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42 results on '"Landhuis, David"'

1. Visualizing Dynamics of Charges and Strings in (2+1)D Lattice Gauge Theories

Author: Cochran, Tyler A., Jobst, Bernhard, Rosenberg, Eliott, Lensky, Yuri D., Gyawali, Gaurav, Eassa, Norhan, Will, Melissa, Abanin, Dmitry, Acharya, Rajeev, Beni, Laleh Aghababaie, Andersen, Trond I., Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Ballard, Brian, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Broughton, Michael, Browne, David A., Buchea, Brett, Buckley, Bob B., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Cabrera, Anthony, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Claes, Jahan, Cleland, Agnetta Y., Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Das, Sayan, Demura, Sean, De Lorenzo, Laura, Di Paolo, Agustin, Donohoe, Paul, Drozdov, Ilya, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eickbusch, Alec, Elbag, Aviv Moshe, Elzouka, Mahmoud, Erickson, Catherine, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Ganjam, Suhas, Gasca, Robert, Genois, Élie, Giang, William, Gilboa, Dar, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Graumann, Dietrich, Greene, Alex, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Higgott, Oscar, Hilton, Jeremy, Huang, Hsin-Yuan, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Joshi, Chaitali, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kang, Hui, Karamlou, Amir H., Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khaire, Trupti, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Kobrin, Bryce, Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Kurilovich, Vladislav D., Landhuis, David, Lange-Dei, Tiano, Langley, Brandon W., Lau, Kim-Ming, Ledford, Justin, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Guevel, Loïck Le, Li, Wing Yan, Lill, Alexander T., Livingston, William P., Locharla, Aditya, Lundahl, Daniel, Lunt, Aaron, Madhuk, Sid, Maloney, Ashley, Mandrà, Salvatore, Martin, Leigh S., Martin, Orion, Maxfield, Cameron, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Meeks, Seneca, Megrant, Anthony, Miao, Kevin C., Molavi, Reza, Molina, Sebastian, Montazeri, Shirin, Movassagh, Ramis, Neill, Charles, Newman, Michael, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Ni, Chia-Hung, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Oliver, William D., Ottosson, Kristoffer, Pizzuto, Alex, Potter, Rebecca, Pritchard, Orion, Quintana, Chris, Ramachandran, Ganesh, Reagor, Matthew J., Rhodes, David M., Roberts, Gabrielle, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Sivak, Volodymyr, Small, Spencer, Smith, W. Clarke, Springer, Sofia, Sterling, George, Suchard, Jordan, Szasz, Aaron, Sztein, Alex, Thor, Douglas, Torunbalci, M. Mert, Vaishnav, Abeer, Vargas, Justin, Vdovichev, Sergey, Vidal, Guifre, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, Waltman, Steven, Wang, Shannon X., Ware, Brayden, White, Theodore, Wong, Kristi, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Ying, Bicheng, Yoo, Juhwan, Yosri, Noureldin, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobris, Nicholas, Boixo, Sergio, Kelly, Julian, Lucero, Erik, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Neven, Hartmut, Gammon-Smith, Adam, Pollmann, Frank, Knap, Michael, and Roushan, Pedram
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, High Energy Physics - Lattice
Abstract: Lattice gauge theories (LGTs) can be employed to understand a wide range of phenomena, from elementary particle scattering in high-energy physics to effective descriptions of many-body interactions in materials. Studying dynamical properties of emergent phases can be challenging as it requires solving many-body problems that are generally beyond perturbative limits. We investigate the dynamics of local excitations in a $\mathbb{Z}_2$ LGT using a two-dimensional lattice of superconducting qubits. We first construct a simple variational circuit which prepares low-energy states that have a large overlap with the ground state; then we create particles with local gates and simulate their quantum dynamics via a discretized time evolution. As the effective magnetic field is increased, our measurements show signatures of transitioning from deconfined to confined dynamics. For confined excitations, the magnetic field induces a tension in the string connecting them. Our method allows us to experimentally image string dynamics in a (2+1)D LGT from which we uncover two distinct regimes inside the confining phase: for weak confinement the string fluctuates strongly in the transverse direction, while for strong confinement transverse fluctuations are effectively frozen. In addition, we demonstrate a resonance condition at which dynamical string breaking is facilitated. Our LGT implementation on a quantum processor presents a novel set of techniques for investigating emergent particle and string dynamics.
Published: 2024

2. Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold

Author: Acharya, Rajeev, Aghababaie-Beni, Laleh, Aleiner, Igor, Andersen, Trond I., Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Astrakhantsev, Nikita, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Ballard, Brian, Bardin, Joseph C., Bausch, Johannes, Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Blackwell, Sam, Boixo, Sergio, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Browne, David A., Buchea, Brett, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Cabrera, Anthony, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Chik, Desmond, Chou, Charina, Claes, Jahan, Cleland, Agnetta Y., Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Das, Sayan, Davies, Alex, De Lorenzo, Laura, Debroy, Dripto M., Demura, Sean, Devoret, Michel, Di Paolo, Agustin, Donohoe, Paul, Drozdov, Ilya, Dunsworth, Andrew, Earle, Clint, Edlich, Thomas, Eickbusch, Alec, Elbag, Aviv Moshe, Elzouka, Mahmoud, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Ganjam, Suhas, Garcia, Gonzalo, Gasca, Robert, Genois, Élie, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Graumann, Dietrich, Greene, Alex, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hall, John, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heras, Francisco J. H., Heslin, Stephen, Heu, Paula, Higgott, Oscar, Hill, Gordon, Hilton, Jeremy, Holland, George, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Hsin-Yuan, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Jordan, Stephen, Joshi, Chaitali, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kang, Hui, Karamlou, Amir H., Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Khaire, Trupti, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Kobrin, Bryce, Kohli, Pushmeet, Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kothari, Robin, Kozlovskii, Borislav, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Kurilovich, Vladislav D., Lacroix, Nathan, Landhuis, David, Lange-Dei, Tiano, Langley, Brandon W., Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Guevel, Loïck Le, Ledford, Justin, Lee, Kenny, Lensky, Yuri D., Leon, Shannon, Lester, Brian J., Li, Wing Yan, Li, Yin, Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Livingston, William P., Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Lundahl, Daniel, Lunt, Aaron, Madhuk, Sid, Malone, Fionn D., Maloney, Ashley, Mandrá, Salvatore, Martin, Leigh S., Martin, Steven, Martin, Orion, Maxfield, Cameron, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Meeks, Seneca, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Molavi, Reza, Molina, Sebastian, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Neven, Hartmut, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Ni, Chia-Hung, O'Brien, Thomas E., Oliver, William D., Opremcak, Alex, Ottosson, Kristoffer, Petukhov, Andre, Pizzuto, Alex, Platt, John, Potter, Rebecca, Pritchard, Orion, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Ramachandran, Ganesh, Reagor, Matthew J., Rhodes, David M., Roberts, Gabrielle, Rosenberg, Eliott, Rosenfeld, Emma, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Senior, Andrew W., Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Singh, Shraddha, Sivak, Volodymyr, Skruzny, Jindra, Small, Spencer, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Smith, W. Clarke, Somma, Rolando D., Springer, Sofia, Sterling, George, Strain, Doug, Suchard, Jordan, Szasz, Aaron, Sztein, Alex, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, Torunbalci, M. Mert, Vaishnav, Abeer, Vargas, Justin, Vdovichev, Sergey, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, Waltman, Steven, Wang, Shannon X., Ware, Brayden, Weber, Kate, White, Theodore, Wong, Kristi, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Ying, Bicheng, Yoo, Juhwan, Yosri, Noureldin, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, and Zobrist, Nicholas
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: Quantum error correction provides a path to reach practical quantum computing by combining multiple physical qubits into a logical qubit, where the logical error rate is suppressed exponentially as more qubits are added. However, this exponential suppression only occurs if the physical error rate is below a critical threshold. In this work, we present two surface code memories operating below this threshold: a distance-7 code and a distance-5 code integrated with a real-time decoder. The logical error rate of our larger quantum memory is suppressed by a factor of $\Lambda$ = 2.14 $\pm$ 0.02 when increasing the code distance by two, culminating in a 101-qubit distance-7 code with 0.143% $\pm$ 0.003% error per cycle of error correction. This logical memory is also beyond break-even, exceeding its best physical qubit's lifetime by a factor of 2.4 $\pm$ 0.3. We maintain below-threshold performance when decoding in real time, achieving an average decoder latency of 63 $\mu$s at distance-5 up to a million cycles, with a cycle time of 1.1 $\mu$s. To probe the limits of our error-correction performance, we run repetition codes up to distance-29 and find that logical performance is limited by rare correlated error events occurring approximately once every hour, or 3 $\times$ 10$^9$ cycles. Our results present device performance that, if scaled, could realize the operational requirements of large scale fault-tolerant quantum algorithms., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, Supplementary Information
Published: 2024

3. Thermalization and Criticality on an Analog-Digital Quantum Simulator

Author: Andersen, Trond I., Astrakhantsev, Nikita, Karamlou, Amir H., Berndtsson, Julia, Motruk, Johannes, Szasz, Aaron, Gross, Jonathan A., Schuckert, Alexander, Westerhout, Tom, Zhang, Yaxing, Forati, Ebrahim, Rossi, Dario, Kobrin, Bryce, Di Paolo, Agustin, Klots, Andrey R., Drozdov, Ilya, Kurilovich, Vladislav D., Petukhov, Andre, Ioffe, Lev B., Elben, Andreas, Rath, Aniket, Vitale, Vittorio, Vermersch, Benoit, Acharya, Rajeev, Beni, Laleh Aghababaie, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Ballard, Brian, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Browne, David A., Buchea, Brett, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Cabrera, Anthony, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Claes, Jahan, Cleland, Agnetta Y., Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Das, Sayan, Debroy, Dripto M., De Lorenzo, Laura, Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Donohoe, Paul, Dunsworth, Andrew, Earle, Clint, Eickbusch, Alec, Elbag, Aviv Moshe, Elzouka, Mahmoud, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Ganjam, Suhas, Gasca, Robert, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Graumann, Dietrich, Greene, Alex, Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heslin, Stephen, Heu, Paula, Hill, Gordon, Hoffmann, Markus R., Huang, Hsin-Yuan, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Jordan, Stephen, Joshi, Chaitali, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kang, Hui, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khaire, Trupti, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Langley, Brandon W., Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Guevel, Loïck Le, Ledford, Justin, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny, Lensky, Yuri D., Lester, Brian J., Li, Wing Yan, Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Livingston, William P., Locharla, Aditya, Lundahl, Daniel, Lunt, Aaron, Madhuk, Sid, Maloney, Ashley, Mandrà, Salvatore, Martin, Leigh S., Martin, Orion, Martin, Steven, Maxfield, Cameron, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Meeks, Seneca, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Molina, Sebastian, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Ni, Chia-Hung, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Oliver, William D., Ottosson, Kristoffer, Pizzuto, Alex, Potter, Rebecca, Pritchard, Orion, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Reagor, Matthew J., Rhodes, David M., Roberts, Gabrielle, Rocque, Charles, Rosenberg, Eliott, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Sivak, Volodymyr, Skruzny, Jindra, Small, Spencer, Smith, W. Clarke, Springer, Sofia, Sterling, George, Suchard, Jordan, Szalay, Marco, Sztein, Alex, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, Torunbalci, M. Mert, Vaishnav, Abeer, Vdovichev, Sergey, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, Waltman, Steven, Wang, Shannon X., White, Theodore, Wong, Kristi, Woo, Bryan W., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Ying, Bicheng, Yoo, Juhwan, Yosri, Noureldin, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Babbush, Ryan, Boixo, Sergio, Hilton, Jeremy, Lucero, Erik, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Vidal, Guifre, Roushan, Pedram, Lauchli, Andreas M., Abanin, Dmitry A., and Mi, Xiao
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract: Understanding how interacting particles approach thermal equilibrium is a major challenge of quantum simulators. Unlocking the full potential of such systems toward this goal requires flexible initial state preparation, precise time evolution, and extensive probes for final state characterization. We present a quantum simulator comprising 69 superconducting qubits which supports both universal quantum gates and high-fidelity analog evolution, with performance beyond the reach of classical simulation in cross-entropy benchmarking experiments. Emulating a two-dimensional (2D) XY quantum magnet, we leverage a wide range of measurement techniques to study quantum states after ramps from an antiferromagnetic initial state. We observe signatures of the classical Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition, as well as strong deviations from Kibble-Zurek scaling predictions attributed to the interplay between quantum and classical coarsening of the correlated domains. This interpretation is corroborated by injecting variable energy density into the initial state, which enables studying the effects of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis (ETH) in targeted parts of the eigenspectrum. Finally, we digitally prepare the system in pairwise-entangled dimer states and image the transport of energy and vorticity during thermalization. These results establish the efficacy of superconducting analog-digital quantum processors for preparing states across many-body spectra and unveiling their thermalization dynamics.
Published: 2024

