency on selected hazard factors was proven. Concurrently, universal complexity of the disease development and transmission turned into tested through the version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Eclipta alba is a seasonal medicinal plant native to Pakistan and it is vastly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions, having multi-branched white flowers. Almost all parts of E. alba are being used in the treatment of various ailments due to the presence of wide range of phytochemical constituents. Therefore, this review article has been written to compile the therapeutic applications of said medicinal herb. Material and Methods: Selective reference material was selected using different search engines like PubMed, NCBI, Google Scholar, Science direct etc.by putting Keywords including E. alba, its medicinal uses, nutritional benefits of E. alba, diseases, and E. alba etc. Results: Researches revealed that traditionally E. alba is well known to cure several diseases like hair growth disorders, efficacious hyperglycemic activity through inhibition of alpha-glucosidase and aldose reductase as well as by stimulating insulin secretion. Obesity is considered as the mother of disease, and many health problems occurs because of obesity, so by its lipid-lowering activity, it lowers all types of fat. Mosquitoes as vectors cause serious human diseases like malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya have become major causes of mortality and morbidity among people. E. alba has insecticidal, larvicidal and ovicidal activity to control the mosquitoes borne diseases. Liver ailments such as liver enlargement, hepatitis,+ and cirrhosis of liver have been a major issue for public issue. Wedelolactone, the chemical constituent of E. alba is very potent in liver ailment and due to its anti-viral activity, it can kill the virus responsible for hepatitis and other viruses as well. E. alba has efficacious antiinflammatory activity, because of anti-oxidant constituents present in this herb. A very important role of this herbal plant is in hair growth promotion activity, so it has major value to treat hair problems such as alopecia, thinning of hair and hair color problems. It activates the hair follicles and enhances the hairs growth. It also has anti-hemorrhagic, antibiotic, antiseptic, anti-microbial activity and has very in snake bite scorpion sting. Conclusion: Although, E. alba has several health-related benefits, but still more research is under consideration in scientific community related to its phytochemical constituents and mechanism of actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study analyzed the relation between controversial religious topic and intolerance and the other variable is coverage of taboos and intolerance too. The research implied a quantitative in nature. For the quantitative research, questionnaire was prepared and sent to the individuals, which yielded 130 responses across the country. The finding revealed indicated that the religious intolerance among the masses and various interest groups, priorities of the state or the changing global political scenario, lack of democracy in which diverse opinions are not welcomed at all. It has been found that there is a relation between extensive coverage of religious topics and intolerance among masses of Pakistan is statistically significant i.e .005* (Chi Square, 136.23). There is also a relation between coverage of taboos topics and intolerance among masses of Pakistan that is statistically significant i.e .005* (Chi Square, 124.73). Hence, the hypothesis is validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]