4. Dynamics of magnetization at infinite temperature in a Heisenberg spin chain

Author: Rosenberg, Eliott, Andersen, Trond, Samajdar, Rhine, Petukhov, Andre, Hoke, Jesse, Abanin, Dmitry, Bengtsson, Andreas, Drozdov, Ilya, Erickson, Catherine, Klimov, Paul, Mi, Xiao, Morvan, Alexis, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Acharya, Rajeev, Allen, Richard, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Bardin, Joseph, Bilmes, A., Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David, Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Campero, Juan, Chang, Hung-Shen, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Benjamin, Chik, Desmond, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander, Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto, Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Di Paolo, Agustin, Dunsworth, Andrew, Earle, Clint, Farhi, E., Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius, Flores, Leslie, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin, Foxen, Brooks, Garcia, Gonzalo, Genois, Élie, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan, Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael, Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew, Harrington, Sean, Heu, Paula, Hill, Gordon, Hoffmann, Markus, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William, Ioffe, Lev, Isakov, Sergei, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, D., Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klots, Andrey, Korotkov, Alexander, Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenneth, Lensky, Yuri, Lester, Brian, Lill, Alexander, Liu, Wayne, Livingston, William P., Locharla, A., Mandrà, Salvatore, Martin, Orion, Martin, Steven, McClean, Jarrod, McEwen, Matthew, Meeks, Seneca, Miao, Kevin, Mieszala, Amanda, Montazeri, Shirin, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, M., O'Brien, Thomas, Omonije, Seun, Opremcak, Alex, Potter, Rebecca, Pryadko, Leonid, Quintana, Chris, Rhodes, David, Rocque, Charles, Rubin, N., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin, Schurkus, Henry, Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael, Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Sivak, Volodymyr, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, Clarke, Somma, Rolando, Sterling, George, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Theodore, Woo, Bryan, Xing, Cheng, Yao, Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Boixo, Sergio, Hilton, Jeremy, Lucero, Erik, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Khemani, Vedika, Gopalakrishnan, Sarang, Prosen, Tomaž, and Roushan, Pedram
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: Understanding universal aspects of quantum dynamics is an unresolved problem in statistical mechanics. In particular, the spin dynamics of the 1D Heisenberg model were conjectured to belong to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang (KPZ) universality class based on the scaling of the infinite-temperature spin-spin correlation function. In a chain of 46 superconducting qubits, we study the probability distribution, $P(\mathcal{M})$, of the magnetization transferred across the chain's center. The first two moments of $P(\mathcal{M})$ show superdiffusive behavior, a hallmark of KPZ universality. However, the third and fourth moments rule out the KPZ conjecture and allow for evaluating other theories. Our results highlight the importance of studying higher moments in determining dynamic universality classes and provide key insights into universal behavior in quantum systems.
Published: 2023
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5. Measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor

Author: Hoke, Jesse C., Ippoliti, Matteo, Rosenberg, Eliott, Abanin, Dmitry, Acharya, Rajeev, Andersen, Trond I., Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Chik, Desmond, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Debroy, Dripto M., Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Di Paolo, Augustin, Drozdov, Ilya K., Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny W., Lensky, Yuri D., Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun H., Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Tom E., Omonije, Seun, Opremcak, Alex, Petukhov, Andre, Potter, Rebecca, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Rocque, Charles, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vlad, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Somma, Rolando D., Sterling, George, Strain, Douglas, Szalay, Marco, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Ted, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie., Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Harmut, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Boixo, Sergio, Hilton, Jeremy, Lucero, Erik, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Mi, Xiao, Khemani, Vedika, and Roushan, Pedram
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract: Measurement has a special role in quantum theory: by collapsing the wavefunction it can enable phenomena such as teleportation and thereby alter the "arrow of time" that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space-time that go beyond established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium. On present-day NISQ processors, the experimental realization of this physics is challenging due to noise, hardware limitations, and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address each of these experimental challenges and investigate measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping, to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases -- from entanglement scaling to measurement-induced teleportation -- in a unified way. We obtain finite-size signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement record with classical simulation data. The phases display sharply different sensitivity to noise, which we exploit to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realize measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.
Published: 2023
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6. Overcoming leakage in scalable quantum error correction

Author: Miao, Kevin C., McEwen, Matt, Atalaya, Juan, Kafri, Dvir, Pryadko, Leonid P., Bengtsson, Andreas, Opremcak, Alex, Satzinger, Kevin J., Chen, Zijun, Klimov, Paul V., Quintana, Chris, Acharya, Rajeev, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Bardin, Joseph C., Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Campero, Juan, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto M., Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Erickson, Catherine, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Garcia, Gonzalo, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan A., Hamilton, Michael C., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Laws, Lily, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Steven, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Potter, Rebecca, Rocque, Charles, Roushan, Pedram, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, George, Szalay, Marco, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, White, Theodore, Woo, Bryan W. K., Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Petukhov, Andre, Korotkov, Alexander N., Sank, Daniel, and Chen, Yu
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: Leakage of quantum information out of computational states into higher energy states represents a major challenge in the pursuit of quantum error correction (QEC). In a QEC circuit, leakage builds over time and spreads through multi-qubit interactions. This leads to correlated errors that degrade the exponential suppression of logical error with scale, challenging the feasibility of QEC as a path towards fault-tolerant quantum computation. Here, we demonstrate the execution of a distance-3 surface code and distance-21 bit-flip code on a Sycamore quantum processor where leakage is removed from all qubits in each cycle. This shortens the lifetime of leakage and curtails its ability to spread and induce correlated errors. We report a ten-fold reduction in steady-state leakage population on the data qubits encoding the logical state and an average leakage population of less than $1 \times 10^{-3}$ throughout the entire device. The leakage removal process itself efficiently returns leakage population back to the computational basis, and adding it to a code circuit prevents leakage from inducing correlated error across cycles, restoring a fundamental assumption of QEC. With this demonstration that leakage can be contained, we resolve a key challenge for practical QEC at scale., Comment: Main text: 7 pages, 5 figures
Published: 2022
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7. Non-Abelian braiding of graph vertices in a superconducting processor

Author: Andersen, Trond I., Lensky, Yuri D., Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Drozdov, Ilya, Bengtsson, Andreas, Hong, Sabrina, Morvan, Alexis, Mi, Xiao, Opremcak, Alex, Acharya, Rajeev, Allen, Richard, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Bardin, Joseph C., Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Chik, Desmond, Chou, Charina, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto M., Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus R., Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander, Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Malone, Fionn D., Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Mount, Emily, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Omonije, Seun, Petukhov, Andre, Potter, Rebecca, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Rocque, Charles, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Somma, Rolando, Sterling, George, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Theodore, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Boixo, Sergio, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Kim, Eun-Ah, Aleiner, Igor, and Roushan, Pedram
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter
Abstract: Indistinguishability of particles is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics. For all elementary and quasiparticles observed to date - including fermions, bosons, and Abelian anyons - this principle guarantees that the braiding of identical particles leaves the system unchanged. However, in two spatial dimensions, an intriguing possibility exists: braiding of non-Abelian anyons causes rotations in a space of topologically degenerate wavefunctions. Hence, it can change the observables of the system without violating the principle of indistinguishability. Despite the well developed mathematical description of non-Abelian anyons and numerous theoretical proposals, the experimental observation of their exchange statistics has remained elusive for decades. Controllable many-body quantum states generated on quantum processors offer another path for exploring these fundamental phenomena. While efforts on conventional solid-state platforms typically involve Hamiltonian dynamics of quasi-particles, superconducting quantum processors allow for directly manipulating the many-body wavefunction via unitary gates. Building on predictions that stabilizer codes can host projective non-Abelian Ising anyons, we implement a generalized stabilizer code and unitary protocol to create and braid them. This allows us to experimentally verify the fusion rules of the anyons and braid them to realize their statistics. We then study the prospect of employing the anyons for quantum computation and utilize braiding to create an entangled state of anyons encoding three logical qubits. Our work provides new insights about non-Abelian braiding and - through the future inclusion of error correction to achieve topological protection - could open a path toward fault-tolerant quantum computing.
Published: 2022

8. Readout of a quantum processor with high dynamic range Josephson parametric amplifiers

Author: White, T. C., Opremcak, Alex, Sterling, George, Korotkov, Alexander, Sank, Daniel, Acharya, Rajeev, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Erickson, Catherine, Fatemi, Reza, Flores-Burgos, Leslie, Forati, Ebrahim, Foxen, Brooks, Giang, William, Giustina, Marissa, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Hamilton, Michael C., Harrington, Sean D., Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Kieferová, Márika, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Laws, Lily, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander, Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C., Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Potter, Rebecca, Quintana, Chris, Roushan, Pedram, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Szalay, Marco, Torres, Alfredo, Woo, Bryan, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Chen, Yu, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, and Naaman, Ofer
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Superconductivity, Physics - Applied Physics
Abstract: We demonstrate a high dynamic range Josephson parametric amplifier (JPA) in which the active nonlinear element is implemented using an array of rf-SQUIDs. The device is matched to the 50 $\Omega$ environment with a Klopfenstein-taper impedance transformer and achieves a bandwidth of 250-300 MHz, with input saturation powers up to -95 dBm at 20 dB gain. A 54-qubit Sycamore processor was used to benchmark these devices, providing a calibration for readout power, an estimate of amplifier added noise, and a platform for comparison against standard impedance matched parametric amplifiers with a single dc-SQUID. We find that the high power rf-SQUID array design has no adverse effect on system noise, readout fidelity, or qubit dephasing, and we estimate an upper bound on amplifier added noise at 1.6 times the quantum limit. Lastly, amplifiers with this design show no degradation in readout fidelity due to gain compression, which can occur in multi-tone multiplexed readout with traditional JPAs., Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures
Published: 2022
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9. Overcoming leakage in quantum error correction

Author: Miao, Kevin C., McEwen, Matt, Atalaya, Juan, Kafri, Dvir, Pryadko, Leonid P., Bengtsson, Andreas, Opremcak, Alex, Satzinger, Kevin J., Chen, Zijun, Klimov, Paul V., Quintana, Chris, Acharya, Rajeev, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Bardin, Joseph C., Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Campero, Juan, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto M., Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Erickson, Catherine, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Garcia, Gonzalo, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan A., Hamilton, Michael C., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Laws, Lily, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Steven, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Potter, Rebecca, Rocque, Charles, Roushan, Pedram, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, George, Szalay, Marco, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, White, Theodore, Woo, Bryan W. K., Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Hartmut, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Petukhov, Andre, Korotkov, Alexander N., Sank, Daniel, and Chen, Yu
Published: 2023
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10. Suppressing quantum errors by scaling a surface code logical qubit

Author: Acharya, Rajeev, Aleiner, Igor, Allen, Richard, Andersen, Trond I., Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Bardin, Joseph C., Basso, Joao, Bengtsson, Andreas, Boixo, Sergio, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto M., Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Fatemi, Reza, Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Higgott, Oscar, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander, Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Malone, Fionn D., Marshall, Jeffrey, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., Mccourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Costa, Bernardo Meurer, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C., Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Mount, Emily, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Neven, Hartmut, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Opremcak, Alex, Platt, John, Petukhov, Andre, Potter, Rebecca, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, George, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Theodore, Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, and Zhu, Ningfeng
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: Practical quantum computing will require error rates that are well below what is achievable with physical qubits. Quantum error correction offers a path to algorithmically-relevant error rates by encoding logical qubits within many physical qubits, where increasing the number of physical qubits enhances protection against physical errors. However, introducing more qubits also increases the number of error sources, so the density of errors must be sufficiently low in order for logical performance to improve with increasing code size. Here, we report the measurement of logical qubit performance scaling across multiple code sizes, and demonstrate that our system of superconducting qubits has sufficient performance to overcome the additional errors from increasing qubit number. We find our distance-5 surface code logical qubit modestly outperforms an ensemble of distance-3 logical qubits on average, both in terms of logical error probability over 25 cycles and logical error per cycle ($2.914\%\pm 0.016\%$ compared to $3.028\%\pm 0.023\%$). To investigate damaging, low-probability error sources, we run a distance-25 repetition code and observe a $1.7\times10^{-6}$ logical error per round floor set by a single high-energy event ($1.6\times10^{-7}$ when excluding this event). We are able to accurately model our experiment, and from this model we can extract error budgets that highlight the biggest challenges for future systems. These results mark the first experimental demonstration where quantum error correction begins to improve performance with increasing qubit number, illuminating the path to reaching the logical error rates required for computation., Comment: Main text: 6 pages, 4 figures. v2: Update author list, references, Fig. S12, Table IV
Published: 2022

11. Formation of robust bound states of interacting microwave photons

Author: Morvan, Alexis, Andersen, Trond I., Mi, Xiao, Neill, Charles, Petukhov, Andre, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Abanin, Dmitry, Acharya, Rajeev, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Bardin, Joseph C., Basso, Joao, Bengtsson, Andreas, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Debroy, Dripto M., Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Fatemi, Reza, Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferova, Marika, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander, Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Malone, Fionn D., Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Costa, Bernardo Meurer, Miao, Kevin C., Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Mount, Emily, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Olenewa, Ricardo, Opremcak, Alex, Potter, Rebecca, Quintana, Chris, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, George, Strain, Doug, Su, Yuan, Szalay, Marco, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Theodore, Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Neven, Hartmut, Boixo, Sergio, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Aleiner, Igor, Ioffe, Lev B., and Roushan, Pedram
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter
Abstract: Systems of correlated particles appear in many fields of science and represent some of the most intractable puzzles in nature. The computational challenge in these systems arises when interactions become comparable to other energy scales, which makes the state of each particle depend on all other particles. The lack of general solutions for the 3-body problem and acceptable theory for strongly correlated electrons shows that our understanding of correlated systems fades when the particle number or the interaction strength increases. One of the hallmarks of interacting systems is the formation of multi-particle bound states. In a ring of 24 superconducting qubits, we develop a high fidelity parameterizable fSim gate that we use to implement the periodic quantum circuit of the spin-1/2 XXZ model, an archetypal model of interaction. By placing microwave photons in adjacent qubit sites, we study the propagation of these excitations and observe their bound nature for up to 5 photons. We devise a phase sensitive method for constructing the few-body spectrum of the bound states and extract their pseudo-charge by introducing a synthetic flux. By introducing interactions between the ring and additional qubits, we observe an unexpected resilience of the bound states to integrability breaking. This finding goes against the common wisdom that bound states in non-integrable systems are unstable when their energies overlap with the continuum spectrum. Our work provides experimental evidence for bound states of interacting photons and discovers their stability beyond the integrability limit., Comment: 7 pages + 15 pages supplements
Published: 2022
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12. Noise-resilient Edge Modes on a Chain of Superconducting Qubits

Author: Mi, Xiao, Sonner, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Lee, Kenneth W., Foxen, Brooks, Acharya, Rajeev, Aleiner, Igor, Andersen, Trond I., Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Bardin, Joseph C., Basso, Joao, Bengtsson, Andreas, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Benjamin, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Debroy, Dripto M., Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Fatemi, Reza, Flores, Leslie, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Harrigan, Matthew P., Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khattar, Tanuj, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, J. M., Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Lee, Joonho, Laws, Lily, Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Costa, Bernardo Meurer, Miao, Kevin C., Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Mount, Emily, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Newman, Michael, O'Brien, Thomas E., Opremcak, Alex, Petukhov, Andre, Potter, Rebecca, Quintana, Chris, Rubin, Nicholas C., Saei, Negar, Sank, Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shvarts, Vladimir, Strain, Doug, Su, Yuan, Szalay, Marco, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Vollgraff-Heidweiller, Catherine, White, Theodore, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Neven, Hartmut, Boixo, Sergio, Megrant, Anthony, Chen, Yu, Kelly, Julian, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Abanin, Dmitry A., and Roushan, Pedram
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Condensed Matter - Other Condensed Matter
Abstract: Inherent symmetry of a quantum system may protect its otherwise fragile states. Leveraging such protection requires testing its robustness against uncontrolled environmental interactions. Using 47 superconducting qubits, we implement the one-dimensional kicked Ising model which exhibits non-local Majorana edge modes (MEMs) with $\mathbb{Z}_2$ parity symmetry. Remarkably, we find that any multi-qubit Pauli operator overlapping with the MEMs exhibits a uniform late-time decay rate comparable to single-qubit relaxation rates, irrespective of its size or composition. This characteristic allows us to accurately reconstruct the exponentially localized spatial profiles of the MEMs. Furthermore, the MEMs are found to be resilient against certain symmetry-breaking noise owing to a prethermalization mechanism. Our work elucidates the complex interplay between noise and symmetry-protected edge modes in a solid-state environment.
Published: 2022
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13. Observation of Time-Crystalline Eigenstate Order on a Quantum Processor

Author: Mi, Xiao, Ippoliti, Matteo, Quintana, Chris, Greene, Ami, Chen, Zijun, Gross, Jonathan, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bardin, Joseph C., Basso, Joao, Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Bourassa, Alexandre, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chiaro, Benjamin, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Debroy, Dripto, Demura, Sean, Derk, Alan R., Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Hilton, Jeremy, Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, L. B., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Khattar, Tanuj, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Miao, Kevin C., Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Newman, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Brien, Thomas E. O\', Opremcak, Alex, Ostby, Eric, Pato, Balint, Petukhov, Andre, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Satzinger, Kevin J., Shvarts, Vladimir, Su, Yuan, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Trevithick, Matthew D., Villalonga, Benjamin, White, Theodore, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Zalcman, Adam, Neven, Hartmut, Boixo, Sergio, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Sondhi, S. L., Moessner, Roderich, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khemani, Vedika, and Roushan, Pedram
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Disordered Systems and Neural Networks, Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons
Abstract: Quantum many-body systems display rich phase structure in their low-temperature equilibrium states. However, much of nature is not in thermal equilibrium. Remarkably, it was recently predicted that out-of-equilibrium systems can exhibit novel dynamical phases that may otherwise be forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics, a paradigmatic example being the discrete time crystal (DTC). Concretely, dynamical phases can be defined in periodically driven many-body localized systems via the concept of eigenstate order. In eigenstate-ordered phases, the entire many-body spectrum exhibits quantum correlations and long-range order, with characteristic signatures in late-time dynamics from all initial states. It is, however, challenging to experimentally distinguish such stable phases from transient phenomena, wherein few select states can mask typical behavior. Here we implement a continuous family of tunable CPHASE gates on an array of superconducting qubits to experimentally observe an eigenstate-ordered DTC. We demonstrate the characteristic spatiotemporal response of a DTC for generic initial states. Our work employs a time-reversal protocol that discriminates external decoherence from intrinsic thermalization, and leverages quantum typicality to circumvent the exponential cost of densely sampling the eigenspectrum. In addition, we locate the phase transition out of the DTC with an experimental finite-size analysis. These results establish a scalable approach to study non-equilibrium phases of matter on current quantum processors.
Published: 2021
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14. Time-crystalline eigenstate order on a quantum processor

Author: Mi, Xiao, Ippoliti, Matteo, Quintana, Chris, Greene, Ami, Chen, Zijun, Gross, Jonathan, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bardin, Joseph C, Basso, Joao, Bengtsson, Andreas, Bilmes, Alexander, Bourassa, Alexandre, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B, Buell, David A, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chiaro, Benjamin, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Debroy, Dripto, Demura, Sean, Derk, Alan R, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Fowler, Austin G, Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Harrigan, Matthew P, Harrington, Sean D, Hilton, Jeremy, Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J, Ioffe, LB, Isakov, Sergei V, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Khattar, Tanuj, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V, Korotkov, Alexander N, Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R, McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Miao, Kevin C, Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Newman, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O’Brien, Thomas E, Opremcak, Alex, Ostby, Eric, Pato, Balint, Petukhov, Andre, Rubin, Nicholas C, Sank, Daniel, Satzinger, Kevin J, Shvarts, Vladimir, Su, Yuan, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Trevithick, Matthew D, Villalonga, Benjamin, White, Theodore, Yao, Z Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Zalcman, Adam, Neven, Hartmut, Boixo, Sergio, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, and Chen, Yu
Subjects: Cold Temperature, Phase Transition, Thermodynamics, General Science & Technology
Abstract: Quantum many-body systems display rich phase structure in their low-temperature equilibrium states1. However, much of nature is not in thermal equilibrium. Remarkably, it was recently predicted that out-of-equilibrium systems can exhibit novel dynamical phases2-8 that may otherwise be forbidden by equilibrium thermodynamics, a paradigmatic example being the discrete time crystal (DTC)7,9-15. Concretely, dynamical phases can be defined in periodically driven many-body-localized (MBL) systems via the concept of eigenstate order7,16,17. In eigenstate-ordered MBL phases, the entire many-body spectrum exhibits quantum correlations and long-range order, with characteristic signatures in late-time dynamics from all initial states. It is, however, challenging to experimentally distinguish such stable phases from transient phenomena, or from regimes in which the dynamics of a few select states can mask typical behaviour. Here we implement tunable controlled-phase (CPHASE) gates on an array of superconducting qubits to experimentally observe an MBL-DTC and demonstrate its characteristic spatiotemporal response for generic initial states7,9,10. Our work employs a time-reversal protocol to quantify the impact of external decoherence, and leverages quantum typicality to circumvent the exponential cost of densely sampling the eigenspectrum. Furthermore, we locate the phase transition out of the DTC with an experimental finite-size analysis. These results establish a scalable approach to studying non-equilibrium phases of matter on quantum processors.
Published: 2022

15. Exponential suppression of bit or phase flip errors with repetitive error correction

Author: Chen, Zijun, Satzinger, Kevin J., Atalaya, Juan, Korotkov, Alexander N., Dunsworth, Andrew, Sank, Daniel, Quintana, Chris, McEwen, Matt, Barends, Rami, Klimov, Paul V., Hong, Sabrina, Jones, Cody, Petukhov, Andre, Kafri, Dvir, Demura, Sean, Burkett, Brian, Gidney, Craig, Fowler, Austin G., Putterman, Harald, Aleiner, Igor, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Babbush, Ryan, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bourassa, Alexandre, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Bushnell, Nicholas, Chiaro, Benjamin, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Derk, Alan R., Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Foxen, Brooks, Giustina, Marissa, Gross, Jonathan A., Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Hilton, Jeremy, Ho, Alan, Huang, Trent, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, L. B., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kim, Seon, Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C., Mohseni, Masoud, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Newman, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Opremcak, Alex, Ostby, Eric, Pató, Bálint, Redd, Nicholas, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Shvarts, Vladimir, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Trevithick, Matthew D., Villalonga, Benjamin, White, Theodore, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Zalcman, Adam, Neven, Hartmut, Boixo, Sergio, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Chen, Yu, Megrant, Anthony, and Kelly, Julian
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: Realizing the potential of quantum computing will require achieving sufficiently low logical error rates. Many applications call for error rates in the $10^{-15}$ regime, but state-of-the-art quantum platforms typically have physical error rates near $10^{-3}$. Quantum error correction (QEC) promises to bridge this divide by distributing quantum logical information across many physical qubits so that errors can be detected and corrected. Logical errors are then exponentially suppressed as the number of physical qubits grows, provided that the physical error rates are below a certain threshold. QEC also requires that the errors are local and that performance is maintained over many rounds of error correction, two major outstanding experimental challenges. Here, we implement 1D repetition codes embedded in a 2D grid of superconducting qubits which demonstrate exponential suppression of bit or phase-flip errors, reducing logical error per round by more than $100\times$ when increasing the number of qubits from 5 to 21. Crucially, this error suppression is stable over 50 rounds of error correction. We also introduce a method for analyzing error correlations with high precision, and characterize the locality of errors in a device performing QEC for the first time. Finally, we perform error detection using a small 2D surface code logical qubit on the same device, and show that the results from both 1D and 2D codes agree with numerical simulations using a simple depolarizing error model. These findings demonstrate that superconducting qubits are on a viable path towards fault tolerant quantum computing.
Published: 2021
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16. Information Scrambling in Computationally Complex Quantum Circuits

Author: Mi, Xiao, Roushan, Pedram, Quintana, Chris, Mandra, Salvatore, Marshall, Jeffrey, Neill, Charles, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bardin, Joseph C., Barends, Rami, Bengtsson, Andreas, Boixo, Sergio, Bourassa, Alexandre, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Benjamin, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Demura, Sean, Derk, Alan R., Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Gross, Jonathan A., Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Hilton, Jeremy, Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, L. B., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Miao, Kevin C., Mohseni, Masoud, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Newman, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Opremcak, Alex, Ostby, Eric, Pato, Balint, Petukhov, Andre, Redd, Nicholas, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Satzinger, Kevin J., Shvarts, Vladimir, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Trevithick, Matthew D., Villalonga, Benjamin, White, Theodore, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Zalcman, Adam, Neven, Hartmut, Aleiner, Igor, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, and Chen, Yu
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Strongly Correlated Electrons, High Energy Physics - Theory
Abstract: Interaction in quantum systems can spread initially localized quantum information into the many degrees of freedom of the entire system. Understanding this process, known as quantum scrambling, is the key to resolving various conundrums in physics. Here, by measuring the time-dependent evolution and fluctuation of out-of-time-order correlators, we experimentally investigate the dynamics of quantum scrambling on a 53-qubit quantum processor. We engineer quantum circuits that distinguish the two mechanisms associated with quantum scrambling, operator spreading and operator entanglement, and experimentally observe their respective signatures. We show that while operator spreading is captured by an efficient classical model, operator entanglement requires exponentially scaled computational resources to simulate. These results open the path to studying complex and practically relevant physical observables with near-term quantum processors.
Published: 2021
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17. Observation of separated dynamics of charge and spin in the Fermi-Hubbard model

Author: Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Bardin, Joseph C., Barends, Rami, Bengtsson, Andreas, Boixo, Sergio, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Chen, Yu-An, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Cotton, Stephen J., Courtney, William, Demura, Sean, Derk, Alan, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Eckl, Thomas, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Fowler, Austin, Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Graff, Rob, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Harrigan, Matthew P., Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huggins, William, Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lindmark, Mike, Lucero, Erik, Marthaler, Michael, Martin, Orion, Martinis, John M., Marusczyk, Anika, McArdle, Sam, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Mejuto-Zaera, Carlos, Mi, Xiao, Mohseni, Masoud, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Neven, Hartmut, Newman, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Ostby, Eric, Pató, Bálint, Petukhov, Andre, Putterman, Harald, Quintana, Chris, Reiner, Jan-Michael, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Satzinger, Kevin J., Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Strain, Doug, Sung, Kevin J., Schmitteckert, Peter, Szalay, Marco, Tubman, Norm M., Vainsencher, Amit, White, Theodore, Vogt, Nicolas, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Zalcman, Adam, and Zanker, Sebastian
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: Strongly correlated quantum systems give rise to many exotic physical phenomena, including high-temperature superconductivity. Simulating these systems on quantum computers may avoid the prohibitively high computational cost incurred in classical approaches. However, systematic errors and decoherence effects presented in current quantum devices make it difficult to achieve this. Here, we simulate the dynamics of the one-dimensional Fermi-Hubbard model using 16 qubits on a digital superconducting quantum processor. We observe separations in the spreading velocities of charge and spin densities in the highly excited regime, a regime that is beyond the conventional quasiparticle picture. To minimize systematic errors, we introduce an accurate gate calibration procedure that is fast enough to capture temporal drifts of the gate parameters. We also employ a sequence of error-mitigation techniques to reduce decoherence effects and residual systematic errors. These procedures allow us to simulate the time evolution of the model faithfully despite having over 600 two-qubit gates in our circuits. Our experiment charts a path to practical quantum simulation of strongly correlated phenomena using available quantum devices., Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures
Published: 2020

18. Quantum Approximate Optimization of Non-Planar Graph Problems on a Planar Superconducting Processor

Author: Harrigan, Matthew P., Sung, Kevin J., Neeley, Matthew, Satzinger, Kevin J., Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Atalaya, Juan, Bardin, Joseph C., Barends, Rami, Boixo, Sergio, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Fowler, Austin, Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Graff, Rob, Habegger, Steve, Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Ioffe, L. B., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lindmark, Mike, Leib, Martin, Martin, Orion, Martinis, John M., McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Mohseni, Masoud, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neill, Charles, Neukart, Florian, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., O'Gorman, Bryan, Ostby, Eric, Petukhov, Andre, Putterman, Harald, Quintana, Chris, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Skolik, Andrea, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Strain, Doug, Streif, Michael, Szalay, Marco, Vainsencher, Amit, White, Theodore, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Zalcman, Adam, Zhou, Leo, Neven, Hartmut, Bacon, Dave, Lucero, Erik, Farhi, Edward, and Babbush, Ryan
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: We demonstrate the application of the Google Sycamore superconducting qubit quantum processor to combinatorial optimization problems with the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA). Like past QAOA experiments, we study performance for problems defined on the (planar) connectivity graph of our hardware; however, we also apply the QAOA to the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model and MaxCut, both high dimensional graph problems for which the QAOA requires significant compilation. Experimental scans of the QAOA energy landscape show good agreement with theory across even the largest instances studied (23 qubits) and we are able to perform variational optimization successfully. For problems defined on our hardware graph we obtain an approximation ratio that is independent of problem size and observe, for the first time, that performance increases with circuit depth. For problems requiring compilation, performance decreases with problem size but still provides an advantage over random guessing for circuits involving several thousand gates. This behavior highlights the challenge of using near-term quantum computers to optimize problems on graphs differing from hardware connectivity. As these graphs are more representative of real world instances, our results advocate for more emphasis on such problems in the developing tradition of using the QAOA as a holistic, device-level benchmark of quantum processors., Comment: 19 pages, 15 figures
Published: 2020
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19. Hartree-Fock on a superconducting qubit quantum computer

Author: Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Bardin, Joseph C., Barends, Rami, Boixo, Sergio, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Benjamin, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Farhi, Edward, Fowler, Austin, Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Graff, Rob, Habegger, Steve, Harrigan, Matthew P., Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, Lev, Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander, Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lindmark, Mike, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Orion, Martinis, John M., McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Mohseni, Masoud, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Neven, Hartmut, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Ostby, Eric, Petukhov, Andre, Putterman, Harald, Quintana, Chris, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Satzinger, Kevin J., Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Strain, Doug, Sung, Kevin J., Szalay, Marco, Takeshita, Tyler Y., Vainsencher, Amit, White, Theodore, Wiebe, Nathan, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, and Zalcman, Adam
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Physics - Chemical Physics
Abstract: As the search continues for useful applications of noisy intermediate scale quantum devices, variational simulations of fermionic systems remain one of the most promising directions. Here, we perform a series of quantum simulations of chemistry the largest of which involved a dozen qubits, 78 two-qubit gates, and 114 one-qubit gates. We model the binding energy of ${\rm H}_6$, ${\rm H}_8$, ${\rm H}_{10}$ and ${\rm H}_{12}$ chains as well as the isomerization of diazene. We also demonstrate error-mitigation strategies based on $N$-representability which dramatically improve the effective fidelity of our experiments. Our parameterized ansatz circuits realize the Givens rotation approach to non-interacting fermion evolution, which we variationally optimize to prepare the Hartree-Fock wavefunction. This ubiquitous algorithmic primitive corresponds to a rotation of the orbital basis and is required by many proposals for correlated simulations of molecules and Hubbard models. Because non-interacting fermion evolutions are classically tractable to simulate, yet still generate highly entangled states over the computational basis, we use these experiments to benchmark the performance of our hardware while establishing a foundation for scaling up more complex correlated quantum simulations of chemistry., Comment: updated link to experiment code, new version containing expanded data sets and corrected figure label
Published: 2020
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20. Exponential suppression of bit or phase errors with cyclic error correction

Author: Chen, Zijun, Satzinger, Kevin J, Atalaya, Juan, Korotkov, Alexander N, Dunsworth, Andrew, Sank, Daniel, Quintana, Chris, McEwen, Matt, Barends, Rami, Klimov, Paul V, Hong, Sabrina, Jones, Cody, Petukhov, Andre, Kafri, Dvir, Demura, Sean, Burkett, Brian, Gidney, Craig, Fowler, Austin G, Paler, Alexandru, Putterman, Harald, Aleiner, Igor, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Babbush, Ryan, Bardin, Joseph C, Bengtsson, Andreas, Bourassa, Alexandre, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B, Buell, David A, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chiaro, Benjamin, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Derk, Alan R, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Foxen, Brooks, Giustina, Marissa, Greene, Ami, Gross, Jonathan A, Harrigan, Matthew P, Harrington, Sean D, Hilton, Jeremy, Ho, Alan, Huang, Trent, Huggins, William J, Ioffe, LB, Isakov, Sergei V, Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R, McCourt, Trevor, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C, Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Newman, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E, Opremcak, Alex, Ostby, Eric, Pato, Balint, Redd, Nicholas, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C, Shvarts, Vladimir, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Trevithick, Matthew D, Villalonga, Benjamin, White, Theodore, Yao, Z Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Zalcman, Adam, Neven, Hartmut, Boixo, Sergio, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Chen, Yu, Megrant, Anthony, and Kelly, Julian
Subjects: Google Quantum AI, General Science & Technology
Abstract: Realizing the potential of quantum computing requires sufficiently low logical error rates1. Many applications call for error rates as low as 10-15 (refs. 2-9), but state-of-the-art quantum platforms typically have physical error rates near 10-3 (refs. 10-14). Quantum error correction15-17 promises to bridge this divide by distributing quantum logical information across many physical qubits in such a way that errors can be detected and corrected. Errors on the encoded logical qubit state can be exponentially suppressed as the number of physical qubits grows, provided that the physical error rates are below a certain threshold and stable over the course of a computation. Here we implement one-dimensional repetition codes embedded in a two-dimensional grid of superconducting qubits that demonstrate exponential suppression of bit-flip or phase-flip errors, reducing logical error per round more than 100-fold when increasing the number of qubits from 5 to 21. Crucially, this error suppression is stable over 50 rounds of error correction. We also introduce a method for analysing error correlations with high precision, allowing us to characterize error locality while performing quantum error correction. Finally, we perform error detection with a small logical qubit using the 2D surface code on the same device18,19 and show that the results from both one- and two-dimensional codes agree with numerical simulations that use a simple depolarizing error model. These experimental demonstrations provide a foundation for building a scalable fault-tolerant quantum computer with superconducting qubits.
Published: 2021

21. Learning Non-Markovian Quantum Noise from Moir\'{e}-Enhanced Swap Spectroscopy with Deep Evolutionary Algorithm

Author: Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Smelyanskyi, Vadim, Klimov, Paul, Boixo, Sergio, Barends, Rami, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Arya, Kunal, Burkett, Brian, Bacon, Dave, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Dunsworth, Andrew, Foxen, Brooks, Fowler, Austin, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Graff, Rob, Huang, Trent, Jeffrey, Evan, Landhuis, David, Lucero, Erik, Megrant, Anthony, Mutus, Josh, Mi, Xiao, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Quintana, Chris, Roushan, Pedram, Martinis, John M., and Neven, Hartmut
Subjects: Quantum Physics, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract: Two-level-system (TLS) defects in amorphous dielectrics are a major source of noise and decoherence in solid-state qubits. Gate-dependent non-Markovian errors caused by TLS-qubit coupling are detrimental to fault-tolerant quantum computation and have not been rigorously treated in the existing literature. In this work, we derive the non-Markovian dynamics between TLS and qubits during a SWAP-like two-qubit gate and the associated average gate fidelity for frequency-tunable Transmon qubits. This gate dependent error model facilitates using qubits as sensors to simultaneously learn practical imperfections in both the qubit's environment and control waveforms. We combine the-state-of-art machine learning algorithm with Moir\'{e}-enhanced swap spectroscopy to achieve robust learning using noisy experimental data. Deep neural networks are used to represent the functional map from experimental data to TLS parameters and are trained through an evolutionary algorithm. Our method achieves the highest learning efficiency and robustness against experimental imperfections to-date, representing an important step towards in-situ quantum control optimization over environmental and control defects.
Published: 2019

22. Supplementary information for 'Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor'

Author: Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Bardin, Joseph C., Barends, Rami, Biswas, Rupak, Boixo, Sergio, Brandao, Fernando G. S. L., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Dunsworth, Andrew, Farhi, Edward, Foxen, Brooks, Fowler, Austin, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Graff, Rob, Guerin, Keith, Habegger, Steve, Harrigan, Matthew P., Hartmann, Michael J., Ho, Alan, Hoffmann, Markus R., Huang, Trent, Humble, Travis S., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Klimov, Paul V., Knysh, Sergey, Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Lindmark, Mike, Lucero, Erik, Lyakh, Dmitry, Mandra, Salvatore, McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Michielsen, Kristel, Mohseni, Masoud, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, Ostby, Eric, Petukhov, Andre, Platt, John C., Quintana, Chris, Rieffel, Eleanor G., Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Satzinger, Kevin J., Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Sung, Kevin J., Trevithick, Matthew D., Vainsencher, Amit, Villalonga, Benjamin, White, Theodore, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Zalcman, Adam, Neven, Hartmut, and Martinis, John M.
Subjects: Quantum Physics
Abstract: This is an updated version of supplementary information to accompany "Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor", an article published in the October 24, 2019 issue of Nature. The main article is freely available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1666-5. Summary of changes since arXiv:1910.11333v1 (submitted 23 Oct 2019): added URL for qFlex source code; added Erratum section; added Figure S41 comparing statistical and total uncertainty for log and linear XEB; new References [1,65]; miscellaneous updates for clarity and style consistency; miscellaneous typographical and formatting corrections., Comment: 67 pages, 51 figures
Published: 2019
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23. Quantum approximate optimization of non-planar graph problems on a planar superconducting processor

Author: Harrigan, Matthew P., Sung, Kevin J., Neeley, Matthew, Satzinger, Kevin J., Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Atalaya, Juan, Bardin, Joseph C., Barends, Rami, Boixo, Sergio, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Ben Chiaro, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Fowler, Austin, Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Graff, Rob, Habegger, Steve, Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Ioffe, L. B., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lindmark, Mike, Leib, Martin, Martin, Orion, Martinis, John M., McClean, Jarrod R., McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Mohseni, Masoud, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neill, Charles, Neukart, Florian, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O’Brien, Thomas E., O’Gorman, Bryan, Ostby, Eric, Petukhov, Andre, Putterman, Harald, Quintana, Chris, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Skolik, Andrea, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Strain, Doug, Streif, Michael, Szalay, Marco, Vainsencher, Amit, White, Theodore, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Zalcman, Adam, Zhou, Leo, Neven, Hartmut, Bacon, Dave, Lucero, Erik, Farhi, Edward, and Babbush, Ryan
Published: 2021
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24. Inelastic Collision Rates of Trapped Metastable Hydrogen

Author: Landhuis, David, Matos, Lia, Moss, Stephen C., Steinberger, Julia K., Vant, Kendra, Willmann, Lorenz, Greytak, Thomas J., and Kleppner, Daniel
Subjects: Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract: We report the first detailed decay studies of trapped metastable (2S) hydrogen. By two-photon excitation of ultracold H samples, we have produced clouds of at least 5x10^7 magnetically trapped 2S atoms at densities greater than 4x10^10 cm^-3 and temperatures below 100 \muK. We derive experimental values for the total 2S-2S two-body loss rate constant in this temperature regime. Our results are in the range of recent theoretical calculations. We also find experimental upper limits on the rate constant for loss due to inelastic 1S-2S collisions., Comment: Submitted to Phys. Rev. A. Pre-print format: 21 pages, 8 figures
Published: 2002
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25. Studies with Ultracold Metastable Hydrogen

Author: Landhuis, David
Subjects: Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract: This thesis describes the first detailed studies of trapped metastable (2S-state) hydrogen., Comment: 124 pages, not including 8 front matter pages; typos in abstract corrected
Published: 2002

26. Bose-Einstein Condensation of Atomic Hydrogen

Author: Kleppner, Daniel, Greytak, Thomas J., Killian, Thomas C., Fried, Dale G., Willmann, Lorenz, Landhuis, David, and Moss, Stephen C.
Subjects: Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract: We have observed Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of trapped atomic hydrogen, and studied it by two-photon spectroscopy of the 1S-2S transition. In these lecture notes we briefly review the history of spin-polarized atomic hydrogen and describe the final steps to BEC. Laser spectroscopy, which probes the difference in mean field energy of the 1S and 2S states, is used to study the condensate, which has a peak density of 4.8e15 cm^-3 and population of 10^9., Comment: 24 pages, 11 figures, contribution to School of Physics "Enrico Fermi", session 140, 1998
Published: 1998

27. Cold Collision Frequency Shift of the 1S-2S Transition in Hydrogen

Author: Killian, Thomas C., Fried, Dale. G., Willmann, Lorenz, Landhuis, David, Moss, Stephen C., Greytak, Thomas J., and Kleppner, Daniel
Subjects: Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract: We have observed the cold collision frequency shift of the 1S-2S transition in trapped spin-polarized atomic hydrogen. We find $\Delta \nu_{1S-2S} = -3.8(8)\times 10^{-10} n Hz cm^3$, where $n$ is the sample density. From this we derive the 1S-2S s-wave triplet scattering length, $a_{1S-2S}=-1.4(3)$ nm, which is in fair agreement with a recent calculation. The shift provides a valuable probe of the distribution of densities in a trapped sample., Comment: Accepted for publication in PRL, 9 pages, 4 PostScript figures, ReVTeX. Updated connection of our measurement to theoretical work
Published: 1998
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28. Bose-Einstein Condensation of Atomic Hydrogen

Author: Fried, Dale G., Killian, Thomas C., Willmann, Lorenz, Landhuis, David, Moss, Stephen C., Kleppner, Daniel, and Greytak, Thomas J.
Subjects: Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract: We report observation of Bose-Einstein condensation of a trapped, dilute gas of atomic hydrogen. The condensate and normal gas are studied by two-photon spectroscopy of the 1S-2S transition. Interactions among the atoms produce a shift of the resonance frequency proportional to density. The condensate is clearly distinguished by its large frequency shift. The peak condensate density is 4.8 +/- 1.1 \times 10^{15} cm^{-3}, corresponding to a condensate population of 10^9 atoms. The BEC transition occurs at about T=50 uK and n=1.8 \times 10^{14} cm^{-3}., Comment: Accepted for publication in PRL; 9 pages, 4 PostScript figures, ReVTeX. Updated discussion of degeneracy effects
Published: 1998
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29. Quantum information phases in space-time: measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor

Author: Hoke, Jesse, primary, Ippoliti, Matteo, additional, Abanin, Dmitry, additional, Acharya, Rajeev, additional, Ansmann, Markus, additional, Arute, Frank, additional, Arya, Kunal, additional, Asfaw, Abraham, additional, Atalaya, Juan, additional, Babbush, Ryan, additional, Bardin, Joseph, additional, Bengtsson, Andreas, additional, Bortoli, Gina, additional, Bourassa, Alexandre, additional, Bovaird, Jenna, additional, Brill, Leon, additional, Broughton, Michael, additional, Buckley, Bob, additional, Buell, David, additional, Burger, Tim, additional, Burkett, Brian, additional, Bushnell, Nicholas, additional, Chen, Zijun, additional, Chiaro, Ben, additional, Chik, Desmond, additional, Chou, Charina, additional, Cogan, Josh, additional, Collins, Roberto, additional, Conner, Paul, additional, Courtney, William, additional, Crook, Alexander, additional, Curtin, Ben, additional, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, additional, Debroy, Dripto, additional, Barba, Alexander Del Toro, additional, Demura, Sean, additional, Paolo, Augustin Di, additional, Drozdov, Ilya, additional, Dunsworth, Andrew, additional, Eppens, Daniel, additional, Erickson, Catherine, additional, Faoro, Lara, additional, Farhi, Edward, additional, Fatemi, Reza, additional, Ferreira, Vinicius, additional, Burgos, Leslie Flores, additional, Forati, Ebrahim, additional, Fowler, Austin, additional, Foxen, Brooks, additional, Giang, William, additional, Gidney, Craig, additional, Gilboa, Dar, additional, Giustina, Marissa, additional, Gosula, Raja, additional, Gross, Jonathan, additional, Habegger, Steve, additional, Hamilton, Michael, additional, Hansen, Monica, additional, Harrigan, Matthew, additional, Harrington, Sean, additional, Heu, Paula, additional, Hoffmann, Markus, additional, Hong, Sabrina, additional, Huang, Trent, additional, Huff, Ashley, additional, Huggins, William, additional, Isakov, Sergei, additional, Iveland, Justin, additional, Jeffrey, E., additional, Jones, Cody, additional, Juhas, Pavol, additional, Kafri, Dvir, additional, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, additional, Khattar, Tanuj, additional, Khezri, Mostafa, additional, Kieferova, Marika, additional, Kim, Seon, additional, Kitaev, Alexei, additional, Klimov, Paul, additional, Klots, Andrey, additional, Korotkov, Alexander, additional, Kostritsa, Fedor, additional, Kreikebaum, John Mark, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Laptev, Pavel, additional, Lau, Kim-Ming, additional, Laws, Lily, additional, Lee, Joonho, additional, Lee, Kenny, additional, Lensky, Yuri, additional, Lester, Brian, additional, Lill, Alexander, additional, Liu, Wayne, additional, Locharla, Aditya, additional, Malone, Fionn, additional, Martin, Orion, additional, McClean, Jarrod, additional, McEwen, Matt, additional, Miao, Kevin, additional, Mieszala, Amanda, additional, Montazeri, Shirin, additional, Morvan, Alexis, additional, Movassagh, Ramis, additional, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, additional, Neeley, Matthew, additional, Neill, Charles, additional, Nersisyan, Ani, additional, Newman, Michael, additional, Ng, Jiun How, additional, Nguyen, Anthony, additional, Nguyen, Murray, additional, Niu, Murphy, additional, O'Brien, Thomas, additional, Omonije, Seun, additional, Opremcak, Alex, additional, Petukhov, Andre, additional, Potter, Rebecca, additional, Pryadko, Leonid, additional, Quintana, Chris, additional, Rocque, Charles, additional, Rubin, Nicholas, additional, Saei, Negar, additional, Sank, Daniel, additional, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, additional, Satzinger, Kevin, additional, Schurkus, Henry, additional, Schuster, Christopher, additional, Shearn, Michael, additional, Shorter, Aaron, additional, Shutty, Noah, additional, Vladimir, Shvarts, additional, Skruzny, Jindra, additional, Smith, W., additional, Somma, Rolando, additional, Sterling, George, additional, Strain, Doug, additional, Szalay, Marco, additional, Torres, Alfredo, additional, Vidal, Guifre, additional, Villalonga, Benjamin, additional, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, additional, White, Theodore, additional, Woo, Bryan, additional, Xing, Cheng, additional, Yao, Z. Jamie, additional, Yeh, Ping, additional, Yoo, Juhwan, additional, Young, Grayson, additional, Zalcman, Adam, additional, Zhang, Yaxing, additional, Zhu, Ningfeng, additional, Zobrist, Nicholas, additional, Neven, Hartmut, additional, Bacon, Dave, additional, Boixo, Sergio, additional, Hilton, Jeremy, additional, Lucero, Erik, additional, Megrant, Anthony, additional, Kelly, Julian, additional, Chen, Yu, additional, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, additional, Mi, Xiao, additional, Khemani, Vedika, additional, and Roushan, Pedram, additional
Published: 2023
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30. Quantum information phases in space-time: measurement-induced entanglement and teleportation on a noisy quantum processor

Author: Hoke, Jesse C., Ippoliti, Matteo, Abanin, Dmitry, Acharya, Rajeev, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Atalaya, Juan, Bardin, Joseph C., Bengtsson, Andreas, Bortoli, Gina, Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Ben, Chik, Desmond, Chou, Charina, Cogan, Josh, Collins, Roberto, Conner, Paul, Courtney, William, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Debroy, Dripto M., Barba, Alexander Del Toro, Demura, Sean, Di Paolo, Augustin, Drozdov, Ilya K., Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Faoro, Lara, Farhi, Edward, Fatem, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Giang, William, Gidney, Craig, Gilboa, Dar, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Hamilton, Michael C., Hansen, Monica, Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Huggins, William J., Isakov, Sergei V., Iveland, Justin, Jeffr, Evan, Jones, Cody, Juhas, Pavol, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Khattar, Tanuj, Khezri, Mostafa, Kieferová, Mária, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Klots, Andrey R., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lau, Kim-Ming, Laws, Lily, Lee, Joonho, Lee, Kenny W., Lensky, Yuri D., Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Malone, Fionn D., Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Miao, Kevin C., Mieszala, Amanda, Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Movassagh, Ramis, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Newman, Michael, Ng, Jiun H., Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Tom E., Omonije, Seun, Opremcak, Alex, Petukhov, Andre, Potter, Rebecca, Pryadko, Leonid P., Quintana, Chris, Rocque, Charles, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Negar Saei Daniel, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schurkus, Henry F., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shutty, Noah, Shvarts, Vlad, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, Rolando D. Somma George, Strain, Douglas, Szalay, Marco, Torres, Alfredo, Vidal, Guifre, Villalonga, Benjamin, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, White, Ted, Woo, Bryan W. K., Xing, Cheng, Yao, Z. Jamie., Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zalcman, Adam, Zhang, Yaxing, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Neven, Harmut, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Boixo, Sergio, Hilton, Jeremy, Lucero, Erik, Megrant, Anthony, Kelly, Julian, Chen, Yu, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Mi, Xiao, Khemani, Vedika, and Roushan, Pedram
Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory, Quantum Physics, Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech), High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics
Abstract: Measurement has a special role in quantum theory: by collapsing the wavefunction it can enable phenomena such as teleportation and thereby alter the "arrow of time" that constrains unitary evolution. When integrated in many-body dynamics, measurements can lead to emergent patterns of quantum information in space-time that go beyond established paradigms for characterizing phases, either in or out of equilibrium. On present-day NISQ processors, the experimental realization of this physics is challenging due to noise, hardware limitations, and the stochastic nature of quantum measurement. Here we address each of these experimental challenges and investigate measurement-induced quantum information phases on up to 70 superconducting qubits. By leveraging the interchangeability of space and time, we use a duality mapping, to avoid mid-circuit measurement and access different manifestations of the underlying phases -- from entanglement scaling to measurement-induced teleportation -- in a unified way. We obtain finite-size signatures of a phase transition with a decoding protocol that correlates the experimental measurement record with classical simulation data. The phases display sharply different sensitivity to noise, which we exploit to turn an inherent hardware limitation into a useful diagnostic. Our work demonstrates an approach to realize measurement-induced physics at scales that are at the limits of current NISQ processors.
Published: 2023

31. Readout of a quantum processor with high dynamic range Josephson parametric amplifiers

Author: White, Theodore, primary, Opremcak, Alex, additional, Sterling, George, additional, Korotkov, Alexander, additional, Sank, Daniel, additional, Acharya, Rajeev, additional, Ansmann, Markus, additional, Arute, Frank, additional, Arya, Kunal, additional, Bardin, Joseph C., additional, Bengtsson, Andreas, additional, Bourassa, Alexandre, additional, Bovaird, Jenna, additional, Brill, Leon, additional, Buckley, Bob B., additional, Buell, David A., additional, Burger, Tim, additional, Burkett, Brian, additional, Bushnell, Nicholas, additional, Chen, Zijun, additional, Chiaro, Ben, additional, Cogan, Josh, additional, Collins, Roberto, additional, Crook, Alexander L., additional, Curtin, Ben, additional, Demura, Sean, additional, Dunsworth, Andrew, additional, Erickson, Catherine, additional, Fatemi, Reza, additional, Burgos, Leslie Flores, additional, Forati, Ebrahim, additional, Foxen, Brooks, additional, Giang, William, additional, Giustina, Marissa, additional, Grajales Dau, Alejandro, additional, Hamilton, Michael C., additional, Harrington, Sean D., additional, Hilton, Jeremy, additional, Hoffmann, Markus, additional, Hong, Sabrina, additional, Huang, Trent, additional, Huff, Ashley, additional, Iveland, Justin, additional, Jeffrey, Evan, additional, Kieferová, Mária, additional, Kim, Seon, additional, Klimov, Paul V., additional, Kostritsa, Fedor, additional, Kreikebaum, John Mark, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Laptev, Pavel, additional, Laws, Lily, additional, Lee, Kenny, additional, Lester, Brian J., additional, Lill, Alexander, additional, Liu, Wayne, additional, Locharla, Aditya, additional, Lucero, Erik, additional, McCourt, Trevor, additional, McEwen, Matt, additional, Mi, Xiao, additional, Miao, Kevin C., additional, Montazeri, Shirin, additional, Morvan, Alexis, additional, Neeley, Matthew, additional, Neill, Charles, additional, Nersisyan, Ani, additional, Ng, Jiun How, additional, Nguyen, Anthony, additional, Nguyen, Murray, additional, Potter, Rebecca, additional, Quintana, Chris, additional, Roushan, Pedram, additional, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, additional, Satzinger, Kevin J., additional, Schuster, Christopher, additional, Shearn, Michael J., additional, Shorter, Aaron, additional, Shvarts, Vladimir, additional, Skruzny, Jindra, additional, Smith, W. Clarke, additional, Szalay, Marco, additional, Torres, Alfredo, additional, Woo, Bryan W. K., additional, Yao, Z. Jamie, additional, Yeh, Ping, additional, Yoo, Juhwan, additional, Young, Grayson, additional, Zhu, Ningfeng, additional, Zobrist, Nicholas, additional, Chen, Yu, additional, Megrant, Anthony, additional, Kelly, Julian, additional, and Naaman, Ofer, additional
Published: 2023
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32. Purification-based quantum error mitigation of pair-correlated electron simulations

Author: O'Brien, Thomas, primary, Anselmetti, Gian-Luca, additional, Gkritsis, Fotios, additional, Elfving, Vincent, additional, Polla, Stefano, additional, Huggins, William, additional, Oumarou, Oumarou, additional, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, additional, Abanin, Dmitry, additional, Acharya, Rajeev, additional, Aleiner, Igor, additional, Allen, Richard, additional, Andersen, Trond, additional, Anderson, Kyle, additional, Ansmann, Markus, additional, Arute, Frank, additional, Arya, Kunal, additional, Asfaw, Abraham, additional, Atalaya, Juan, additional, Bacon, Dave, additional, Bardin, Joseph, additional, Bengtsson, Andreas, additional, Boixo, Sergio, additional, Bortoli, Gina, additional, Bourassa, Alexandre, additional, Bovaird, Jenna, additional, Brill, Leon, additional, Broughton, Michael, additional, Buckley, Bob, additional, Buell, David, additional, Burger, Tim, additional, Burkett, Brian, additional, Bushnell, Nicholas, additional, Campero, Juan, additional, Chen, Yu, additional, Chen, Zijun, additional, Chiaro, Ben, additional, Chik, Desmond, additional, Cogan, Josh, additional, Collins, Roberto, additional, Conner, Paul, additional, Courtney, William, additional, Crook, Alexander, additional, Curtin, Ben, additional, Debroy, Dripto, additional, Barba, Alexander Del Toro, additional, Demura, Sean, additional, Drozdov, Ilya, additional, Dunsworth, Andrew, additional, Eppens, Daniel, additional, Erickson, Catherine, additional, Faoro, Lara, additional, Farhi, Edward, additional, Fatemi, Reza, additional, Ferreira, Vinicius, additional, Burgos, Leslie Flores, additional, Forati, Ebrahim, additional, Fowler, Austin, additional, Foxen, Brooks, additional, Giang, William, additional, Gidney, Craig, additional, Gilboa, Dar, additional, Giustina, Marissa, additional, Gosula, Raja, additional, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, additional, Gross, Jonathan, additional, Habegger, Steve, additional, Hamilton, Michael, additional, Hansen, Monica, additional, Harrigan, Matthew, additional, Harrington, Sean, additional, Heu, Paula, additional, Hilton, Jeremy, additional, Hoffmann, Markus, additional, Hong, Sabrina, additional, Huang, Trent, additional, Huff, Ashley, additional, Ioffe, L. B., additional, Isakov, Sergei, additional, Iveland, Justin, additional, Jeffrey, E., additional, Jiang, Zhang, additional, Jones, Cody, additional, Juhas, Pavol, additional, Kafri, Dvir, additional, Kelly, Julian, additional, Khattar, Tanuj, additional, Khezri, Mostafa, additional, Kieferova, Marika, additional, Kim, Seon, additional, Klimov, Paul, additional, Klots, Andrey, additional, Korotkov, Alexander, additional, Kostritsa, Fedor, additional, Kreikebaum, John Mark, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Laptev, Pavel, additional, Lau, Kim-Ming, additional, Laws, Lily, additional, Lee, Joonho, additional, Lee, Kenny, additional, Lester, Brian, additional, Lill, Alexander, additional, Liu, Wayne, additional, Livingston, William, additional, Locharla, Aditya, additional, Lucero, Erik, additional, Malone, Fionn, additional, Mandra, Salvatore, additional, Martin, Orion, additional, Martin, Steven, additional, McClean, Jarrod, additional, McCourt, Trevor, additional, McEwen, Matthew, additional, Megrant, Anthony, additional, Mi, Xiao, additional, Miao, Kevin, additional, Mieszala, Amanda, additional, Mohseni, Masoud, additional, Montazeri, Shirin, additional, Morvan, Alexis, additional, Movassagh, Ramis, additional, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, additional, Naaman, Ofer, additional, Neeley, Matthew, additional, Neill, Charles, additional, Nersisyan, Ani, additional, Neven, Hartmut, additional, Newman, Michael, additional, Ng, Jiun How, additional, Nguyen, Anthony, additional, Nguyen, Murray, additional, Niu, Murphy, additional, Omonije, Seun, additional, Opremcak, Alex, additional, Petukhov, Andre, additional, Potter, Rebecca, additional, Pryadko, Leonid, additional, Quintana, Chris, additional, Rocque, Charles, additional, Roushan, Pedram, additional, Saei, Negar, additional, Sank, Daniel, additional, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, additional, Satzinger, Kevin, additional, Schurkus, Henry, additional, Shearn, Michael, additional, Shorter, Aaron, additional, Shutty, Noah, additional, Vladimir, Shvarts, additional, Skruzny, Jindra, additional, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, additional, Smith, W. Clarke, additional, Somma, Rolando, additional, Sterling, George, additional, Strain, Doug, additional, Szalay, Marco, additional, Thor, Douglas, additional, Torres, Alfredo, additional, Vidal, Guifre, additional, Villalonga, Benjamin, additional, Heidweiller, Catherine Vollgraff, additional, White, Theodore, additional, Woo, Bryan, additional, Xing, Cheng, additional, Yao, Z. Jamie, additional, Yeh, Ping, additional, Yoo, Juhwan, additional, Young, Grayson, additional, Zalcman, Adam, additional, Zhang, Yaxing, additional, Zhu, Ningfeng, additional, Zobrist, Nicholas, additional, Gogolin, Christian, additional, Babbush, Ryan, additional, and Rubin, Nicholas, additional
Published: 2022
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33. Measurement-Induced State Transitions in a Superconducting Qubit: Within the Rotating Wave Approximation

Author: Khezri, Mostafa, Opremcak, Alex, Chen, Zijun, Bengtsson, Andreas, White, Theodore, Naaman, Ofer, Acharya, Rajeev, Anderson, Kyle, Ansmann, Markus, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Asfaw, Abraham, Bardin, Joseph C., Bourassa, Alexandre, Bovaird, Jenna, Brill, Leon, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burger, Tim, Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Campero, Juan, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Crook, Alexander L., Curtin, Ben, Demura, Sean, Dunsworth, Andrew, Erickson, Catherine, Fatemi, Reza, Ferreira, Vinicius S., Burgos, Leslie Flores, Forati, Ebrahim, Foxen, Brooks, Garcia, Gonzalo, Giang, William, Giustina, Marissa, Gosula, Raja, Dau, Alejandro Grajales, Hamilton, Michael C., Harrington, Sean D., Heu, Paula, Hilton, Jeremy, Hoffmann, Markus R., Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huff, Ashley, Iveland, Justin, Jeffrey, Evan, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Kostritsa, Fedor, Kreikebaum, John Mark, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Laws, Lily, Lee, Kenny, Lester, Brian J., Lill, Alexander T., Liu, Wayne, Locharla, Aditya, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Steven, McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Mi, Xiao, Miao, Kevin C., Montazeri, Shirin, Morvan, Alexis, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Nersisyan, Ani, Ng, Jiun How, Nguyen, Anthony, Nguyen, Murray, Potter, Rebecca, Quintana, Chris, Rocque, Charles, Roushan, Pedram, Sankaragomathi, Kannan, Satzinger, Kevin J., Schuster, Christopher, Shearn, Michael J., Shorter, Aaron, Shvarts, Vladimir, Skruzny, Jindra, Smith, W. Clarke, Sterling, George, Szalay, Marco, Thor, Douglas, Torres, Alfredo, Woo, Bryan W. K., Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Yoo, Juhwan, Young, Grayson, Zhu, Ningfeng, Zobrist, Nicholas, Sank, Daniel, Korotkov, Alexander, Chen, Yu, and Smelyanskiy, Vadim
Subjects: Quantum Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract: Superconducting qubits typically use a dispersive readout scheme, where a resonator is coupled to a qubit such that its frequency is qubit-state dependent. Measurement is performed by driving the resonator, where the transmitted resonator field yields information about the resonator frequency and thus the qubit state. Ideally, we could use arbitrarily strong resonator drives to achieve a target signal-to-noise ratio in the shortest possible time. However, experiments have shown that when the average resonator photon number exceeds a certain threshold, the qubit is excited out of its computational subspace, which we refer to as a measurement-induced state transition. These transitions degrade readout fidelity, and constitute leakage which precludes further operation of the qubit in, for example, error correction. Here we study these transitions using a transmon qubit by experimentally measuring their dependence on qubit frequency, average photon number, and qubit state, in the regime where the resonator frequency is lower than the qubit frequency. We observe signatures of resonant transitions between levels in the coupled qubit-resonator system that exhibit noisy behavior when measured repeatedly in time. We provide a semi-classical model of these transitions based on the rotating wave approximation and use it to predict the onset of state transitions in our experiments. Our results suggest the transmon is excited to levels near the top of its cosine potential following a state transition, where the charge dispersion of higher transmon levels explains the observed noisy behavior of state transitions. Moreover, occupation in these higher energy levels poses a major challenge for fast qubit reset.
Published: 2022

34. Information scrambling in quantum circuits

Author: Mi, Xiao, primary, Roushan, Pedram, additional, Quintana, Chris, additional, Mandrà, Salvatore, additional, Marshall, Jeffrey, additional, Neill, Charles, additional, Arute, Frank, additional, Arya, Kunal, additional, Atalaya, Juan, additional, Babbush, Ryan, additional, Bardin, Joseph C., additional, Barends, Rami, additional, Basso, Joao, additional, Bengtsson, Andreas, additional, Boixo, Sergio, additional, Bourassa, Alexandre, additional, Broughton, Michael, additional, Buckley, Bob B., additional, Buell, David A., additional, Burkett, Brian, additional, Bushnell, Nicholas, additional, Chen, Zijun, additional, Chiaro, Benjamin, additional, Collins, Roberto, additional, Courtney, William, additional, Demura, Sean, additional, Derk, Alan R., additional, Dunsworth, Andrew, additional, Eppens, Daniel, additional, Erickson, Catherine, additional, Farhi, Edward, additional, Fowler, Austin G., additional, Foxen, Brooks, additional, Gidney, Craig, additional, Giustina, Marissa, additional, Gross, Jonathan A., additional, Harrigan, Matthew P., additional, Harrington, Sean D., additional, Hilton, Jeremy, additional, Ho, Alan, additional, Hong, Sabrina, additional, Huang, Trent, additional, Huggins, William J., additional, Ioffe, L. B., additional, Isakov, Sergei V., additional, Jeffrey, Evan, additional, Jiang, Zhang, additional, Jones, Cody, additional, Kafri, Dvir, additional, Kelly, Julian, additional, Kim, Seon, additional, Kitaev, Alexei, additional, Klimov, Paul V., additional, Korotkov, Alexander N., additional, Kostritsa, Fedor, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Laptev, Pavel, additional, Lucero, Erik, additional, Martin, Orion, additional, McClean, Jarrod R., additional, McCourt, Trevor, additional, McEwen, Matt, additional, Megrant, Anthony, additional, Miao, Kevin C., additional, Mohseni, Masoud, additional, Montazeri, Shirin, additional, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, additional, Mutus, Josh, additional, Naaman, Ofer, additional, Neeley, Matthew, additional, Newman, Michael, additional, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, additional, O’Brien, Thomas E., additional, Opremcak, Alex, additional, Ostby, Eric, additional, Pato, Balint, additional, Petukhov, Andre, additional, Redd, Nicholas, additional, Rubin, Nicholas C., additional, Sank, Daniel, additional, Satzinger, Kevin J., additional, Shvarts, Vladimir, additional, Strain, Doug, additional, Szalay, Marco, additional, Trevithick, Matthew D., additional, Villalonga, Benjamin, additional, White, Theodore, additional, Yao, Z. Jamie, additional, Yeh, Ping, additional, Zalcman, Adam, additional, Neven, Hartmut, additional, Aleiner, Igor, additional, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, additional, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, additional, and Chen, Yu, additional
Published: 2021
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35. Time-crystalline eigenstate order on a quantum processor

Author: Mi, Xiao, primary, Ippoliti, Matteo, additional, Quintana, Chris, additional, Greene, Ami, additional, Chen, Zijun, additional, Gross, Jonathan, additional, Arute, Frank, additional, Arya, Kunal, additional, Atalaya, Juan, additional, Babbush, Ryan, additional, Bardin, Joseph C., additional, Basso, Joao, additional, Bengtsson, Andreas, additional, Bilmes, Alexander, additional, Bourassa, Alexandre, additional, Brill, Leon, additional, Broughton, Michael, additional, Buckley, Bob B., additional, Buell, David A., additional, Burkett, Brian, additional, Bushnell, Nicholas, additional, Chiaro, Benjamin, additional, Collins, Roberto, additional, Courtney, William, additional, Debroy, Dripto, additional, Demura, Sean, additional, Derk, Alan R., additional, Dunsworth, Andrew, additional, Eppens, Daniel, additional, Erickson, Catherine, additional, Farhi, Edward, additional, Fowler, Austin G., additional, Foxen, Brooks, additional, Gidney, Craig, additional, Giustina, Marissa, additional, Harrigan, Matthew P., additional, Harrington, Sean D., additional, Hilton, Jeremy, additional, Ho, Alan, additional, Hong, Sabrina, additional, Huang, Trent, additional, Huff, Ashley, additional, Huggins, William J., additional, Ioffe, L. B., additional, Isakov, Sergei V., additional, Iveland, Justin, additional, Jeffrey, Evan, additional, Jiang, Zhang, additional, Jones, Cody, additional, Kafri, Dvir, additional, Khattar, Tanuj, additional, Kim, Seon, additional, Kitaev, Alexei, additional, Klimov, Paul V., additional, Korotkov, Alexander N., additional, Kostritsa, Fedor, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Laptev, Pavel, additional, Lee, Joonho, additional, Lee, Kenny, additional, Locharla, Aditya, additional, Lucero, Erik, additional, Martin, Orion, additional, McClean, Jarrod R., additional, McCourt, Trevor, additional, McEwen, Matt, additional, Miao, Kevin C., additional, Mohseni, Masoud, additional, Montazeri, Shirin, additional, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, additional, Naaman, Ofer, additional, Neeley, Matthew, additional, Neill, Charles, additional, Newman, Michael, additional, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, additional, O’Brien, Thomas E., additional, Opremcak, Alex, additional, Ostby, Eric, additional, Pato, Balint, additional, Petukhov, Andre, additional, Rubin, Nicholas C., additional, Sank, Daniel, additional, Satzinger, Kevin J., additional, Shvarts, Vladimir, additional, Su, Yuan, additional, Strain, Doug, additional, Szalay, Marco, additional, Trevithick, Matthew D., additional, Villalonga, Benjamin, additional, White, Theodore, additional, Yao, Z. Jamie, additional, Yeh, Ping, additional, Yoo, Juhwan, additional, Zalcman, Adam, additional, Neven, Hartmut, additional, Boixo, Sergio, additional, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, additional, Megrant, Anthony, additional, Kelly, Julian, additional, Chen, Yu, additional, Sondhi, S. L., additional, Moessner, Roderich, additional, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, additional, Khemani, Vedika, additional, and Roushan, Pedram, additional
Published: 2021
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36. Information scrambling in quantum circuits

Author: Mi, Xiao, Roushan, Pedram, Quintana, Chris, Mandrà, Salvatore, Marshall, Jeffrey, Neill, Charles, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bardin, Joseph C., Barends, Rami, Basso, Joao, Bengtsson, Andreas, Boixo, Sergio, Bourassa, Alexandre, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Benjamin, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Demura, Sean, Derk, Alan R., Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Gross, Jonathan A., Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Hilton, Jeremy, Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, L. B., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Miao, Kevin C., Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Newman, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Opremcak, Alex, Ostby, Eric, Pato, Balint, Petukhov, Andre, Redd, Nicholas, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Satzinger, Kevin J., Shvarts, Vladimir, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Trevithick, Matthew D., Villalonga, Benjamin, White, Theodore, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Zalcman, Adam, Neven, Hartmut, Aleiner, Igor, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Chen, Yu, Mi, Xiao, Roushan, Pedram, Quintana, Chris, Mandrà, Salvatore, Marshall, Jeffrey, Neill, Charles, Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Atalaya, Juan, Babbush, Ryan, Bardin, Joseph C., Barends, Rami, Basso, Joao, Bengtsson, Andreas, Boixo, Sergio, Bourassa, Alexandre, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Zijun, Chiaro, Benjamin, Collins, Roberto, Courtney, William, Demura, Sean, Derk, Alan R., Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Fowler, Austin G., Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Gross, Jonathan A., Harrigan, Matthew P., Harrington, Sean D., Hilton, Jeremy, Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huggins, William J., Ioffe, L. B., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Kitaev, Alexei, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lucero, Erik, Martin, Orion, McClean, Jarrod R., McCourt, Trevor, McEwen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Miao, Kevin C., Mohseni, Masoud, Montazeri, Shirin, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Newman, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O'Brien, Thomas E., Opremcak, Alex, Ostby, Eric, Pato, Balint, Petukhov, Andre, Redd, Nicholas, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Satzinger, Kevin J., Shvarts, Vladimir, Strain, Doug, Szalay, Marco, Trevithick, Matthew D., Villalonga, Benjamin, White, Theodore, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Zalcman, Adam, Neven, Hartmut, Aleiner, Igor, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, and Chen, Yu
Abstract: Interactions in quantum systems can spread initially localized quantum information into the exponentially many degrees of freedom of the entire system. Understanding this process, known as quantum scrambling, is key to resolving several open questions in physics. Here, by measuring the time-dependent evolution and fluctuation of out-of-time-order correlators, we experimentally investigate the dynamics of quantum scrambling on a 53-qubit quantum processor. We engineer quantum circuits that distinguish operator spreading and operator entanglement, and experimentally observe their respective signatures. We show that whereas operator spreading is captured by an efficient classical model, operator entanglement in idealized circuits requires exponentially scaled computational resources to simulate. These results open the path to studying complex and practically relevant physical observables with near-term quantum processors.
Published: 2021

37. Data Center Power Oversubscription with a Medium Voltage Power Plane and Priority-Aware Capping

Author: Sakalkar, Varun, primary, Kontorinis, Vasileios, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Li, Shaohong, additional, De Ronde, Darren, additional, Blooming, Thomas, additional, Ramesh, Anand, additional, Kennedy, James, additional, Malone, Christopher, additional, Clidaras, Jimmy, additional, and Ranganathan, Parthasarathy, additional
Published: 2020
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38. Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor

Author: Arute, Frank, primary, Arya, Kunal, additional, Babbush, Ryan, additional, Bacon, Dave, additional, Bardin, Joseph C., additional, Barends, Rami, additional, Biswas, Rupak, additional, Boixo, Sergio, additional, Brandao, Fernando G. S. L., additional, Buell, David A., additional, Burkett, Brian, additional, Chen, Yu, additional, Chen, Zijun, additional, Chiaro, Ben, additional, Collins, Roberto, additional, Courtney, William, additional, Dunsworth, Andrew, additional, Farhi, Edward, additional, Foxen, Brooks, additional, Fowler, Austin, additional, Gidney, Craig, additional, Giustina, Marissa, additional, Graff, Rob, additional, Guerin, Keith, additional, Habegger, Steve, additional, Harrigan, Matthew P., additional, Hartmann, Michael J., additional, Ho, Alan, additional, Hoffmann, Markus, additional, Huang, Trent, additional, Humble, Travis S., additional, Isakov, Sergei V., additional, Jeffrey, Evan, additional, Jiang, Zhang, additional, Kafri, Dvir, additional, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, additional, Kelly, Julian, additional, Klimov, Paul V., additional, Knysh, Sergey, additional, Korotkov, Alexander, additional, Kostritsa, Fedor, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Lindmark, Mike, additional, Lucero, Erik, additional, Lyakh, Dmitry, additional, Mandrà, Salvatore, additional, McClean, Jarrod R., additional, McEwen, Matthew, additional, Megrant, Anthony, additional, Mi, Xiao, additional, Michielsen, Kristel, additional, Mohseni, Masoud, additional, Mutus, Josh, additional, Naaman, Ofer, additional, Neeley, Matthew, additional, Neill, Charles, additional, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, additional, Ostby, Eric, additional, Petukhov, Andre, additional, Platt, John C., additional, Quintana, Chris, additional, Rieffel, Eleanor G., additional, Roushan, Pedram, additional, Rubin, Nicholas C., additional, Sank, Daniel, additional, Satzinger, Kevin J., additional, Smelyanskiy, Vadim, additional, Sung, Kevin J., additional, Trevithick, Matthew D., additional, Vainsencher, Amit, additional, Villalonga, Benjamin, additional, White, Theodore, additional, Yao, Z. Jamie, additional, Yeh, Ping, additional, Zalcman, Adam, additional, Neven, Hartmut, additional, and Martinis, John M., additional
Published: 2019
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39. Inelastic collision rates of trapped metastable hydrogen

Author: Landhuis, David, primary, Matos, Lia, additional, Moss, Stephen C., additional, Steinberger, Julia K., additional, Vant, Kendra, additional, Willmann, Lorenz, additional, Greytak, Thomas J., additional, and Kleppner, Daniel, additional
Published: 2003
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40. Cold Collision Frequency Shift of the1S-2STransition in Hydrogen

Author: Killian, Thomas C., primary, Fried, Dale G., additional, Willmann, Lorenz, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Moss, Stephen C., additional, Greytak, Thomas J., additional, and Kleppner, Daniel, additional
Published: 1998
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41. Bose-Einstein Condensation of Atomic Hydrogen

Author: Fried, Dale G., primary, Killian, Thomas C., additional, Willmann, Lorenz, additional, Landhuis, David, additional, Moss, Stephen C., additional, Kleppner, Daniel, additional, and Greytak, Thomas J., additional
Published: 1998
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42. Observation of separated dynamics of charge and spin in the Fermi-Hubbard model

Author: Arute, Frank, Arya, Kunal, Babbush, Ryan, Bacon, Dave, Bardin, Joseph C., Barends, Rami, Bengtsson, Andreas, Boixo, Sergio, Broughton, Michael, Buckley, Bob B., Buell, David A., Burkett, Brian, Bushnell, Nicholas, Chen, Yu, Chen, Zijun, Yu-An Chen, Chiaro, Ben, Collins, Roberto, Cotton, Stephen J., Courtney, William, Demura, Sean, Derk, Alan, Dunsworth, Andrew, Eppens, Daniel, Eckl, Thomas, Erickson, Catherine, Farhi, Edward, Fowler, Austin, Foxen, Brooks, Gidney, Craig, Giustina, Marissa, Graff, Rob, Gross, Jonathan A., Habegger, Steve, Harrigan, Matthew P., Ho, Alan, Hong, Sabrina, Huang, Trent, Huggins, William, Ioffe, Lev B., Isakov, Sergei V., Jeffrey, Evan, Jiang, Zhang, Jones, Cody, Kafri, Dvir, Kechedzhi, Kostyantyn, Kelly, Julian, Kim, Seon, Klimov, Paul V., Korotkov, Alexander N., Kostritsa, Fedor, Landhuis, David, Laptev, Pavel, Lindmark, Mike, Lucero, Erik, Marthaler, Michael, Martin, Orion, Martinis, John M., Marusczyk, Anika, Mcardle, Sam, Mcclean, Jarrod R., Mccourt, Trevor, Mcewen, Matt, Megrant, Anthony, Mejuto-Zaera, Carlos, Mi, Xiao, Mohseni, Masoud, Mruczkiewicz, Wojciech, Mutus, Josh, Naaman, Ofer, Neeley, Matthew, Neill, Charles, Neven, Hartmut, Newman, Michael, Niu, Murphy Yuezhen, O Brien, Thomas E., Ostby, Eric, Pató, Bálint, Petukhov, Andre, Putterman, Harald, Quintana, Chris, Reiner, Jan-Michael, Roushan, Pedram, Rubin, Nicholas C., Sank, Daniel, Satzinger, Kevin J., Smelyanskiy, Vadim, Strain, Doug, Sung, Kevin J., Schmitteckert, Peter, Szalay, Marco, Tubman, Norm M., Vainsencher, Amit, White, Theodore, Vogt, Nicolas, Yao, Z. Jamie, Yeh, Ping, Zalcman, Adam, and Zanker, Sebastian
Subjects: Quantum Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Quantum Physics (quant-ph)
Abstract: Strongly correlated quantum systems give rise to many exotic physical phenomena, including high-temperature superconductivity. Simulating these systems on quantum computers may avoid the prohibitively high computational cost incurred in classical approaches. However, systematic errors and decoherence effects presented in current quantum devices make it difficult to achieve this. Here, we simulate the dynamics of the one-dimensional Fermi-Hubbard model using 16 qubits on a digital superconducting quantum processor. We observe separations in the spreading velocities of charge and spin densities in the highly excited regime, a regime that is beyond the conventional quasiparticle picture. To minimize systematic errors, we introduce an accurate gate calibration procedure that is fast enough to capture temporal drifts of the gate parameters. We also employ a sequence of error-mitigation techniques to reduce decoherence effects and residual systematic errors. These procedures allow us to simulate the time evolution of the model faithfully despite having over 600 two-qubit gates in our circuits. Our experiment charts a path to practical quantum simulation of strongly correlated phenomena using available quantum devices., 20 pages, 15 figures

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